Gas Compressor Guide

2/23/2012
1
Reci pr ocat i ng Compr essor s Gas Compr essor s
A gas compr essor is a mechanical
device t hat incr eases t he pr essur e of a
gas by r educing it s volume.
As gases ar e compr essible, t he compr essor also r educes t he
volume of a gas. Liquids ar e r elat i vel y incompr essible, so t he main
act ion of a pump is t o pr essur ize and t ranspor t liquids.
Compr essors ar e similar t o pumps: bot h
incr ease t he pr essur e on a f lu id and bot h
can t ranspor t t he f luid t hrough a pipe.
Types of compressors
As t he pist on moves dow nw ar d on
t he suct ion st roke, l ow -pr essur e
gas f r om t he suct i on l i ne i s dr aw n
i nt o t he cyl i nder t hrough t he
suct ion valves.
On t he upst roke of t he pist on, t he
l ow - pr essur e gas i s f i r st
com pr essed and t hen di schar ged
as a high-pr essur e gas t hrough t he
dischar ge valves int o t he head of
t he compr essor.
Pressure-volume diagram for a reciprocating
compressor (without clearance)
a - 1 Air is draw n int o t he cylinder on t he suct ion st r oke;
1 - 2 The suct ion valve is closed and air is compr essed accor ding
t o t he law PV
n
= const ;
2 - b The deliver y valve opens and air is deliver ed under pr essur e;
b - a The deliver y valve closes and t he suct ion valve opens.
Pressure-volume diagram for a reciprocating
compressor (without clearance)
Work I nput
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Work input per cycle
mRT V p & mRT V p
2 2 2 1 1 1
= =
w her e m is t he mass of air induced and deliver ed per cycle.
( )
1 2
T - T mR
1 - n
n
cycle per input work =
Indicated power
Wor k done on t he air per unit t ime is equal t o t he w or k done
per cycle t imes t he number of cycles per unit t ime. The rat e
of mass f low is mor e of t en used.
If t he rat e of mass f low,
( )
1 2
.
T - T R m
1 - n
n
power indicated =
.
m
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 1 -
T
T
RT m
1 - n
n
power indicated
1
2
1
.
Indicated power
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

1 -
p
p
RT m
1 - n
n
power indicated
n
1 n
1
2
1
.
n
1 n
1
2
1
2
p
p

T
T
but
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

1 -
p
p
V p
1 - n
n
power indicated
n
1 n
1
2
.
1
time. unit per induced volume the is V where
.
Delivery temperature
The f luid changes st at e bet w een 1 and 2:
n
1 n
1
2
1 2
p
p
T T e, temperatur delivery
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Problem 1
A single stage acting compressor has to
compress air isentropically from 1 bar and 303 K
to 5 bar. Find the work of compression required
for unit mass flow rate of air.
177.68 kW
Actual input power
The act ual pow er input t o t he compr essor is lar ger t han t he
indicat ed pow er, due t o w or k necessar y t o over come f r ict ion,
et c., i.e.
Shaf t pow er = indicat ed pow er + f rict ion pow er
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Compressor mechanical efficiency
To det er mine t he pow er input r equir ed, t he ef f iciency of t he
dr iving mot or must be t aken int o considerat ion, in addit ion t o
t he mechanical ef f iciency:
power shaft
power indicated
efficiency mechanical Compressor =
drive and motor of efficiency
power haft s
power Input =
The condition for minimum work
The minimum w or k input is usuall y achieved w it h a const ant
t emperat ure ( isot hermal) r eversible process.
Isothermal power
When m and V in t he above equat ions ar e t he mass and
volume induced per un it t ime, t hen t hese equat ions gi ve
isot hermal pow er.
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2
2 2
ln p work indicated
p
p
V
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2
1 1
ln p work indicated
p
p
V
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2
1
.
ln RT power indicated
p
p
m
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2
1
ln RT work indicated
p
p
m
Problem 2
A single stage acting compressor is required to
compress air at the rate of 1 kg/s from 1 bar and
295 K to 8 bar. Find the work of compression, if
the compression is isothermal, isentropic and
polytropic with index as 1.25.
176.06 kW; 240.45 kW; 218.32 kW
Problem 3
Air at 0.98 bar and 298 K is compressed
according to the law pv
1.2
= const to 9.8 bar. Find
the temperature at the end of compression, work
done per kg of air and heat transferred during the
compression.
430.7 K; 236.03 kJ; 137.7 kJ
Reciprocating compressors with clearance
To prevent t he pist on f r om st r i ki ng t he valve pl at e, all r ecipr ocat ing
compr essors ar e desi gned wi t h a smal l amount of clearance
bet ween t he t op of t he pist on and t he valve pl at e when t he pist on
i s at t he t op of i t s st r oke. The volume of t hi s cl earance space i s
cal l ed t he cl earance volume and is t he vol ume of t he cyl inder when
t he pi st on i s at t op dead cent r e.
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4
Reciprocating compressors with clearance Reciprocating compressors with clearance
This means t hat not all t he high-pr essur e gas w il l pass out
t hrough t he d ischar ge valves at t he end of t he compr ession
st roke. A cer t ain amount w il l r emain in t he cyl inder in t he
clearance volume r egion.
For good qualit y machines t he clearance volume is about 6%
of t he sw ept volume but machines w it h clearance of about
30% ar e also common.
As t he pist on proceeds on t he
next induct ion st roke (AB), t he air
behind it expands unt il t he
pr essur e p
1
is r eached and
induct ion of f r esh air begins.
D
.
C
. .
B
A
.
m m & m m
: that such are points principal 4 gas of es Mass
= =
( ) ( )
1 2
.
B 1 2
.
C
T - T R m
1 - n
n
- T - T R m
1 - n
n
power indicated =
( )
1 2
B
.
C
.
T - T ) m - m ( R
1 - n
n
power indicated =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

1 -
p
p
V p
1 - n
n
power indicated
n
1 n
1
2
1
.
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

1 -
p
p
) V V ( f p
1 - n
n
power indicated
n
1 n
1
2
B C 1
if there are f cycles per unit time.
Volumetric Efficiency,
V
The induced vo lume is less t han t he sw ept volume. This ef f ect
is evaluat ed by volumet r ic ef f iciency
V
.
s
v
V cylinder, of volume swept
e temperatur and pressure air free at measured delivered gas of volume
= q
Vol ume i nduced = V
C
V
B
= V
s
+ V
A
V
B
But
n
1
1
2
A B
p
p
V V
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
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5
V
Vol ume i nduced = V
C
V
B
= V
s
+ V
A
V
B
But
n
1
1
2
A B
p
p
V V
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
1
1
2
A A s
p
p
V - V V induced volume
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 1 -
p
p
V V induced volume
n
1
1
2
A s
V
s
n
1
1
2
A s
V
V
1 -
p
p
V V
Hence,
|
|
.
|
\
|
= q
|
|
.
|
\
|
= q 1 -
p
p
V
V
1
n
1
1
2
s
A
V
Problem 4
Find the volumetric efficiency of the compressor
if air is compressed from 1 bar to 5 bar. The
expansion and compression are isentropic and
the clearance volume is 5% of stroke volume.
89.21%
Multistage Compression
What h appens t o t he (del iver y) t emperat ur e af t er compr ession and
t o t he volumet r ic ef f iciency if t he pr essur e rat io incr eases?
n
1 n
1
2
1 2
p
p
T T e, temperatur delivery
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= q 1 -
p
p
V
V
1
n
1
1
2
s
A
V
Volumet r ic ef f iciency m ay be increased by car r ying out t he
compr ession in t w o st ages.
Af t er t he f i rst st age of compr ession t he f luid is p assed int o a
smaller cylinder in w h ich t he gas is compr essed t t he r equ ir ed f inal
pr essur e.
The gas is cooled as it is b eing t ransf er r ed f rom one cylind er t o
t he next .
The isot her mal compr ession can only be obt ained if ideal cooling is
cont inuous.
If int er -cooling is complet e, t he gas w il l ent er t he second st age at
t he same t emperat ure at w hich it ent ered t he f irst st age.
It is assumed t hat t he deliver y
process f rom t he f i rst t o t he
second st age happen at t he same
pr essur e.
This does not occur in a r eal
machine as t her e is a small
pr essur e drop bet w een t he
cylinders.
2/23/2012
6
n
n
i
i
p
p
1
1
1
T T 1, stage after e temperatur delivery
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
n
p
p
1
1
2
1 2
T T 2, stage after e temperatur delivery
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
The ideal intermediate pressure
The condit ion f or minimum w or k:
t he pr essur e rat io in each st age is t he same;
Int er -cooling is complet e.
i
i
p
p
p
p
2
1
=
i
i
p
p
p
p
2
1
=
2 1
2
x p p p
i
=
1
2 1
1
x

p
p p
p
p
i
=
1
2
1

p
p
p
p
i
=
z
p
p
1
1
2
stage each for ratio pressure
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Pressure ratio if there are z stages:
Minimum power:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

1 - RT m
1 -
z power indicated
1
1
2
1
.
zn
n
p
p
n
n
If t her e ar e z st ages.
Problem 5
A double stage compressor has to compress air
isentropically from 1 bar and 303 K to 5 bar. Find
the work of compression required for unit mass
flowrate of air.
State one assumption that you have made.
Compare your answer to one obtained in
problem 1 and find the % reduction of the work
requirement.
157.3 kW; 11.45%

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2/23/2012

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