SOUTH TYNESIDECOLLEGE FACULTY OF MARINE AND MECHANICAL ENGII\EERING CLASS 4 EXAMINATION OUESTIONS

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Explain what you know about 66M"Notices. Merchant shipping notices, or "M" notices as they arecommonlycalled,occupya specialposition. are advisory notices which do not have a force in law, but thosewhich give advice on safety matter regarded as authoritative documents by courseof inquiry into shippingcasualties and as such woulr considered extremely persuasivein a legal sense. There are now three tlpes of notice issuedby the MCA 1. MGN ( Marine Guidance Notes ) Blue Provide advice and guidance on safety and pollution matters. 2. MIN ( Marine Information Notices ) - Green Provide information intended for a more limited audienceor of shortterm duration. 3. MSN ( Marine Shipping Notice ) White Will contain mandatory information relating to the legal requirementsetout in related statutory instruments. There is no legal requirements to carry Marine GuidanceNotes andMarine information Notes on UK registeredvessels. It is a legal requirement to carry Merchant ShippingNotices.

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Explain what you know about " Code of Safe Working Practices". Accidents are usually the result of carelessness, mistakes, lack of thoughtor careand often result in Consideration must be given on how to avoid accidents hencethe " Codeof Safe Working practice Examples include the wearing of working clotheschosen forthe job with its hazards mind. They in fit fairly closely with no loose flaps, strapsor raggedpockets. Ciothing shouldcover as much as the as possible and a stout pair of shoesshould be worn, with steeltoecaps.Neck chains,finger rings ar wristwatches should not be worn, particularly in the vicinity of rotatingmachinery. Where particula hazards are present appropriate protection such as gogglesor ear muffi, shouldbe worn. When overhauling machinery or equipment it must be effectively isolatedfrom all sourcesof power may involve unplugging from an electrical circuit, the removal of fusesor the securing open of circu breakers. . Suction and discharge valves of pumps shouldbe securelyclosedand the pump casing rel pressure. Special care should be taken with steamoperatedor steamusingequipmetrt to "ngye no F build up occurs. When lifting components during overhaul, screw in eyeboltsshouldbe usedwhere possible. These : be fully entered up to the collar and the thread of the eyebolt shouldbe in good condition. Lifting w should be in good condition without broken strandsor sharpedges. Before any work is done on the main engine, the turning gear shouldbe engaged and a warning notic posted at the control position. Lubricating oil in the working areashouldbe cleaned up and where necessary suitable staging erected. The turning gearshould be madeinoperativeif nofrequired durir overhaul- Where it is used, care must be taken to ensureall personnelareclear before it is used. Overhead working, boiler operation. Entry into enclosedspaces otherexampleswhere are special car procedures have to be rigidly followed never taking short cuts.

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What portable extinguishers would you expectto find in an engine room and what colo used?

The outercontainer contains sodium bicarbonate powder. A capsuleof carbon dioxide gasis locatr beneath plunger a mechanism thecentral in cap. bn depressing plunger the carbondioxide gas the the powderup a discharge andout if the discharg tube e-nozzle. The dry powderextinguisher beusedon all classes con offire but it hasno cooling effecl It is t, locatednear electricalequipment the mochinery in tpori and elsewhereon the ship. Foam- Red 5% Cream/Buff-Chemical The main container filled with sodium is bicarbonate solutionand a long inner polyhene container with aluminiumsulphate.Theinnercontainer sealed a capheld in place Uy r plunger. When is by plungeris unlocked turningit , thecapis released. extinguisheris then inverted-forthe two by The to mix- Carbon dioxideis produced thereaction by whichpressurises container and forcesout t the foam. Foam- Red 5% Cream/Buff--Mechanical The outercontainer this case filled with water.The centralcontainerholds a carbondioxidech in is a foam solution.A plungermechanism a safetyguardis locatedabovethe central container. with Whenthe plungeris depressed carbon the dioxideis released the foam solution and the watern: and arethen forcedout througha special nozzle whichcreates mechanicalfoam. This extinguisher the I internalpipeandis operated theuprightposition. in Foam extinguishersare usedon class fires and witl be located in the vicinity ofjtammabte tiqa B C.O2- Red 5% Black A very strongcontainer used store is to liquid carbon dioxideunderpressure. A central tubeprovidr outerpassage the carbon for dioxidewhichis released eitherby a plunger bursting a disc or a valve operated a trigger. The liquid changes a gasasit leaves ixtinguisher *d pursesthroughth by to the swivelpipeor hose a discharge to horn. Carbondioxideextinguishers maintyusedon Class and Cfires and wig befound in the ma are B space, particularly near electricalequipmenl The carbon dioxitle extinguisher i not permitted it accommodation since,in a conJined space is lethal. it CFC ExtinguishersRed 5%Green

Soda- Acid Red The container this extinguisher of holdsa sodium bicarbonate solution. The screw-on cap contains r plungermechanism covered a safety by guard.Belowtheplungeris a glassphial containingsulphur Whenthe plungeris strucktheglass phialis brokenandthe acidand sodium bicarbonatemix. The resultingchemical reaction produces carbon dioxidegaswhichpressurises spaceabovethe liquir the forcing it out through internal the pipeto the nozzle. This extinguisheris usedfor class Afires and will befound in the accommodation ereas. 4. what type of fire extinguisher wouldbe usedon a fire in:-? (a) Galley (b) Accommodation(c) ControlRoomor Radio Room (d) Electrical Switchboard (e) Pump Room (a) Galley- CO2andDry Powder (b) Accommodation SodaAcid Extinguisher seebelowfor description ( ) (c) control Roomor RadioRoom- coz or Dry powder (d) ElectricalSwitchboard COZor Dry powder (e) Pumproom Foam,COzor Dry powder

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what are the main causes serious engine room fires ? of oil leaks. Fuel, hydraulicor lubricating oil onto hot surfaces. Smoking, burningor welding. Rags and combustible debrisallowed to build up in the bilge's \ilhat immediateaction must be taken if a fire becomes serious enough to have to evacuate all personnel from the engineroom and what precautions must be taken before re-entering? Flood the machinery spacewith whatever fixed fire installation is fitted. Say CO2. Before flooding get everybodyout. - do a head count. Where possibleall personnel must be made aware of the decision to flood the machinery spacewith The spacemust thenbe completely sealed4gainst the entry and exit of air and all oil suiplies isolatr tank valves. When all thesematters have beenattendedtoothe COz can be admitted and if the sruroundingbulkl hold to containthe ftre , it will quickly go out. Cooling of the boundary bulkheads should continue outside the space while flooding is taking place. When the extinguished fir. has been left long enou cool down the space be re-entered. This should be done from the tunnel, if there is one, oi frocan lowest point from the seatof the fire. Engineers wearing breathing apparatusmay now enter, taki water sprayhoses with them to cool down any hot surfaces. Coolingand smoke dispersalare the fir priorities, to providean atmosphere which others can operate andgradually bringthe in machinery s back into service. Where a machineryspacefire involves electrical equipment then only dry powder or Co2extinguisl be used until the equipment isolated. is What pumps on board ship can be used to supply water to the fire main ? Fire pump.- usuallytwo or three fitted Fire and bilge pump. General servicepump. Emergencyfire pump. Is there an emergency fire pump ? If the answer is ys, where is it fitted and how is it tested? External to the machineryspace.-Run on a weekly basis. Some pumps maybe fitted in the steeringcompartrnent. Define what you would considerto be an enclosed space where the internal atmosphere may br frequently hazardousto personnelwho may enter. Duct Keel, doublebottomtanks,cofferdams,boilers, CO2 rooms, pumprooms. Bow thruster compartmentsshouldbe teated with caution if ventilation fans have not been running. Fore peak anr peak tanks shouldalsobe well ventilated and tested before entry. Describe the procedure which should be adopted:(a) Before anyoneis allowed to enter an enclosed space. (b) While anyoneis working inside a closed space. (i) Ventilation for at least24 fus. (ii) Test of atrnosphere a chemist or Chief Officer for Oxygen and Hydrocarbon by content.Zlyo o> (iii) Tank entry permit and tally board for personnel to enter tank. (iv) Breathingapparatus tank entrance,lifeline and portable lights(air), at communication, ild tallier people enteringalongwith ELSA sets. (b) While anyone working in the tank there must be a man at the entrance is at all times with a mezu communicationbetweenhim and the person(s) in the tank and the Bridge.

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what types of pumps are suitable for useas bilge pumps? Positivedisplacement. small volumesfor usewifi ows centrifugal with priming pump - Largevolumedischarge. Give reasonswhy a bilge pump may not be able to removewater from bilges. state typical suction and delivery pressures. Blockedstrum box. ( very high nuru.r* on the gauge) Hole in suction line. ( zero or very low vacuumon the gauge ) Primingpump not functioning if working in series with centrifugal pump. Explain what is the emergency bilge suction( injection).Why is it necessarT and how is it bn into operation? A bilge injection valve is fitted to the end of a branchline connecting with themainseawatersuct The bilge injection valve is always of the screwdownnon-return type. Thisvalveenables larg the seawater cooling pump to be usedas a bilge pumpin an emergency. bringthe To bilgeinjectionv useduringan emergency, the bilge injectionvalveis openea rutyand thesea suctioi valveis full; After it is established that the seawatir pumpis capable loweringthewaterlevelin theengine of seawatersuction may be openedslowly. This shouldbe donein stales sothatthetanktopsareno dry,asthis would causethe seawaterpump to losesuction. Careshould betaken ensuethatthe to oftensituatedon the outlet from the main condenser doesnot discharge anyelectrical near equipmr NB. Seawater pumps are not usually self priming,if of the centrifugiltype. lhat is the purpose of the oily water separator? To allow the bilges to pumped overboardwith an oil contentof not more thanl5ppm. ReadMARPOL regulations. Explain in detait the procedure for testingthe steeringgear beforeleaving port. check for oil leaks and any loose linkageson th. steering gear. check for correctoil level and test low level alarm. Run oneunit at a time, 30 degs-to 35 degs.in 28 secs full power. where at onlyonemainunit is fi anx' unit, the auxiliaty unit must go from 20 degs. 20 degs. 60 secs. g to In at knots half speed. or Testthe communicationlink betweenthe Bridgeandthe Stee.irrg compartment. What is the duty of the engine room crane? To enable large and hearryengine components be manoeuwed to around Engine the roomin a safe manner. Detail checks which should be carried out beforeusingthe craneand possible hazards not if functioning correctly. CheckSWL is not exceeded. Checkthat the direction indicators on the controlscorrespond the actual to movement thecrane. ^^! ' of v^ Checkthatthe limit switchesare working. Checkthat the brake is operational. Checkthat all personnelinvolved understand signals be usedin the to anyrepair overhaul. or Give the correct procedure for starting an air compressor. (a) Checkthe oil level (b) Checkthe cooling water. (c) Ensurethat the interstage drains are open. (d) Checkthat all the correct valves *" ol"n fully to the air receiver andthatthereis sufficientca1 availablein the air receiver.. (e) If a manualunloaderis fitted ensure that it is open.( machinemustbestarted theunloaded in position). (D Whenthe machineis up to speed,closethe unloader andthe interstage drains.

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What is the purpose of fitting a bursting disc into the air compressorcasing? A bursting disc' or sometimes a water jacket relief valve are fittedto prevent a build-up of pressur a cooler tube fail allo*ing high pressureair to enterthe cooling *ut.i space. Describe the procedure required to connect in parallel one dieselor steamdriven alternator already on the switchboard with another alternator. Three-phase alternators ilranged for parallel operationrequire a considerable amount of instrume This will include arnmeters, wattmeter, voltmeter, frequencymeteranda synchronising device. M these instruments will use transformers to reducethe actual valuestakento the instrument. This al enables switching, for instance, between phasesor an incoming machineand the bus-bar, so that o: instnrment can display one of a number of values. The watfinetermeasures power the being used ir circuit' which' because of the power factor aspectof alternatingcurrentload. will be less thL the p: the volts and amps. Reverse power protection is provided to alternatorssincereversecurrentprotection cannot be used. Alternatively various trips may be provided in the event of the prime mover failure to ensure that th alternator does not act as a motor. The operation of paralleling two alternatorsrequiresthe voltage to be equaland in phase. The alter current output of any machine is always changing,so for two machines operatetogether to their vol must be changing at the same rate or frequencyand be reachingtheir ma,rimum( or Ly other value together They are then said to be' in phase'. Use is nowadaysmade of a synchroscope when paralleling two machines. The synchroscope has two windings which are connected to eachside one of th. p*utt"l switch. A pointer is free to rotate and is moved by the magneticeffect of the two windings. When the two v supplies are in phase the pointer is stationaryin the 12 o'clock position. If the pJinter is rotating tht frequency difference exists and the dial is marked for clockwise rotationFAST and anti-clockwise r sl-ow, the reference being to the incoming machinefrequency. To parallel an incoming machine to a running machinetherefore,it is necessary ensure to firstly tha voltages are equal. Voltmeters are provided for this purpose. Secondly frequencies the must ULUro into phase. In practice the synchroscopeusually *orr.r slowty in the fast direction and the parallelir switch is closed as the pointer reaches the l1 o'clock position. This resultsin the incoming machinr immediately accepting a small amount of load. A set of three lamps may also be provided to enablesynchronising. The sequence method of lamp connection has a key latnp connectedacrossone phasewith the two otherlamps connected over the two phases. If the frequencies of the machinesare different. The lampswill brighten and darken in rotation, depending upon the incoming frequencybeing FAST or SLOW. The correct moment for synchronising is when the key larnp is dark and the other two are equallybright. What is the purpose of having a synchroscope and why must it not be allowed to run continuo To ensure alternators to be connectedto bus-barsare at th; correctfrequency. Not to be allowed to rtrrt continuously because they are not continuousiyratedand will burn out. Explain how an emergency alternator starts and supplies power in the event of a blackout. (a) Double pole switch trips on lose of power and on tripping makescontact with emergencyswitch supplying power to emergencygeneratorstartermotor. (b) A low voltage coil, typically 24v, is connected the main switchboard. to This coil is normally energised and corutected to a normally open contactoron the air startsystemfor the alternator. r the main power fails the coil de-energises, thus completingthe air startsystemand starting the alternator. once the alternator has startedthe air will shut off. When the machine is up to speedand has the correct cyclesand volts, the auto synchroniser will the breaker and put it on the board, (emergency board) to supply the essentialservices.

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How can a blackout be simulated to test the operation of the emergency alternator? Turn auto synch to offposition to preventthe emergencygenerator tying to put itself on the board starts. Shut power offto startingcoil, this will de-energisecoil and machine will start. How often should an electric motor be cleaned? Unless there are any specific problemsevery 5 years. Use of vibration monitors are helpful in high bearing problems and thermal trips in the windings can give prior warning of impending problems. How would you overhaul an electric motor that has been flooded with sea water? Strip down and wash with distilled water,then dry out, if possible in an oven, then check meggar r Should be minimum of I megohm. Heatinglamps can also be used. On completion coat with ,. gor quality electrical varnish. Explain how to check the insulation resistanceof the motor using a ..Meggerrr. Corurectthe Meggar betweeneachphasein nrrn and the motor casing, after good contact has been : removing paint etc. Resistance shouldbe I megohm. Outline the dangers to pensonnel who may have to enter a battery room to check the conditio: batteries on charge. Hydrogen fumes in poorly ventilatedbatteryrooms which contain lead-acid batteries can be fatal. lr naked flames and dangerfrom sulphuricacid burns. Safety gear must be worn including full face v No smoking as there could be dangerof explosion.

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What is the temperature inside low pressureevaporators and why is the water produced suitr drinking? Drinking water can only be madefrom salt water in evaporatorsif it is boiled above 75 degs. C. Mr the low pressureplants operateat tempsranging from 4d degs C. to 60 degs C. and are therefore ur for making drinking water. Other problems to look out for areadditivesusedin diesel engine cooling systems and inhibitors u' water systemsto prevent fouling by marinegrowth.The evaporator should not be used within 12 mi. land what are the reasonsfor using the main engine turning gear? (a) To ensurethat the engineis warmedup evinly dissipalittg *y thermal stresses in materials ever therefore the enginecan be loadedmore quickty. (b) For warming through with the indicator cocks open to ensure there is no water leakage in the cy (c) To be engagedif any major overhaulof the engine is taking place. (d) For taking deflections. Why is tappet clearancenecessary and what effect would insufficient or excessive clearance h: engine operation? Tappet clearances necessary allow for the thermal expansion of the valve are to spindle length at wo temperatures'and to ensurethat positive closing of the valve continues as it wears or seats d*irrg ,r, Clearancesshould normally be setwhile the engineis cold and the czrm follower is offthe cam peak wear of the valve gearwill tend to increase clearances. Excessive tappet clearances will causethe valve to open late and close early in the cycle and will rec ma'ximum lift- It will also causenoise,and eventually damage,from the impact of working surfaces Insufficient clearancewill causethe valve to open early and close late with increased marimum lift. extreme cases'it may preventthe valve from closing completely as it expands or beds in. This in tul causehot gasesto blow past valve faces,causing.ruln burning and low compression.

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Tne cause. (5) All oil levels should checked, sump, be i.e. turbochargers, governorsetc. (6) The fuel oil system belinedup andcirculated can with hot fuel. (7) Any scavenge blowersif manually operated, shouldbe started. (8) Manuallyoperate cylinder the lubri.utorr. (9) The turninggearshouldberemoved theengineblown over on and air before closing the indica cocks. (10) The engine nowavailable stand is for by.
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Describe how to prepare the main enginefrom cold to ready to start to manoeuvring includi: that require to be carried out. (1) Before a large diesel engineis startedit must be warmed through bv circulating hot water thror jackets etc' This will enablethe various engine parts to expand in relation to one another and a engine load to be increasedsoonerratherthan later. The lubricating oil should also be heatedand circulated around the bearings etc., and the pisto: cooled. The various return pipes on both the water and oil systemsshould be checked to ensureno blo and the return temperatuesshouldbe monitored. (2) The various supply tanks, filters, valvesand drains are all to be checked and opened or closed i required (3) All control equipment,alarmsetc. shouldbe examined for correct operation. (4) The indicator cocks should be openand the turning gear engaged and started to ensurethat ther water presentin the cylinders.If any water issuesfurth.r investigation can be ca:ried out to asc

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Why shouldthe cylinderindicatorcocksbeleft openuntil the engine has first beenturned ov, starting air? To ensure no waterissues that fromthecocks which would indicate a leak from the liner, cylinder head, pistoncooling, turbobrower injector or cooling. Describethe routineinspection would carry out beforetaking you over the watch on a manne engineroom arrangement.. Checkthe firnnelemissions. Whitesmoke, blacksmoke, steamor sparks. Checksteering gearandfridgeflats. Enterthe engine roomfrom thetop. Do not usethe lift. Checkcoolingwaterheader tank. check main engine coolingwaterreturns temperatures. and check pistoncoolingwaterreturns temperatures. and Listenfor anyunusual noises. Checkturbocharger levels oil Checkobservation for signsof oil. tank Checkmist detector. Checkcondition bilges. of Checkpurifier flat andcondition thefuel oil tanks.i.e. full, empty, of temperature.Drain of water. Entercontrol.oop: check log bookandnoteanyirregularities. Confirm the condition the electrical of supplyequipmint. How many alternatorson load, amountof J ----) on the board. Earthfaults.Stand machines. by Readany curent standing orders. The duty engineer should then takingoverthe watch of any abnormal operating 1nfo* theengineer conditionswhichhaveoccuredduringthewatch.Any oidrr, from the Bridge, recordedin the log br shouldbe pointedout.Any repairs should reported be together with information on any machinery tt beendismantled'Thepresence anyothermembers of oflhip's staff in the engineroom e. g. Dayvor shouldbe reported.

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Scavenge temperatureair Scavenge pressure air L.O.pressure L.O.temperafire Jacket C.W.pressure

JacketC.W. temperatue -

Give the various operating pressures and temperatures of an engine you are familiar wi

40/45 degs.C 1.0 Bar 2.0 Bar 45 degs.C 3.0 Bar

65 degs. C

- 5/6Bar F.O.Pressure - 125 Degs. F.O. Temperahre C Cylinderoil pressure- 40 bar

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What factors must be present for an explosion to occur in the diesel engine crankcase? For a crankcase explosion to occur, oil mist must be present in the crankcase, and a hot spot must develop,perhapsfrom bearing wear or stuffing box rub etc. The hot spot then ignites the oil mist ca an explosion. ( Seehandout on crankcase explosions or Note 22 CLass ) 4 What devicemay be used to detect and warn of dangerous conditions within the crankcase? A Gravineroil mist detector is used to detect and warn of dangerouslevels of oil mist in the crankca The detectorconsistsof two tubes, fitted at one end of each is a photo electric cell, the other end is a lens to allow the passage light through the tube of the P.E. cell. Light comesfrom a singlebulb a of reflectedto eachtube by a mirror. One tube is sealed and contains clean air and is termedthe referer tube. The other tube is called the measuring tube and is used to pass samplesthrough it. Samples a drawn from the crankcaseusing a fan drawing through a rotary valve. If a large amountof mist is dr into the measuringtube, less light can penetrate the tube to the P.E. cell, so therewill be a differencr output from each sample and depending on the amount of difference will activatean alarm. In the er an alarm,the load of the engine should be reduced immediately by slowing to Dead Slow Aheadand soonas possiblethe engine should be stopped and the turning gear engaged. Openthe indicator coc turn the engineto prevent seizure. Allow engine to cool to normal operatingconditionsby observin returntemperatures.When safe BUT NOT BEFORE 20 MINS the crankcasedoors can be openedar crankcase inspected. A visual inspection from outside the crankcaseshould be madefor signsof wl metal or excessiveoil leakagefrom bearings or anything which might indicate a problem. If nothing obviousthe lubricating oil pump can be stopped and a more detailed inspectioncarried out. What immediate action should be taken in the event of a warning being given? Reducepower manually if crankcase mist detector does not do so automatically. Receivepermission the bridgeto stop the engine. Allow to cool down before inspecting the crankcase signsof the hc for (Seenote23 Class4 notes) What factors must be present for a scavenge air manifold fire to start? Dirry scavenge trunking. air lncorrectamount of cylinder lubricating oil. Defectivefuel valve and bad combustion. lncorrectfuel valve timing. Worn piston rings and liner. Chokedexhaust. Defectivestuffing box. ( Seeclass 4 notes page 20 ) How would you becomeaware that a scayenge fire had started? Erratic enginespeed. High exhausttemperatures. Smell of burning paint. Turbocharger surge. Smokefrom funnel. Rise in J.W. temperafire of affected unit.

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How would you deal with a scavenge fire? In the event of a scavenge fire the bridge must be informed, as should the C/E, that the enginehasto reduced D.S. Ahead immediately. to Increase cylinder lubrication to all units by increasing the mechanicallubricator flow to mar<imum. Take fuel offthe affected unit by lifting the fuel pump roller or suction valve offits seat( depending type of fuel pump is fitted ). Shut off nozzle cooling(if nozzleis oil cooled ). By increasinglubrication there is less chance of the engine seizing due to being overheated the fir by by taking the fuel offthe affected unit the heat developeddue to combustion is reduced,which will 1 fire more chanceof burning itself out. The scavenge drains should be closed to prevent any sparksenteringthe engineroom which c81 posr further risk to personnel in the vicinity. Ifthe fire is of amore serious naflrre the engine will have to be stopped, indicatorcocksopenedr the turning gear engagedand the engine turned. The scavengespacefixed fire fighting installationcan t brought into use to extinguish the fire. Scavenge spacesshould be inspected to ascertain causeof fire before restartingthe engine. Personnt should stay clear of relief/explosion doors where fitted. What factors must be present for an explosion to occur within the starting air pipelinesand wl limits the effect of an explosion? Heat. Usually in the form of a leaking air start valve. Fuel. In the form of lubricating oil coating the internal sr:rfaces the air start lines. of Air. Devicesfor limiting the effects of explosion are.(l) Flametraps.(2) Bursting discs. (3) Reliel What is meant by the supercharging of a diesel engine and how is this achieved? Supercharging a means of supplying air to a cylinder at a greaterpressurethan atmospheric.This , is doneon earlier designsby means of scavengepumps, roots blowers,underpiston scavenge systems t Disadvantages with earlier systems were that they used up to 7% of enginepower to drive the mecha to boost the airpressure. With the introduction of the turbochargerthe above components were phas out, although some installations combine both. Describethe operating cycles of a two-stroke and four-stroke diesel engine. 4-stroke Air inlet valve opens - piston moves down cylinder drawing in air - air inlet valveclosesa pistonmovesup cylinder compressing trapped air - just beforepiston getsto TDC fuel is injectedexpansionof gas forces piston back down cylinder where at BDC exhaustvalve opens- piston rloVer up cylinder forcing out exhaust gases ready for the cycle to start over again. One completecycle takr degs. 2 - stroke Air enters cylinder through scavengeports, exhaustvalve may still be openon turbocharl engines trappedair is compressed - just before TDC fuel is injected- combustiontakesplaceand expansionof the gas forces the piston down the cylinder where the exhaustvalve opensto expel the exhaustgeNes the piston uncovers the scavengeports to allow the fresh chargeair into the cylinder . exhaust valve closesand the cycle starts over again. One completecycle takes360 degs. Note. The higher the boost pressure the longer the exhaustvalve overlap.

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Explain the function of a turbo-charger. To boost scavengeair pressure to a pressure greaterthan atmosphericwith no loss of enginepower. Volutecasing-Filter-Inducer-Impeller-Difhrser-Rotor-TurbineWheel-NozzleRing--Labyrin Gland - Bearings - Oil Pumps/Thrower Rings.

4s' 3:#hiil|]ilHll#Hve

acvlinder rrom rarge liner a two-stroke speed srow

Remove alr connections from the cyrinder head. Remove the cylinderhead. Remove the pistonrod nut. Disconnectstuffing box from diaphragm. Grind off the carbg'lbuild up on the liner before lifting thepiston. Tap out rhepiton lifting bolf holes. Lift the piston from the cylinder Remove the lubricatorquilrsfrom the riner. Fit the liner lifting gear. Removethe liner. 46' Explain how scaleforms on the heating surfaces boilers. of If the feedwaterin high pressure boilersIs nora, pureaspossible, threemainproblemsv encountered' These problems serious canleadto are and Lxtensive ,*p..rri,ne damagr and the ancillaty components cansometimes and leadto injury of ttreengineroom staff, As th

il:'F::';ll?::'ffit3frl;Hgi*f

loo..tprocedure,*h,ndearingwithth

tr*lf.:#:t1"1ffiff"::chemicils

(1) Scalebuild up on theinsideof the tubes. (2) corrosion of the feedsystem andthe boilertubes. (3) carry over of solublesaltsandsuspended saltsto thesuperheater t'rbine brades. and The main cause the problemis not of carrying proper out testson a regularbasis(most shc daily) to checkfor ph value,oxygenand co2levelsin thefeedwater,poor maintenance of to

ensure are limits kepno,r,. recommended as revels

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Dissolved Solidsaresaltsthatdissolve in water, these sarts (chloride salts)aresometimes < boiler walls whenthereis an unusual concentration heat. of susnendedSolidsaresaltsthatdo not dissolve in waterbut arecarried aro'nd the boiler an water systemin suspension, these particles*r rupf;;;il;;""*.r. (Iron and coppero_x Why is the scaleundesirable? (l) corrosion - takesseveral formsbut themostsevere cases oxygen of pitting can leadto r failures' corrosion in the closedfeed ,y*.* of highpressure water-tube boilersplants the transportof corrosion products coPPER*o lRoN into of the boiler. Hard, iron ar

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oD phospiat. / (ejcaustic Fl*'llXil?dJ?filllb;H:3, atri;;ine(e) aD

(2) Impurities - ( solubleandsuspended solids) - trougt t in with the feedwater concentrate reacha concentration wheresoluble salisunasusfended saltsare.. carried or ilHl"ntually This can resultin deposits thl superheater in andon theturbineblades. why is the boiler water testedand what testsare madeand how often? To ensurethe waterpH is not acidicand thatthechloride iDi readings *d arein the prescr

L"',st, rise i ro ffi'H LT:1;ii:,Hi,:'j'#:n::frli,H,'J**";;i, giving an

Dailv Boiler Tests. 100ml sample filtered boile, *ate, of Add l0 dropsofphenolphthalein indicator - sample turnpink if alkaliniry > g.4 will is Add sulph'ric acid,strength0. 02N from a mers'red b'rette until the sample goes clear. ppm CaCo3:ml O.O2N l0 x Chlorides Retain abovesample Add a few dropssulphtrricacid o.o2N to ensure solution no longeralkaline. is Add 10drops potassium chromate. Sample turn yellow. will Add silvernitratefrom a measured burette until sample turnsa brick red colot'. just Ppm CaCo3 : ml silvernitratex l0

IDS
100ml sample indicator. ldd l0 dropsof phenolphthalein Neutralise with I drop of aceticacid in lT. a sample pot & fitto conductivity meter. Takea reading meter - temperaturecompensate of andreadoffscale. ( Vanadomolybdate Test ) tLq!@ Place ml distilledwater in r 0 ml left hana 5 tube. Place ml Boiler water in r 0 ml right hand 5 tube. Topup to 10 with reagent- Stopler and shakeandallow to standfor 3 mins. $ Place handtubein L.H. sideof lovibond left competitor Place right handtube in R.H. side of lovibond compactor Hold up to light andfind colour match - take readingof cardin ppm. (colourmetrictest) @ Thoroughly rinsesamplebottle with the water to be tested. Arrange 50 ml nesslertubesside by side tr;rro Add 0'2 ml of thymol blue indicator soiution from a graduated glassdropperinto theR.H.nessler tt Add 50 ml of sample the R.H. nesslertube. to Add 50mlof sample the othernesslertube. (This to is theblank) Place sample the cylinder in the R.H- compartmentof theNessle riser andthe blankcylinder the in compartment.

ilff,ffilii,fi:#,il;ffiffiTffi:'*.the

corours rwo inthe windows aconstant using right s,

Hvdrazine Reselve. Arrange 50 ml nessler two tubesside by side. Agd 15ml hydrochloric acid 0.5N ,t "rreilhto eachcylinder Add to the R'H' cylinderby pipette zs iitof sampleandmix with a glassrod. Add to the R'H' cylinderby pipette l0ml of dimethyl,amineamineberzaldehyde solution thoror and mix. Add to L.H. cylinderby pipene 35 ml of sample andthoroughly mix.

ftfiliifrT::H"ffi,*|"

"' cvlinder the comparnnent nessleriser in R-H. ofthe and L.H. the cyri

Matchthe samples 4gainstthe colo'rs of the disc. Disc readine : ppm hydrazine ml of sample

49.

what is the purposeof adding chemicals the boiler to water? To increase alkalinityor thJphosphate the reserye to actasa Coagulant.In other words to mainti or limits requiredby the manufacturer the boilerandto of minimise damage the plant. to Explain how the water levelin the gaugeglass be can verified

50.

I E

as correct.

t t
51.

Close &3 and0penI - If freeflow from gauge 2 thendrainis clear.Open2 - if free flow steam connection clear.(No waterlevel in glass) is Closez-------Open - freeflow from ar"i", water 3 connection clear.Notegauge is glasswill be showing full. Finallyclose andopen2leaveio allow gaugeglasslo 3 retumto workinglevelagainthenclose I and open 3, levelmaybeslightlyhigh until water temperaturereturns to normal. See blowing gauge glass notes 32,33.

If you find no visible water in the boiler gaugeglass what immediate action should be takeni If there is no automatic shut-offof boiler nir to birners then shut-offthe fuel manually. sound tht Engineers alarm and call the Chief Engineer. Blow the gauge glass to seeif there is iven the slightest bit of water in the gauge glass. If no water Do Nor ADD WATER until the correct level oitt. boiler waterhas beenestablishedbecausett shock of adding water to overheated boiler tubescould collapse boiler tubes.It is better to the let tl cool naturally to their working temperature. Why is the presenceof oil in the boiler water most undesirable? (a) Cuts down the heat transfer when oil adheres to boiler tubes(internally) (b) Causespriming resulting in water and oil carry over to the superheaters turbines. and (c) Combines with suspended solids in the boiler waterto producesticky deposits. why should oxygen content of boiler feed water be reducedto a minimum? (A) Attacks on boiler metal resulting in pitting anddeposition iron oxide on the boiler tubes. of (B) Corrosion of the condensate systemto produceiron and copper** in the condensate. *:$ copper is attacked by ammonia in the presence oxygen. of How can this be achieved when an open hotwell and feed systemis used ? (a) By keeping the hotwell temperatureat approx. 90 degs.c. The oxygen content of water at 50 d is approx. FOUR times that of 90 degsC. (b) Ensure deaeratoris functioning conectly. (c) Stop air leaks into condenser,condensate systemand boiler feed system. (d) Ensure the correct level of Hydrazine is being addedto the deaerated feed water. (e) Introduce Amines into the low pressure/temperaftue part of the feed system. (f) BV floating polysryreneballs on top of the tank. rf the plant is un-manned, what would be provided to raise the alam if the water level r'' the I r' rsv vv"rr/r rrevrsrin rrr'

52.

53.

54.

tJ.

Mowbray float alarms. Leveltransmitters.Tested weekly. Foxboro (Pneumatic) High /Low level trips.Tested *r.kly.

too low or too high and how often are these tested?

56'

what causes fires to start in boiler uptakes. what are the hazards.How are they deter actionsshouldbe taken? Build up of sootdeposits a cause fires,possibly are of caused from faulty sootblowers. They aredetected with temperafire sensorsthermometers similartype devices. or The hazards that if left unchecked fire maydevelop are the into a hydrogenfire The actionto be takenis:_ 1. Shutdown the boilerfiresandclosetheair registers. 2' Shutdown the F.D. fan andensure vanes closed. alsostandby fans are ( ) 3' Increase feedflow througheconomisers fitted),blowingdown (if the boiler drum as requ on a steamship,what are the main reasons using for the main engineturning gear? To ensure the heatis evenlydistributed that while*u*rling throughandthat turbine rotors c to pressure the maincondenser in (underslung varieties ). To aid in gearboxinspections, shaftbearings-etc. Describehow to prepareand flash up a highpressure water tube boiler. 1. open drum ventsandeconomiser vents if fitted). ( 2' Fill boilerto oneinchin glass. enstue drains ( all on waterdrumareclosed). 3. Opensuperheater (Recirc vent. ). 4. Opendrainson superheater headers. 5' Setfuel oil rail up onHFO if steam available, otherwise flashup on DO. 6. Line up atomisingsteam. 7. Line up forceddraught fan. 8. Ensure heater by-passed. air is 9' Flashup the boiler on smalltip at lowest according rate to manufactures recommendatior steamgraduallyleavingdrurnventopenuntil steam issues approx.2bar.Superheatervent at until flow is guaranteed.( Boileron line ). 10. Testall trips puttingboileron line. Describethe warming throughprocedure requiredto preparethe main turbines from c to ready to start of manoeuvring includingchecks tests. and 1' Run main lubricatin-s purnps oil ensr:rinfalltemperatures pressures normal. and are 2. Startthe main circulating pump. 3. Engage turninggear. the 4' open up the glandsteam maint?in positive to u pressure aboveatmospheric the turbine at 5' Openthe steam thefirst stage ejector. mar.vac to air ( 10ins ) 6' Startthe main condensate pumpensuring condensate the re-circvalve is open. 7' open the auxiliaty exhaust from theauxiiarycondenser the main condenser. to 8. Ensureall turbinedrainsareopen. 9' Openwarmingthroughby pass valvesonthemainsteam line. 10. Rotateturbinesby means theturninggear. of I l ' Graduallyincrease maincondenser the vacuum slowlyopening steamto the air eject by up until fully open. 12' Adjust glandsteam necessary keeppressure as to just aboveatmospheric. Checkoperation varioustrips associated mainturbines. of with i.e. overspeed,low lube oil, lr Depending the installation on theremaybevarious othertrips fitted.

57'

58'

59'

60. How is the main turbine prevented from over speeding and what trips would need to be reset? The main

n'bine has an overspeedtrip ( normally . ,pJ"d hmiting u.n to, ) to prevent overspeed caseof a coupling failure or the ship's propellet "I"-irrg the wavm o*ing rough seas. The trip ur fitted with three independentcircuiis, which sense trre turuine speedby meansof pick ups mo'nte, turbine pedestals, receive a speedsignal from aod three pulses iroauced by a tootled wheel. The shutsa numberof control valveslo.ut"Jin the steam chlst, which is an internal part of the H.p. tu the overspeed operates, boiler safety valves trip the may lift, due to a suddendecrease turbine lo in when the trip operates, mechanical movement the alters the position of the trip switch which then energises uppercoil of the relay and at the same instant the dL- energisesthe lower coil, thus chanl position of the relay. The coil of the solenoid valve is thus de-energisedand the spring moves dov the oil pressure keepingthe manoeuwing valve open is lost. Simultaneously visual and audible alt activatedand the particular trip is indicated. After the trip has been reset, (the fault being rectified) resetswitch is madewhich energisesthe lower coil of thl relay, and the solenoidvalve is repositio: protectionsystemis thus reset. Any number of trips can be built into the system.

61.

Explain how the final superheated steam temperature is controiled on a high pressure/high temperature water - tube boiler and why is it necessary. Attemperators usedto keep the final superheat are t"mjeran r.s within the desiredlimits. It is necr control the temperafi[e to protect the superheater tube materials from overheatingand to reducetht depositsformed on the tubes. Describethe routine inspection you would carry out before taking over a watch on a manned room of a steamship. Seequestion 33 In addition :_ check deareator level, check F.D. fans, bearings etc.,. Checkair heaters and economisers. Inspectboiler water levels and automatic combustion controls including fuel oil temperatures and pressures. check aroundturbine manoeuwing controls lookin g attemperatures and pressures and for signsof r lights etc. (Gaggedvalves ). Checkmain condenser vacuum. Checkgravity tank overflow sight glass. Give the various operating pressures and temperatures of a steam propulsion plant you may t familiar with. \ilhy is there a vacuum in the main condenser? Thereis a vacuumin the main condenserto improve the efficiency of the plant, i.e. to get more wor of the steam. Give reasons why there may be some loss of main condenser vacuum and why is this undesiral l' If condensate temperatureis below the saturation temperature of the condensri- ai, leakageinto condenser incorrect operation of the air ejector. or 2' If cooling water temperaturedifference is greater than normal - insufficient cooling water, or bloc tubes. 3' If cooling water temperatureis less than normal Dirty tubes, or in the extremecase,division pla washedaway. 4' lngressof air at L.P. turbine gland due to insufficient gland steam pressure. All the abovetoubles causea loss of vacuum and raises the exhaust temperatue of the tubine. This lossof vacuumcausesa loss of power and a loss in plant efficiency. The efilectof a suddenloss in vacuum will be to lift the relief valves on the flrbines. over pressu The L'P' turbine and the condenserare undesirable hence a safety device shutting the steamto the flrbines is required. To continuerunning under low vacuum condition would mean having a higher exhausttemperattu

62.

63.

64.

65.

which can causethe L.P. turbine to hog when fitted with an underslung condenser,thus produc thermal stesses. The limiting exhaust temperattrre is 77 degs C for cast iron and g2 degsC for casings. Loss of Vacuum Trip ln order to improve the efficiency of the turbine, the condenser and hence the ttrbine exhaustis rur very high vacuum(about 730 mm Hg ). This means that the saturation temperatureof the steam 50 degsC. Ideally a turbine should be designed so that at the exhaust the steam i, dry saturated.SI condenserpressure suddenlyrise i.e. the vacuum fails, then since the heat content of the steamis tl and the exhauststeamtemperafltrehas risen to the new saturation temperatrue, the steamwill now I Thus the exhaustconditions have changed, since instead of dry saflrated steam at about 50 degsC have wet steamat a temperafttrein excess of this. This change of condition will causesuddenove of the last few rows of blades,the resulting expansion causing possible blade rubbing. Furtherto tl will also be very rapid erosion as the high speed L.P. blades strike the water particles. To preventthis from occurring a vacuum trip is fitted which closes off the turbine steamsupply sht vacuumfall below a presetlevel. ( usuaily about 50% )

66.

Describethe procedure to start up a turbo-alternator from cold until it is ready to be connect switchboard including trips to be tested and reset. Stan the TA condenser cooling water pump. Circulate air ejector/glandsteamcondenser (if fitted bv means of condensate pump, ensuringrecir ) is open. with the useof the priming pump, pump oil round the bearings and the gearbox sprayersensuring pressures registeringon the gauges. are Raisethe condenser vacuum to 60Yobymeans of the air ejectors and the gland steamand openup t exhaustto the atxiliary condenser. Crack openthe mastersteamvalve having first made sure alt nrbine and line drains are fully open. Adjust steamto H.P. and L.P. glands as necessary until small amounts of steamissue from the glan, Checkoil levelsin the sump and ensuresalt water cooling is lined up to the L.O. cooler. overspeedtrip shouldbe testedevery time the machine is started. one engineer should standby tht mastervalve while anotheroperatesthe throttle valve. The L.O. hand pump should be operated e to the steamconfol valve to open and allow steam into the turbine once the throttle valve is crackedo Tubine drainscanbe eased but not closed. By means of a special in tool pressingon the governorI the machinecan be overspedand the revs noted for the log book. Once the overspeedtrip haswork delayre-setting the trips until machine is at approximatlly 40%of of the normal speed. CheckL.O. temperatures'Resetthrottle/emergencyvalve and progressively open master steamvalve until appn turn open' Bring machineup to full rated speed by means of the throttle valve and ensuremasterva fully opened' Raisevacuumto morimum. Close all drain valves. Machine is now readyto parallel on boards.w. valvesto L.o. cooler etc. can be regulated to suit. Trips fitted are;- overspeed- Low L.o. - Back p-rr*" trip. What are nodesand anti-nodes?. Within a vibrating systemcertain points that do not move or have zeroamplitude are called NODES points wherethe amplitudesof vibratory movement are at a ma:<imum are referred to as ANTI-NOD Hencea bearingwould be placed at or lsnear as possible to a NODE. when coming into port, how do you change over from HFo to Do? The methodof changingover from HFo to Do will vary from vessel to vessel but a commonmetho use of a mixing chamberwhere-by the viscosity of the iuel is "sensed" by the viscometerand the he automaticallyremovedfrom the heater as the DO filters through the system on its way to the fuel oil cool graduallyand preventthermal shock to the materials of the engine block etc. Fuel suppliedto motor vesselsis usually of the high viscosiry rype. This kind of fuel is a blend of low-viscosity distillate and high viscosity residual oils . The b'nker sr

67.

68.

has tableswhich give the proportionalamounts eachkinq of of oil required obtainsomespecif to viscosity' After the proportionshavebeenestablished the blendis produced usingrwo pumps by aranged to dischargeinto a commonpipe. Thesizeof thepipe is such turbuleniflow takes that 1 the two tlpes of oil becomewill mixto.-th. speed thetwo pumps of is setsothatthe proportionr kind of oil passinginto the commondischarg;is maintained clnectly. Distillates from onecrude do not always blend well with residuals from another.This occurs whenthesmallerpart is not sc the largerpart' If incompatibleoils areusedto produce blended a fuel,precipitation occur.Tl will itself in the operation of the centrifugalpurifieis whichquickly fill with asphaltic materialandexr difficulty may be experienced maintaininganadequatl in throughput fuel throughthe purifier I of requirementsof the engine-This problemis well rcnown n et oit suppliers theytakeevery( and 1o blend compatibletypes of fuel. Normally fuelsfrom differentro*.., should be mixedaboar not blend that is compatible in itself may not be compatible with a blendfromanother origin, andpre may occur.

69.

what is cavitation and where would it appear? Cavitation is the forming andburstingof vapotu-filled cavitiesor bubbles it canoccurasa res and pressurevariations' Found most commonlron shipspropellers dueto presswe variations the b on propeller bladesthe result beinga lossof thrust,erosion of the bladesuface,vibrationin the afterl the ship and finally noise- It is usuallylimited to high speed heavilyloaded propellers is not a and under normal operatingconditionswith a well designed propeller.Another component subjected t cavitation will be centrifugalpump impellerr,.rprJiuty condensate pumps usedin dry-sump cond which bottom end bolt would you expectto fail first, a bolt fitted to a four strokeengineor a fifted to a two stroke engine? Likelihood of bottom end bolt failing on 4-stroke engine first dueto thevarious stresses affectingt (Seeattachednotes) Simple stress:Comesabout from some staticform of loading,andthevalue of thestress does change. not FluctuatineStress:Diesel engineswhen operatingarenot subjectto staticforms of loading Dueto cylinderpressure . variationsand dynamic effectsof the -orrirrg partsthe forces actingon *y partof an enginearea1 changing' As the forces change the stresses thevariousparts so in change. changing The valuesof experienced parts of a machinearereferred asfluctuatirrg on to ,t .rr. et anyinstantin time the va stresscan be relatedto a simplestress. Alternatine Stress:Is said to occur when the value of a stress changes from somevalueof tensile stress a similarvalr to compressivestress' The exampleis the overhung fly.rvheel wherea particle the shaftsurface in will changefrom tensile loading at its uppermost positionof rotationto .o*pr.rrive loadingat its lowes The overhwtg flywheel may be considered a cantilever as with a concentrated load. C)'clic Stress:when a certainpattern of stress change rTeats itself at equaltime intervals(for example, eachrevt of an engineof shaft) the patternof stress refenedto ascyclic is stress. Fluctuating' alternating' of cyclic stresses of greatimportance are astheyareverycloselyassociater a form of failure of machinepartsknown asfatiguefailurl. Alternating cyclicstresses someti of are referredto as fluctuating stresses a general as t.trn to distinguish themrrornsimplestresses. How is a fuel oil burner with steamatomisation, prevented from beingremoved from the boilt the fuel and steam are still flowing? Mechanicalinterlock situatedon tof of burner i.e. whenfuel and steam valves in the openpositi are burnersare coveredand cannotbe removed. what happenswhen a condenserlosesits vacuum? (Seequestion65)

70.

71.

72.

73.

why should you not run an asternturbin_e superheated on steam extended for periods? Not designedto rur for periodslongerthan30 minutes ashighert.*p, involved**ta affect ex1 the LP rotor with the added danger uua. rub andsubsequent or dam4ge. (Materials Tolerance & why are intercoolersfitted onto air compressors?

74.

i1'.'ff!,;1h:ffii:'*:"#ffif[:ff#ssed
75.

ai,to cooredafterthe be various thus stages ir

Why is boiler furnace air heated? Heating the air prior to entering the furnace increasing the thermalefficiency of the boiler by impr combustion process. what safety measures are fitted to protect a steam turbine should a blackout occur? Gear driven pumps on most modern pt*rtr (Stal-Laval) driven offthe main gearbox ( press,re /ga system) or gravity tanks situated at the top of the engine room provide adequate time to bring the t to rest in the event of a blackout. Describe turbo-charger surging. Turbochargers sluge when thty are uying to deliver more air than they can suck in. The causes afi usually blocked intake filter, failure to open cooling water valvesfor the chargeair intercoolers. L bangs are heard from the scavenge tunking. (Not *tit. sonic bangs.) What is a hi-jet valve? Hi-Jet valve is a PV (pressure/vacuum breakerfound on all cargotanks and fitted to prevent vacu ) pressure conditions arising in cargo tanks with possible structuraldamageresulting to the tank. Flame screens prevent the ingressof sparks,ligirtening etc. into a flamniable atmosphere. The gast be cleared to 3 meters above the deck. How do you test main engine trips and how often are thesetestscarried out? when running up Main Engines various t ips can be testedby simulatingthe trip devices, i.e. over low lubricating oil pressureand high Jacketwater Temperature. Describe the process of tran-sferring heary fuel oil from a double bottom tank to a seftling tan ** Ullages of all the tanks before"oriro.rr.irrg ** ** Checklists** ** Oil RecordBook *:F * * communications ship to shore,if appropriateor Bridge and engine room senior watchkeeping of -,r* ** Don't rely on gaugesfor final ullages itopping off Recordall transfersin log book as well ; record book 'F* Regular checks** *tspitt gearat the ready** Take soundings /ullages of any tanks supplied from the commonline. check all valves before conu the bnnker operation' If necessarylash ctosea any valveswhich could accidentallybe opened. Line. correct transfer line' Inform duty engineerand Bridge that transferis aboutto start. start pump and

76.

77.

79.

79.

80.

:1l?',Y:Hi?tr::$j#s

toconfirm isconect. this aregurar Have now Do on basis. spnr sear

If transfettittg to two tanks at the one time restrict flow to one so as only one tank to monitor when finishing.

81.

is the purpose of fuel oil settling tanks? YnI Settling tanks are used to allow any water which may have entered tank accidentally with the the oil leaked via a heating coil to "settle out " where it canbe drainedto the oily bilge. They are fitted witl heating coils to allow the oil to be raised in temperature for easeof transferto the daily service tank normally through a p'rifier. The temperatureshould be restrictedto app;. 5l deg c ( 125 deg F temperahrre should be restricted to approx. 5l deg c (l2s deg F )

82.

why are weightedcocksfitted to oil soundingpipes? weightedcocksarefittedto oil sounding pipeson aouule bottom tanks ro ensure positiveshut-o a In the unlikely eventof thevessel touching bottomand the tank being holed, seawaterat pressure enterthe tank anddisplace oil out via the sounding the pipe. Where and why are quick closing valvesfitted in a fuel systemand how can they fail to operr Quick closingvalvesarefiuedto thesuction linesof all fuel and lubricating oil tanksso that in the of a serious in theengine fire room,thetankcanbe isolatedin the event of the pipelinemeltingin It would alsoallowthe engine stopdueto lack of fuel if the engineroom to had to be necessary an engineroom? in lnv are oily-waterseparators Seequestion 14. What pumpson boardshipcanbe usedto pump out engine room bilges? question 1. See I Give possible reasons why an engine room bitgepump may not be able to empty bilges. question See 12. What immediateactionmustbe takenif a fire in the engine room is seriousenoughto havetr evacuated all personnel? by Seequestion 6. Where would you expect find the emergency pump and what to fire is a very important valve makesureis closed thepumphasto be used? if Fire pumpusuallysituated outside machinery of space normally in the Forecastle sometimes but in steering gearcomparEnent. Whenrunningensure anchorwash valves are closedto boostpressure. Describethe procedure, beforethe start of a voytge, to ensure that the steeringgear is operatr satisfactorily. Checkfor oil leaks - Check loose for linkages/pins - nrn pumps individually 30 - 35 degsin 2t etc. seconds'Testmeans communication of betrveen bridgeand Sieeti"g gear. If possible alarms.. test what gases may be foundin emptybailasttanks? Hydrogen maybepresent, gas withpossiblyC02.Lack of oxygendue to oxidationin the tank. What is the dangerwhenusinga spirit lamp to detectleakage of freon gas? It decomposes contact in with flameio giveproducts which are pungent and poisonous(Chlorine& Phosgene ). what type of clutch is usedon an electric windlass? Dogclutchor electrically operated magnetic clutch. What meansare takento ensure that the lifeboat enginewill start in any climatic conditionssr extremecold? Arctic fuel ( low pourpoint) - space Heaters (intrinsically Safe) Insulated enginehousing Electrical glowplugs- etheraerosolcan- Anti - Freezeinfreshwatercirc systems. what meansare providedto preventoverspeeding the lifeboat of when it is beinglowered? Centrifugal Brakeon Falls.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

89.

89.

90.

91.

92.
93.

94.

95.

Describe how you would checka BA set. (A) Check all strapson maskareO.K. & checkcondition maskglass. of @) Pressdemandvalve (button/lever). (C) Check boule connections. (D) Check openingof main valve. CE)Turn air on andoffagain. (F) Pressureshouldnot drop morethan l0 bar in two (2) minutes. (G) Test alarm,pressdemand valveor hold maskto faceandbreath. (H) Check tightness faceseal. of Having reassembled pump you saw water slightlyleakingfrom a gland a packing-- would yor up to stop the leak? No. On packedglandsit is quitenormalto havea slightleakage water. of
What temperature would you expect on a M.E. exhaustand what deviation would be a Under full load conditions. - 350 - 400 degsC Marimum of 50 degs differential. What temperature would you expect for the M.E. lub oil in normal seruice? About 40 - 45 Degs c ( outlet 0 - 3s - 40 degsc. (inlet ) What temperature would you expect for the M.E. JCW ? What may happen if the teml low? outlet - 65 degs C Inlet - 55 degsC. Too lowthermal shockingmayresult. Leakageof wa expansion pieces with the possibility of water leakagethroughtf,e sealingrings etc. If the S-'lry'. cooling temp was too low what effect could it have on the M.E? Cools down Lubricating oil, jacket water chargeair and if cooled down too much will affect L.O. (cold plugging in L.O. coolers) and causethermal shocking and cold temperaturecorrosion. How would you start an auxiliaty diesel engine (manuat)? What would you suspect if the engine failed to start on air? What would you suspect if the engine failed to start on fuel? Take stand-by machine off..auto start', Turn stating handle to stop and open indicator cocks. Check sump and governor oil levels. Lubricate rocker gear with oil can. operate had priming pump and open air start valve. Blow over engine. Run up engine by turning handwheelto "Start" position. When engineis turning at speedtun to "Run" position. Shut air start valves. Check oil and water pressures. Open sea water cooling valves on engine. Startpump if necessary. Checksafeflow of fresh, water on flow sight glasses. Switch on alarm/trip panel in control room. Machine is now ready to parallel.

96.

97'

98'

99'

100.

101-

102.

What would you do in the event of a scavengefire? ln the event of a scavenge the bridge most be informed as should the Ch. Engineer that . fire to be reducedto D. S. Aheadimmediately. lncreasecylinder lubricationto all units by increasingthe mechanical lubricator flow to max Take fuel offthe affectedunits by lifting the fuel pump rollers or suction valve offits seat ( r what type of pump is fitted). Shut off nozzlecooling (if nozz,le is oil cooled). By increasinglubrication thereis lesschanceof the engine seizing due to being overheatedt by taking the fuel offthe affectedunits the heat developed due to combustion, is reduced wh the fue more chanceof burningitself out. The scavengedrains shouldbe closedto prevent any sparks entering the engine room which further risk to personnelin the viscinity. If the fire is of a more serious nature the engine will stopped,the indicator cocksopenedand the turning gear engaged and the engine turned. Thr spacefixed fire fighting installation(C02, steamsmothering etc) can be brought into use to e fire. Scavengespaceshould be examinedto ascertaincauseof fire before restarting the engine. P should stand clear of relief / explosiondeviceswhere fitted. How often would you inspectthe scavenge drains? What do you expect to seecoming from the scavengedrains? What scavengeair temperaturewould you expect? (a) Every watch (b) A little water with possibly a little lubricating oil. (c) Approx. 40 de1 How often do you blow gaugeglasses a package boiler? on How often do you blow down level transmitters? Packageboiler gaugeglasses shouldbe testedwhen put on line and at any time when there is least once a week to ascertain wherethe correct level is. Level transmitters shouldbe testedwhen the boiler is put on line and approx. Once per montJ How often do you blow gaugeglasses a water-tube boiler? on How often do you blow down level transmitters? Watertubegauge glasses shouldalso be testedwhen put on line and in the case of very high t boilers with the bulls eyetype of glasscan usually be tested on aregular basis, but forthe nor pressureboiler gaugeglass,greatcarehasto be taken when blowing the glass in casethe mic and the glass leaks. Glassesshould be testedonceeverytwo weeks and with twin boiler plants, one boiler every 1 Level transmitters shouldalsobe testedwhen the boiler is put on line and approx. every mon Describehow you would start aTlAfrom cold condition Why do you use gland steam? What trips do you have on a TIA? How do you obtain a vacuum in the condenser? Why do you need a vacuum? Seequestion66. Passingthe fridge unit you seebubbles in the sight glass, what do you suspect? Large bubbles in the sight glassmay indicatethat the system is short of gas. When the syste: chargedthe sight glassshouldbe clear and the dischargepressure normal, depending on the s temperature. Small bubbles in the sight glassaccompanied with a high discharge pressure would indicate a system. How would you remove air from a fridge system? Shut the outlet from the condenser/receiver allow the refrigerant to be pumped down. Thr and will cut out on high pressure when it is pumpeddown. The air can then be removed by openi the top of the condenser.

103.

104.

105.

106.

107.

108.

10e' il" ili*::THJhi:l Ensue

bein the should it riehtto continue oil ue iriuse iithesource *iir";illT'ff]].Hhan8ed r

thatthet'9' nTfier is opera:ing co:rectlyand that the correct gravity disc is

"" asvstem, a mi\ quariry it (a) it has about wourd yr il

L. be conraminatior ffi.iil:r?:*:,fiYi::|,il":Slsincation orthe o. causedwarer

110. Bo'er water tests--what are you looking for? what testsdo you carry out on a water tube boiler? why is it necessary. reduceo{ygen to in the feed water? How is the oxygenlevel".Au..Jl statethe formurae the chemicars for used To check thePhof thewateris that at the recommended value. Thatthe TDS is notroohigh. Thatthechlorides theboilerwater in arenot too high. out are:_

rimitHydrazine ( fffrfr:ffn::l;:ff;';;i13: ;"#i;;*" recommended readi: llf: Tests carried

TDs'Phosphates, andHvdrazine. oxvgen caustic alkalinity shourd a

*t$ilyir:Hfs'

It is necessary reduce to oxygen preventcorrosionin the to boiler fubes,corrosionin the fet copperis attacked ammonia by in theprescience oxygrrr. i;; of prevention Ensure question4g ). thatthedeaerator working efficiently. i is stopair leaks into the condens.r, ,iniensate systemand boiler feed system. Enstrethecorrect level of Hydrazirr.i, being added to the deaerated water. 111' why do we superheat steam the in

;:ffi"::tf;lf:'*tlff

it before b"iil;; that r,.u* "* store enerry, use? the more and the arso stea

boiler and then desuperheat

The p'rpose of a de-superheater is to reducethe temperature of a quantity of superheated suitablefor auxiliary services ste requiJrrg low temp";;r" or sat'ated steam. ll2why do you take power cards on a M.E.? How do you work out the poro." p.r cylinder? Power cardsare takento enstue thai eactrcylinder is developing roughly the sameamount o: engineis in a balances condition and the exhausttemperatures should be within 50 degs c oI

-Theformulafor indicated pb*., is;_ P = MeanEfifective power L = Lengthof Diagram A = Areaof Diagram N = Number Strokes of [13'

,:ilT;il,:'#Hl,iiil*:#,';,';flH:il:#i:mx*ffi diagram,,hen ::,ff

why do you needto coolthe air from the T/c before retuming it to the scavenge In orderto alterits density increurc ngespace? and irr massno* to the cylinders. Thegreater mass air supp[J;; the of rh..yrirra.rs; ,h" greaterthe amounr of fuel which can therefore greater poweroboin.a. the the

14- If the steering system overroaded is wourd it trip out?

mffiilrh:Jn'TJ#iJ*:*ixl.*ffi*H:**rabrethatthemotorkeepsnu

ll5.

why is it necessaryto have tappet crearance? what would be the effect if th; clearancewas too rarge? What would be the effect if the clearance was too small? To allow for the expansionof the materialsof the elgine components theengine as warm operatingconditions- Tappetclearance shouldalwaysbechecked whentheen1 Afi]""* Too largeclearances _ (a) Excess noise aro'nd areaof the rockergear

tlJil:#ff:J"_

oo""tullvcausing poisible pressure toss engine back and in thermat

(a) Valve held offseat, once a valve has startedto leak, from any cause,the passage of hc areaof the seat causes distortion which then increases the amount of leakage.The ter: valve and seat in the area of the leak rises considerably, the strengthof the metal is im1 resistanceto erosive effect of the hot gases is seriously reduced. buring the combustic high pressure in the cylinder expand u.ros the location of the leakageat very high ve1

;ffi:"*J$Hfil?:H*T;;ff.10*n,

the combustion increases perioiy very r

116. why are there three water supplies to a purifier? Bowl sealingwater. Operating water. Controlor sludgingwater. It7 ' what safefydevicewould prevent an explosion in the starting air line? Relief valvesin the line, bursting discs flame traps. ,

118. Explain how a fusible plug works when the temperature ortne fusible plug attainsa certainpoint it will rupture relievetl and line. 119' why is a steam/steam generatorfitted? why doesit havea separate feedsystem? To supplylow pressuresteamfor the auxiliaries. It hasa separate system that4n! cr feed so

[HJr"rfi1X-;:ti'.i'j; ,T,jlnot

beallowed to theboilei back water which feed courd i ,rrult

120' If there is excessive water discharging from the purifier what is the problem? Possibly waterin the settling tanks, rculing watersupply left on. l2t. How do self cleaning filters work?

122. why are purifiers contained in a separate compartment? To allow the fumes from the oils being separateJio ue extracted a separate by extraction fan fumescontaminating engine room. the t23' How doesa water transducer varve work? In the ALCAP p'rifier it senses presence the of waterin the oil discharge opens water and a r release excess the water if the purifier is in between sludge cycles( of 15mins)

124. what is the purpose for a back pressure in a purifier? To maintainthe position of the oilwater interface which hasbeenestablished thechoice by o 125' Explain what safety features are on an electricalstarter box?

ff ffi*H:ffifi0;.oo"tted

unless main the breaker been has switched This dont off. is

126, Describethe safety features on a main engineswitchboard? 127. Give two reasonswhy an air compressormay run hot An air compressor may nn hot if the lubricatini oil cooler( if fitted is blocked, or if there ) leak,causingthe machine to rwt continuously #tnout uuoaaing,or if thesuctionfilter is I is a problemwith the valves. 128. Describe how you wourd test a smokeararm To testa smokealarm' inform the relevantpersorurel, a time pick wheneveryone,s about, r aerosol with adapterand spray head. 129. what action would you take if a purifier lost its seal. If the purifier loses it's seal' desludgeoil to recirc,fill with seal water, allowoil to enterbor Ensuring back pressureis correct. ir rtitt not sealinginvestigate furtherby checking correcr beingusedor that the clutch mechanismis not slipping. (Chlck motor/drive speed. ) 130. How do you know if a purifier is up to speed. To checkpurifier is up to speed,checkits iell-tale (78 normal depending uponsystem) and 131' If a tube fails on an exhaust gas boiler would you (a) stopthe engine reduce eng (b) the continueat full speed. If a tubeblows in an exhaustgas boiler while at full speed, continue full speed, at bypass boi pressure drop, allowing water to drain to bilge. Flash to up aux.boilerandput on line ASAI 132' Describehow you could test the operation of the emergency bilgeinjectionvalve. To test-the emergency bilge injection several methods mat belsed; ;(a) If the contentsof the bilges are cleanthenthe sea waterinlet valvemaybeclosed tht and injectionvalve crackedopen. The bilge waterlevel should beobserved fall. to (b) A damcan be erectedaround the fipe andfilled with cleanwater, thenprocedure follc is (c) The suctionpipe can be disconn""t"a andreplaced with a container .1.* waterbenea of asin (a) . (d) A quickmethodwould be to attacha pieceof rubberjointing or a stout piece plyrvood of overthe suction' The seawater suctionis closedandttreiitge iijection .ru.krd openwherer should heardto 'clack' againstthe spindleandthe suction be gauge thepumpobserved of to adequate suction. 133. Explain the difference between a purifier and a crarifier. A purifier separates liquids, a clarifier displaces two solidsfrom a liquid. clarifiersarefitted v^sr^'! gravityting or solid prug (stackshaveno holesin them) 134. what boiler water tests do you carry out? What saltsdo you test for and what are their chemical fomula? what effectwourd excesshydrazine have? Boilertestscarriedout ;- T. D. S. - Chlorides pH value- p. Alkalinity T . Alkalinity - phosphateReserve - HydrazineReserve. saltsyou testfor ;- calcium carbonate ( ca co 3 ) SodiumChloride ( Na Ct) Calcium Bicarbonate Ca ( HCO3)2 Magnesium Sulphate MgSO4 Magnesium Chloride MgCL2 Hvdrazine( N2H4) - sodium Sulphate (Na so3) - phosphate po4) ( Silica ( sio2

135'

what could be the problemif there_is carry over oil from the purifier? If thereis oil carryoverfrom thepurifierit mayLe due to rossof oil seal (faulty or worn .o, incorrectgravity disc.insufficient backpr.rr*, too slow (e.g.sloppingclutch or ) bowl stur At full away what plant changes made? are At full - away; plant changes (Motor ) 1. Seasuctionfrom highto low 2. Waste heatunit on line 3. power to deckoff 4. ExtraGenyoffor shaftgenyon . 5. Lub oil to normalamount 6. Arrxyr."u.ng. utower-or. 7. Evapon g. Diesel HFO to 9. Steering gearto onemotor. (Steam) 1. Change overto bledsteam. 2. Feed recircclosed. 3. St.Bygenyoff. 4. Scoop open. 5. Asternguardvalveclosed. 6. Steam offdeck. 7. Steering gearto onemotor. 8 Gasair heater on.. What is the differencebetween phenolphalein alkalinity and total atkatinity? Total alkalinity is the combined concentrations Bicarbonates carbonatesor of of and carbr Hydroxidesexpressed a common in form,usually termsof calciumcarbonate. It is ofter in 'M'reading. ir**t#measures thealkalinitycaused thepresence carbonates, by of hydroxides and p

136-

137'

138'

Describethe symptoms undercharge a refrigeration of in system. Where is the sight glass? undercharging a refrigeration of system beindicated bubbles the liquid lone may by in sigh pressure the compressor at suction.Theroomtemperafures alsostartto rise. will Describehow you would recharge fridgesystem. a when addinggasto an undercharged sysreir, g* bottleis connected the filling valve ttt" to evaporator outlet,loosely.Thebottlevalveis cracked opento removeair from the connectj tighteningthe cormection the filling valve. Thebottle to shouldbe upright to prevent entry compressor shouldberuuring andcharging should continue rurtil trresilrrt glass is full. Describea fridge cycle. The pressure the refrigerant is increased the compressor, of gas in ( thereforebecomeshot ). passed througha condenser whereit-is cooled wateror air, andfecauseit is by still at a higt condense'The liquid refrigerant thendisnibuted is througha pipe networkto the expansion controlsthe flow of liquid refrigerant theevaporato, into ( *rfrh i, ut a lower press,re A ). cooledspace passes overtheevaporator boilsoffthe ,rtigri*t ( at the and sametime cooli The designis suchthatall the liquid is boiledoffbefore returningto the compressor. State the safetydevices fitted to a fridge compressor. A. Low pressure out. cut B. Differentialpressure switch. C. High pressure out. cut D. safety valve or b'rsting discdepending thesystem. on Explain different typesof pumps. Positive displacement. Centrifugal Axial flow.

139.

140.

l4l.

142.

143.

Explain the drive linkage of a purifier. Motor - coupling - centrifugal clutch (friction pads,feroda - shaft - bevel gears worm wh ) pump with shearpin. What type of bilge pump would be fitted to the lifeboat and what would you do if you suction? A displacementpump of the vanetype or diaphragmpump. If suction cannot be attained;- i Putnp worn' if diaphragmtype, split in diaphragm. Blockage in the suction line or hole in tl Also pump may need priming Describe how the main enginelub oil is heated. The main engine lubricating oil is heatedvia the L.O. pgrifier heater. Describe the difference betweena positive and negative cam with respect to starting air pump. The differencebetween a positive cam and a negativecurm with respect to starting air and fu, positive cam is of a circular shapewith a protozoonwhich upon each revolutior, .uur.s an ul Of a plunger in the fuel pump forcing fuel out at pressure. A negative cam is of a circular sh valley, thereforea normally closedpiston will drop and henc. op"tr a valve once every revol Where are the auxiliary blowers,where do they take suction from? The auxiliary blowers are situatedat the endsof the scavengetrunking and they take their su engineroom ventilation fans. Describe the construction of the scavenge space. The scavenge spaceis constructed meansof a cylindrical tnurking with stiffeners with an by auxy blowers mounted on the ends,and non-returnreed valves from the charge air cooling s1 fixed fire fighting connections,temperature pressuregauge connections. and Why do you have two different air pressuresin the scavengespace? There may be different air pressures the scavenge in manifold a.r"1o underpiston

144'

145.

146'

147.

148.

149.

scavengepl

150.

What cut outs are fitted to a main engine? l. Low lubricating oil pressure. 2. Main engineoverspeed trip. 3. Crankcase mist detector. 4. High J.W. temperature. Dependingon plant, other trips may be;- pistoncooling pressurecylinder L.O. tank low level If a main engine alarm is activatedwill the engine stop or slow down? Varies from ship to ship dependingon the alarm *tti.t, is activated, but engine will always st, L.O., High J.W. and Overspeed. How doesthe engine stop after receiving an alarm? On low lub oil the main enginestopswhen an air signal allows high pressure air to enter the s And exert a pressureon a piston which is connected the pisto;rrd to the governor via linkagr Thereby shutting the fuel offthe engineand stoppingit. The overspeed trip usually consistsof a bolt with a ielatively heary head. The bolt is fitted at end of the engine shaft where no torque is transmitted. It is fitted in a space bored out across the shaft. The bolt is held in place by a nut and is supportedby a spring. When the engine ov centrifugal force exerted by the bolt headovercomm-tir t,rppott oift" compression of th. ,p, head in the "thrown " position strikesa trip lever which is alio thrown and shuts offthe engin

151.

152.

153. How do you lift a fuel pump? Thetermto lift a fuel pump meansto lift_the fuel pump crm follower clearof the fuel, camw Attached thecamshaft-This in turn lifts ttre fuet pump to plungerandstops pumpingacti any in thefuel pump. Therefore fuel is injected into the no ryiinai-r. Themeans actuallylifting the pump vary depending of o1the type of engine. . 154. How do you reducesarinity in an evaporator? To reduce salinityin an evaporator,reducethe level the in the shell,increase temperature the : (check vacuum If permanent, ). check condenserfor leaks. Drain brine. 155. What are intrinsically safefittings? Intinsically safefittings meansu pie"" of equipmentthat will only produce sparkwhichis li a voltage current thereforeunableto causeignition. and and
The effect of an electric arc or spark on flammable 'rPzI'\ L'u rr'l"rurrlaDle vapour is that the heat i vapour lS that the heat increases
the energy of the vapour and air locally so that particles sv evrr v clrw\r r- "v'vv are activated cruLr madl r9aqy IOf CngmlOal CombtnatiOn. and ula(.le ready for chemical combination. The eneroisa Thg enefgiSatiOn
-t- -

reaches sufficient pitch after a very small time a delay so that combustionresults. A weak snark(1r,, weaksparkor arcmay
Pnp?atar ic rliooi-^1oA +^.L^ .c.-

enOUSh to enmnlcfe enoughto completefha irrni+i^- at aL^ end of the delay the ignition a* the ^-r -rrr^ - ' r period.

;#ffi,"ililffiTff.,T ffi;;7#*:lT,",H;

produced it by
i e nf hpinc rr-oLfa *^ --^-l--^^ ^ - r ..r

Iow

tsincapable of i
cqfp fa'.h-i^,,o -^^.-:-^- -^ r . r .r

involved

Infrincin

nower power' h r r t also that it is. * - J o but q l c n t h q + i + i c

----r-^-^r^r t made :invulnerable- to high external energiesand other effects.

;;;"-

ffi,, ;#.;;:ffi;d;ffiffi';x t't"i'a

(Ys I\./l \,tyVf CLl

il"],ffi"""f,1]ili3t

SITIill:f t- tt+*

area. Tit Theotherstandard giventhe symbol:_ is Ex i(b) andtheapparatus madeto this specification is safewith up to onefault. The Ex i(b) producr not used the mosthazardous in areas. Manufacturers intrinsicallysafeapparatusstatethat of this methodof protection suitable elect is for supplies less at than30 volts and 50 millamps. It is usedextensively for instrumentation some and r functions. careis exercised design, in that capacitance and inductance within the electrical installation keptr is minimum'to prevent storage "tt"tgy which in the eventof a fault couldgenerate of an incentive spar Ex i systems isolated are from other eiectrical suppliesevento the extentthatthe cables notpern are bein thesame traysasthoseof other cables-(to preventinductioneffects are ). systems earthe protection providedby inclusion of shunt aioal is safetybarriersbetween hazardous nonand hazardous areas'The safetybarriershave current limiting resistors andvoltageby-passing zene diodes prevent to excessive electrical energiesfrom reaching hazardous the areas.Neither certification markingis necessaryif non of the followinfvalues or areexceeded a device:l. in A' 20 microjoules,25 milliwatts. However, greatcaution is needed whendecidingwhether apl will operate within all of theselimits, and any associated systems wouldhaveto becertified as intrinsically safe. Flameproof Equinment If electrical equipment could be madewith pgrfectly gastight casings, possibility the of gasseeping i beingignitedby a sparkwould not be u probl"*. unrotn-"t"ly, seils on therotatingshafts motor of theoperating of solenoids not gas tight. Hermetic rods are sealingof covers not grraranteed. is Gask jointingcandeteriorate faceto face-3oini and dependon quality ortrrc machined surfaces tightu and fastenings' lnaccurate threads screwedcover;tints or ctnduit canallow on leakage gas. Soto can of

whi.ch;q'i'"' i, with *"t3::i,**:.T:*"3dfld, fitted in any hazardous thatsafery mainrained uptotwo: typeof equipment be can

?qT*:

ir.:yently made rwostandards to of safety;_

deteriorating cement sealant inspection or on windowsor insulators. The designers flameproof equipment of recognise thereis a risk of ignition and explos that someenclosures counter by making casings and this the strongenoughto witrrstandsuchar Also, potentialflamepathsto theoutside oitttr casing throug[.ioitrts or sealsere madeso r any flame' Normallythis is donein joints by makingthem*.iuf to metal with no intentio possibleflamepathbetween surfaces madelong enough the are to prevent flame emission, jointing is not usedin the actual flameproofjoint.The flamelath through shaft sealsis elo a labyrinthdesign. Special consideration giu.n to coverfasieningswhich must be strong is withstandinternalexplosion, asfar aspossible, tight. Screws and gas of specialmaterialm uniquedesignsothat ordinaryscrews cannot usedto ,rpture them. Their headsarepattr be keys. Screwholesmustnot piercethecasing.( from MarineElectrical Equipmentand practicesI 156. Describehow you operatea bulk co2system. To operate bulk COzsystem, a raise alarm, evacuate space take a roll call of all personnel, , space' ventilationfansandclose all flaps. Trip remotefuel valvesand useremote switches Depending system on pull leverandoperate tJleus.mechanism. 157 ' What could be the cause the exhaust of temperature one cylinder reading higher th: of If oneexhaust temperature anengine higirerthanthe restthe causes on is may be a scaveng valve stuck aiar., incorrectfuel injection, incorrect rack settingetc. When would you expectto call the ChiefEngineerif you are the only engineer on watc If I wasthe only engineer watchI wouldcall the C/engasper standing on orJ"rr, fail*re of r steering 9etr, if st-byis rutg, fire in theengine room,*ujo, spill, power failure or if in anyr Where is the BA set situated?Describe constructionof the the safety line. What speci: are presenton the line? The BA setsareusuallysituated theemergency at stations.The safetyline has a wire coretl middle of it' Specialised fiuingsreferto theLgr tn the line at intervals of one metre. (Chec1

158'

159'

160- How doesan air ejectorwork andwhat is its purpose? The purpose an air ejectoris to create vacuum.It works on the venturi of a principle. 161. How would you deatwith a fire in theboileruptake? Shutoff the burners, secure FD fansandclosethe vanes, the raisethe fire alarm and effect b< cooling. DO NOT operate sootblowers. the 162' What are the last drains you wouldclose whenflashingup water tube boiler? The last drainsyou would closewouldbethesuperheater drains. What would be the operatingpressure temperatureof the and fuel oil system? Pressure would be between barand8 5 depending the installation.An averagetemperi on !* 125 degC but this would depend uponthe qualityan; viscosityof the fuel.

163'

164. Describean insulationtest on a 3 phase electrical AC motor? The insulationteston a 3 phase ACilectrical motoris doneusing a meggar(500v to mez*r ) insulationresistance between 3 phase the terminals against motor casing.Readings and ti'e sh minimum of I megohm.

165. Describe jerk pump. How doesit work? a jerk pumpis a displacement A pump used on diesel engines produce to high pressure fi fuel duringeach engine cycleby having a cam act upon the roller andplungerof thepumpto pft supplied thepumpon its way to the injector. to 166' What problemscould occur when running F.O. purifier with different typesof bunker Whenrurningthe fuel oil purifier with diffeient gpes of bunkers, their differentdensities n different gravitydiscsto maintain the seal. The temperatures the bunkers of mayhaveto be Desludging cyclesmayhaveto be changed. 167 ' What is the purposeof an intercooler? (Give temperaturesand pressures.) what are the probrems undercooling the charge air? of Thepurpose an intercooleris to cool the air so more massper unit volume of of air canpass wayto the cylinders. t bar aboveatmospheric,air at 40 degC ( ) If thecharge is cooledtoo much, the u1r-uy reachits deil'poi.rt and air depending the su on thefuel, sulphuric acidmay be formed and "oia corrosior,,o"y attackthe iner. Therefore it keepthecharge temperature air above40 deg c.

168. what safetyinterrocksare fitted to a lifeboat? Limit switches, centrifugal brakesand harbour pins. 169. Describe how to (a) Lower the lifeboat. Fasten painter forwardbits. to Release gnpsandcleargnpes.Removeany temporaryengineheater cables usedandremo. if pins.. Lowerlifeboatto embarkation deck and pull the lifeboat into the shipssideusingthe bowsin Personnel now get into the boat and ieleasetricing pennants. can Passengers now get into the boat and then the boat canbe released can from the shipssideus Bowsing tackle. Startthelifeboatenginemaking surethe exhaustpipe coveris removed (if oneis fitted) andl Lowerthelifeboatinto the water. Release falls andrelease painter the the (b) Raise lifeboat. the Connect lifeboatfalls. the Hoistthelifeboatto the embarkationdeck and stop the engine. Connect tricingpennants pull the lifeboat into ttre stripsside. the and Disembark occupants. all Raise lifeboatontothe davits until the hoist motor is cut out by the the limit switches. Hoistthelifeboatup to its secure position by use of the handwtreetandsecure gripes. the Remove plug andfit the harbourpins. the 170. what is (a) The tricing pennant? (b) Bowsing tackle?. Tricingpennant pulls the boat into the side of the vesselwhenloweredto the embarkation der Bowsine tackleis usedto allow the boat to be releasedslowly from the shipssidewhen thetn pennants beenremoved have after the boat has beenfill with personnel.

l7l'

Describe bridge operation and local operation of a watertight the door. Brideeoperation.The doors are placed on remotecontrolfrom ttri uriage. If thedooris ir positionan alarmwill sound and a light will flash on both sidesof the doorfor 3Osecs befo closes' Oncethe door is closed on remote and left on bridgeoperation, whenanybody then thevisualand audiblealarms will operatefor the periodoltime that the dooris open. Localoperation.The door should be kept in the closedmode. When passing through the it beoperated openthe door fully. The tperator shouldthenpass to ttgoughaia ctose dor the handleon the otherside of the door. See Notice??? M

172' Draw the fire main and indicate aII main isolatingvalves. 173' Explain what you would do before going UMS. How doesthe patrol alarmwork? Checkbilgesaredry. check all weighted soundingpipe cocks are in place. check all alarmsare clearedand that none aregagged. All variouscompartments purifier room nte ators areclosed. i.e. All fire zones activated. are Oil mist detector operating. All weldingor burning equipment isolated. Engineroom left tidy. All equipment (loose)batteneddown in caseof badweather. TestUMS alarm. Inform bridge. Thepatrol alarmis a systemto protect the duty engineer whilst he is alonein theengineroon His rounds' Upon entering the engine room, tr ui alarmgoingoffwhen UMS,thepatrolm active'Thepatrol man needsto be resetevery l0 mins,if not an alarmwill sound intheeng: this alarmis not answered, then after 27 mins the Engineers alarmwill be sounded. 174. How is the purifier motor connectedto the pump? Theoil pumpis connected the purifier by meansof a link, held to together a shear tht by pin, wasto foul the internalsof the pump causingit to jam, the pin would shear causing minimal motoris connected the horizontal shaft of the purifier bya centrifugal to clutch. Thehorizon wonn getr, which engages with a bevel gearto drive the verticalshaftandbowl arrangement pump is connected the horizontal shaft via the shear to pin. 175' What safetyfeaturedoes a turbine have in the event of lossof power? Theturbineis safeguarded way of lubrication in the eventof in a lossof power(blackout by ) controllubricatingoil via an orifice. The tank abovethe turbine/gearboi i, constantly filling pumpanddraininginto the bearingsof the turbine/gearbox. So in the eventof a fail're there supplyof oil to enablethe engineto be broughtto restsafelywithout incgrringanydamage. 176. What do you look for in fuel tanks? In fuel tanksyou would look for water, which may indicateleaking heatingcoils,badsupply r watercomingbackdown the vent pipe. (BRAIR) 177. why are the sliding feet at the front of a turbine?

*:113ff

fr:L::ioned

onthefrontof thet'rbineto allowforthermal expansion ca as the

178.

How and why do you sootblow? The sootblowerusessteam compressed to blow awaysootor any or air otherproductsof c the surfaces the boiler tubes. Sootblowing regular of at iniervals will preventa build up ol the heat transferthusimprovingthe thermaliffiri.nry of theboiler. Failure to sootblow c build up of sootin the uptakes with a resulting danger fire. of Why do you drain the air bottlesand what arethe dangers they if are not drained? The air bottlesshouldbe drained regularly remove to waterasthe build up of water in the I to faulty startingof the engine well asthedangers corrosion as of to the internalsof the air carryover from the compressor mixing with thewatercanalsocause problemswith the aut other components the starting system.Problems in air couldalsooccurin the control air s5 How do you know if an air start valveis leakingexhaust gases back through the air start line? What are the dangers? If an air startvalve wasleaking,this wouldbeindicated hightemperatue by in the starting causing paint on the outsideof thepipeto burnanddiscotour peel. ana The leaking valve < noisy and be heardby the watchkeeper: danger a leakingair startvalve The of is that of a s explosion' If a valve is leakingtheengineshould stopped be immediately the valve cha and Define safeand hazardous zones with regardto a tanker. Where do you usebled steam? What is O.D.M.E? What precautionsmust you takewhen recharging dry powder a fire extinguisher? With referenceto an asternturbine nozzle---(a) What is the blowdownratio? (b) Whar pressure? (c) How is the high pressure steam exhausted vacuumconditions?. to How is the air in the scavenge manifold prevented from flowing back through the cool, piston is on the downward stroke? Describe how you would withdraw a burner/nozzleforcleaning. What is the pur?oseof the vortex plate?. With regard to a bilge system, what is the meaning the B/5 rule?. of Provision is to be madein everyvessel prevent floodingof anywatertight to the compartmer bilge suctionpipe in the eventof thepipe6eingsevered duiruged o, by collision or gro'ndir watertight compartmentWhereanypart of ru.tr a pipeis situatein"*rr. to the side of the sh the midship breadthof the shipmeasured thelevliof the deepest at subdivisionload water I duct keel' a non-return valve shallbe fitted to thepipein the*uL, tight compartment contai: end of the pipe.

179'

180'

181. 182. 183. 184' 185'

186'

187' 188. 189'

190'

With regard to gascarriers, describe operation the gas the of bumer. Explain boit off inspection?

l9l'

Ifr when openinga valve, water hammeroccuris. What shouldbe done? When steamlinesareshutdownit is possible, fromvarious causes, themto fill with w for allowed to entera line filled with water,thesteam starts movethe waterdown the line. to contact with the watereventually condenses a vacuum thenformedcausingthe watr and is back at a very high velocity.Thewatertravelling thathighvelocity at returns the valve , to been openedandstrikesit with a veryhearybl;, oftenfracn:ring the valve.If the valve f disastrousresultsmay occur'with the risk of lossof life. ln order to preventwater hammer open up the drain connections the steam whichis being on line broughtinto use.The water be completelydrainedsothatit leaves line clear. the Thesteam valvi maythen be very slil (cracked open)so that the line canbeheated it's temperature and broughtup to near worki: Any condensate formedduringthis perioddrains of thedrains out prruiourl-yop"rr"d. As tl temperaturerisesandthenoisefrom the drains changes thatof a steam to bllwthe steamp line can be slowly increased opening steam by the valvefirther. Eventually drains may the the steamvalve hasbeenfully opened. what is the pur?oseof taking crankshaftdeflections? The purposeof taking crankshaft deflections to check crankshaft is for misalignment. They shouldbe takenat regular intervals whendamage the or to ryuung gr*]propeller, sh stnrcture is suspected. Theyshould alsobetaken prigt ti entering d;ck when work on t dry is to be carried out.Theyshould thenbetakenugin whenleavingdry dock r il:t*|:flngs The crankshaftdeflections should takenwith theengine the same be at temperature the and loading as nearaspossible the same to conditions each time. Misalignment occursdueto wearof themainbearings from and distortionof the enginebe< possibly from d*ug-. to the ship'sstnrcture. canbe It detected measuring deflection by the webs for eachunit of the engine. misalignment If exists cranlcwebs openand close the will engine is rotated'The deflections measured means a clock are by of or dial gaugefitted betr webs at a point in line with theoutside thejournalfurthest of from the pin. A spring loaded holds the dial gauge position. in

192. '

193. t94. 195' 196' lg7 ' 198'

What is the function of the stuffing box? where and what is the functionof the bedplate? What would happenif the exhaust valveof oneunit is blocked? what fype of cargo did you carry on LPG shipsandwhat are the What type of cargo did you carry on LNG shipsandwhat are the temperatures? temperatures?

Did you have plastic pipeson your sewage plant? what is the problem if there is no flr through them and what wouldyou do? How do you put a piston on a slowspeed engine backinto the engine, with regards to li What could be the reasonfor the pistonstickingwhenputting it back?

199' 200' 201'

what is the TBN rating asapptiedto Lub oil? statesuitable TBN ratings for a Lub o a medium speedand a slowspeed engine?

202' Describe how youwould change piston rings. what would you be looking for? 203. Why would an air compressor hot? run 204. what actionwourdyou take if an air compressor ran hot? 205. How do you testsmoke alarms? 206. what actionwourdyou take if a purifier rost its sear? 247, How do you know if a purifier is up to speed? 208' How do you controlthe steamflow through a steam heating coil? By the inlet valve r valve. Give reasons why.

209' In some instances cleansing agentsare usedto clean the bilges. what type of cleaninl and what are their l. Advantages2. Disadvantages. 209' How oftenshouldthe emergency generatorand the emeqgency electricalsystem be tr The recommended for the iest ".rot time 210' when operating the uMS mode,some in classification societieshave regulationsfor t Alarms to be fitted. These typesare collectedinto two groups. what are thesegroup 212what is the purpose your rore as a watchkeeper? of

213' what couldbe the problemif the temperature of a cylinder gradually increases ove* 214' what detergents you usewhen cleaning do the floorplates on your ship? How do they they affect separation the OWS? in 215' The engine racingand slowing- A white is lnazecanbe seen for about l0 milesbehind what is the probrem what woutdyou do about and it? 216' ll"r:ifr in the boileris higher than the gauge glass. what is the probtem and what

217 when ' pre sailingsteeringgear checks what special attention , shouldbe r 1:"ry:og^out rudder bearing? 218' Namethe parts of an ESD2 boiler and explain the direction of steamflow.

219' It is proposed blow downa high pressure to water tube boiler, what is the first procedr process? 220' what is the functionof the enginegovernor? Exptain its operation.

221' rn a slow speed engine, any dirt etc, resutting from blowpast is collectedin the scaveng( thereforedoesnot enterthe crankcase.wnat happens to blowouts in a trunk piston er stepsare taken to preventdamageto the engio" J"".rrring? 222. what is the purpose a sootblower?Exprain of its operation. 223. what safetydevices fitted to an air compressor? are

224. What is the difference between slow acfing and a fast acting detergent? a 225. How does coalescer a work? 226. How canyou tell the differencebetweena coalescerand a filter just by looking at it? 227. What is meantby s6steady flow, and ..eddy flow *? 228. Wheredo the drainsfrom a wash basin in the engine room lead to? 229. What is meantby a ,,critical speed"? 230. Explain howa turbo chargersurges. what is the surge tine? 232' If oil floatson top and the water will sink to the bottom in a bilge well, canrtyou just " -- - pu rslowlyseeing the suctionis in the water? as What typeof pump is the OWS bilge pump? What is the rotor madeoI? What is the st

233'