APPLICATIONS OF GPS &

GIS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Geographic Information Technologies

Global Positioning Systems A system of Earth-orbiting satellites which provides precise location on the earths surface in lat./long coordinates. 11 hours 58 minutes orbital period 24 hour 3D coverage worldwide Remote Sensing Use of satellites/aircrafts to capture info-earths surface. Digital ortho images a key product. Geographic Information Systems

(GPS)

(RS)

(GIS)

GIS-What is it?
GIS
Computer-based Technology Designed with software, hardware, data, procedure, network and live ware. Storage, retrieval, mapping and analysis of geographic data. Data is stored in coordinate form. Layered together for mapping analysis.

GIS are designed to answer the followings:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Location Patterns Trends Conditions

Where r particular feature found? What geographical patterns exist? Where have changes occurred over given period? Where do certain conditions apply?

Basic Components
Requires well-defined, consistent methods to produce accurate, reproducible results.

ANALYSIS

The availability and accuracy of data affects results of query/analysis.

People develops the procedures and define the tasks of the GIS. Includes database, drawing, stats. & imaging software. Affect processing speed, ease of use, and type of output

DATA
PEOPLE SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

Hardware
DIGITIZER NETWORK

Software-GIS architecture
DATA INPUT GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE

CD-DRIVE

DISPLAY AND REPORTING TRANSFORMATION

PRINTER

PLOTTER

USER INTERFACE

Data and Analysis

Data, Information, Knowledge, Intelligence Data: Collection of facts/figures that pertain to places, people, things, events, and concepts. Information: Data transferred through processes. HARDCOPY MAPS DIGITAL DATA

COORDINATES
480585.5, 3769234.6 483194.1, 3768432.3 485285.8, 3768391.2

GIS DATA GPS

Components of Geographic Data

Three general components to geographic information Geometry Attributes

Behavior Rules:
Streets and highways may not intersect

Each feature corresponds to a record in the attribute table

GIS Functions
CAPTURE

GPS satellites
Stores in Vector or Raster format Spatial and Attribute data
QUERY

STORE

Identifying specific features Identifying features based on conditions Proximity analysis ANALYSIS Overlay analysis-overlap 2 layers Network analysis-examines linear features DISPLAY Visualized as a maps Reports, 3-D views, photographs
OUTPUT

Paper map, Document, Image Internet

The GIS Data Model: Implementation

Geographic Integration of Information

Data is organized by layers. Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earths surface, thus geographic location is the organizing principal.

The GIS Model

roads

longitude

Roads Hydrology (water) Topography (land elevation)

Here we have three layers :

hydrology

longitude

Layers are comprised of two data types: Spatial data -describes location(where) Attribute data specifies what, how much, when Layers may be represented in two ways: Vector format as points and lines. Raster(or image) format as pixels.

topography

longitude
All geographic data has 4 properties: projection, scale, accuracy and resolution

CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS GIS Integrates Data

Transportation Watershed Analysis Environment Impact Assessment Remote Sensing Urban Development Target Site Selection Landfill Site Selection Mineral mapping Pollution Monitoring Natural Hazard Assessment Resource Management
Water Resources Topographic Data Roads/Infrastructure Demographics Land Use/Land Cover Imagery Environmental Considerations Engineering

TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING DESIGN MAINTENANCE INFORMATION

Planning Involves surveys, review of exiting infrastructure. GIS- integrates, manage, analyze and visualize the wide range of data sets. Design GIS- data management tools to manage and share data between GIS and CAD soln. Maintenance Detailed understanding of the location of assets for transport infrast. Information Up to date information systems for travellers. The wide choice of travel options require true multi-modal solutions.

GIS in Transportation Engineering

METRO projects.

Airlines or road transport-detailed information-Bus no, route, timings etc.

Disaster responses-advance warning. Planning and locating- railway corridors.
LOCATION-ALLOCATION

Finding a subset of locations from a set of potential-minimizing cost.

Location-Allocation Inputs & output Customer or demand locations. Potential site locations and/or existing facilities. Street network or Euclidean distance.

INITIAL CONFIGURATION

Pictorial Representation
Available Sites

Final Configuration

Vehicle Routing

Watershed Analysis
GIS map water resources and link them to a database Planners/Engineers link their modeling system to the GIS-tie to attribute data. Data land use & land cover, geology, soils, hydrography & topography. Project represented in 3-D form-the impact of facilities on landscape-design process. Flood Modeling

Estimate the magnitude of high-flow events, the probability of low-flow events. Determine flood zones. Identify high-potential erosion areas. Derive physical characteristics area, perimeter, soil data etc.

Environmental Monitoring
Undertaken if all available data is utilized effectively.

GIS-Ideal solutions Environmental Impact Assessment for a new construction project, pollution monitoring. GIS visualize all available info.

Remote Sensing
Image backdrop Source of information on: Land use/land cover Vegetation type, distribution, condition Surface waters River networks Geomorphology Monitor change

Land use : Water: Urban: Forest: Agriculture: Pasture: Grass:

268.74 km2 2312.35 Km2 11182.39 km2 16675.65 km2 1308.23km2 1518.18 km2

Conclusion
With increasingly complex projects, GIS provides the civil engineers with tools for creating,managing,analysing and visualizing all types of geographic information. GIS education is expected to prepare individuals in the civil engineering profession for the implementation of engineering projects/tasks with time- and money-saving approaches. Some of the open ended limitations the high over head cost GPS/GIS softwares and hardwares

Geographic information is at the heart of all engineering projects.

You are never lost you are never lonely