The Height of Imperialism, 1800-1914

(21.1) Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia (21.2) Empire Building in Africa (21.3) British Rule in India (21.4) Nation Building in Latin America

Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia

Objectives: 1.Explain how, through the new imperialism, Westerners sought to control vast territories 2. Describe how colonial export policies exploited native populations and opened up markets for European manufactured goods

The New Imperialism A new phase of Western expansion into Asia and Africa, serving as a source of industrial raw materials These colonies were markets for Western manufactured goods Products of European factories were sent to Africa and Asia in return for oil, tin, rubber, and the other resources needed to fuel European industries

In the 1880s, a great scramble for overseas territory *Imperialismthe extension of a nations power over other lands New imperialist endeavors in South America, Africa, and the Indian Ocean in the sixteenth century The new imperialism of the nineteenth century and direct controlmarkets and raw materials

European nation-states were involved in heated rivalries to gain an advantage over their rivals Colonies were also a source of national prestige imperialism was tied to Social Darwinism and racism White mans burden

Colonial Takeover in Southeast Asia Great Britain 1819, *Singapore (city of the lion) on the Malay Peninsula became a major stopping point for trafc going to or from China Britain wanted control of *Burma in order to protect its possessions in India Britain soon established control over the entire region

France
Vietnamese internal rivalries divided the country into two separate governments, in the north and the south The French occupied the city of Saigon and extended their control over the rest of the country 1884, France made the Vietnamese Empire a French *protectoratea political unit that depends on another government for its protection

ThailandThe Exception
*Thailand was the only remaining free state in Southeast Asia Two remarkable rulers were able to prevent that from happening*King Mongkut and King Chulalongkorn Both promoted Western learning and maintained friendly relations with the major European powers

The United States

Spanish-American War ghting over control in Southeast Asia *Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish eet in Manila Bay President William McKinley turned the *Philippines into an American colony to civilize the region The Filipinos did not agree. *Emilio Aguinaldo was the leader of a movement for independence in the Philippines

Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia Western powers governed their new colonial empires by either indirect or direct rule Bringing the blessings of Western civilizations to their colonial subjects

Indirect and Direct Rule

indirect rulecooperation with local political elites Local rulers maintained their positions of authority and status in a new colonial setting indirect rule had less effect on local culture and cost less Direct rulereplaced local elites with a new set of ofcials from the mother country

Colonial Economies Colonial policy stressed the export of raw materials teak wood from Burma; rubber and tin from Malaya; spices, tea, coffee, and palm oil from East Indies; Sugar from the Philippines Colonial governments built railroads, highways, and other structures

Resistance to Colonial Rule

resistance to Western control took the form of peasant revolts Early resistance movements failed, overcome by Western forces The force of nationalism was led by westernized educated native intellectuals New urban middle class merchants, clerks, students, and professionals

Objectives: 1.Explain how, through the new imperialism, Westerners sought to control vast territories 2. Describe how colonial export policies exploited native populations and opened up markets for European manufactured goods

Empire Building in Africa

Objectives: 1.Discuss how Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal placed virtually all of Africa under European rule 2. Report how native peoples sought an end to colonial rule

West Africa Before 1880, Europeans controlled little of the African continent directly Intensive European rivalries led to the conquest and control of Africa Following the end of slavery, peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil became important exports

In 1874, Great Britain *annexed (incorporating a country into another state) the west coastal states France had added the huge area of French West Africa to its colonial empire Germany controlled Southwest and East Africa

North Africa

*Muhammad Ali seized power and established a separate Egyptian state modernized the army and established a public school system Growing economic importance of the Nile Valley in Egypt and the construction of the *Suez Canal completed in 1869connecting the Mediterranean and the Red Sea The British believed that they should also control the Sudan, south of Egypt

Central Africa Explorers aroused popular interest in the dense tropical jungles of Central Africa *David Livingstoneexplorer and missionary *Henry StanleyBritish explorer in Central Africa and the Congo River King Leopold II of Belgium led the colonization of Central Africa

East and South Africa

1885, Britain and Germany had becoming the chief rivals in East Africa The Boers, or *Afrikaners descendants of the original Dutch settlers were called had occupied Cape Town Boers formed two independent republics Orange Free State and Transvaal *indigenous peoples were often moved to reservations

Colonial Rule in Africa Most European governments ruled their new territories in Africa with the least effort and expense possible indirect rule kept the old African elite in power British indirect rule showed the seeds for class and tribal tensions

Rise of African Nationalism

A new class of leaders emerged in Africa by the beginning of the twentieth century Members of this new class admitted Western culture and sometimes disliked the ways of their own countries Westerners had exalted democracy, equality, and political freedom but did not apply these values in the colonies

Europeans expressed their superiority segregated clubs, schools, and churches Western educated Africans ercely hated colonial rule and were determined to assert their own nationality and cultural identity

Objectives: 1.Discuss how Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal placed virtually all of Africa under European rule 2. Report how native peoples sought an end to colonial rule

British Rule in India

Objectives: 1.Discuss how British rule brought stability to India but destroyed native industries and degraded Indians 2. Identify Mohandas Gandhi, who advocated nonviolent resistance to gain Indian independence from Great Britain

The Sepoy Mutiny The British East India Company was given power to actively insert itself into Indias political and military affairs They had their own soldiers and forts and hired Indian soldiers*sepoys A growing Indian distrust of the British led to a revolt the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Independence

The rumor of new bullets greased with cow and pig fat resulting in the sepoys refusing to lead their ries and a rebellion British troops crushed the rebellion At *kanpur, Indians massacred hundreds of women and children Direct control of India and *Queen Victoria crowned Empress of India and India as the Jewel in the Crown

Colonial Rule Benets of British Rule Direct rule through a *viceroya governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch British brought order to a divided India, establishing new schools, railroads, the telegraph, and postal service

Costs of British Rule British entrepreneurs reaped nancial benets from British rule but it brought hardship to millions of other British manufactured goods destroyed local industries increased taxes and transition in cropsfood to cash crop (cotton)

Rampant Starvation and decrees in available jobs British arrogance and superiority the British are inherently superior and Indian cultural heritage was insignicant This British arrogance and racial attitude led to the rise of an Indian nationalist movement

An Indian Nationalist Movement

English-educated Indians sought reform A small group of Indians met in Mumbai to form the *Indian National Congress (INC) to share in the governing process *Mohandas Gandhi, England educated lawyer led an independence movement based in nonviolent resistance which would lead to Indian independence

Colonial Indian Culture Indian cultural revival began in the early nineteenth century with the creation of a British college in Calcutta This education inspired nationalism and the creation of Indian art and literature Rabindranath Tagore wrote a widely read novel which portrayed the love-hate relationship of India toward the British

Objectives: 1.Discuss how British rule brought stability to India but destroyed native industries and degraded Indians 2. Identify Mohandas Gandhi, who advocated nonviolent resistance to gain Indian independence from Great Britain