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,
_
2
2
2
exp
2
1
) (
x
x P
n
Hnh v 1.3 biu din hm mt xc sut PDF Gauss vi gi tr trung bnh
bng khng (
0
) v lch chun
Hnh 1.3 : Hm mt xc sut Gauss vi 1
2
Tp m trng: L mt c tnh quan trng ca tp m nhit, c mt xc
sut nh nhau ti mi tn s. Tc l, n l mt ngun tp m pht ra mt lng
cng sut nh nhau trn mt n v bng tn ti tt c cc tn s bng:
] / [
2
) (
0
Hz W
N
f G
n
nh m t hnh di. H s trong cng thc trn ch bng G
n
(f) l mt hm mt
ph cng sut 2 pha cn N
0
l mt ph cng sut tp m. Tp m vi cng
sut c mt ph u nh vy c gi l tp m trng (white noise).
11
Hnh 1.4: a) Hm mt ph cng sut
b) Hm t tng quan
Hm t tng quan ca tp m trng l php bin i Fourier ngc ca
mt ph cng sut tp m cho bi:
) (
2
) ( )} ( { ) (
0
2 1
N
df e f G f G R
f j
n n n
,
khi tn s Doppler ca tuyn ny l:
( )
n 0 D
cos f
c
v
f
n
Trong f
0
, v, c ln lt l tn s sng mang ca h thng, vn tc chuyn
ng tng i ca my thu so vi my pht v vn tc nh sng. Nu
n
= 0 th
tn s Doppler ln nht s l:
0 max D,
f
c
f
v
Hnh 1.7: Hm truyn t ca knh
Gi thit tn hiu n my thu bng nhiu lung khc nhau vi cng
ngang hng nhau khp mi hng, khi ph ca tn hiu tng ng vi tn s
Doppler c biu din nh sau:
Ph tn hiu thu c biu din li hnh 1.8
14
2
max
0
1
,
_
f
f f
A
0
cc trng hp cn li
nu
=
Mt ph tn hiu thu b nh hng bi hiu ng Doppler do Jake tm ra
nm 1974. V c gi l ph Jake. ngha ca ph tn hiu ny c gii thch
nh sau: Gi thit tn hiu pht i tn s sng mang f
0
, khi tn hiu thu c
s khng nhn c chnh xc trn tn s sng mang f
0
m b dch i c v hai
pha vi dch l f
D,max
nh hnh 1.8. S dch tn s ny nh hng n s
ng b ca nhiu h thng.
Hnh 1.8. Mt ph ca tn hiu thu
1.2.2.2. Hin tng tri tr
Tr (delay) l thi gian tnh t khi bt u truyn cho ti khi nhn xong mt
tin hay mt tn hiu. Delay spread l lng tng ca tr truyn do tn hiu truyn
i theo nhiu ng khc nhau. V d: Trong thng tin di ng, tn hiu lan
truyn ti im thu theo nhiu ng khc nhau do phn x, nhiu x, tn x ti
cc chng ngi. Gi s u pht pht i mt xung cc hp, ti u thu khi
khng ch nhn c mt xung m l mt cm xung. Lng tri tr delta D nh
trong hnh 1.9:
15
Hnh 1.9. Hin tng tri tr
1.2.3. Knh fading Rayleigh
Hm truyn t ca knh thc cht l mt qu trnh xc sut ph thuc c
thi gian v tn s. Bin hm truyn t ca knh ti mt tn s nht nh s
tun theo phn b Rayleigh nu mi trng truyn dn tha mn cc iu kin
sau:
Mi trng truyn dn khng c tuyn trong tm nhn thng, c
ngha l khng c tuyn c cng sut tn hiu vt tri.
Tn hiu my thu nhn c t v s cc hng phn x v nhiu khc
nhau
Trong trng hp mi trng truyn dn c tuyn truyn dn trong tm
nhn thng th cng sut tn hiu t tuyn ny vt tri so vi tuyn khc. Xc
sut ca bin hm truyn t ca knh s tun theo phn b Rice.
Mobile Station (MS) khng ch nhn tn hiu pht m cn nhn nhiu
phin bn ca tn hiu pht do phn x hoc nhiu x t cc ta nh v cc yu t
khc. Pha ca tn hiu nhn c l tng pha ca cc tn hiu, vi mi pha thay
i ngu nhin trong khong [0, 2
'
<
,
_
) 0 ( 0
) 0 (
2
exp
) (
2
2
2
r
r
r r
r p
(1.4)
Vi l gi tr rms (hiu dng) ca in th tn hiu nhn c trc b
tch ng bao (evelope detection).
2
l cng sut trung bnh theo thi gian.
Xc sut ng bao ca tn hiu nhn c khng vt qua mt gi tr R
cho trc c cho bi hm phn b tch ly:
16
,
_
2
2
0
2
exp 1 ) ( ) ( ) (
R
dr r p R r P R P
R
r
Gi tr trung bnh r
mean
ca phn b Rayleigh c cho bi:
2533 . 1
2
) ( ] [
0
dr r rp r E r
mean
V phng sai
2
r
(cng sut thnh phn ac ca ng bao tn hiu):
[ ]
2 2 2
0
2 2 2
2
4292 . 0
2
2
2
) ( ] [
,
_
dr r p r r E r E
r
Gi tr hiu dng ca ng bao l 2 (cn bc hai ca gi tr trung bnh
bnh phng). Gi tr median ca r tm c khi gii phng trnh:
median
r
median
r dr r p
0
177 . 1 ) (
2
1
'
<
,
_
0 0
) 0 , 0 (
) (
2
0
2
) (
2
2
2 2
r
r A
Ar
I e
r
r p
A r
A: Bin nh ca thnh phn light-of-sight.
Io: L hm Bessel sa i loi 1 bc 0.
Phn b Ricean thng c m t bi thng s k c nh ngha nh l
t s gia cng sut tn hiu xc nh (thnh phn light-of-sight) v cng sut cc
thnh phn a ng:
2
2
2
A
k
18
Hay vit di dng
dB:
dB
A
dB k
2
2
2
log 10 ) (
k xc nh phn b Ricean v c gi l h s Ricean.
Khi A
0, k 0 ( dB) thnh phn light-of-sight b suy gim v bin ,
phn b Ricean tr thnh phn b Rayleigh. Hnh 1.8 m t hm mt xc sut
ca phn b Ricean.
Hnh 1.11. Hm mt xc sut ca phn b Rice
1.3. Cc phng php phn tp
Phn tp (diversity) l mt phng php dng trong vin thng, dng
nng cao tin cy ca vic truyn tn hiu bng cch truyn mt tn hiu ging
nhau trn nhiu knh truyn khc nhau u thu c th chn mt trong s
nhng tn hiu thu c hoc kt hp nhng tn hiu thnh mt tn hiu tt
nht. Vic ny nhm chng li fading v nhiu do nhng knh truyn khc nhau
s chu fading v nhiu khc nhau. Ngi ta c th s dng m sa
li FEC (forward error correction) cng vi k thut phn tp. Li dng vic
truyn trn nhiu knh m ta c c li phn tp, thng c o bng dB.
Hay ni chnh xc phn tp l k thut gip cho pha thu (MS hoc BTS) ci
thin cht lng tn hiu thu b suy gim do fading nh vic kt hp tn hiu thu
a ng n t cng mt ngun pht. Ty thuc vo tng cng ngh phn tp
c thc hin MS hoc BTS.
19
Ty theo min (domain) ng dng, cc phng php phn tp s dng trong
thng tin v tuyn c th c phn loi:
- Theo cch thc trin khai:
Phn tp thu (Receiver Diversity)
Phn tp pht (Tranmission Diversity )
- Theo k thut phn tp:
Phn tp thi gian (Time Diversity)
Phn tp tn s (Frequency Diversity)
Phn tp phn cc (Polarization Diversity)
Phn tp khng gian (Space Diversity)
1.3.1. Phn tp thi gian
Do tnh cht ngu nhin ca fading, bin ca mt tn hiu chu nh
hng ca fading ngu nhin ti cc thi im ly mu cch xa nhau ln v
thi gian s khng tng quan vi nhau. V vy, truyn mt tn hiu ti cc thi
im cch bit ln tng ng vi vic truyn mt tn hiu trn nhiu ng
truyn c lp, to nn s phn tp v thi gian. Khong thi gian cn thit
m bo thu c cc tn hiu fading khng tng quan ti my thu ti thiu l
thi gian ng b (coherence time) ca knh truyn. i vi thng tin di ng,
khong thi gian ng b ny l:
T
b
= c/2vf
c
Trong :
c=3x10
8
m/s l tc nh sng
v l tc di chuyn ca my di ng
f
c
l tn s sng mang
V d: Vi cc my di ng lm vic tn s 800Mhz v di chuyn vi tc
50Km/h, thi gian ng b T
c
=13,5ms. =
(nT)
20
to ra M
d
nhnh phn tp, tn hiu cn c truyn i ti M
d
khe thi
gian. V vy, khong thi gian gi chm cn thit truyn i ti M
d
nhnh phn
tp l M
d
.c/2vf
c
. i vi truyn dn tn hiu thoi, tc ly mu cn thit t nht
l 8kHz. ng thi, m bo rng xung truyn nm trong bng tn truyn
dn, chng ta ch c th s dng ti a M
d
= 50 nhnh phn tp. Do thi gian
cch bit t l nghch vi tc di chuyn nn khc vi cc phng php phn
tp khc, phng php phn tp thi gian khng c ngha trong trng hp
my di ng ng yn.
Gn y, trong cc h thng thng tin di ng hin i, m sa li c s
dng kt hp vi phng php xen k tn hiu (interleaving) to nn mt
phng php phn tp thi gian mi. Do thi gian xen k di s gy nn gi
chm gii m ln, nn phng php ny ch thch hp i vi cc knh fading
bin ng nhanh.
Nhc im: ca phng php phn tp thi gian l lm suy gim hiu sut
bng tn do c s d tha trong min thi gian v bn thu phi ch mt khong
thi gian x l tn hiu.
1.3.2. Phn tp tn s
Ging nh phng php phn tp theo thi gian, phn tp theo tn s l
chng ta s dng mt tp hp cc tn s truyn i cng mt tn hiu. Khong
cch gia cc tn s phi ln, vo khong vi bng tn ng b (coherence
bandwidth) m bo fading ng vi cc tn s s dng khng tng quan vi
nhau. i vi thng tin di ng, bng tn ng b o c vo khong 500kHz,
v vy khong cch cn thit gia cc nhnh phn tp tn s t nht l 1-2 MHz.
Trong thng tin di ng hin i, phn tp tn s cn c th nhn c
thng qua vic s dng cc k thut iu ch a sng mang hay s dng phng
php nhy tn.
Nhc im ca phng php phn tp tn s l s tiu tn ph tn. Ngoi
ra do cc nhnh phn tp c tn s khc nhau nn mi nhnh cn s dng mt
my thu pht cao tn ring. m
(nT)
21
1.3.3. Phn tp phn cc
Nghin cu cho thy tn hiu c truyn i trn 2 phn cc trc giao trong
mi trng thng tin di ng c cc tham s thng k c lp. V vy, hai phn
cc ny c th c coi l c s ca hai nhnh phn tp phn cc. Do ch tn ti
hai phn cc sng trc giao nn s lng ti a cc nhnh phn tp c th to
c ch l hai. Ngoi ra, do s hn ch ca cng sut my pht nn cng sut tn
hiu pht cn phi chia u cho hai nhnh, v v vy cht lng tn hiu thu c
cng b suy gim i 2 ln hay 3 dB.
1.3.4. Phn tp khng gian
Phn tp khng gian l k thut s dng nhiu anten hay cc mng anten
c sp xp vi cc khong cch ph hp tn hiu trn cc anten c lp.
Khong cch yu cu thay i ty theo cao anten, mi trng truyn v tn
s. Khong cch gia hai anten t cch nhau na bc sng /2
Hnh 1.12: M hnh phn tp khng gian.
Phn tp khng gian cn c gi l phn tp anten.
Phn tp khng gian gm c:
Phn tp anten pht
Phn tp anten pht l phn tp s dng nhiu anten pha pht, thng tin
c a n tt c cc anten v truyn n pha thu. S dng phn tp pht ta
thu c li phn tp pht, tng dung lng truyn d liu, gim cng sut
pht.
Tn
hiu
vo
x(nT)
x(nT)
x(nT)
combination c
(nT)
Y
1
(nT)
Y
2
(nT)
H
11
H
12
22
Phn tp anten thu
Trong phn tp thu, nhiu anten c s dng my thu thu cc bn sao
c lp ca tn hiu pht. Cc bn sao ca tn hiu pht c kt hp tng
SNR v gim fading a ng.
u im ca phng php phn tp khng gian l khng lm suy gim hiu
sut bng tn, khng tiu tn ph tn s, d s dng, v trn l thuyt khng c
s hn ch v s lng cc nhnh phn tp. Do c cc u im ni trn, phng
php phn tp khng gian c nghin cu rng ri t nm 1927 n tn ngy
nay. Cc nghin cu v phn tp khng gian tp trung ch yu vo cc k thut
kt hp tn hiu phn tp. Trong cc phn tip sau y, chng ta s tm hiu k
hnv phng php phn tp pht.
23
Chng 2
CC K THUT PHN TP PHT
2.1. Gii thiu phn tp
Phn tp l mt phng php dng trong vin thng dng nng cao
tin cy ca vic truyn tn hiu bng cch truyn mt tn hiu ging nhau trn
nhiu knh truyn khc nhau u thu c th chn trong s nhng tn hiu thu
c hoc kt hp nhng tn hiu thnh mt tn hiu tt nht. Vic ny nhm
chng li fading v nhiu l do nhng knh truyn khc nhau s chu fading v
nhiu khc nhau. Ngi ta c th s dng m sa li FEC (forward error
correction) cng vi k thut phn tp. Li dng vic truyn trn nhiu knh m
ta c c li phn tp, thng c o bng dB. Hay ni cch khc, phn
tp (diversity) l k thut gip cho pha thu (trong thng tin di ng l MS hoc
BTS) ci thin cht lng tn hiu thu b suy gim do fading nh vic kt hp tn
hiu thu a ng n t cng mt ngun pht. Phn tp c thc hin ti c
MS ln BTS tu cng ngh c th.
Trong cc h thng thng tin di ng hin nay, nhiu anten thu c s
dng cho cc trm thu pht c s vi mc ch l kh nhiu ng knh v gim
thiu nh hng ca fading, v d trong mng GSM nhiu anten c s dng ti
trm thu c s BTS to ra phn tp thu ng ln, b p cho cng sut
truyn tng i thp t trm di ng. iu ny ci thin cht lng v rng
ca ng ln. Nhng trong trng hp ng xung vic ny rt kh khn, do
cc thit b di ng c thit k rt nh gn, v vy vic ny kh m bo cho
vic lp cc anten m bo iu kin cch nhau na bc sng. i vi ng
xung, s l thc t nu nh xem xt cn nhc vi phn tp pht. S d dng lp
t nhiu anten pht trn trm thu pht v cng d dng s dng cc ngun ngoi
cho nhiu anten pht.
24
Phn tp pht lm gim yu cu ngun x l ca cc b thu v kt qu l
cc cu trc h thng n gin hn, tiu th ngun thp hn v chi ph thp hn.
Hn th na, phn tp pht c th kt hp vi phn tp thu tng cht lng
ca h thng.
Ngc li phn tp thu m chng ta ang s dng rng ri trong cc h
thng di ng t ong, phn tp pht vn cn nhn c rt t s ch do vic
thc hin phn tp anten pht l khc rt nhiu so vi phn tp anten thu v vic
khai thc phn tp pht cng c nhng kh khn:
- Th nht: Cc tn hiu pht t nhiu anten s c trn vi nhau v mt
khng gian trc khi ti c cc b thu, h thng yu cu b sung thm mt s
b x l tn hiu c pha thu v pha pht tch c cc tn hiu thu v li
dng c phn tp.
- Th hai: Pha thu thng c lng c cc knh fading cn pha pht
th khng ging nh pha thu, khng c c cc thng tin tc thi v knh nu
nh khng c thng tin phn hi t pha thu ti pha pht.
Tuy nhin phn tp pht c kh nng lm tng ng k dung lng v cht
lng ca knh.
Trong chng ny, chng ta i tm hiu v cc k thut pht nh k thut
phn tp pht t l ti a MRT, k thut phn tp pht gi chm, k thut phn
tp pht khng gian thi gian i vi trng hp Alamouti 2x1 (2 anten pht v
1 anten thu), v trng hp Alamouti 2x2 (2 anten pht v 2 anten thu), v
chng trnh m phng bng MATLAB so snh cht lng BER v SNR ca
hai trng hp Alamouti 2x2 v trng hp Alamouti 2x1.
2.2. K thut kt hp phn tp khng gian pht
2.2.1. Phn tp pht t l ti a (MRT)
Phng php phn tp pht t l ti a MRT l cc tn hiu trn cc nhnh
phn tp s
k
c nhn vi cc trng s pht tng ng w
n
:
*
.
n n
h C w (n {1,2,3,N})
25
sau truyn tt c cc tn hiu c nhn vi trng s ny thng qua N anten
pht. H s chun ha C c chn sao cho tng cng sut pht i t N anten
pht bng mt gi tr cho trc, thng thng t bng C=
N
1
cho n gin.
Ch : tm c ma trn trng s w
n
ta phi i tm p ng knh truyn
h
n
tm c h
n
ta c cc phng php sau:
My thu c lng h
n
v gi thng tin h
n
v cho my pht. Phng
php ny i hi phi c knh phn hi t my thu v my pht. (Hnh 2.1)
Hnh 2.1. B phn tp MRT c N nhnh phn tp vi cc ng phn hi
S dng tnh cht nghch o ca cc knh truyn ln (uplink) v
knh truyn xung (downlink). Thc t l cc h thng phn chia theo tn s
(FDD) c khong cch tn s thu v pht nh (nh hn rng bng tn ca
knh truyn), th cc h s knh truyn ln v knh truyn xung rt tng quan
vi nhau. Do chng ta c th s dng cc knh truyn h
n
c lng c
knh truyn ln nh l cc h s trng s pht w
n
.
26
B phn tp pht t l ti a MRT cho chng ta v li phn tp. Tuy
nhin, do tng cng sut pht c chun ha thnh n v, nn b tn hao v
phm cht li BER.
2.2.2. Phn tp pht gi chm
Phn tp pht gi chm c thc hin bng cch: Cc bn sao ca tn hiu
s
k
c truyn ti my thu ti cc thi im khc nhau v thng qua cc anten
pht khc nhau.
Hnh 2.2. S phn tp pht gi chm vi N nhnh phn tp
Cc tn hiu gi chm c my thu coi nh cc tn hiu a ng. V vy
tch c cc tn hiu pht, my thu s dng mt b san bng c lng
chui ti u MLSE hay mt b san bng sai s bnh phng trung bnh ti thiu
MMSE t c li phn tp N.
u im: Phng php phn tp pht gi chm cho li phn tp cp N.
M khng yu cu phi m rng bng tn, cng nh cn phn hi t my thu.
Mt u im khc ca phng php ny l n c th p dng trc tip cho cc
knh a ng thu c thm li phn tp ng (path diversity). Phng
php ny c coi l trng hp n gin ca m xon khng gian thi gian
c xut gn y.
27
2.2.3. Phn tp pht khng gian thi gian
2.2.3.1. Alamouti STBC 2x1
K thut phn tp ny v cng n gin, hiu qu khi s dng 2 anten pht
v 1 anten thu c gii thiu bi Alamouti. Phng php ny cn c gi l
m khi khng gian thi gian STBC.
STBC (Space Time Block Code: M ha khi khng gian thi gian):
Phng php ny s dng sp xp trc giao th t ca cc tn hiu ti cc anten
pht (cc tn hiu to thnh cc block).
Chng ta xem xt mt h thng thng tin s dng m khng gian thi gian
trn bng gc vi n
t
anten pht v n
r
anten thu nh hnh 2.3. Cc d liu pht i
c m ha bi b m ha khng gian thi gian.
Hnh 2.3. M hnh h thng bng gc
Tn hiu pht i ca Alamouti ti cc anten pht l cc tn hiu c m
ha thnh cc khi tn hiu sp xp thnh cc matrix khi:
1
]
1
*
0
*
1
1 0
s s
s s
S
Ngha l ti hai thi im khc nhau thi im th t th anten th nht pht
i l s
0
, anten 2 pht s
1
, nhng sang thi im t+T th anten 1 pht
*
1
s v anten 2
28
pht
*
0
s
, tc l cng mt loi thng tin nhng c m ha khc nhau hai anten
khc nhau.
S Alamouti c thit k cho tt c cc kiu anten pht (cc chm k
hiu s
0
, s
1
,,s
n
) khc nhau. n gin, y ch xt BPSK vi truyn 2 bit
trong thi gian hai k hiu .Tuy nhin, mc nht nh c th c tng qut
ha cho nhiu hn hai anten.Trong s m lp cn s dng 4-PAM t c
cng tc bit. t c cng khong cch ti thiu nh cc k hiu BPSK
trong s Alamouti cn tng 5 ln nng lng k hiu. K thut Alamouti
STBC thc hin ba bc sau:
M ha v truyn dn
S kt hp ti my thu
Quy tc quyt nh kh nng cc i ML
Hnh 2.4. S Alamouti s dng 2 anten pht v 1 anten thu
M ha v truyn dn
29
Gi s cho trc hai tn hiu pht ti thi gian th t l:
0
s
,
1
s
.
Trong thi gian k hiu tip theo ti thi gian th (t+T) l:
*
1
s ,
*
0
s
Ti khe thi gian th t anten pht th nht pht i
0
s
, trong khi anten th
hai pht i
1
s
. Ti khe thi gian tip theo, (t+T), anten pht th nht pht i
*
1
s ,
trong khi anten th hai pht i
*
0
s
. Bng cch ny vic m ha c thc hin
theo c khng gian v thi gian.
Bng 1
Quy lut m ha khng gian - thi gian Alamouti
Gi thit knh fading bin i chm ngha l fading khng thay i trong
thi gian gia 2 k t pht:
y = Hs + n
Pha thu: y = [
0
y
,
*
1
y ]
T
p ng knh truyn: H=
,
_
*
0
*
1
1 0
h h
h h
t cc knh truyn t anten pht th nht v th hai ti anten my thu
tng ng l:
h
0
=
0
.e
j
0
h
1
=
1
.e
j
1
Tn hiu pht: s = [s
0
, s
1
]
T
Nhiu Gause: n = [n
0
,
*
1
n ]
T
30
Cc tn hiu thu c ti cc khe thi gian t v t+T l:
Ta c:
y = Hs + n
=>
1
]
1
1
0
y
y
1
]
1
*
0
*
1
1 0
h h
h h
1
]
1
1
0
s
s
+
1
]
1
1
0
n
n
Trong khe thi gian th nht, tn hiu nhn c l:
0
y
=
0
h
0
s
+
1
h
1
s
+
0
n
Trong khe thi gian th hai tn hiu nhn c l:
1
y
=
*
1
h
0
s
-
*
0
h
1
s
+
1
n
Trong :
y
0
, y
1
: tn hiu nhn c trong khe thi gian th nht v th hai
tng ng
h
0
: l knh truyn t anten pht th nht n anten nhn
h
1
: l knh truyn t anten pht th hai n anten nhn
s
0
, s
1
: l cc tn hiu pht
n
0
, n
1
: l nhiu Gausse trn khe thi gian th nht v th hai
Nhn thy ct ca ma trn ch nht trong phng trnh trn trc giao vi
nhau. V th nhim v tch sng s
0
, s
1
c chia thnh hai nhim v v hng
trc giao.
S kt hp ti my thu
Ta s dng s kt hp ti my thu c th c lng c cc du tn
hiu s
0
v s
1
mt cch ti u, chng ta cn phi tch c thng tin v cc du
ny cha trong cc tn hiu thu c y
0
v y
1
.
Gi thit trng thi knh truyn l hon ho. B kt hp s thc hin nhn
vector y vi ma trn chuyn v H
H
.
31
~
s
= n H y H
H H
+
=
1
]
1
0
*
1
1
*
0
h h
h h
1
]
1
0
*
1
1
*
0
h h
h h
1
]
1
1
0
s
s
+
n H
H
=
1
]
1
+
+
2
1
2
0
2
1
2
0
| | | | 0
0 | | | |
h h
h h
. x +
n H
H
Khai trin ra ta c nh sau:
~
0
s
= (
2
0
+
2
1
)
*
1 1 0
*
0 0
n h n h s + +
~
1
s
= (
2
0
+
2
1
)
0
*
1
*
1 0 1
n h n h s +
B kt hp trn hnh to ra hai k hiu kt hp v gi chng n b quyt
nh kh ging cc i.
Nhn xt: Phng php STBC ca Alamouti khi s dng 2 anten pht v 1
anten thu, nhn vo phng trnh trn ta thy c du - y th hin s quay
pha ca cc thnh phn tp m. Tuy nhin, s quay pha ny khng lm suy gim
t s SNR hiu dng u ra.
Quy tc quyt nh kh nng cc i (MLD)
T hai tn hiu u ra b kt hp, nhng tn hiu kt hp ny sau gi n
b quyt nh kh nng cc i (MLD : Maximum Likelihood Detector) v s
chn s
0
v s
1
sao cho:
{
1 0
, s s
} = arg
c
s s
1 0
,
min
{
2 *
1 0
*
0 1 1
2
1 1 0 0 0
| ) ( | | ) ( | s h s h y s h s h y + + }
t A
STBC
=
2 *
1 0
*
0 1 1
2
1 1 0 0 0
| ) ( | | ) ( | s h s h y s h s h y + +
= [ ) (
1 1 0 0 0
s h s h y + ][ ) (
1 1 0 0 0
s h s h y + ]
*
+[ ) (
*
1 0
*
0 1 1
s h s h y ][ ) (
*
1 0
*
0 1 1
s h s h y ]
*
=
*
1 0
*
1 0
2
0
2
0 0
*
0 0
*
1
*
1 0
*
0
*
0 0
2
0
| | | | | | s s h h s h s y h s h y s h y y + +
32
2
1
2
0 0
*
1
*
1 0
*
1
*
1 0 1
*
0
*
0 1
2
0
2
1
*
1
*
0 1 1
*
0 1
0
*
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
*
0
*
0 1 1 1
*
0 1
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | | |
s h s h s h
y s h s h s h s h y s h s h y
s h y y s h s h s h s y h
+
+ + +
+ + +
rng
2
0
| | s
v
2
1
| | s l cc thnh phn chung v khng lm thay i lut
quyt nh, v vy chng ta c th b qua chng cho n gin. Ngoi ra cc thnh
phn
*
1 0
*
1 0
s s h h
,
*
0
*
0 1 1
s h s h
t trit tiu ln nhau, do i s A
STBC
tr thnh
A
STBC
= ( )
2
1
2
0
+
2
1
2
1
2
0
2
0
| | ) ( | | s s + +
*
1
*
1 0
*
0
*
1 1 1
*
0 1 0
*
1 1
1
*
0 1 0
*
0 0
*
1
*
1 0
*
0
*
0 0
s y h s y h s h y s h y
s y h s y h s h y s h y
+ +
Nhm cc phn t chung li vi nhau
= (
2
1
2
0
+ )
2
1
2
1
2
0
2
0
| | ) ( | | s s + +
*
1
*
1 0
*
1 0 1 1
*
0
*
0 1
0 1
*
1
*
0 0
*
0
*
1 1 0
*
0
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
s y h h y s y h y h
s y h y h s y h y h
+ +
V v vy:
A
STBC
= (
2
1
2
0
+ )
2
1
2
1
2
0
2
0
| | ) ( | | s s + +
*
1
~
1
*
1
~
1 0
~
*
0
*
0
~
0
s s s s s s s s
= (
2
1
2
0
+ )
2
0
2
~
0
2
0
~
0
2
0
| | | | | | | | s s s s s +
2
1
2
~
1
2
1
~
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
| | | | | | | | ) ( s s s s s + + +
Mt im th v c th nhn thy rng lut quyt nh MLD ng thi cho
c s
0
v s
1
c chia thnh cc lut quyt nh c lp sao cho s
0
v s
1
. Do cc
lut quyt nh s
0
v s
1
l nh nhau, sau khi b qua thnh phn chung |
~
0
s
|
2
chng
ta thu c lut quyt nh chung cho Alamouti STBC
33
} | | | | ) 1 {( min arg
2
~
2 2
1
2
0
_
k k k
s
k
s s s s
c k
+ +
Phm cht BER ca phng php ML: nh ngha t s SNR trung bnh
cho mt bit tn hiu trn tng anten l:
2 2
) (
2 ) (
) (
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
0
2 2
1
2
0
2 2
1
2
0 b
n
b b
E E E
+
+
E
b
l nng lng ca tn hiu pht
2
0 2
N
vi N
0
l cng sut tp m n bin
2.2.3.2. Alamouti STBC 2x2
S cu hnh ca trng hp Alamouti STBC s dng 2 anten pht v 2
anten thu c m t hnh 2.5:
34
Hnh 2.5. S cu trc Alamouti STBC trng hp 2 x2
Cng nh trng hp Alamouti STBC 2 anten pht v 1 anten thu, th
trng hp Alamouti STBC s dng 2 anten pht v 2 anten thu cng thc hin
ba bc sau:
M ha v truyn dn
S kt hp ti my thu
Quy tc quyt nh kh nng cc i ML
M ha v truyn dn
Gi s cho trc hai tn hiu pht ti thi gian th t l:
0
s
,
1
s
Trong thi gian k hiu tip theo ti thi gian th (t+T) l:
*
1
s ,
*
0
s
Ging nh m ha v truyn dn trng hp Alamouti 2x1. y, cng
ti khe thi gian th t anten pht th nht pht i
0
s
, trong khi anten th hai pht
35
i
1
s
. Ti khe thi gian tip theo, (t+T), anten pht th nht pht i
*
1
s , trong
khi anten th hai pht i
*
0
s
.
M ha v chui pht cc k hiu thng tin trong trng hp ny nh sau:
Bng 2
Quy lut m ha khng gian - thi gian Alamouti
Bng 3
p ng knh truyn gia anten pht v anten thu
Bng 4
Tn hiu thu c ti hai anten thu
Gi s knh fading bin i chm, ta c phng trnh h thng:
y=Hs+n
- Tn hiu thu c pha anten thu l:
T
y y Y ] , [
*
1 0 0
36
T
y y Y ] , [
*
3 2 1
- Tn hiu pht l:
T
s s
s s
s
1
]
1
*
0
*
1
1 0
- p ng knh truyn:
1
]
1
*
0
*
1
1 0
0
h h
h h
H
1
]
1
*
2
*
3
3 2
1
h h
h h
H
- Cho p ng knh truyn ng vi tng anten pht:
0
0 0
j
e h
1
1 1
j
e h
2
2 2
j
e h
3
3 3
j
e h
- Tp m Gauss:
T
n n N ] , [
*
1 0 0
T
n n N ] , [
*
3 2 1
Ti thi im t anten th nht thu c c phng trnh sau:
0 0 0
N s H Y +
=>
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
1
]
1
1
]
1
1
0
*
0
*
1
1 0
*
0
*
1
1 0
1
0
.
n
n
s s
s s
h h
h h
y
y
=>
0 1 1 0 0 0
n s h s h y + +
37
1
*
0 1
*
1 0 1
n s h s h y + +
Ti thi im t+T anten thu c c phng trnh sau:
1 1 1
N s H Y +
=>
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
1
]
1
1
]
1
3
2
*
0
*
1
1 0
*
2
*
3
3 2
3
2
.
n
n
s s
s s
h h
h h
y
y
=>
2 1 3 0 2 2
n s h s h y + +
3
*
0 3
*
1 2 3
n s h s h y + +
S kt hp ti my thu
Cc tn hiu thu c ti cc anten thu th nht v th hai ti cc thi im t
v t+T l:
0 1 1 0 0 0
n s h s h y + +
1
*
0 1
*
1 0 1
n s h s h y + +
2 1 3 0 2 2
n s h s h y + +
3
*
0 3
*
1 2 3
n s h s h y + +
Trong n
n
(n: 0,1,2,3) l cc mu tp m ti anten thu. c lng c
cc du tn hiu pht s
0,
s
1
, chng ta cn phi tch c cc thng tin ca chng
cha trong y
0
, y
1
, y
2
, y
3
. Vic ny c th thc hin bng cch nhn hai v ca
phng trnh vi ma trn chuyn v H
H
:
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
N H s H H Y H
N H s H H Y H
H H H
H H H
+
+
Sau kt hp hai phng trnh trn vi nhau:
T
s s S ] [
~
1
~
0
~
38
1
]
1
0
*
1
1
*
0
0
h h
h h
H
H
1
]
1
2
*
3
3
*
2
1
h h
h h
H
H
3
*
3 2 2 1
*
1 0 0 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
~
1
3 3 2
*
2 1 1 0
*
0 0
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
~
0
). (
). (
n h n h n h n h s s
n h n h n h n h s s
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Quy tc quyt nh kh nng cc i ML
b kt hp ti my thu chng ta ta tng hp c hai tn hiu
~
1
~
0
, s s
:
3
*
3 2 2 1
*
1 0 0 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
~
1
3 3 2
*
2 1 1 0
*
0 0
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
~
0
). (
). (
n h n h n h n h s s
n h n h n h n h s s
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Sau cc tn hiu kt hp ny c a n b tch sng kh ging cc
i, ti y c tnh cho s
0
c chn cho tiu chun:
Chn s
i
nu v ch nu:
) , ( | | ). 1 ( ) , ( | | ). 1 (
~
0
2 2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
~
0
2 2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0 k k i i
s s d s s s d s + + + + + + + +
Hay:
k i s s d s s d
k i
), , ( ) , (
~
0
2
~
0
2
Tng t i vi s
1
, s dng quy tc trn chn s
i
nu v ch nu:
k i s s d s s d
k i
), , ( ) , (
~
1
2
~
1
2
SNR trong trng hp ny c tnh nh sau:
39
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
s n
nm
m s
n
nm
m
n
nm
m
E E
,
_
50
d liu nh 70Mb/s, m bo tc tiu chun ln hn 30Mb/s. Chun Wimax
di ng cho thu bao di chuyn tc cao h tr truy nhp tc d liu nh
30Mb/s m bo tc tiu chun ln hn 5Mb/s. Wimax c th hot ng trong
tm nhn thng (LOS- Light of Sight) vi di tn 10-66GHz hay khng trong tm
nhn thng (NLOS- None Light of Sight) vi di tn 2-11GHz. Truyn sng
khng nm trong tm nhn thng Nlos th khng yu cu my pht v my thu
phi nhn thy nhau. Trn mt ng truyn Nlos tn hiu thu bng tng ca tt
c cc tn hiu nhn c t cc ng phn x, tn x, nng lng tn xCn
truyn sng trong tm nhn thng Los th yu cu tn hiu truyn t my pht ti
my thu i theo ng trc tip v khng c chng ngi vt gia my pht v
my thu.
Cng ngh ny c th c s dng thay th cc ng chuyn DSL,
ADSL, ng cp hu tuyn bng truy nhp khng dy,lm trm chuyn tip
(backhaul) cho mng Wifi, h tr v b sung cho cc dch v in thoi di ng,
cung cp cc kt ni bng rng di ng vi rt nhiu dch v khc nhau.
3.2.2. c im ca Wimax
- Phm vi ph sng ca mt BS trn l thuyt c th ln ti 50km.
- Tc truyn d liu c th thay i, ti a 70Mb/s.
- Hot ng trong c hai mi trng truyn dn: ng truyn tm nhn
thng LOS v ng truyn khng trong tm nhn thng NLOS.
- Di tn lm vic 2-11GHz cho ng truyn khng trong tm nhn thng
NLOS v t 10-66GHz cho ng truyn trong tm nhn thng LOS.
- Bng thng mm do, c th cho php thay i t 1,75MHz n 20MHz.
- K thut QoS (cht lng dch v) trong Wimax cho php h tr nhiu
loi dch v, m bo cht lng dch v ti u nht.
- Giao din v tuyn s dng cng ngh OFDM (ghp knh phn chia theo
tn s trc giao). OFDM trong Wimax s dng tng cng 2048 sng mang, trong
51
c 1536 sng mang, cho php nhiu thu bao c th truy nhp ng thi mt
hay nhiu knh mt cch linh hot m bo ti u hiu qu s dng bng tn.
- Trn mi sng mang ph s dng phng thc iu ch nhiu mc thch
ng t BPSK, QPSK n 64-QAM kt hp cc phng php sa li d liu nh
ngu nhin ha, vi m ha sa li Reed Solomon, m xon t l m t 1/2 n
7/8 m bo cht lng thng tin.
- a truy nhp OFDMA, ch song cng cho php s dng c hai cng
ngh song cng phn chia theo thi gian TDD (time division duplex) v song
cng phn chia theo tn s FDD (frequency division duplex) cho vic phn chia
truyn dn ca ng ln (uplink) v ng xung (downlink)
- Tnh bo mt cao, h tr chun m mt d liu DES (Data Encryption
Standard) v chun m mt tin tin AES (Advance Encryption Standard) cho
qu trnh bo mt
3.2.3. ng dng a anten pht trong Wimax
M ha khng gian thi gian (STC Space Time Coding) l k thut thc
hin phn tp pht (Transmission diversity). Wimax s dng k thut phn tp
pht trn ng Dowlink phn tp tng phn nhm tng cng cht lng tn
hiu truyn n mt thu bao c th nm ti bt c im no trong di chm tia
anten pht ra.
Mc d cung cp li tn hiu thp hn beam-forming nhng i vi
ngi s dng di ng th s phn tp pht cng cn thit hn bi v n khng
yu cu cc kin thc hiu bit trc v c tnh truyn dn ca knh tn s c
th ca mt thu bao.
Cng ngh STC c bit n nh m ha Alamouti c cng b vo nm
1998 v n hp nht vi chun Wimax.
M ha STC
S Alamouti c bn pht hai k hiu phc s
0
v s
1
, s dng knh a u
vo mt u ra (MISO 2Tx v 1 Rx) hai ln vi cc gi tr knh gi tr h
0
v h
1
.
52
Hnh 3.7. M hnh 2 anten pht 1 anten thu
Trong khe thi gian th nht anten Tx0 pht s
0
v anten Tx1
pht s
1
. Trong
khe thi gian th hai anten Tx1 pht
*
1
s v anten Tx0 pht
*
0
s
.
Bng 1
Quy lut m ha khng gian thi gian
Anten 0 Anten 1
Thi gian t
0
s
s
1
Thi gian t+1
*
1
s
*
0
s
Pha thu, trong khe thi gian th nht tn hiu nhn c l:
0 1 1 0 0 0
n s h s h y + +
1
*
0 1
*
1 0 1
n s h s h y + +
Gii m STC
Trng hp, MISO 2 anten pht, 1 anten thu sau khi bn thu thu c tn
hiu s c gii m nh sau:
~
0
s
= (
2
0
+
2
1
)
*
1 1 0
*
0 0
n h n h s + +
~
1
s
= (
2
0
+
2
1
)
0
*
1
*
1 0 1
n h n h s +
Nhn xt:
53
C nhiu thun li trong vic s dng k thut a anten hn k thut n
anten:
Mng li: li thu c bng cch s dng nhiu anten v vy
tn hiu thm mch lc.
Phn tp li: li thu c bng cch tn dng a ng dn v
vy xc sut mi ng dn u hng t khi xy ra. Thc t, phn tp li c
lin quan ti cng ngh ca my pht v my thu t c a looks ti knh
fading. Cc s ny ang ci thin hot ng bng cch tng tin cy ca
cng tn hiu thu c trong tn hiu v tuyn c fading hin din. Phn tp
c th c khai thc trong khng gian (anten), thi gian, hoc kch thc ph
tn s.
Loi b c can nhiu ng knh (CCIR): y l s loi b cc tn
hiu bng cch s dng knh khc nhau p ng can nhiu.
Mt s chung cho c hai mng li v phn tp li l t hp vi t
s ti a: kt ni a ng thu dn n t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) ln nht.
Chn phn tp, bng cch khc, ch yu gii thiu phn tp li; cc tn hiu
khng c kt ni, ng hn l tn hiu t anten tt nht c chn.
Vi Wimax, h thng MIMO n gin nht thc t l m STC a u vo
mt u ra MISO c gi l m Alamouti. thc hin h thng ny cn 2
anten trm gc (BS). M Alamouti cung cp li phn tp truyn ln nht cho
2 anten. S phn tp truyn khc nhau l phn tp tr chu k. Mt li th chnh
ca phn tp truyn l c th c thc hin ti trm gc, nn chi ph u t tp
trung vo trm gc, vic m rng cc trm thu bao ph s tr nn d dng hn
(u t t, k thut khng phc tp), cho php cc sn phm dng 802.11 thm
nhp vo th trng nhanh chng hn.
Tm tt
Mi cng ngh u c th mnh ring ca n. LTE v Wimax cng vy.
Wimax c th l s la chn ph hp cho vic cung cp Internet bng rng tc
54
cao v mt s dch v cn bng thng khc mt s v tr nht nh no .
Cn vi LTE, li th v tnh k tha th h trc l mt th mnh. V thc t cho
thy rng LTE ang tn dng tt iu . thi im ny c th khng nh rng
LTE ang trn thng th.
PH LC
Chng trnh code m phng
55
clear
N = 10^6 % number of bits or symbols
% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
Eb_N0_dB = [-3:15]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
nRt = [1 2 3 4]; % so anten phat
for jj = 1:length(nRt)
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRt(jj),N) + j*randn(nRt(jj),N)];
% Noise addition
y = ones(nRt(jj),1)*s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;
% equalization
yHat = sum(y,1)/nRt(jj);
% receiver - hard decision decoding
ipHat = real(yHat)>0;
% counting the errors
nErr(jj,ii) = size(find([ip- ipHat]),2);
end
TheoryBerAWGN(jj,:) =
0.5*erfc(sqrt(nRt(jj)*10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))); % theoretical ber
end
SimBer = nErr/N; % Simulated ber
close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,TheoryBerAWGN(1,:),'g-^','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,TheoryBerAWGN(2,:),'c-<','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,TheoryBerAWGN(3,:),'y->','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,TheoryBerAWGN(4,:),'b+-','LineWidth',2);
%semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,SimBer(4,:),'ko-','LineWidth',2);
axis([-3 12 10^-6 0.5])
grid on
legend('(Rt=1,Rx=1)','(Rt=2,Rx=1)','(Rt=3,Rx=1','(Rt=4,Rx=1)');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate');
title('SO SANH BER TRUONG HOP DA ANTEN PHAT ');
TNG KT
56
Sau mt thi gian nghin cu tm hiu cng vi s gip tn tnh ca
thy gio Hong Quang Trung, ti Nghin cu cc k thut phn tp pht
v ng dng trong thng tin v tuyn t c nhng ni dung sau:
Tng quan v thng tin v tuyn: chng ny em i nghin cu v cc
knh thng tin v tuyn nh knh tp m AWGN, knh fading a ng, knh
Rayleigh, knh Rice t c th phn bit c c im ca tng knh vai tr
ca tng knh trong thng tin v tuyn.
Cc k thut phn tp pht: y l chng chnh em i tm hiu v cc k
thut phn tp pht nh phn tp pht t l ti a, phn tp pht gi chm, phn
tp pht khng gian hiu c tng k thut phn tp pht, u im, lm sao
c th nng cao dung lng, tc truyn d liu.
ng dng k thut phn tp pht trong thng tin v tuyn: c th p
ng c nhu cu truy nhp mng a phng tin bng rng cho ngi s dng.
Hng pht trin ca ti Nghin cu cc k thut phn tp pht l ta c
th nghin cu k thut phn tp pht kt hp vi k thut phn tp thu, hay
chnh l MIMO, nng cao khng nhng li phn tp, m cn nng cao
li m ha.
Do thi lng v kin thc cn hn ch nn ti khng trnh khi nhng
sai st, em rt mong c s ng gp kin ca thy c gio v cc bn. Cui
cng em xin gi li cm n c bit n thy gio Thc s Hong Quang
Trung gip tn tnh cho em c th hon thnh ti ny. Em xin cm n
n gia nh v bn b lun bn cnh ng vin.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
TI LIU THAM KHO
57
[1]. Trn Xun Nam M phng cc h thng x l tn hiu khng gian thi
gian s dng MATLAB B mn Thng tin, Khoa v tuyn in t - hc vin
K thut qun s.
[2]. TS. Phan Hng Phng, KS. Lm Chi Thng K thut phn tp anten
trong ci thin dung lng h thng MIMO
[3]. http://www.dsplog.com/2008/10/16/alamouti-stbc/
[4].http://www.dsplog.com/2009/03/15/alamouti-stbc-2-receive-antenna/
[5].http://www.dsplog.com/db-install/wp-
content/uploads/2008/08/script_ber_bpsk_awgn_receive_diversity.m
[6].KS. Mai Hng Anh - "Phn tp pht s dng m khi khng gian thi gian
cu trc trc giao
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
58