Power System Harmonics Outline

POWER SYSTEM
HARMONICS
Prof.Dr. Aydoan ZDEMR

stanbul Technical University
Faculty of Electrial-Electronics Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
ozdemir@elk.it.edu.tr

REFERENCES

1. Power System Harmonics: fundamentals, analysis, and filter design , George
J.Wakileh, Springer Verlag Press, 2001
2. Power Quality in Electrical Machines and Power Systems, Ewald
F.Fuchs,Mohommad A.S.Masoum, Elsevier Academic Press, 2008
3. Power systems harmonics : computer modelling and analysis, Enrique Acha,
Wiley, c2001.
4. Power Quality in Electrical Systems, Alexander Kusko, Marc T.Thompson,
McGraw Hill P.C., 2007
5.Power quality, C. Sankaran, CRC Press, c2002
6.Harmonics and Power Systems, Francisco C. De La Rosa, CRC Press, 2006
7.Electrical Power Systems Quality, Roger C.Dugan, Mark F. McGranagham,
Surya Santoso, H.Bayne Beaty, McGraw Hill P.C., 2002

REFERENCES-Cont.

8. Power System Analysis: Short Circuit, Load Flow and Harmonics, J.C.Das,
2002
9. Handbook of Power Quality, Edited by Angelo Baggini, John Willey, 2008.
10. Power System Harmonics, J.Arrilaga, D.A.Bradley, P.S.Jodger, John Willey
and Sons, 1985.
11. Power System Harmonic Analysis, Jos Arrillaga, Bruce C Smith, 2000
2012-2013 Fall Term
Grading Policy:
Homeworks : 30%
Term Project : 30%
Final : 40%
POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS - OUTLINE
OUTLINE
1. POWER QUALITY AND HARMONICS
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Power Quality Problems
1.3. Fundamentals of Harmonics
2. HARMONIC ANALYSIS
2.1 Basic Concepts
2.2 Fourier Series and Fourier Coefficients
2.3 Finite Interval Functions
2.4 Complex Form of Fourier Series
2.5 The Fourier Transform
2.6 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
2.7 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
2.8 Window functions
3. FUNDAMENTALS OF HARMONICS
3.1 Phase Sequence Characteristics of Harmonics in Power Systems
3.2 Measurements of Harmonic Distortion
3.3 Active and Reactive Power
3.4 Current and Voltage Crest Factors
3.5 Telephone Interference and the IT Product
3.6 Power in Passive Elements
3.7 Calculation of Distortion
3.8 Resonance
3.8.1 Series Resonance
3.8.2 Parallel Resonance
3.9 Capacitor Banks and Power Factor Improvement
3.10 Bus Voltage Rise and the Resonance

4. HARMONICS IN POWER SYSTEMS
4.1 Sources of Harmonics
4.2 Transformers, rotating machines, arc furnaces, fluorescant lamps
4.3 Static VAR Compensators
4.4 Cycloconvertors
4.5 Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers
4.6 Three Phase Power Convertors
5. EFFECTS OF HARMONIC DISTORTION ON
POWER SYSTEMS
5.1. Thermal Losses
5.2 Harmonic Effects on Power System Equipment
5.3 Capacitor Banks
5.4 Transformers and Rotating Machines
5.5 Protection, Communication and Electronic Equipment
6. MITIGATION OF POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS
6.1 Passive Harmonic Filters
6.2 Power Convertors
6.3 Transformers and Rotating Machines
6.4 Capacitor Banks
6.5 Harmonic Filter Design
6.6 Active Filters
8. MODELING OF POWER SYSTEM
COMPONENTS FOR HARMONIC ANALYSIS
9. POWER SYSTEM HARMONIC STUDIES
7. STANDARDS FOR THE LIMITATION AND
CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS
I. POWER QUALITY AND HARMONICS
1.1. Introduction
Electrical energy is the most convenient form of energy from the point
of generation, transformation, transmission, consumption, control and
environmental aspects.
The dependence of modern life upon the continuous supply of
electrical energy makes system reliability and power quality issues of
upmost importance in electric power system area.
It can either be generated from fossil and nuclear sources as well as
from renewable sources as hydraulic, wind, solar, biogas etc.
Its voltage level is increased at generation point for the sake of less
losses, transmitted either as AC or DC, voltage level is decreased and
distributed to the load centers.
Power system comprises generators, transformers, transmission and
distribution lines and the loads. It can be represented by R, L, C
networks.
Power Quality is generally used to express the quality of the voltage.
This quality signifies the deviation of the voltage magnitude and
frequency from the rated values and the deviation of the waveform
from a pure sinusoid.
That is, variation of the voltage magnitude, outages, impulses, flicker,
inclusion of DC component, variation of the frequency, unbalances in
3-phase systems can be defined as power quality problems.
Power quality can be defined at an arbitrary point of the system.
However, it is more important at the consumption side.
Power quality problems are created by auxiliary sources, (lightning),
non-linear circuit components (saturated transformer) or non-linear
loads (Rectifier).
1.2. Power Quality Problems
Power quality problems encompasses a wide range of different phenomena.
General steps that are often followed in power quality problems is as follows.
Identify PQ Problem
Disturbance, Unbalance,
Distortion, Voltage Fluctuation/Flicker
Problem
Characaterization
Measurements/Data collection
Causes, Characteristics, Equipment Impacts
Identify Range of
Solutions
Transmission, Distribution, End user,
Equipment/design
EvaluateSolutions
Optimum Solution
Modeling/Analaysis Procedures
Evaluate Economics of Possible Solutions
1.2 Power Quality Problems Cont.
Power quality problems

Disturbances,
Unbalances
Distortions
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker
1.2.1 Disturbances
A disturbance is a temporary deviation from a steady-state waveform caused by
the faults of brief duration or by sudden changes in power systems.
Voltage Dips (Voltage Sags) : A voltage dip is a sudden reduction (between
10% and 90%) of the voltage lasting for 0.5 cycle to several seconds. Dips with
durations of less than a half cycle are regarded as transients. Switching
operations and the flow of heavy currents (energization of large loads which
require high starting currents) are the basic sources of voltage dips. Their effects
are: extinction of discharge lamps, incorrect operation of control devices, speed
variation of motors, tripping of contactors, communication failure in line
commutated inverters.
T
d
> 0.5 T
Brief Interruptions (brief outages):
A brief interruption can be considered as a voltage dip with 100% magnitude
lasting at least one period. Blown fuses and breaker tripping are the basic
sources of brief outages.
Brief Voltage Increases (swells):
They are brief increases in r.m.s. Voltages. Non-symmetric
short circuits and load rejections are the basic sources of
voltage swells. They can upset electric controls and motor
drives, they can cause extra stresses upon sensitive computer
components and shorten their lives.
Transients:
Voltage disturbances shorter than sags and swells are called as transients.
Switching transients resulting from switching operations in the network.
Impulse transients are the results of atmospheric phenomena and their duration
is less than switching transients.
1
Switching transient

impulse transient

Voltage Notches
They are periodic transients occurring as a result of the phase to phase short
circuits caused by the commutation process in AC-DC converters. They may
upset electronic equipments and damage inductive components. Voltage notches
can also be classified as voltage distortions.
Frequency Changes
Temporary frequency increases and decreases are generally caused by switching
operations if the regulators are not good enough to hold the frequency.
1.2.2 Unbalances
An unbalance is a situation in which either the voltages of a three phase system
are not equal in magnitude or the phase differences between them are not 120
degrees or both. The degree of unbalance is usually defined by the proportion
of negative or zero sequence component to the positive-sequence component.
They are caused by unbalanced loadings and single phase loads. It may also be
the result of blown fuses in one phase of a three-phase capacitor banks.
1.2.3 Distortion (Harmonics)
Waveform distortion is defined as a steady-state deviation from an ideal sine
wave of power frequency. It is an indication of harmonics, which are
sinusoidal signals having frequencies that are integer multiples of the
fundamental frequency at which the system is designed to operate.

) 5 ( * 5 . 0 ) 3 ( * 7 . 0 ) ( ) ( wt Cos wt Cos wt Cos t x + + =
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Cos (wt)
0.7*Cos (3wt)
0.5*Cos(5wt)
x(t)
The frequencies those are not the integer multiples of the fundamental
frequency are termed interharmonics.
Both the harmonic and the interharmonic distortion are generally caused by the
equipment having non-linear voltage-current characteristics.
Noise, defined as unwanted electrical signals with broadband spectral content
lower than 200 kHz is also another kind of distortions. They are generally
generated by PE devices, control circuits, arcing equipment etc.
The main effects of harmonics are :
- Additional thermal losses in capacitors, transformers and rotating machines
- Insulation stress because of increased voltage,
- Additional losses
- Telephone interference
- Maloperation of control devices, mains signaling systems and protective
relays.

Main solutions to keep the harmonic distortion within the recommended levels
are:
- The use of high pulse rectification
- Passive filter
- Active filters and conditioners

The harmonic sources can be grouped into three main categories with respect to
their origin, size and predictivibility

- Small and predictable : Single phase converter fed power supplies, gas
discharge lamps.
- Large and random : Arc furnaces
- Large and predictable : Large power converters.

1.2.4 Voltage Fluctuation and Flicker
Voltage fluctuation is defined repetitive (systematic) variations of the voltage
envelope or random variations in the magnitude of the supply voltage. The
magnitudes of these variations do not usually exceed 10% of the nominal
supply voltage. However, small magnitude changes occurring at particular
frequencies can give rise to an effect called lamp flicker. Actually, voltage
fluctuation is an electromagnetic phenomenon while flicker is an undesirable
result of the voltage fluctuation in some loads.
The defining characteristics of voltage fluctuations are:
The amplitude of voltage change (difference of maximum and minimum rms
or peak voltage value occurring during the disturbance);
The number of voltage changes over a specified unit of time; and
The consequential effects (such as flicker) of voltage changes associated with
the disturbances.

Voltage fluctuations can be classified into three-broad categories:

Step voltage changes, regular and irregular in time. Fluctuations produced by
welding machines, rolling mills and mine winders are of this type.
Cyclic or random voltage changes produced by corresponding variations in
the load impedance. (Arc furnace load)
Flicker is the impression of fluctuating luminance or color occurring when the
frequency of the variation of the light stimulus lies between a few hertz and the
fusion frequency of images. Flicker varies person to person and depends on
many factors. Flicker is essentially a measure of how annoying the fluctuation
in luminance is to the human eye.
Step voltage changes
Cyclic or random voltage variations
| |
factor modulation : m
frequency modulation :
frequency angular l fundamenta :
) ( * ) ( * 1 ) (
m
o
o m
w
w
t w Cos t w Cos m V t v + =
In an ideal power system, electrical energy is supplied at a single and constant
frequency and at specified voltage levels of constant magnitude. The problem
of voltage and frequency deviations and the means of keeping them under
control are the concerns of conventional power system analysis.

The problem of waveform distortion is the problem of this course. Waveform
distortion is an indication of existence of harmonic frequency frequencies.
Actually, it is not a new phenomenon. Harmonics have existed in power
systems for many years. The recent growing concern on the subject is because
of :

increasing numbers and power ratings of highly non-linear power electronic
devices seeking higher system reliability and effectiveness,
increased use of capacitor banks to improve power factors.
1.3 Fundamentals of Harmonics
The deviation from perfect sinusoid is generally expresssed in terms of
harmonic components. The cause of harmonics can simply be stated as the
existence of non-linear components loads).
Linear loads are those in which voltage and current signals follow one another
very closely, such as the voltage drop that develops across a constant resistance,
which varies as a direct function of the current that passes through it.
Resistive linear elements: Incandescent lighting, electric heaters
Inductive linear elements: Induction motors, Current limiting reactors,
Induction generators (wind mills), Damping reactors used to attenuate
harmonics, Tuning reactors in harmonic filters
Capacitive linear elements: Power factor correction capacitor banks,
Underground cables, Insulated cables,Capacitors used in harmonic filters

Nonlinear loads are the loads in which the current waveform does not resemble the
applied voltage waveform due to a number of reasons. For example, the use of
electronic switches that conduct load current only during a fraction of the power
frequency period. Therefore, we can conceive nonlinear loads as those in which
Ohms law cannot describe the relation between V and I.
The most common nonlinear loads in power systems are all types of rectifying
devices like those found in power converters, power sources, uninterruptible power
supply (UPS) units, and arc devices like electric furnaces and fluorescent lamps.
Power electronics: ARC devices
Power converters Fluorescent lighting
Variable frequency drives ARC furnaces
DC motor controllers Welding machines
Cycloconverters
Cranes and Elevators
Steel mills
Power supplies
UPS and Battery chargers
Inverters
V-I characteristics of a typical nonlinear component and the associated current and
voltages are given in the following figure.
-1
0
1
-1 0 1
Angle
A
n
g
l
e
Current
Voltage
Voltage Waveform
Current Waveform
Load Line
Even some linear loads like power transformers can act as nonlinear components
under saturation conditions. Assume a load supplied through a transformer.
i
1

R
v
1

, B, H
i
2

v
2

load
Neglect the fringing fluxes and assume that the input voltage and the current be
pure sinusoids.

terms. harmonic include
will and sinusoids pure be not will
dt
(t)
) (
and ) ( * (t) ly Consequent
region. saturated at the operates er transform the
that assuming signal, sinusoidal pure be not will ) (
) ( H ) (
) ( with al proportion be will ) (
) ( I ) (
V ) (
2
1
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
u
=
= u
+ =

+ =
=
d
t v
t B Section Cross
t B
wt Cos t H
t i t H
wt Cos t i
wt Cos t v
u
In simple systems, harmonic problems can be analyzed using a spreadsheet.
Harmonic analysis software are further available to analyze large systems.
Those harmonic analysis software performs harmonic load flows. A harmonic
load flow study calculates fundamental and harmonic line currents (line flows)
and bus voltages. The outcomes of individual solutions are later used for the
design of filters.
A harmonic study for an industrial plant will require the following information.
Utility short-circuit capacity and X/R ratio at the concerned bus.
Distribution transformer MVA rating, X/R ratio and percentage impedance.
Voltage and MVAr rating of existing PF correction capacitors.
Measurements of the harmonic source currents.

Having known the above information, harmonic impedance can be computed for
the different components and at the different locations of the system. Bus harmonic
voltages, line harmonic currents and distortion factors can than be calculated. The
resulting quantities can be compared with the limits imposed in the standard.
EXAMPLE

A Diode rectifier drives a quasi-square current of 10 A (peak value) from a
three-phase 11 kV, 50 Hz busbar feeder to a factory. The load is a star-
connected inductive load with R
L
= 180 Ohm, L
L
= 0.3 H. A star-connected
capacitance of 1.75 F is used for power factor correction at the same bus. The
11 kV busbars are fed from an 132 kV/11 kV , 800 kVA transformer having an
equivalent impedance of Z
t
= 0.01 + j 0.06 pu. The short circuit impedance of
132 kV system is 0.005 + j 0.02 pu.

Sketch the diagram of the system and determine the harmonic current and
voltage levels up to 23
rd
order harmonic.

Equivalent circuit
Base of 800 kVA,
relating the per unit
values to 11 kV
The Base
Impedance
O = = 25 . 151
8 . 0
11
2
Transformer
Impedance
( ) ( )
O = O =
+ = O + = +
075 . 9 , 5125 . 1
075 . 9 5125 . 1 06 . 0 01 . 0 25 . 151
T T
T T
X R
jX R j j
System
Impedance
( ) ( )
O = O =
+ = O + = +
025 . 3 , 75625 . 0
025 . 3 75625 . 0 02 . 0 005 . 0 25 . 151
S S
S S
X R
jX R j j
Load
Reactance
O = = 25 . 94 3 . 0 50 2 j x j X
L
t
Capacitive
Reactance
( )
O = = =

1819
10 75 . 1 50 2
1 1
6
j
x x j
X
C
C
t e
At 50Hz.
At 50Hz.
At 50Hz.
At 50Hz.
Inspection of the waveform shows that there are no cosine terms, no even
harmonics, and that there is quarter-wave symmetry
( )
6
cos
4
sin
4
2
6
t
t t
t
t
n
n
I
wt nwtd I b
n
= =
}
(
+ + = ...
17
17 sin
13
13 sin
11
11 sin
7
7 sin
5
5 sin
sin 103 . 1
wt wt wt wt wt
wt I i
The series is:
The value for each harmonic is
A
n
x
n
x
I
n
8 . 7
2
3
2
10 4
= =
t
5
th
1.56A ; 7
th
1.11A ; 11
th
0.709 A ; 13
th
0.600A, 17
th
0.459 A ; 19
th
0.410 A
Equivalent circuit for fundamental frequency
HARMONICS
Z
T

I
S

I
C
I
L

I
R

Z
S

Z
L

Z
C

V
B

V
S

V
A

HARMONICS
A I kV V R B 8 . 7 , 351 . 6 3 / 11 = = =
A j
j Z
V
I
A j
j Z
V
I
C
B
C
L
B
L
49 . 3
1819
3 / 11000
5 . 14 69 . 27
25 . 94 180
3 / 11000
=
= =
=
+
= =
A j I I I I
R C L S
01 . 11 49 . 35 = + + =
V j j V
V j Z I V V
V j Z I V V
HV S
S S A S
T S B A
7 . 408 0 . 78610 ) 73 . 408 81 . 6550 ( * 11 / 132
73 . 408 81 . 6550 *
69 . 309 6490 *
+ = + =
+ = + =
+ = + =

Equivalent circuit for each harmonic
Rectifier may
be considered
as a harmonic
generator
HARMONICS
At above figure, the current I
R
divides into the three
parallel arms of the circuit. Given three parallel impedances,
Z
1
, Z
2,
and Z
3
, the current I
1
flowing in Z
1
is given by
current total x
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z

+ +
2 1 3 1 3 2
3 2
To calculate the 5th harmonic values,
frequency=250Hz, n=5, I
R
=1.56A.
Impedance of the capacitance arm = -j1819/5O = Z
1

Impedance of the load arm = 180 + j5(94.25)O = Z
2

Impedance of the supply arm =
(1.5125+0.75625) + j(5(9.075+3.025)O = Z
3

Current in the capacitor =
. 2 . 175 2735 . 0 56 . 1
2 1 3 1 3 2
3 2
A x
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z
o
Z =
+ +
By like calculation, the load current =
. 1 . 16 1973 . 0 A I
o
L
Z =
And the supply current =
. 7 . 2 6443 . 1 A I
o
S
Z =
HARMONICS
Harmonic phase voltage at the 11kV busbars =
= V
B
= I
C
X
C
/5 = 0.2735 x 363.5 = 99.5V.
Harmonic phase voltage at the 132kV terminals =
= V
S
= 1.6443[0.75625
2
+ (3.025 * 5)
2
]
1/2
* 132/11
= 298.8V.
HARMONICS
The components for the other harmonics are calculated in a
similar manner. The values, together with those for the
fundamental (50Hz) frequency, are shown below.
HARMONICS
n 1 5 7 11 13 17 19 23
f [Hz] 50 250 350 550 650 850 950 1150
I
R
[A]

7.80
1.56 1.11 0.71 0.60 0.46 0.41 0.34
I
C
[A]

3.49
0.27 0.46 1.77 20.50 1.11 0.77 0.50
I
L
[A]

31.26
0.20 0.17 0.28 2.32 0.07 0.04 0.02
I
S
[A]

37.16
1.64 1.40 2.20 18.23 0.58 0.32 0.14
V
B
[kV]

6.498
0.996 0.119 0.293 2.868 0.119 0.0740 0.040
V
S-HV
[kV]

78.76
0.299 0.356 0.880 8.605 0.356 0.222 0.118

Power System Harmonics Outline

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power System Harmonics Outline

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

POWER SYSTEM

I. POWER QUALITY AND HARMONICS

You might also like