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TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP H NI

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN
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BI TPLN
Mn: C s d liu phn tn
ti: Qun l hc sinh trng THPT
GVHD: GV. Trn Thanh Hng
SVTH: Nhm ?- HKHMT3-K4
1. Vng Th Chnh
2. T Th Hu
3. Triu Vn Lm
4. Trnh Tin Sn
5. Hong Kim Tho
H Ni thng 09/2012

Mc lc
Mc lc..................................................................................................................................2
Li m u............................................................................................................................3
I t vn ...........................................................................................................................4
II Tng quan v CSDL phn tn..........................................................................................5
Khi nim............................................................................................................................5
nh ngha CSDL phn tn.............................................................................................5
So snh CSDL phn tn v CSDL tp trung....................................................................6
Phn loi h CSDL phn tn...........................................................................................7
c trng c bn ca h thng phn tn..............................................................................9
Chia s ti nguyn...........................................................................................................9
X l ng thi...............................................................................................................9
Tnh trong sut d liu..................................................................................................10
Cc i tng quan trng thc y pht trin cu trc h phn tn..................................10
Phn on d liu v cp pht d liu...........................................................................10
iu khin d tha........................................................................................................11
c lp vi h qun tr CSDL a phng....................................................................11
u, nhc im ca h phn tn.......................................................................................12
III ng dng m hnh.........................................................................................................13
1. Xy dng m hnh CSDL phn tn trong qun l hc sinh .......................................13
M hnh lin kt d liu................................................................................................13
Chi tit cc thc th.......................................................................................................13
M t chc nng............................................................................................................14
2. Mt s giao din chng trnh....................................................................................16
VI Ti liu tham kho.........................................................................................................21

Li m u

I t vn
Trong thi i ca x hi thng tin v nn kinh t tr thc, mi hot ng ca cc t
chc mun t hiu qu cao, ginh c thng li trong th cnh tranh gay gt th nht thit
phi c nhng phng php c c nhng thng tin, tri thc cn thit mt cch nhanh
v chnh xc.
i vi cc h thng thng tin ln yu cu t ch ch gii quyt x l nhng cng vic
hng ngy nay tin ti p ng c nhng yu cu cung cp thng tin mc cao
hn. Cc nh qun l iu hnh khng nhng mun bit c cng vic ang din ra nh
th no m cn bit ci g s xy ra sau , c ngha l thng tin mang tnh phn tch v h
thng thng tin c kh nng h tr quyt nh. Tuy nhin, vic xy dng mt h thng nh
th vp phi mt s hn ch v mt k thut, c bit l khi kch thc cng nh phc
tp ca mi trng thng tin tng ln. Nhng h thng thng tin xy dng theo phng
php truyn thng khng lm hi lng ngi s dng v cc nh qun l h thng thng tin.
Yu cu c c thng tin nhanh chng, chnh xc phc v cho cng vic khng d g
c c bi v d liu ngy mt nhiu, lu tr phn tn nhiu ni (ph hp vi t chc
phn cp ca cc n v), nhiu dng khng tng thch vi nhau, thm ch cn nhng
dng phi cu trc. Nhiu h thng thng tin c xy dng khng tng thch vi nhau
v khng tng thch vi nhng h thng tin mi c xy dng.
Mt s kh khn thng gp khi khai thc d liu trong h thng thng tin l:
- Kho tm thy d liu cn thit : D liu ri rc rt nhiu h thng vi cc giao
din v cng c khc nhau, khin tn nhiu thi gian chuyn t h thng ny sang
h thng khc.
- Kho ly ra c d liu cn thit : Thng xuyn phi c chuyn gia tr gip,
dn n cng vic dn ng.
- Kho hiu d liu tm thy : M t d liu ngho nn v thng xa ri vi cc
thut ng nghip v quen thuc .
- Kho s dng c d liu tm thy : Kt qu thng khng p ng v bn cht
d liu v thi gian tm kim.
Vn t ra l lm th no t chc, khai thc c nhng khi lng d liu khng l,
lu tr nhiu ni, nhiu dng d liu khc nhau mt cch hiu qu trong cc h thng
thng tin ln?

II Tng quan v CSDL phn tn

Khi nim
nh ngha CSDL phn tn
C s d liu phn tn l tp hp d liu m v mt logic thuc v cng mt h thng
nhng c tri rng nhiu v tr khc nhau trong mt mng my tnh.
C 2 im quan trng c nu ra trong nh ngha trn:
- Phn tn: d liu khng t trn cng mt v tr, iu ny gip chng ta c th phn
bit mt CSDL phn tn vi mt CSDL tp trung, n l.
- Tng quan logic: D liu c mt s cc thuc tnh rng buc chng vi nhau, iu
ny gip chng ta c th phn bit mt CSDL phn tn vi mt tp hp CSDL cc b hoc
cc tp c tr ti cc v tr khc nhau trong mt mng my tnh

Hnh 2.1: M hnh ca h thng CSDL phn tn

So snh CSDL phn tn v CSDL tp trung

c trng m t CSDL tp trung l iu khin tp trung, c lp d liu, gim bt d
tha, c cu vt l phc tp i vi kh nng truy cp, ton vn, hi phc, iu khin tng
tranh, bit lp v an ton d liu.
iu khin tp trung:
+ CSDL tp trung, iu khin tp trung cc ngun thng tin ca cng vic hay t chc. C
ngi qun tr m bo an ton d liu.
+ CSDL phn tn: khng cp n vn iu khin tp trung. Ngi qun tr CSDL
chung phn quyn cho ngi qun tr CSDL a phng.
c lp d liu:
+ CSDL tp trung: l mt trong nhng nhn t tc ng n cu trc CSDL t chc d
liu chuyn cho chng trnh ng dng. Tin li chnh ca c lp d liu l cc chng
trnh ng dng khng b nh hng khi thay i cu trc vt l ca d liu.
+ CSDL phn tn, c lp d liu c tm quan trng cng nh trong CSDL truyn thng.
Khi nim CSDL trong sut th hin rng hot ng ca chng trnh trn CSDL phn tn
c vit nh lm vic trn CSDL tp trung. Hay ni cch khc tnh ng n ca chng
trnh khng b nh hng bi vic di chuyn d liu t ni ny sang ni khc trong mng
my tnh. Tuy nhin tc lm vic b nh hng do c thi gian di chuyn d liu.
Gim d tha d liu:
+ CSDL tp trung, tnh d tha hn ch c cng nhiu cng tt v:
-

D liu khng ng nht khi c vi bn sao ca cng CSDL logic; trnh c

nhc im ny gii php l ch c mt bn sao duy nht.

Gim khng gian lu tr. Gim d tha c ngha l cho php nhiu ng dng cng
truy cp n mt CSDL m khng cn n nhiu bn sao nhng ni chng trnh ng
dng cn .

+ CSDL phn tn chia d liu ra thnh nhiu phn nh v c th hin nh mt bn sao

logic tng th duy nht tin cho vic truy cp d liu.
Cu trc vt l v kh nng truy cp:
+ CSDL phn tn, hiu qu ca truy cp th hin thi gian tm kim v chuyn d liu nh
nht, chi ph truyn thng thp nht. Cng vic vit ra cch thc truy cp CSDL phn tn
cng ging nh vit chng trnh duyt trong cc CSDL tp trung.

Tnh ton vn, hi phc v iu khin tng tranh:

+ CSDL phn tn, vn iu khin giao tc t tr c ngha quan trng: h thng iu phi
phi chuyn i cc qu thi gian cho cc giao tc lin tip. Nh vy giao tc t tr l
phng tin t c s ton vn trong CSDL C hai mi nguy him ca giao tc t tr l
li v tng tranh.
Tnh bit lp v an ton:
+ CSDL tp trung, ngi qun tr h thng c quyn iu khin tp trung, ngi s dng
c phn quyn mi truy cp vo c d liu. Trong cch tip cn CSDL tp trung,
khng cn th tc iu khin chuyn bit.
+ CSDL phn tn, nhng ngi qun tr a phng cng phi gii quyt vn tng t
nh ngi qun tr CSDL truyn thng. Tuy nhin, vi cp t tr cao mi im, ngi
c d liu a phng s cm thy an ton hn v h c th t bo v d liu ca mnh thay
v ph thuc vo ngi qun tr h thng tp trung. Ngoi ra, vn an ton vi h phn tn
cn lin quan n an ton trong mng truyn thng, h thng c tnh m v nhiu ngi
dng s dng nhiu CSDL, do i hi nhiu k thut bo v phc tp hn.
Phn loi h CSDL phn tn
H CSDL phn tn thun nht
Khi p dng i vi cc h CSDL, thut ng thun nht c ngha l cng ngh CSDL l
nh nhau (hay t nht l c th tng thch) ti mi v tr a l v d liu ti cc v tr a l
khc nhau cng c th tng thch. Cc h CSDL phn tn thun nht n gin ho vic chia
s d liu gia nhng ngi s dng khc nhau.
Cc iu kin sau cn c tho mn:
- Cc h iu hnh my tnh ti mi v tr a l l nh nhau hay t nht chng c kh
nng tng thch cao.
- Cc m hnh d liu c s dng ti mi v tr a l l nh nhau (m hnh quan h
c s dng chung nht i vi cc h CSDL phn tn ngy nay).
- Cc h CSDL c s dng ti mi v tr a l l nh nhau hay t nht chng c kh
nng tng thch cao.
-

D liu ti cc v tr khc nhau c th c cc nh ngha v khun dng chung.

Cc h CSDL phn tn thun nht th hin mt mc ch thit k i vi cc CSDL

phn tn. C th, cc CSDL phn tn thun nht c thit k bng cch chia nh mt
7

CSDL x nghip thnh nhiu CSDL a phng, cc CSDL a phng nh v trn cc trm
lm vic khc nhau nhng chng c biu din bi cng mt m hnh d liu v c qun
tr bi cng mt h qun tr CSDL a phng.

Hnh 2.2: S kin trc tham chiu ca h CSDL phn tn thun nht
- S quan nim tng th: nh ngha tt c cc d liu s c lu tr trong CSDL phn
tn. Trong m hnh quan h, s tng th bao gm nh ngha ca tp cc quan h tng
th.
- S phn on: Mi quan h tng th c th chia thnh mt vi phn khng gi ln nhau
c gi l on. S tng th m t cc nh x gia cc quan h tng th v cc on
c nh ngha trong s phn on. nh x ny l mt chiu. C th c nhiu on lin
kt ti mt quan h tng th, nhng mi on ch lin kt ti nhiu nht l mt quan h tng
th. Cc on c ch ra bng tn ca quan h tng th cng vi tn ca mc on
- S sp ch: cc on l cc phn logic ca quan h tng th c nh v vt l trn mt
hoc nhiu v tr trn mng. S sp ch nh ngha on no nh v ti cc v tr no.
Kiu nh x c nh ngha trong s sp ch quyt nh CSDL phn tn l d tha hay
khng.

- S nh x a phng: nh x cc nh vt l v cc i tng c lu tr ti mt trm

(tt c cc on ca mt quan h tng th trn cng mt v tr to ra mt nh vt l).
H CSDL phn tn khng thun nht.
Trong hu ht cc t chc, cc h CSDL lin quan n mt chu k di khng c ch
o v lp k hoch cn thn. Cc my tnh khc nhau v cc h iu hnh khc nhau c th
c s dng ti mi mt v tr a l. Cc m hnh d liu khc nhau v cc h qun tr
CSDL khc nhau cng c th c la chn s dng. V d, mt v tr c th s dng cng
ngh c s d hiu quan h mi nht, trong khi mt v tr khc c th lu tr d liu s dng
cc tp truyn thng hay cc CSDL mng, phn cp c hn.
Phc tp hn na, d liu trn cc v tr thng khng tng thch. Cc mu thun in
hnh bao gm cc khc bit v c php (s biu din khc nhau cc khon mc d liu ti
hai v tr) v cc khc bit v ng ngha (cc ng ngha khc nhau i vi cng mt khon
mc d liu ti cc v tr khc nhau.
Sm hay mun th nhng ngi s dng ti cc v tr khc nhau s pht hin ra rng h
cn chia s d liu cho d c s khng tng thch. Mt gii php l pht trin mt CSDL
mi hon ton m hp nht tt c cc h ang tn ti. Tuy nhin, y thng l mt gii
php khng d thc hin v mt k thut hay v mt kinh t. Thay vo , i khi cc CSDL
c mc ni vi nhau v kt qu l to ra mt tp cc CSDL khng thun nht (i khi cn
c gi l cc CSDL lin hip). Mt h thng nht nh vy ni chung hn ch cc kiu x
l m nhng ngi s dng c th thc hin. V d mt ngi s dng ti mt v tr c th
c nhng khng th cp nht d liu ti mt v tr khc.
c trng c bn ca h thng phn tn
Chia s ti nguyn
Trong h thng phn tn, cc my tnh c lp c kt ni v giao tip vi nhau, do ti
nguyn trn mi my c th chia s, tr thnh ti nguyn dng chung. Nhng my tnh c
nhu cu s dng ti nguyn c th truy cp v s dng ti nguyn trn my tnh khc. Nhng
ti nguyn ny c th l phn mm, phn cng hay d liu. Nh vy, cc ti nguyn s c
s dng hiu qu hn.
X l ng thi
Cc my tnh trong h thng phn tn u c b x l v b nh ring, nh vy chng c th
x l cng vic song song. Mt cng vic c th c chia nh v chuyn cho tng my x

l ng thi, gip tng tc x l i vi nhng vic c lng tnh ton ln i hi nhiu

thi gian. Kt qu cui cng c tng hp da trn kt qu x l tng my.
Tnh trong sut d liu
a) Trong sut phn tn
Cho php x l d liu trn CSDL phn tn ging nh CSDL tp trung . Ngi s dng
khng cn bit d liu c phn on nh th no, cc bn sao d liu t u, v tr
vt l lu tr t nh th no.
- Trong sut a im: Ngi dng khng cn bit v tr vt l ca d liu t u. Trong
truy vn ch cn a ra tn on m khng cn ch ra v tr.
- Trong sut tn: khi mt i tng c t tn th c th truy nhp chnh xc khng
cn c t thm.
- Trong sut bn sao: S nhn bn l qu trnh sao chp v duy tr d liu trong h CSDL
phn tn. Cng mt d liu (c lu tr vt l ti mt v tr) c th s dng c trn
nhiu v tr khc nhau. Cc bn sao c th c lu tr trn nhiu trm lm tng hiu sut,
tin cy v tnh sn sng ca h thng. Cc ng dng c th truy nhp d liu ti cc
trm m khng phi truy cp t xa gim ti trn trm ln. H thng cho php tip tc thc
hin nu nh cc trm t xa c s c. Trong sut bn sao m bo ngi dng khng bit
l cc bn sao v d liu lun c cp nht v ng b vi d liu gc.
- Trong sut phn on: Mt quan h trong CSDL phn tn c th phn on ngang hoc
phn on dc ngha l tch thnh cc b d liu hoc cc quan h con v lu tr trn
nhiu trm khc nhau. Trong sut phn on cho php ngi s dng khng cn bit c
s phn on, cc truy vn d liu vn c vit nh CSDL tp trung.
b) Trong sut giao dch
CSDL phn tn cho php mt giao dch c th cp nht, sa i d liu trn cc trm khc
nhau. m bo d liu nht qun trn ton h thng, cc trm trong giao dch ch c
hon thnh khi tt c cc trm thc hin thnh cng.
Cc i tng quan trng thc y pht trin cu trc h phn tn
Phn on d liu v cp pht d liu
S chia x ny cho php phn bit hai mc khc nhau ca mc trong sut phn tn,
c tn l trong sut phn on v trong sut nh v.
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Trong sut phn on: l cp cao nht ca mc trong sut, ngi s dng hoc
chng trnh ng dng ch lm vic trn cc quan h ca c s d liu. Trong sut nh v l
cp thp hn ca trong sut v h thng yu cu ngi s dng hay chung trnh ng
dng phi lm vic trn on logc thay v lm vic trn cc quan h ca c s d liu. Tuy
nhin ngi khng bit on c t v tr no trong c s d liu.
iu khin d tha
Kin trc tham chiu cho php iu khin d tha d liu mc on. Cc on c th
c d liu ging nhau dng kt ni d liu l nguyn nhn d tha d liu.
c lp vi h qun tr CSDL a phng
c im ny gi l nh x trong sut i vi c s d liu a phng: qun tr c s
d liu phn tn khng cn quan tm n kiu d liu xc nh ca c s d liu a
phng.
Mc trong sut bn sao lin quan cht ch ti mc trong sut nh v. Mc trong sut
bn sao c ngha l ngi s dng khng bit bn sao ca on t v tr no. Mc trong
sut bn sao tng ng mc trong sut nh v. Tuy nhin, trong nhng trng hp thc
t ngi s dng khng c mc trong sut nh v nhng li c mc trong sut bn sao.
Phn r quan h thnh cc on thc hin qua vic p dng hai phn on: phn on ngang
v phn on dc.
Phn on ngang: mt on c xc nh qua biu thc i s quan h vi quan h l
ton t v cc on l kt qu. Hay ni cch khc, vic phn on ngang bao gm vic chia
cc b ca quan h thnh cc tp con. Mi tp con ny c thuc tnh v tr thng thng.
Cc on ny c xc nh qua vic coi mi on l ton t chn trn quan h.
Phn on dc: phn on dc mt quan h l vic chia nh tp thuc tnh thnh nhiu nhm
quan h v on dc. Phn on ng khi mi thuc tnh u nh x t nht sang mt thuc
tnh ca on. Hn na, c th to li quan h ban u bng lin kt cc on vi nhau.
C mt s lut xc nh cc on:
- iu kin hp: mi d liu ca quan h phi nh x n cc on. Khng xy ra
trng hp d liu thuc v quan h nhng khng thuc v mt on no.
- iu kin ti to li quan h: lun lun c kh nng to li quan h t cc on ca
quan h. iu kin cn: mi on c lu tr trong c s d liu phn tn v quan h phi
xy dng li c khi cn thit.

11

- iu kin khng lin kt: thch hp khi cc on khng lin kt vi nhau v vy cc

bn d liu lp li c th c iu khin r rng cc mc cp pht. iu kin ny ch yu
c ch vi phn on ngang.
u, nhc im ca h phn tn
u im:
-

p ng nhanh hu ht cc ng dng s dng d liu ti cc trm

Tng cng cc n th ng dng v CSDL m khng lm cn tr ngi s dng hin ti.
Kim sot d liu a phng theo hng hon thin s tch hp v qun tr d liu t xa.
Tng cng kh nng ca h thng lin quan n s d tha d liu.

Nhc im:
- Phn mm t v phc tp
- Phi x l cc thay i thng bo trong mi a im
- Kh kim sot tnh ton vn d liu vi nhiu bn sao d liu c phn b khp mi ni
- p ng chm nhu cu ca cc trm trong trng hp cc phn mm ng dng khng
c ph hp vi vic s dng chung

12

III ng dng m hnh

1.

Xy dng m hnh CSDL phn tn trong qun l hc sinh

M hnh lin kt d liu

Chi tit cc thc th

1. Thc th NAMHOC dng lu thng tin v cc nm hc gm cc thuc tnh:
MANH trng kha ca thc th NAMHOC
TENNH trng tn nm hc
2. Thc th KHOI dng lu thng tin v cc khi
MAKHOI trng kha ca thc th KHOI

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TENKHOI tn khi
3. Thc th LOP dng lu thng tin v cc lp
MALOP trng kha ca thc th LOP
TENLOP tn lp
MAKHOI kha ngoi lin kt vi thc th KHOI
4. Thc th HOCSINH dng lu thng tin v hc sinh
MAHS trng kha ca thc th HOCSINH
HOTEN h tn hc sinh
NGAYSINH ngy sinh
GIOITINH gii tnh
QUEQUAN qu qun
KHUVUC khu vc(c s) hc sinh ang theo hc
5. Thc th PHANLOP dng lu thng tin v phn lp hc sinh
MAHS kha ngoi lin kt vi thc th HOCSINH
MALOP kha ngoi lin kt vi thc th LOP
MANH kha ngoi lin kt vi thc th NAMHOC
M t chc nng
H thng qun l thng tin phn lp hc sinh chia lm 3 chc nng chnh:
- Qun l danh mc lp
- Qun l thng tin hc sinh
- Qun l phn lp hc sinh

14

Qun l
hc sinh

Qun l
danh
mc lp

Thm lp
Sa thng tin lp
Xa lp

Qun l
thng tin
hc sinh

Thm thng tin hc sinh

Sa thng tin hc sinh
Xa thng tin hc sinh

Qun l
phn lp
hc sinh

Xp lp cho hc sinh
Chuyn lp cho hc sinh

15

2.

Mt s giao din chng trnh

Giao din ng nhp

Giao din chnh

16

Giao din qun l lp khu A

Giao din qun l lp h thng

17

Giao din danh sch hc sinh khu A

Giao din danh sch hc sinh h thng

18

Giao din cp nht thng tin hc sinh khu A

Giao din cp nht thng tin hc sinh h thng

19

Giao din tm kim hc sinh khu A

Giao din tm kim hc sinh h thng

20

VI Ti liu tham kho

21