Bai Tap Hoa Vo Co

pgs.
Nguyn c vn

Bi tp ha hc v c

Nh xut bn gio dc 1983

mc lc

Phn I Cu hi v bi tp
1. Kh tr .....................................................................................................
2. Hidro .......................................................................................................
3. Cc Halogen ...........................................................................................
4. Oxi ..........................................................................................................
5. L- u hunh- Phn nhm Selen
6. Nit- Phot pho .........................................................................................
7.Phn nhm Asen ......................................................................................
8. Cacbon-Silic ............................................................................................
9. Tnh cht ca kim loi. ............................................................................
10. Kim loi kim .......................................................................................
11. Kim loi kim th .................................................................................
12. Nhm ....................................................................................................
13. Gecmani Thic Ch ....................................................................
14. ng Bc Vng...........................................................................
15. Km Cadimi Thy ngn .............................................................
16. Crom Mangan St ................................................................................................................................

Phn II H-ng dn tr li

Phn I: Cu hi v bi tp

1. Kh tr
(He Ne Ar Kr Xe)

1. Trnh by c im ca kh tr ?
(Cu trc electron, bn knh nguyn t, nng l- ng Ion ha). Nhn xt v
cho kt lun v kh nng phn ng ca cc nguyn t .
2. Nhit nng chy ca cc kh tr c cc gi tr sau :

He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
T
nc
(
o
C): -272 -249 -189 -157 -112 -71
Gii thch s thay i nhit nng chy trong dy t Heli n Radon.
3. Th Ion ha th nht ca cc kh tr c cc gi tr sau:
He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
I(e V): 24.6 21.6 15.3 14.0 12.1 10.7
Hy gii thch ti sao khi nguyn t tng th th Ion ha gim?
4. Hy trnh by cc c tnh ca Heli ?
(nhit si, khi l- ng ring, tan dn in).T cho bit nhng
ng dng quan trng ca Heli ?
5. Mc oxi ha c trng ca Kripton, Xenon v Radon ? Ti sao cc mc
li khng c trng i vi cc kh tr cn li ?
T nhn xt trn hy gii thch hot tnh ha hc ca cc kh tr? Nu
v d minh ha.
6. Hy gii thch nguyn nhn hnh thnh cc Hidrat ca kh tr dng X.6H
2
O
(X=Ar, Kr, Xe). Cc Hidrat c phi l hp cht ha hc khng ?
7. Ng- i ta kt lun rng: cc kh tr khng c tnh tr tuyt i, tr Heli v
Neon, cn li l nhng cht c hot tnh ha hc, nguyn t l- ng cng tng
hot tnh cng cao. Cc hp cht ca Kripton, Xenon u l nhng cht oxi
ha, cc hp cht ha tr cao c tnh oxi ha mnh v c tnh axit.
Hy tm dn chng chng minh kt lun trn v gii thch.
8. Ti sao nguyn t Xenon khng to ra phn t Xe
2
mc d c kh nng to
ra lin kt ha hc vi nguyn t Flo hoc Oxi. ?
9. Ti sao nguyn t Clo t c kh nng to ra hp cht ha hc vi Xenon
trong khi Flo li to ra d dng hn ?
10. bn vi nhit thay i nh- th no trong dy KrF
4
, XeF
4
v RnF
4
?
11. Vit phng trnh cc phn ng sau:
XeF
4
+ KI
XeF
4
+ KI
XeF
4
+ H
2

XeF
4
+ Na

2.HIRO (H)

12. a) c im nguyn t ca cc ng v ca Hidro.
b) Tnh cht vt l quan trng ca Hidro nh v ng dng ca nhng cht ?
c) Ti sao Hidro nh li c khuch tn ln?
13. Hidro nh hn hay nng hn khng kh bao nhiu ln? C th chuyn Hidro
t cc ny sang cc khc - c khng?
14. a) Trong hai khuynh h- ng phn ng (oxi ha _kh) ca Hidro th khuynh
h- ng no in hnh nht? ti sao?
b)Khi to ra cc cht d- i y phn ng thuc v khuynh h- ng no? Hidro
clorua; n- c; amoniac; silan; metan; canxi hirua; natri hirua. Lin kt
trong cc hp cht thuc kiu lin kt no?
15. a) Tnh cht ha hc quan trng ca Hidro? Ti sao nhit thng Hidro
km hot ng v mt ha hc?
b) Nhng nguyn t no c kh nng phn ng vi Hidro nhit phng?
16. Trong cng nghip Hidro - c iu ch bng nhng phng php no v
- c dng lm g? Nguyn tc chung ca cc phng php ?
17. Trong qu trnh luyn than cc bng phng php chng kh than ng- i
ta thu - c hn hp kh l cc gm 50% N
2
, 25%CH
4
, 10% H
2
, 5% CO, 5%
CO
2
v 5% Hidro cacbon. Bng phng php no c th tch - c Hidro ra
khi hn hp ? Ph- ng php tch da trn nhng nguyn tc no?
18. a) ng dng ca Hidro mi sinh?
b) Ti sao Hidro mi sinh li c hot tnh ha hc cao hn Hidro phn t?
Ly v d minh ha?
19. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho kh Hidro tcdng vi cc cht sau:
Cl
2
,O
2
, N
2
, CO ,CuO.
Nu r cc iu kin phn ng v ng dng cc phn ng trong thc t.
20. a) Ti sao khi iu ch kh Hidro bng phng php in phn n- c li phi
cho thm dung dch NaOH hoc H
2
SO
4
?
b) C th thay NaOH bng KOH, HNO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
,CuSO
4
, CuCl
2
- c
khng? L do?
21. a) C th dng bnh cha kh (Gazomet) cha kh Hidro nh- kh Oxi - c
khng? Ti sao?
b) Nhng kh c c tnh nh- th no c th tch tr trong bnh cha kh?
22. a) Trong phng th nghim, Hidro - c iu ch bng nhng phng php
no? Ph- ng php no l ch yu?
b) Ti sao khi iu ch Hidro bng cch cho Zn tinh khit tc dng vi dung
dch H
2
SO
4
long li phi thm mt t dung dch CuSO
4
.
23. Lm th no thu - c kh Hidro tinh khit v kh khi iu ch kh
bng cch cho km kim loi tc dng vi HCl trong bnh kp?
24. Trong thnh phn cc hp cht ha hc, Hidro nm dng Ion no?
Ion H
+
tn ti trong iu kin no?
25. Ti sao kh Hidro rt kh ha tan trong n- c hoc trong cc dung mi hu
c?
26. Cu to ca Ion Hidroxoni? trong iu kin no to ra Ion
27. Ti sao trong cc nguyn t nhm I ch c Hidro to ra n cht dng kh
nhit phng?
28. Lin kt Hidro l g? Nhng cht nh- th no to ra lin kt Hidro?

29. Da trn nhng c s thc t no ni rng Hirua ca kim loi kim l
nhng hp cht "mui"?
30. a) Nhng nguyn t no hnh thnh cc Hirua Ion v Hirua cng ha tr?
b) Bn cht ca cc loi Hirua ?
31. Bng nhng dn chng no kt lun rng lin kt trong cc Hirua ca
cc kim loi kim v kim th c bn cht Ion?
32. Gc ha tr trong phn t Hirua v Florua ca mt s nguyn t thuc chu
k II c cc gi tr sau:
X-C-X X-N-X X-O-X
C
2
H
4
120
o
NH
3
107
o
H
2
O 104,5
o

C
2
F
2
114
o
NF
3
102
o
F
2
O 101,5
o

Hy gii thch s gim gc ha tr t hirua n florua?
33. Hy nu nhn xt chung v s bin thin tnh kh, tnh bn, tnh axit ca
hirua cng ha tr trong chu k v trong phn nhm trong h thng tun
hon.
34. Hy gii thch nguyn nhn tnh axit tng trong dy : NH
3
H
2
O HF v
t HF n HI?
35. Hy gii thch ti sao bn knh ca Ion Cl
-
l 1,81 nhng khong cch gia
nhn hidro v nhn nguyn t Clo trong phn t HCl ch bng 1,28 ?

3. Cc Halogen
(F, Cl, Br, I, At)
Trnh by c im cu trc nguyn t ca halogen. (bn knh nguyn t,
cu trc electron nng l- ng Ion ha, i lc electron). t c im hy
cho bit trong hai khuynh h- ng phn ng (oxi ha kh) ca cc halogen
th khuynh h- ng no l ch yu?
36. Da vo thuyt lin kt ha tr hy cho bit:
a) Mc oxi ha c trng ca cc halogen.
b) Ti sao phn ca cc halogen u cu to t hai nguyn t?
37. Ti sao Flo khng th xut hin mc oxi ha d- ng trong cc hp cht ha
hc?
Ti sao vi Clo, Brom, Iot th mc oxi ha chn khng phi l mc c
trng?
38. Nng l- ng lin kt X-X (Kcal/mol) ca cc halogen c gi tr sau:
F
2
Cl
2
Br
2
I
2

(Kcal/mol) 38 59 46 35
Hy gii thch Ti sao t F
2
n Cl
2
nng l- ng lin kt tng, nhng Cl
2
n
I
2
nng l- ng lin kt gim?
39. Phn ng phn hy phn hy phn t thnh nguyn t X
2
2X ca cc
halogen cc nhit sau:
F
2
Cl
2
Br
2
I
2
(
o
C) 450 800 600 400
Hy gii thch s thay i bn nhit ca cc phn t halogen.
40. Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc halogen c cc gi tr sau:
F
2
Cl
2
Br
2
I
2
T
nc
(
o
C): - 223 -101 -7,2 113,5

T
s
(
o
C): -187 -34,1 38,2 184,5
Nhn xt v gii thch?
41.a) Ti sao cc halogen khng tan trong n- c nhng tan trong benzen?
b) Ti sao Iot tan t trong n- c nhng li tan trong dung dch kali ioua?
42. Gii thch nguyn nhn hnh thnh cc tinh th hirat Cl
2
.8H
2
O. hidrt c
phi l cht ha hc khng?
43. Hy so snh cc i l- ng: i lc Electron, nng l- ng lin kt, nng l- ng
hrat ha, th tiu chun ca Clo v Flo t gii thch:
a) Ti sao kh nng phn ng ca Flo li ln hn Clo?
b) Ti sao trong dung dch n- c Flo c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Clo
44. Ly v d chng minh rng theo chiu tng s th t nguyn t ca cc
halogen th tnh d- ng in li tng?
45. Bng phn ng vi hidro hy chng minh rng tnh oxi ha ca cc halogen
gim dn t Flo n Iot.
46.a) Trnh by cc phn ng khi cho cc halogen tc dng vi n- c.
b) Flo c kh nng oxi ha n- c gii phng oxi ha , cc halogen khc c
tnh cht ny khng? Gii thch.
47.a) Ti sao khi cho cc halogen tc dng vi kim loi li to ra nhng hp cht
ng vi s oxi ha ti a ca cc kim loi ? Ly v d minh ha.
b) Ti sao Flo l cht oxi ha mnh nhng Cu, Fe, Ni, Mg khng b Flo n
mn?
48.a) Tm dn chng chng minh rng theo chiu tng s th t nguyn t
trong nhm halogen th tnh kh tng.
b) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v nu hin t- ng khi cho kh clo t t i
qua dung dich gm Kali bromua v Kali iotua ?
49. Cc phng php iu ch halogen trong phng th nghim v trong cng
nghip.
a) Cc phng php da trn nhng nguyn tc no?
b) Diu kin c th ca phn ng?
c) Phm vi ng dng ca mi phng php?
50.a) Bng cch no c th thu - c Flo t HF?
b) Ti sao khng th iu ch Flo bng phng php in phn dung dch
n- c c cha ion Florua?
c) Flo l cht oxi ha mnh nhng ti sao khi iu ch Flo bng phng
php in phn th thng in phn v cc m li lm bng ng hoc bng
thp?
51. Trong phng th nghim ng- i ta iu ch Clo bng phng php cho
KMnO
4
tc dng vi HCl .
a) Ti sao khng th dng phng php iu ch Flo ?
b) C th iu ch Brom v Iot bng phng php - c khng?
c) C th thay KMnO
4
bng MnO
2
Hoc K
2
Cr
2
O
7
- c khng?
52. Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc hidro halogenua thay i nh- th
no? Gii thch nguyn nhn.
53. bn i vi nhit t HF n HI thay i nh- th no? C ph hp vi s
thay i nhit nng chy v nhit si khng?
54.a) Hn hp ng ph (hay hn hp ng si) l g?
b) Ti sao cc hidro halogenua li hay bc khi trong khng kh m?
c) Ti sao dung dch HCl nng ln hn 20% li c hin t- ng bc khi

trong khng kh, nhng dung dch c nng b hn 20% li khng c hin
t- ng ?
55. Bng cch no c th xc nh nhanh hm l- ng phn trm ca HCl trong
dung dch khi bit khi l- ng ring ca dung dch ?
a) Hy tnh hm l- ng % ca HCl trong cc dung dch c khi l- ng ring
(g/cm
3
):1,025; 1,050; 1,08; 1,135; 1,195.
b) Hy tnh gn ng khi l- ng ring (g/cm
3
) ca cc dung dch HCl khi
hm l- ng HCl l: 12%, 20%, 30%, 32,5%.
56.a) Ti sao axit HF li l axit yu trong cc axit HX ca cc halogen cn li
l axit mnh?
b) Ti sao axit HF li to ra mui axit cn cc axit HX khc khng c kh
nng ?
57.a) Tnh axit trong dy t HF n HI thay i nh- th no? Gii thch nguyn
nhn?
b) Vai tr ca HI trong cc phn ng sau y c ging nhau khng?
2FeCl
3
+2HI 2FeCl
2
+ I
2
+2HCl (1)
Zn+2HI ZnI
2
+ H
2
(2)
58.a) Ti sao khi cho HCl tc dng vi St hoc Crom li to ra FeCl
2
, CrCl
2
m
khng phi l FeCl
3
,CrCl
3
?
b) Vi axit HBr, HI phn ng c t- ng t nh- th khng?
59.a) Trong cc mui Kali halogenua mui no c th phn ng - c vi FeCl
3

to nn FeCl
2
?
b) Cho kt lun v tnh kh ca cc halogenhidric?
60.a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng khi cho H
2
SO
4
c tc dng vi hn hp
CaF
2
, SiO
2
. ng dng ca phn ng?
b) Nu thay CaF
2
bng CaCl
2
phn ng c xy ra nh- th khng ?
61.a) Hy gii thch ti sao HF ch - c php ng trong cc bnh bng nha.
b) Phn ng xy ra c khc nhau khng khi cho thy tinh tc dng vi HF
v vi HCl?
62.a) Ti sao tnh kh ca cc hidro halogenua tng ln t HF n HI?
b) Ti sao cc dung dch axit Bromhiric v axit Iodhiric khng th
trong khng kh? Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng khi cho Oxi tc dng
vi dung dch axit halogenhiric.
63.a) Ti sao hidrohalogenua li tan rt mnh trong n- c?
b) Khi cho hidro clorua tan trong n- c c hin t- ng g? Ti sao dung dch
li c tnh axit? Hidro clorua lng c phi l axit khng?
64.a) Trong phng th nghim, hidro clorua - c iu ch bng cch no?
b) Nu dng dung dch H
2
SO
4
long v NaCl long c to ra HCl ?
c) Ph- ng php trn c th dng iu ch HBr v HI - c khng?
65.a) Trong cng nghip, axit HCl - c iu ch bng phng php no?
b) Ph- ng php da trn nhng nguyn tc no?
c) C th vn dng phng php cho cc axit halogen hiric khc - c
khng? L do?
66. Trnh by phng php iu ch axit HF, HBr, HI. Ph- ng php da trn
nhng c s l lun no?

67. Hy trnh by nhng hiu bit ca mnh v cc halogenua ion: a) Nhng
nguyn t no to ra cc halogenua ion?
b) Mc lin kt Ion trong cc halogenua ?
68. Tnh cht ca cc halogenua Ion .
69.a) Nhng nguyn t no hnh thnh cc halogenua cng ha tr?
b) c tnh ca loi hp cht ?
70. So snh tnh bn, tnh oxi ha ca cc oxit Cl
2
O, ClO
2
, Cl
2
O
6
, Cl
2
O
7
? Ti sao
cc oxit khng th iu ch - c bng phng php tng hp?
71. Cu trc phn t ca cc oxit Cl
2
O, ClO
2
, Cl
2
O
7

a) Trong cc oxit oxit no c tnh thun t? l do?
b) Bng nhng phn ng no c th chng minh - c rng cc oxit ca Clo
u l cc Anhirit? Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng?
72. Hy trnh by mt vi c im ca cc oxit ca halogen?
73. Vit cc cng thc cc axit cha Oxi ca cc halogen. Tn gi cc axit v
mui t- ng ng?
74.a) Nu nhn xt v tnh bn, tnh axit, tnh oxi ha ca cc axit hipohalogen.
b) Trong cc axit axit no c nhiu ng dng trong thc t.
75.a) N- c Clo l g? N- c Javen l g? Clorua vi l g? Cc cht - c dng
lm g?
b) Khi cho CO
2
qua dung dch n- c Javen hoc dung dch Ca(OCl)
2
c hin
t- ng g xy ra? Gii thch.
76.a) Ti sao n- c Clo, n- c Javen, Clorua vi c tc dng ty mu?
b) T cc cht ban u: CaCO
3
, NaCl , bng nhngphn ng no iu ch
- c Clorua vi? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
77. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho dung dch n- c Clo tc dng vi dung
dch NaOH, dung dch KI, dung dch Natri Thiosunfat.
78.a) Cho cc Halogen Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
tc dng vi n- c, vi dung dch KOH c
nhng phng trnh phn ng no xy ra.
b)Khi cho Cl
2
tc dng vi dung dch KOH long sau un nng dung
dch t t ln 700
0
C ng- i ta thu - c cht g? Vit cc phng trnh phn
ng.
79. Hai cht CaOCl
2
v (CaOCl)
2
iu ch bng cch no? C th t nhng
nguyn liu t nhin no? Chng ging v khc nhau ch no? Gi tn
cc cht ?
80.a) Cho mt t axit Bromhidric vo n- c Javen cphn ng g xy ra?
b) Nu un nng n- c Javen cho n khi kh va ht n- c sau cho thm
axit HBr th phn ng c khc khng?
81. Cho 2 cp phn ng:
a) Cl
2
+ 2KBr = Br
2
+ 2KCl
2KClO
3
+ Br
2
= 2KBrO
3
+ Cl
2
b) Cl
2
+ 2KI = I
2
+ 2KCl
2KClO
3
+ I
2
= 2KIO
3
+ Cl
2

Trong tng cp, vai tr ca cc Halogen c mu thun g vi nhau khng?
Gii thch.
82. Cho kh Clo tc dng vi dung dch KOH long ngui, vi dung dch KOH
c nng. Hi t l th tch kh Clo phi dng trong c 2 trng hp thu
- c l- ng KCl bng nhau?

83. a, Cho nhn xt v s bin thin tnh axit trong dy HClO HBrO HIO.
b, Cho mt t axit Clohidric vo n- c javen long c hin t- ng g xy ra?
Thay HCl bng H
2
SO
4
long hay HBr c khc khng?
84. So snh tnh bn, tnh axit, tnh oxi ha ca cc oxi axit HClO , HClO
2
,
HClO
3
, HClO
4
. Gii thch v s bin thin cc tnh cht.
85. Vit cc phng trnh ca cc phn ng:
1, MnO
2
+ HCl
2, KMnO
4
+ HCl
3, Ca(OH)
2
+ Cl
2
Ca(OCl)
2
+
4, CaOCl
2
+ CO
2

5, HClO
3
+ HCl
6, Ag + HClO
3
AgClO
3
+
7, Fe + HClO
3

8, HClO
3
+ FeSO
4
H
2
SO
4
+
9, Cl
2
O
5
+ H
2
O
10,HClO
4
+ P
2
O
5

86. So snh tnh axit, tnh bn, tnh oxi ha ca cc axit halogenic. Ly v d
minh ha.
87. Bng phng php no c th tch - c HClO ra khi hn hp vi HCl?
88. Bng cch no c th iu ch - c HClO t HCl?
89. T Kaliclorua bng phng php no c th iu ch - c Kaliclorat?
91. T KClO
3
bng phng php no c th iu ch - c KClO
4
.
92. S thu - c sn phm no khi cho KClO
3
tc dng vi:
a) HCl
b) H
2
SO
4
c
c) H
2
SO
4
long
d) Kali pesulfat
e) Axit oxalic
f) Hn hp gm axit oxalic v H
2
SO
4
long.
93. Lm th no tch - c cc cht ra khi hn hp:
a) KClO
3
v NaClO
3

b) AgF v AgCl.
94. tan ca KClO
3
v KClO
4
trong n- c c gi tr sau:

t
o
KClO
3

(%)
KClO
4

(%)
t
o
KClO
3

(%)
KClO
4

(%)
0,0
10
15
20
20,5
25
30
3,2
4,8
-
6,8
-
-
9,2
0,7
1,1
1,4
-
1,7
2,2
-

40
50
60
70
80
90
100
12,7
16,5
20,6
24,5
28,4
32,3
36,0

-
5,1
-
10,9
-
-
18,2

V th tan ca hai cht trn theo nhit .

95.a) C th iu ch axit peiodic t mui BaH
3
IO
6
- c khng ?
b) Ti sao H
5
IO
6
d dng to ra mui axit ?
c) Ti sao trong tt c cc halogen th ch c Iot l to ra axit a chc?
96. Hy trnh by vi nhn xt v cc hp cht gia cc halogen. Tnh cht c
bn ca chng?
97.a) Ti sao s nguyn t Flo lin kt vi cc halogen khc tng dn t Clo n
Iot?
b) Ti sao Iot khng to ra hp cht vi Clo t- ng t hp cht IF
7
?
c) Ti sao ch s n trong hp cht XY
n
(hp cht gia cc halogen) l nhng
s l.

4.Oxi

98.a) Trnh by c im v cu trc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm
VI a? (bn knh nguyn t, cu trc electron, nng l- ng Ion ha, i lc
electron).
b) T nhng nhn xt hy cho bit trong hai khuynh h- ng phn ng (oxi
ha kh) th khuynh h- ng no l ch yu?
99.a) Ti sao mc oxi ha c trng ca Oxi l -2 mc d Oxi nhm VI a?
b) Oxi c kh nng th hin mc oxi ha d- ng khng? Ly dn chng
minh ha.
100. Hy trnh by cu trc phn t Oxi theo quan im ca phng php lin kt
ha tr v phng php obitan phn t. Gii thch tnh thun t ca phn t
Oxi .
101. Hy xy dng gin cc mc nng l- ng gn ng theo thuyt obitan phn
t ca phn t v cc Ion phn t sau y:O
2
+
, O
2
, O
2
-
, O
2
2-
.
Trong cc trng hp trn trng hp no c tnh thun t?
102. Trnh by cu trc ca cc Ion O
2
+
, O
2
-
, O
2
2-
. Trong nhng hp cht no c
cha cc ion ?
103. Khong cch gia cc ht nhn nguyn t Oxi O-O trong cc ion phn t
Oxi c gi tr sau:
O
2
+
O
2
O
2
--
O
2
2--
.
d
O - O
(A
o
) 1,123 1,207 1,39 1,49
Hy gii thch s tng di lin kt trong dy trn.
104. Bn knh Ion ca cc nguyn t nhm VI a v cc halogen c gi tr sau:
O
2-
S
2-
Se
2-
Te
2-

r(A
o
) 1,40 1,84 1,98 2,21

F
-
Cl
-
Br
-
I
-

r(A
o
) 1,36 1,81 1,95 2,16
Hy gii thch ti sao Anion ca cc nguyn t nhm VIa li c kch th- c
ln hn so vi cc Anion ng electron ca cc halogen t- ng ng.
105.a) Cc ng v ca Oxi? Cu trc nguyn t ca cc ng v ? Trong cc
ng v c nhng ng v no bn?
b) Hm l- ng ca cc ng v bn trong kh quyn?
c) Hy tnh nguyn t l- ng ca Oxi theo n v Oxi v n v Cacbon.

106.a) Nhng n cht no khng c kh nng phn ng trc tip vi oxi?
b) Ti sao oxi l nguyn t hot ng mnh hn Clo, nhng iu kin
thng li t ra km hot ng hn?
107. Cho oxi tc dng vi hidro, photpho, cacbon, nit, cacbon oxit, l- u hunh
ioxit. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng. Ghi r cc iu kin xy ra phn
ng. ng dng thc t ca cc phn ng .
108. Nu hin t- ng v gii thch hin t- ng khi t chy cacbon, l- u hunh,
pht pho, st trong bnh ng oxi nguyn cht? Vit phng trnh ca cc
phn ng. Nu t chy cc cht trn trong khng kh th c khc g khng?
Ti sao?
109. Hy trnh by nhn xt chung v t- ng tc ca oxi vi cc nguyn t khc.
110.a) Nguyn tc iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim .
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch oxi t KClO
3
, KMnO
4
bng phng
php nht phn.
111.a) Hy gii thch c ch qu trnh to ra oxi bng phng php in phn.
b) Ti sao khng th thu - c oxi khi in phn n- c nguyn cht?
c) C th thu - c oxi khi in phn cc dung dch K
2
SO
4
, KCl, KNO
3
,
KOH, HNO
3
khng?
112. Trong cng nghip oxi - c iu ch bng phng php no? Nguyn tc
chung ca phng php .
113. Trnh by cu to phn t ozon.
114.a) So snh tnh cht ha hc ca oxi v ozon.
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng gia oxi v ozon vi Ag, PbS, KI. C nhn
xt g qua cc phn ng ?
115. Ozon c th tn ti trong khng kh c cha mt l- ng ln cc kh SO
2
, CO
2
,
HF, NH
3
- c khng?
116.a) Cch nhn ra ozon.
b) Giy h tinh bt tm - t dung dch KI, khi gp ozon t mu trng chuyn
thnh mu xanh en. Gii thch hin t- ng v vit phng trnh phn ng .
117. Bng phng php no c th nhn ra - c ozon c trong hn hp vi hi
hidro peoxit?
118. Cc phng php iu ch ozon?
119. C th dng nhng cht no d- i y lm anot khi iu ch ozon bng
phng php dung dch axit sunfuric? (than ch, platin, bc vng).
120.a) c im v cu to phn t ca H
2
O v H
2
O
2
?
b) Nhng tnh cht gy ra t nhng c im ?
121.a) Ti sao H
2
O v H
2
O
2
iu kin thng l nhng cht lng, c nhit si
cao?
b) Ti sao hai cht li c th trn ln vi nhau theo bt k t l no?
122.a) Ti sao khi un nng chy n- c c hin t- ng co th tch?
b) Ti sao p sut thng, n- c c khi l- ng ring ln nht 4
0
C?
123.a) Pehidrol l g?
b) Ti sao dung dch long H
2
O
2
li bn hn dung dch m c ?
c) Ti sao khi un nng hoc chiu sng dung dch H
2
O
2
li b phn hy
mnh?

124.a) Th- ng dng nhng cht no c ch qu trnh phn hy hidro peoxit?
b) Nhng cht no thc y nhanh qu trnh phn hy H
2
O
2
?
c) ng dng ca hidro peoxit?
125.a) Nhng bng chng no chng t rng hidro peoxit l axit yu?
b) So snh bn cht lin kt trong cc hp cht:
H
2
O
2
, Na
2
O
2
, F
2
O
2
, BaO
2

126.a) Da vo c s no ni rng H
2
O
2
va c tnh axit va c tnh kh?
Trong hai kh nng kh nng no l ch yu?
b) C cc phn ng no hidro peoxit ng thi th hin c hai tnh cht
khng?
127. Trong mi trng no hidro peoxit th hin tnh oxi ha mnh hn?
128.a) Trong hai cht O
3
v H
2
O
2
cht no c tnh oxi ha mnh hn? Nu dn
chng?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho H
2
O
2
tc dng vi dung dch KI,
dung dch KMnO
4
trong mi trng axit, dung dch Natri cromit trong mi
trng kim. Trong mi trng hp H
2
O
2
th hin tnh cht g?
129. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau:
1) MgI
2
+ H
2
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4

2) Na
2
O
2
+ KI + H
2
SO
4

3) H
2
O
2
+ K
2
CrO
7
+ H
2
SO
4

4) CaOCl
2
+ H
2
O
2
O
2
+
5) Na
2
SeO
2
+ H
2
O
2

6) CrCl
3
+ H
2
O
2
+ NaOH Na
2
CrO
4
+
7) Na
2
O
2
+ Fe(OH)
2
+ H
2
O
8) Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
2
+ NaOH
9) Fe + H
2
O
2

10) As
2
S
3
+ H
2
O
2
+ NH
4
OH (NH
3
)
3
AsO
4
+
130.a) Trong phng th nghim, Hidro peoxit - c iu ch bng cch no?
b) Ti sao khi cho Na
2
O
2
tc dng vi H
2
O c cha O
2
thot ra nhng khi
cho BaO
2
tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
long th khng c hin t- ng ?
c) Gii thch c ch ca qu trnh in phn dung dch H
2
SO
4
50% to ra
H
2
O
2
?
131.a) Nhng cht no c kh nng hp th hi n- c?
b) Nguyn tc lm kh cc cht rn v cht kh?
c) Trong cc cht sau y cht no hp th n- c mnh hn: CaCl
2
, H
2
SO
4
c, KOH rn silicagen, P
2
O
5
? Da trren c s no dn n kt lun.

5. L- u hunh Phn nhm selen
(S, Se, Te, Po)
132.a) Ti sao L- u hunh, Selen, Telu li c kh nng xut hin cc mc oxi ha
+4 v +6?
b) Ti sao trng thi d- ng 6 l c trng hn i vi l- u hunh so vi selen
v telu?
133. Ti sao nhit nng chy v nhit si ca l- u hunh li rt cao so vi
nhit nng chy v nhit si ca Oxi?
134. nht () ca l- u hunh nng chy ph thuc vo nhit c gi tr sau:
t
0
C t
0
C t
0
C

118,3
125,7
132,7
140,7
141,4
142,5
151,5
157,3
0,1145
0,1031
0,0884
0,0776
0,0756
0,0744
0,0622
0,0672
159,2
166,1
170,7
172,4
180,5
186,9
191,6
196,0
0,116
225
491
579
866
925
920
857
213,5
221,7
231,5
252,9
253,6
280,1
305,8
572
450
316
146
139
55
23
( nht - c o bng n v poaz: k hiu l p)
a) V gin ph thuc lg vo nhit . T xc nh ti nht no khi
l- u hunh nng chy c nht cao nht?
b) Hy gii thch s thay i nht ca S nng chy?
135. a) Ti sao nhit thng, l- u hunh c tnh tr v phng din ha hc,
nhng khi un nng li t ra kh hot ng?
b) Trong iu kin no l- u hunh th hin tnh oxi ha, tnh kh?
c) Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng khi cho l- u hunh tc dng vi cc
cht sau:
F
2
, Cl
2
, O
2
, P, NaOH, KClO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c, HNO
3
c, HNO
3
long.
136. a) Da vo nhng bng chng no chng minh rng cc n cht F
2
, O
2
,
Cl
2
, S theo chiu t F n S trong dy trn tnh oxi ha gim?
b) Nhng cht c kh nng t- ng tc trc tip vi nhau khng?
137. a) c im v cu to ca phn t H
2
S?
b) Ti sao gc ha tr HSH = 92
0
, nhng gc HOH = 105
0
?
c) Ti sao iu kin thng H
2
S l mt cht kh nhng H
2
O li l cht
lng?
d) Ti sao kh H
2
S t tan trong n- c nhng tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c?
138. a) Tnh cht ha hc ca H
2
S ?
b) Ti sao dung dch n- c ca H
2
S lu trong khng kh li b vn c?
c) Ti sao trong t nhin c nhiu ngun to ra H
2
S nhng li khng c hin
t- ng tch t kh trong khng kh?
139. Vit phng trinh ca cc phn ng sau:
1) H
2
S +FeCl
3

2) H
2
S + K
2
CrO
7
+ H
2
SO
4

3) H
2
S + K
2
MnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

4) H
2
S + Br
2
+ H
2
O
5) H
2
S + I
2

140. vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau:
1) H
2
S + Pb(CH
3
COO)
2

2) Na
2
S +MnSO
4

3) CuSO
4
+ H
2
S
4) H
2
S + SO
2
+ NaOH Na
2
S
2
O
3

5) FeS
2
+ O
2

141. a) Hy trnh by nhng hiu bit ca mnh v cc hp cht sunfua (cc loi
sunfua , tan, mu sc, kh nng thy phn)?
b) Trong cc sunfua kim loi sau y, sunfua no b thy phn? Tr- ng hp
no c th iu ch bng phn ng trao i trong dung dch n- c:

Al
2
S
3
; Cr
2
S
3
; Na
2
S ; ZnS ; PbS ; La
2
S
3
c) Hy gii thch ti sao mt s sunfua k trn li khng b thy phn.
142. a) Trong phng th nghim kh H
2
S - c iu ch bng cch no?
b) Nguyn tc chung diu ch cc sunfua kim loi? Dn chng
143. a) Nhng c im v cu to phn t ca SO
2
.
b) Cu to ca Ion SO
3
2-
? So snh vi cu to ca phn t SO
2
c g khc
khng?
144. a) Cn bng ca dung dch kh sunfur trong n- c s chuyn dch nh- th
no khi cho thm NaOH hoc H
2
SO
4
long vo dung dch ?
b) Trong iu kin no to ra cc mui hidrosunfit, cc mui sunfit.
145. a) Tnh cht ha hc ca SO
2
v ca cc mui sunfit?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng ca SO
2
vi cc cht HI, H
2
S, CO, H
2
, C. T
cho nhn xt v tnh kh ca SO
2
so vi cc cht k trn?
146. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho dung dch SO
2
tc dng vi Mg, I
2
,
HClO
3
, HClO
3
, H
2
S. Trong mi trng hp dung dch SO
2
th hin tnh cht
g?
b) Bng phng php no nhn ra kh SO
2
?
147. a) Nguyn tc iu ch SO
2
trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip
iu ch kh SO
2
bng nhng cch no?
b) ng dng ca SO
2
?
148. a) Cu to phn t ca SO
3
?

b)Ti sao SO
3
li d dng trng hp ha to ra cc polime?
c) Ti sao SO
3
li t- ng tc mnh lit vi H
2
O? ng dng ca phn ng .
149. a) Oleum l g? Tnh cht ca oleum?
b) Tnh cht l ha ca H
2
SO
4
? Ti sao khi pha long H
2
SO
4
c, ng- i ta
phi cho t t tng git axit vo H
2
O m khng - c lm ng- c li?
c) Ti sao iu ch cc axit khc ng- i ta thng dng H
2
SO
4
tc dng
vi mui ca cc axit ?
150. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho:
a) H
2
SO
4
long tc dng vi Mg, Cr, Fe.
b) H
2
SO
4
c, nng tc dng vi C, Cu, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, HI, H
2
S.
Gii thch nguyn nhn?
151. Trnh by c im cu to, bn, tn gi ca cc axit cha oxi ca l- u
hunh?
152. a) Tnh cht ha hc ca cc axit cha oxi ca l- u hunh?
b) Ti sao axit peoximonosunfuric li l axit mt nc mc d c 2 nguyn t
hidro?
c) Ti sao cc axit H
2
S
2
O
3
, H
2
S
2
O
4
, H
2
S
2
O
6
, H
2
S
3
O
6
u l cc axit khng
bn ?
153. a) Trong cc mui ca cc axit cha oxi ca l- u hunh mui no c tnh oxi
ha , c tnh kh?
b) Trnh by nguyn nhn gy ra tnh oxi ha v tnh kh ca cc axit t- ng
ng?
c)S khc nhau gia cc ion S
2
O
3
2-
, SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
?
154. Tnh cht ca cc mui sunfat?(tnh tan, kh nng kt tinh, kh nng to
hirat, kh nng nhit phn, kh nng to phn)
b) Trong iu kin no mui sunfat th hin tnh oxi ha?

155. Qu trnh no c th xy ra khi tip tc un nng cc cht sau y trong
khng kh?
a) FeSO
4

b) (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.FeSO
4
.6H
2
O
c) Na
2
SO
4
.10H
2
O
d) FeSO
4
.7H
2
O
e) NaHSO
4
g) Hn hp KHSO
4
v Al
2
O
3
Nu un nng trong kh quyn Nit c khc khng?
156. a) Cc phng php iu ch mui sunfat kim loi?
b) C th vn dng nhng phng php no iu ch cc mui sau y:
Na
2
SO
4
, CaSO
4
, Mg(HSO
4
)
2
, CuSO
4
, Ag
2
SO
4
,
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
157. a) Bng cc phn ng trao i c th iu ch cc cht sau y - c khng?
1) iu ch BaSO
4
t BaSO
3
, t CaSO
4
?
2) iu ch BaCO
3
t BaSO
4
?
b) Bng cch no c th iu ch H
2
S t CaSO
4
?
158. a) C th iu ch mui Fe (II) pesunfat - c khng? Ti sao?
b) Hy nu mt phng php iu ch SO
2
t ZnSO
4
.
159. C th nung Kali hidrosunfat trong chn bng st - c khng?
C nhng phn ng no xy ra trong qu trnh ?
160. a) Trong 2 mui BaSO
4
v BaSO
3
, mui no d tan trong axit ?
b) C th ha tan CaSO
4
trong axit - c khng?
c) Mun tch Na
2
SO
4
ra khi hn hp vi Ag
2
SO
4
th lm th no?
1) Zn + H
2
SO
4
c
2) Hg + H
2
SO
4
c
3) Zn + H
2
S
2
O
7
H
2
S +
4) Cl
2
+ Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ H
2
O
5) I
2
+ Na
2
S
2
O
3

6) Al + Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ HCl H
2
S +
1) (NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
3
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O HMnO
4
+
2) K
2
S
2
O
4
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4

3) K
2
S
3
O
6
+ O
3
+ H
2
O
4) Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

5) Na
2
S
5
O
6
+ O
3
+ H
2
O
6) (NH
4
)
2
S
3
O
6
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4

163. a) iu ch H
2
SO
4
Trong cng nghip? Nguyn tc chung ca phng
php?
b) Nhng yu t no nh h- ng n cn bng to ra SO
3
khi oxi ha SO
2

ca khng kh?
c) Trong qu trnh hp th n- c ca SO
3
Ti sao phi dng H
2
SO
4
c? C
th thay th H
2
SO
4
c bng n- c - c khng?
164. a) C th iu ch axit Tiosunfuric bng phng php cho H
2
SO
4
long tc
dng vi mui Na
2
S
2
O
3
- c khng? L do?
b) Trong thc t iu ch axit bng cch no?

165. a) Nhng mui sau y thuc axit no:
NaHS, NaHSO
3
, K
2
SO
3
, MgSO
4
, K
2
S
2
O
7
, K
2
S
2
O
8.
Cu to phn t v tn gi cc mui ?
b) Cu to phn t v tn gi cc mui sau y:
Na
2
S
2
O
3
, K
2
SO
5
, Na
2
S
5
, Na
2
S
5
O
6
, Na
2
S
4
O
6
, K
2
S
2
O
4
, Na
2
S
3
O
6
. nhng axit ng
vi mui ?
166. a) L- u hunh to ra nhng hp cht no c cha cc halogen?
b) S khc nhau v cu to ca cc mui Tionyl halogenua SOX
2
v
sunfuryl halogenua SO
2
X
2
?
167. a) C hin t- ng g xy ra khi cho sunfuryl clorua tc dng vi dung dch
Bari clorua long?
b) C phn ng ha hc no xy ra khi cho sunfuryl clorua tc dng vi
dung dch KMnO
4
?
168. a) iu kin thng, phn t l- u hunh, selen, telu v poloni tn ti
dng no?
b) Trong iu kin no tn ti dng phn t 2 nguyn t?
c) Nu nhn xt v bn ca cc phn t 2 nguyn t trong dy t oxi n
telu?
169. a) Gii thch ti sao gc ha tr HXH t oxi n telu li gim?
b) Nhn xt v bn ca cc hp cht H
2
X t oxi n poloni? Gii thch
nguyn nhn.
170. a) Cho nhn xt v s thay i nhit si t H
2
n H
2
Te? Gii thch
nguyn nhn.
b) Gii thch s thay tnh axit trong dy ?
c) Tnh kh thay i nh- th no? Bit rng th in cc ca chng c gi
tr:
H
2
O H
2
S H
2
Se H
2
Te
E
0
(X + 2H
+
+ 2e = H
2
X) von +1,23 +0,17 -0,40 -0,72

nhng ti sao chng c kh nng tn ti trong dung dch n- c?
171. Tnh axit trong dy SeO
2
TeO
2
PoO
2
thay i nh- th no? Ly dn
chng minh ha.
172. a) So snh tnh axit tnh oxi ha kh ca H
2
SO
3
, H
2
SeO
3
v H
2
TeO
3
?
b) Tm dn chng chng minh rng H
2
SeO
4
c tnh oxi ha mnh hn
axit H
2
SO
4
?
c) Ti sao Telu li to ra axit Teluric H
6
TeO
6
nhng l- u hunh v Selen
khng c kh nng ?
1) H
2
SeO
3
+ HClO
3

2) H
2
SeO
4
+ HCl
3) H
2
SeO
3
+ KMnO
4
+ KOH
4) Na
2
SeO
4
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
5) Na
2
SeO
3
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O
6) Ag
2
SeO
3
+ Br
2
+ H
2
O
174. Vit phng trnh phn ng:
1) Se + HNO
3
+ H
2
O
2) Te + HNO
3

3) SeO
2
+ Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ H
2
O Na
2
S
4
O
6
+
4) SeO
3
+ I
-
+ H
2
O
5) SOCl
2
+ Fe FeCl
2
+ FeS +

6. Nit - Photpho (N - P)
175. a) Hy nu cc c im v cu trc nguyn t ca nguyn t nhmVa?
b) T nhng c im hy cho bit s bin i tnh cht ha hc ca cc
nguyn t trong nhm?
176. a) c im cu trc electron ca phn t N
2
?
b) Nit l mt nguyn t khng kim loi (vi in m l 3,04) nhng ti
sao iu kin thng li km hot ng (tr v mt ha hc)
c) Trong 2 khuynh h- ng phn ng (oxi ha v kh) ca Nit th khuynh
h- ng no l ch yu?
177. Hy trnh by nhng nhn xt khi qut v t- ng tc ca cc nguyn t vi
Nit?
178. a) Trong phng th nghim Nit - c iu ch bng nhng phng php
no?
b) Nguyn tc chung iu ch Nit trong cng nghip?
179. a) Trong phng th nghim bng cch no thu - c Nit t khng kh?
b) Hy xut mt phng php n gin c th xc nh - c t l th
tch ca Nit trong kh quyn?
180. a) Cho mt lung khng kh c cha cc hp cht: hi n- c, H
2
S, CO
2
qua
cc dung dch NaOH c, H
2
SO
4
c. Sau khi hp cht b hp th ht thu
- c mt hn hp kh A. So snh tnh cht l ha ca cc kh trong hn hp
A?
b) Cho hn hp kh tip xc vi v bo Mg d- , chy 600
0
C thu - c
mt hn hp cht rn B. Cho hn hp B vo n- c c sn phm g to thnh?
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng c th xy ra trong ton b qu trnh trn.
181. a) Cu to ca phn t NH
3
? (cu trc electron hnh dng cc obitan lai ha
sp
3
ca nguyn t N trong phn t NH
3
, cng thc cu to)
b) T cu to gii thch nguyn nhn gy ra cc c tnh l, ha ca NH
3
?
182. Tnh cht ha hc ca NH
3
. Trong cc phn ng m NH
3
c th tham gia th
phn ng loi no d xy ra nht?
183. a) Ti sao NH
3
khng phn ng vi cc baz?
b) Trong cc cht sau y cht no c kh nng lm kh - c kh NH
3
:
H
2
SO
4
c, CaCl
2
khan, P
2
O
5
, KOH rn.
184.a) Hy gii thch Ti sao NH
3
d dng phn ng vi nhiu hp cht v c c
cha Hidro? HF v H
2
O c tnh cht khng?
b) NH
3
v H
2
O u c obital lai ha sp
3
v u c cc electron t do nhng
ti sao NH
3
to ra NH
4
+
m khng phi l H
3
O
+
theo cc phn ng:
NH
3
+ HOH NH
4
+
+ OH
-

NH
3
+ H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ NH
2
-

c) Ti sao phn t CH
4
khng c kh nng kt hp proton nh- NH
3

185.a) Trong qu trnh tng hp NH
3
t N
2
v H
2
- c thc hin trong iu kin
no? p sut v nhit nh h- ng n cn bng nh- th no?
b) Vai tr ca xc tc trong qu trnh tng hp NH
3
? C th thu - c NH
3

khng kh khng tng nhit ?
c) Trong phng th nghim NH
3
- c iu ch bng phng php no?
186.Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho NH
3
tc dng vi : hidro clorua, canxi
clorua, oxi, clo, ng (II) oxit, kali hipobromit?
Trong mi trng hp NH
3
th hin tnh cht g?
187.a) Gii thch ti sao cc mui Amoni c tnh cht ging mui kim loi kim?
S khc nhau gia hai loi mui ?
b) Phn t NH
4
- c iu ch bng cch no. Ti sao phn t NH
4
khc hn
vi Ion NH
4
+
l cc k khng bn?
188.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng nhit phn cc mui sau: (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
, NH
4
NO
3
,
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, NH
4
Cl, (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
, NH
4
H
2
PO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
.
b) T cc phn ng hy cho nhn xt v kh nng nhit phn cc mui
Amoni?
c) Khi ha tan cc mui trn trong n- c s to ra mi trng g?
189.a) So snh cng thc cu to ca Hirazin v hidroxylamin? Hai cht c
c im g ging vi phn t NH
3
?
b) Hy nu mt s tnh cht ha hc ca chng gy ra t c im cu to
.
c) Ph- ng php iu ch Hirazin v hidroxylamin ?
190. Vit phng trnh cc phn ng :
1) N
2
H
4
+ HgCl
2

2) N
2
H
4
+ HNO
2

3) N
2
H
4
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4

4) N
2
H
4
. H
2
SO
4
+ CuSO
4
+ NaCl
5) N
2
H
4
.HCl + SnCl
2
+ HCl NH
4
Cl +
191. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) NH
2
OH + SeO
2

2) (NH
3
OH)
2
SO
4
+ KMnO
4
MnSO
4
+
3) NH
2
OH + I
2
+ KOH
4) NH
2
OH.HCl + H
2
O
2

5) N
2
H
4
.HCl + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ HCl
192. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cc cht sau y tc dng vi nhau:
1) Hirazin sunfat vi Iot trong mi trng kim
2) Hirazin sunfat vi Kali Iotdat trong mi trng kim.
3) Hirazin vi Natribromat.
4) Hirazin sunfat vi Clorua vi.
193. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cc cht sau y tc dng vi nhau:
1) Hidroxilamin vi st II sunfat trong mi trng axit
2) Hidroxilamin vi CuO
3) Hirazin vi bc nitrat
4) Hirazin vi Natri hipobromit.
194.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng :
N
2
H
4
.H
2
O + Se
V gii thch ti sao xy ra qu trnh ha tan Selen mc d nguyn t Nit
khng thay i mc oxi ha ?
b) Hy nu s khc nhau gia Hirazin sunfat v hidroxilamin sunfat? Gia
Amoni sunfat v Hirazin sunfat?

195.a) Cng thc cu to ca axit hirazoic? Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca n?
b) Ti sao khng th iu ch - c axit Hirazoic bng phng php t- ng
tc trc tip gia Nit v hidro ?
c) Ti sao cc azotua kim loi kim khng bn v u n?
196.a) Nit to nn nhng oxit no? Thnh phn phn t v tnh cht vt l ca
cc oxit ?
b) Ph- ng php iu ch cc oxit nit? xit no c kh nng iu ch - c
t cc n cht N
2
v O
2
?
197. Khi un nng mt th tch nht nh khng kh trong mt bnh kn n
2500
0
C, sau lm lnh nhanh hn hp thu - c. Hi thnh phn ca kh
trong bnh c khc tr- c khng? Nu lm ngui t t thnh phn ca kh c
thay i khng?
198.a) Cu to phn t ca oxit N
2
O?
b) Hy gii thch cch vit cng thc cu to ca N
2
O D- i dng sau y:

199.a) Tnh cht ha hc ca N
2
O? Nguyn nhn gy ra nhng tnh cht ?
b) Ti sao ni rng N
2
O l mt cht kh c kh nng duy tr s chynh- ng
khng c kh nng duy tr s sng? iu c mu thun g khng?
200. Ph- ng php iu ch N
2
O? C s l lun ca phng php ?
b) Ti sao khng th iu ch N
2
O bng phng php iu ch trc tip t
n cht N
2
v O
2
c) Mt hn hp gm N
2
O v NO, bng phng php no c th tch - c
hai kh ra khi hn hp?
201.a) Cu hnh electron theo thuyt Obitan phn t ca NO? So vi cu hnh ca
N
2
c g khc?
b) Hy xy dng gin cc mc nng l- ng gn ng theo thuyt Obitan
phn t ca cc phn t v ion phn t sau y:
NO
+
, N
2
, NO, NO
-

Cho nhn xt?
202.a) So snh v nu c im trong cng thc cu to NO
+
, N
2
, NO, NO
-
?
b) Ly dn chng nhng hp cht c cha Ion NO
+
?
c) So snh tnh bn ca NO v NO
+
v nu r nguyn nhn?
203. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau v t cho bit cc tnh cht ha hc
c bn ca NO
NO + H
2
S N
2
+
NO + SO
2
N
2
O
+
NO + O
2

NO + Cl
2

NO + KMnO
4
MnO
2

KMnO
4
+ NO + H
2
SO
4
Mn
2
+
+
NO + CrCl
2
+ HCl NH
4
+
+ Cr
3
+
+
204.a) Ph- ng php iu ch kh NO trong phng th nghim ?
b) Bng phn ng no c th nhn ra - c kh NO?
205.a) Trnh by cu to ca phn t NO
2
. T cho bit ti sao phn t NO
2
c
kh nng trng hp thnh phn t ime N
2
O
4
?
N
-
O
N :
..
:
..
N
+
N

O
:
..
:
..
..

b) Ti sao NO
2
li c mu nhng N
2
O
4
li khng c mu? Ti sao phn t
SO
2
khng c kh nng trng hp nh- NO
2
?
206. So snh cu hnh electron ca phn t NO
2
vi phn t SO
2
, O
3
, ClO
2
, Cl
2
O,
NO
2
-
theo thuyt obitan phn t. Nu r s khc nhau c bn trong cu hnh
electron ca cc cht ?
207.a) Cho nhn xt tng qut v s tn ti ca NO
2
v N
2
O
4
khi nhit thay i
t 200
0
C n 600
0
C?
b) Bng th nghim no c th chng minh s bin i gia hai dng NO
2
v
N
2
O
4
?
208.a) Ti sao ni rng NO
2
v N
2
O
4
l nhng anhirit hn tp?
b) Gii thch nguyn nhn hnh thnh ion NO
2
-
v NO
3
-
khi cho NO
2
hoc
N
2
O tc dng vi n- c hoc vi dung dch kim?
209.a) Ph- ng php iu ch v tnh cht ha hc ca NO
2

b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho NO
2
tc dng vi CO, SO
2
, O
3
, H
2
O
2
.
Trong mi trng hp NO
2
th hin tnh cht g?
c) Vit phng trnh phn ng tc dng gia NO v NO
2
vi dung dch
FeSO
4
. So snh s khc nhau gia hai phn ng ?
210.a) N
2
O
3
c th phn ng vi n- c to hn hp l axit nitr hoc axit nitric.
Vit phng trnh phn ng v cho bit iu kin no xy ra i vi tng
phn ng ?
b) Ti sao ni rng NO
2
l anhirit hn tp, nhng khi cho tc dng vi n- c
n ch to ra HNO
3
?
211.a) Tnh cht ha hc ca axit nitr.
b) So snh tnh bn, tnh oxi ha - kh ca axit nitr v mui t- ng ng.
c) Ph- ng php iu ch HNO
2
. C s l lun ca phng php .
212.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng chng minh rng HNO
2
c kh nng t oxi
ha - kh.
b) Th din cc chn ca axit nitr trong mi trng axit v mi trng
kim c th tm tt t s sau:
trong mi trng axit: +0,96V

NO
2
-
HNO
2
NO
+0,94V
1)HNO
2
+ HI I
2

2)HNO
2
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O NO
3)HNO
2
+ FeSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
NO
4)NaNO
2
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4

5)KNO
2
+ MnO
2
+ H
2
SO
4

6)NaNO
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

7)NaNO
2
+ PbO
2
+ H
2
SO
4

214.a) Ti sao axit HNO
3
tinh khit l cht lng khng mu nhng trong thc t
thng c mu vng?
b) Nguyn tc chung iu ch HNO
3
t khng kh v n- c? Vit cc phng
trnh phn ng ?

215.a) Ti sao khi iu ch HNO
3
t Kali nitrat phi dng H
2
SO
4
c v KNO
3

rn? Trong trng hp ti sao phi un nng nh hn hp?
b) Ti sao khi chng ct dung dch HNO
3
ch thu - c dung dch 70%?
216.a) Nguyn tc chung xy ra cc phn ng khi cho HNO
3
tc dng vi cc
kim loi v khng kim loi? Ly v d.
b) Da vo c s no kt lun rng : khi cc cht tc dng vi dung dch
HNO
3
c thng to ra kh NO
2
v vi HNO
3
long thng to ra kh NO?
217.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho HNO
3
c v long tc dng vi cc
kim loi Sn, Pb, Zn, Cu.
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho HNO
3
tc dng vi Mg, As, Co, C, S
218.a) Hy trnh by nhng c tnh ca mui nitrat? ( tan, bn nhit, tnh
oxi ha )
b) So snh bn nhit ca cc hp cht sau:
HNO
2
, HNO
3
, KNO
3
, Pb(NO
3
)
2
, Cu(NO
3
)
2
, AgNO
3

c) Hy gii thch ti sao HNO
3
v cc mui nitrat kim loi nng c bn
nhit km hn so vi cc mui nitrat ca cc kim loi kim?
219.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho HNO
3
c tc dng vi HCl c? Vai
tr ca hn hp trong ha hc?
b) Nu cho HNO
3
c tc dng vi HBr, HI c phn ng nh- th khng?
c) Ti sao mt s kim loi nh- Platin, vng, khng tan trong axit nhng li
tan trong n- c c- ng thy?
220. Cho ba axit: HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
c nng ty , tc dng vi Cu. Hy iu
ch cc mui CuCl
2
, CuSO
4
, Cu(NO
3
)
2
.Nu cc iu kin cn thit. Phn
ng no xy ra d nht? L do?
221. Ng- i ta c th iu ch kali nitrat bng phn ng trao i khi cho NaNO
3

tc dng vi KCl theo phng trnh sau:
NaNO
3
+ KCl NaCl + KNO
3

Hy cho bit c s l lun ca phng php trn c mu thun g v chiu
ca phn ng trao i khng?
222.a) M t cng thc cu to ca P trng v cc dng th hnh khc ca
phtpho. Trong nhng iu kin no cc dng th hnh c th bin i
cho nhau?
b) Ti sao P trng c nhit thp hn P ?
c) Ti sao P trng d to ra mng tinh th cn P li l cht v nh hnh?
223.a) iu kin thng, nit l cht kh, nhng Photpho li l cht rn . Gii
thch nguyn nhn?
b) Ti sao P l nguyn t c in m b hn nit, nhng iu kin
thng li hot ng mnh hn nit?
c) Tm dn chng minh ha rng trong cc dng th hnh ca Photpho th
P trng li hot ng manh nht ? Nguyn nhn?
224. Nu nhn xt chung v t- ng tc ca Photpho i vi cc nguyn t.
225.a) Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca Photpho. Tm dn chng minh ha?
b) Trong hai tnh cht oxi ha v kh ca photpho th tnh cht no l ch
yu? So snh vi Nit c khc khng?
c) Ti sao nhng dng c thy tinh sau khi dng lm th nghim vi photpho
li phi ngm trong dung dch CuSO
4
?

226. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho photpho tc dng vi oxi, axit Nitric,
bc peclorat, n- c oxigen, l- u hunh, cc halogen. Trong mi trng hp
photpho th hin tnh chtg?
227. Sn phm no - c to thnh khi thy phn PCl
3
v PCl
5
. C th vit phng
trnh thy phn d- i dng ion - c khng?
228.a) Photpho to nn nhng hp cht no? Cc cht - c iu ch bng
cch no?
b) So snh tnh cht ha hc ca PH
3
v NH
3
?
c) Ti sao PH
3
c cc tnh b, t tan trong n- c, khng tc dng vi H
2
O nh-
NH
3
.
229.Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau:
1)Ca
3
P
2
+

H
2
O
2)Ca
3
P
2
+ HClO
3)P
4
+ Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
O
4)PH
3
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

5)PH
3
+ HClO
4

6)PH
3
+ HCl
7)PH
4
I + KOH
230.a) Cu to phn t P
4
O
6
v P
4
O
10
? S ging nhau v khc nhau v cu to ca
chng?
b) Vit phng trnh ca phn ng khi cho P
4
O
6
tc dng vi H
2
O, vi O
2
,
P
4
O
10
tc dng vi H
2
O; HClO, HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
.
c) ng dng ca P
4
O
10
.
231.a) Cng thc phn t, cu to, tn gi ca cc axit cha oxi ca photpho?
b) Trnh by tnh axit, tnh bn, tnh oxi ha kh ca cc axit quan trng
trong cc axit trn.
c) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch axit hipophotphor, axit photphor,
axit octo photphoric.
232.a) Vit phng trnh ca phn ng thy phn cc mui NaH
2
PO
4
, Na
2
HPO
4

v Na
3
PO
4
? Gii thch ti sao trong c ba trng hp gi tr pH ca dung
dch li khc nhau?
b) Qu trnh thy phn (NH
4
)PO
4
v Na
3
PO
4
c khc nhau khng?
233. Ti sao mui Ag
3
PO
4
li ch kt ta mu vng trong mi trng trung tnh
hoc axit yu, nhng khong th kt ta trong mi trng axit mnh?
234. Ti sao khi cho mui canxi ca axit photphoric tan trong axit axetic v trong
axit Clohiricli thu - c nhng sn phm khc nhau? Vit cc phng
trnh phn ng ?
235. Khi cho KH
2
PO
4
, K
2
HPO
4
, K..PO
4
tc dng vi AgNO
3
sn phm ca phn
ng c khc nhau khng? Nguyn nhn?
236. Trong hai mui Ba
3
(PO
4
)
2
v BaSO
4
th mui no d tan trong axit? Gii
thch?
1) H
3
PO
3

t
0

2) H
3
PO
3
+ KMnO
4

3) H
3
PO
3
+ AgNO
3
+ H
2
O
4) H
3
PO
2
+ AgNO
3
+ H
2
O

5) H
3
PO
4

t
0

7. phn nhm asen
( As, Sb , Bi)
238.a) Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng khi cho As, Sb, Bi tc dng vi HNO
3
long.
b) T cc phn ng hy nu nhn xt v s bin thin tnh cht kim loi
t As n Bi.
239. Cho nhn xt v s thay i nhit nng chy v nhit si t NH
3
n
BiH
3
? Gii thch nguyn nhn?
240. Nguyn nhn s bin thin bn nhit ca cc hp cht trong dy t NH
3

n BiH
3
.
241.a) So snh tnh kh ca cc hp cht cha hidro ca cc nguyn t thuc
nhm Va?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho AsH
3
tc dng vi kali iodat, vi bc
nitrat, SbH
3
vi bc nitrat.
242.a) Ti sao gc ha tr HXH gim dn t X n Sb? (X l cc nguyn t nhm
Va).
b) kh nng kt hp H
+
thay i nh- th no t NH
3
n BiH
3
? Gii thch
nguyn nhn?
243.a) S bin thin tnh axit v baz ca cc oxit trong dy t As
2
O
3
n Bi
2
O
3
?
Dn chng?
b) S bin thin tnh axit v baz v tnh kh ca cc hidroxit X(OH)
3
?
(X=As, Sb, Bi). Dn chng?
c) So snh tnh axit ca cc axit cha oxi trong dy t As n Bi?
244.Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng khi cho As
4
O
6
tc dng vi O
3
, H
2
O
2
,
FeCl
3
, HNO
3
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
.
245. Sn phm no - c to ra khi cho As tan trong n- c c- ng thy? Vit
phng trnh phn ng ?
246. Vit phng trnh cc phn ng sau:
1) As + H
2
SO
4
c
2) Bi + H
2
SO
4
c
3) As + NaClO + H
2
O
4) As
2
O
3
+ HClO + H
2
O
5) AsH
3
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

247. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau y:
1) AsCl
3
+ SnCl
2

2) As
2
S
3
+ O
2
+ H
2
O H
3
AsO
4
+ ...
3) As
2
O
3
+ HNO
3
+ H
2
O
4) As
2
O
3
+ H
2
O
2
+ NH
4
OH AsO
4
2-
+ ...
5) Sb
2
O
3
+ KMnO
4
+ HCl Sb
2
O
5
+ ...
248. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau y d- i dng phn t v ion :
1) As + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
H
3
AsO
4
+ ...
2) NaAsO
2
+ I
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O NaH
2
AsO
3
+ ...
3) KsbO
2
+ AgNO
3
+ KOH

4) H
3
SbO
3
+ KMnO
4
+ HCl
5) BiCl
3
+ K
2
SnO
2
+ KOH Bi + ...

8. cacbon silic
(C, Si)
249.a) c im cu to ca nguyn t cacbon? C th gii thch cc mc oxi
ha ca cacbon trn c s cu to nguyn t ca nguyn t nh- th no?
b) Ti sao cacbon khng c tnh kim loi nh- thic v ch, mc d lp v
electron ca cc nguyn t t- ng t nhau?
250.a) Ti sao nguyn t cacbon li c kh nng to thnh mch di (mch
cacbon)?
b) S bin thin v tnh cht hot ng ha hc trong dy t cacbon n ch?
251.a) Hy gii thch s hnh thnh ng v cacbon
14
6
C trong kh quyn tri t
d- i tc dng ca tia v tr?
b) So snh c im cu to nguyn t ca hai ng v
12
C v
14
C.
252.a) Trnh by c im cu to ca kim c- ng v than ch ?
b) T nhng c im hy gii thch tnh cht vt l ca hai dng th hnh
trn?
253.a) S hp ph l g? Phn bit s hp ph v hp th? Nu dn chng minh
ha?
b) Nguyn nhn gy ra s hp ph cao ca than v nh hnh?
254.a) Ti sao than v nh hnh c kh nng hp ph nhng kim c- ng li khng
c kh nng ?
b) Than hot tnh l g? Ti sao than hot tnh c kh nng hp ph cao hn
than thng?
255.a) c im v hp ph ca cacbon?
b) Hy gii thch ti sao :
kh no cng kh ha lng th cng kh b hp ph?
khi nhit tng th kh nng hp ph gim?
256.a) Tnh cht ha hc ca cacbon?
b) Trong cc dng th hnh ca cacbon th dng no t ra hot ng mnh
hn? Gii thch nguyn nhn?
c) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cacbon tc dng vi Oxi, l- u hunh,
flo, CuO, H
2
SO
4
c.
257.a) So snh cu to v tnh cht ca canxi cacbua CaC
2
v wonfram cacbua
W
2
C?
b) D- i tc dng ca n- c v axit , cacbua kim loi b phn hy nh- th
no? nhng loi cacbua no c kh nng phn hy ?
258.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch CaC
2
.
b) T bari nitrat, bng phng php no c th thu - c bari cacbua?
c) ng dng ca CaC
2
? Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho CaC
2
tc dng
vi H
2
O , N
2
, MgO. Cho bit iu kin v ng dng thc t ca cc phn
ng ?
259.a) Cu to ca phn t metan?
b) Ti sao ng- i ta khng th tch tr kh CH
4
trong cc bnh cha kh
(gazomet).

c) Ti sao CH
4
khng c tnh axit nh- HCl v khng c kh nng to ra
phc cht?
260.a) c im cu to phn t ca CO?
b) So snhcu trc electron ca phn t CO v N
2
t gii thch tnh cht
l ha t- ng t nhau ca hai cht ?
261.a) Tnh cht ha hc ca cacbon oxit?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cacbon oxit tc dng vi oxi, clo,
n- c, NaOH, Fe
2
O
3
, Ni. Trong mi trng hp CO ng vai tr g?
262.a) Nhng kim loi no c kh nng phn ng - c vi CO? Sn phm ca
phn ng?
b) Hy gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt "cho nhn" khi cho crom tc dng
vi cacbon oxit?
c) Phc cht cacbonyl kim loi tc dng vi cc axit v c nh- th no?
263.a) So snh tnh kh ca H
2

v

Co? Da vo cn bng :
H
2
+ CO
2
CO + H
2
O gii thch?
b) Hai cht H
2
v CO kh - c oxit no trog cc oxit kim loi sau y:
Fe
2
O
3
, Al
2
O
3
, FeO , CaO, H
2
O , Cu
2
O , HgO. iu kin ca cc phn ng?
264.a) Phn ng gia CO v H
2
O, vi dung dch NaOH xy ra trong iu kin
no? Nu kt lun rng CO l mt oxit tr c hon ton ng khng?
b) Trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip iu ch cacbon oxit bng
cch no?
c) ng dng ca cacbon oxit?
265.a) Tnh cht l ha ca CO
2
? Bng cch no c th to ra tuyt cacbonic?
b) Qu trnh no c th xy ra khi cho CO
2
tan trong n- c, trong dung dch
NaOH , Ba(OH)
2
? Nhng phn t no, ion no tn ti trong dung dch ?
266.a) C th to ra metan t CO
2
- c khng?
b) Nguyn tc iu ch CO
2
trong phng th nghim?
267.a) Khi cho vi tc dng vi axit to ra kh CO
2
c nn dng H
2
SO
4

khng? L do?
b) Nu dng HCl bng cch no tinh ch - c kh CO
2
?
268.a) Ti sao CaCO
3
li tan - c trong dung dch bo ha kh CO
2
v Ti sao
dung dch Ca(HCO
3
)
2
khi thm NaOH li to ra kt ta? Da vo s thy
phn ion CO
3
2-
gii thch?
b) Kh CO
2
- c to ra trong mt loi bnh cha chy cha dung dch phn
nhm vi xoda. Gii thch?
269.a) Ti sao khng th iu ch - c mui cacbonat ca Fe
3+
v Al
3+
?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho dung dch CrCl
3
, FeCl
3
vi n- c khi
c mt xoda?
c) Vit ptpu khi cho xoda nng vo dung dch c cha ion Zn
2+
, Co
2+
, Cr
2+
,
Ni
2+
.
270.Vit ptpu nhit phn cc mui ccbonat ca cc kim loi sau: ng , magie,
canxi, natri, mui amoni, natri hidrocacbonat. Gii thch nguyn nhn s
khc nhau v bn nhit ca cc mui .
271. Trong hai mui cacbonat ng v bc th mui no bn hn?
272. a) Ph- ng php iu ch v tnh cht l, ha ca cacbon disunfua?
b) Vit ptpu khi cho CS
2
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH?

273.Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht sau y v cho bit s ging nhau v mt
cu to ca cc cht : Cacbondioxit, Cacbondisunfua, axit cacbonic, axit
tiocacbonic, Kali cacbonat, Kali tiocacbonat?
274. a) Cu to ca phn t xian, axit xianhidric v axit xianic?
b) Vit ptpu khi cho xian v axit xianhidric tc dng vi O
2
, H
2
O , NaOH.
c) Ti sao ion Xianua cn c kh nng to thnh nhng hp cht phc
t- ng t nh- CO? Hy gii thch s hnh thnh ion phc [Fe(CN)
6
]
4-
.
275. a) Silic v kim c- ng u c cu to t- ng t nhau(hnh t din u) nheng
ti sao silic l cht bn dn, cn kim c- ng li l cht cch in?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Si tc dng vi halogen, MgO ,
MnO
2
, H
2
O. iu kin ca phn ng?
276. a) Nguyn tc iu ch Si v nh hnh?
b) Nhng axit no c kh nng ha tan - c Si? Vit phng trnh phn ng
khi cho Si tc dng vi dung dch kim, so snh vi cacbon c g khc?
277. a) Hy gii thch ti sao Silicdioxit li c nhit nng chy rt cao so vi
Cacbondioxit?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho SiO
2
tc dng vi F
2
, HF , NaOH ,
Na
2
CO
3
.
278. a) Hy gii thch ti sao Photphin si nhit thp hn so v amoniac
nhng Silan li si nhit cao hn Metan?
279. a) Silicagel l g? Cacborundum l g? Hy trnh by qu trnh hnh thnh gel
ca axit Silicic v phng php iu ch cacborundum?
b) cc ng dng ca Silicagel v cacborundum da trn nhng c s khoa
hc no?
280. a) Cacbon v Silic to ra nhng hp cht no vi cc halogen?
b) Hy so snh bn nhit v hot tnh ha hc ca tetra halogenua ca
cacbon trong dy t CF
4
n CI
4
.
c) So snh bn nhit ca tetra halogenua ca cacbon v ca Silic t- ng
ng. Gii thch nguyn nhn?

9. Tnh cht kim loi
282.a) Mt s kim loi c cu hnh electron sau y:
1)...2p
6
.3s
1

2)...4f
14
.5s
2
p
6
d
1
.6s
2

3)...4d
2
.5s
2

4)...4f
3
.5s
2
p
5
d
1
.6s
2

5)...3d
1
4s
2

6)..5d
2
.6s
2

7)...2p
6
.3s
2

8)...4f
6
.5s
2
p
6
d
1.
.6s
2

9)...6p
6.
7s
1

10)...4f
13
.5s
2
p
6
d
1
.6s
2
b) Cc kim loi chu k no? Nhm no? Da vo bng h thnh tun
hon kim tra li kt qu suy on v cho bit tn cac kim loi ?
283.a) Ni dung ca thuyt vng?
b) Thuyt vng gii thch tnh dn in ca kim loi nh- th no?

c) Bit rng dn in ca kim loi gim khi nhit tng v kim loi c
tnh siu dn. C th gii thch hin t- ng nh- th no?
284.a) Bn cht lin kt trong kim loi?
b) Lin kt kim loi khc lin kt trong hp cht cng ha tr v hp cht
ion nh- th no? Ly v d lin kt trong tinh th Li, trong hp cht LiCl v
trong n cht Cl
2
lm dn chng.
285.a) Ti sao kim loi c v sng c bit?
b) Ti sao mt s kim loi li c mu c trng?
c) Hiu ng quang in l g?
vn dng thuyt vng gii thch cc hin t- ng trn?
286.a) Th in cc tiu chun ca kim loi l g? ng dng?
b) Th in cc ca kim loi ph thuc vo nhng yu t no?
287. Trong dy th in cc tiu chun Li xp tr- c Cs iu c mu thun g
vi s sp xp cc kim loi trong nhm Ia ca bng h thng tun hon
khng?
288.a) Tnh cht ha hc ca kim loi?
b) Vi iu kin no kim loi c kh nng phn ng - c vi H
2
O, dung
dch kim, vi dung dch cc axit khng c tnh oxi ha? Ly v d minh
ha?
289.a) Tnh th in cc ca hidro trong mi trng trung tnh 25
0
C v p sut
ca kh hidro = 1atm.
b) Hy cho bit trong cc kim loi sau y kim loi no c kh nng tan
- c trong n- c nguyn cht?
Li, Mg, Fe, Ni, Sn
290. Da vo th in cc chun hy sp xp cc kim loi sau y theo th t tnh
kh gim dn: Li, Na, K, Rb, Be, Mg, Ca , Ba, Al, La, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd,
Hg, Sn, Pb, Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni.
291.a) Trong cc kim loi sau y kim loi no c kh nng kh - c Ion H
+

thnh H
2
trong dung dch axit:
Cd, In, Al, Sn, Mn, Cr, Ag.
b) Ti sao Fe tan trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long li to ra mui st (II) m
khng phi mui st (III)? Nu thay bng H
2
SO
4
c nng hoc HNO
3
phn
ng c thay i khng?
292.a)Cr,Mn tc dng vi cc dung dch axit c phn ng t- ng t nh- st khng?
b) Vi nhng axit loi no to ra mui ca kim loi c mc oxi ha thp?
To ra mui ca kim loi c mc oxi ha cao?
293.a) St c tan - c trong dung dch CuSO
4
khng? Ng- c lai Cu c tan - c
trong dung dch FeSO
4
, Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
khng?
b) Crom c th y - c st ra khi dung dch FeCl
2
hoc FeCl
3
khng?
294. Bc kim loi c kh nng y - c H
2
ra khi dung dch HI 1N - c khng?
Bit tch s tan ca AgI l 8,3.10
-17

295. Khi l- ng ring (g/cm
3
) ca mt s kim loi c gi tr sau:
kimloi: Ag Be Cr Hg Mg
khi l- ng ring (g/cm
3
):10,5 1,82 7,14 13,55 1,74
hy tnh bn knh hiu dng ca nguyn t cc kim loi . ( b qua cu to
ca tinh th)

296.a) Tnh t khi hi ca thy ngn 500
0
C( p= 1atm)
b) Tnh t khi hi ca km nht si ca kim loi .
c) Tnh phn t l- ng trung bnh ca mt hn hp hi c cha 80% Zn, 10%
Cd v 10% Ar.
297. Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch hidroxit, mui clorua , mui sunfat t
cc kim loi sau:
Mg, Ca, Al, Na, Sn, Cu, Zn, Ni.
nu r cc iu kin ca mi phn ng?
298. Tnh hng s cn bng, nng l- ng Gibbs v xc nh chiu ca phn ng
ca cc h sau 25
0
C:
a) Cu
2+
+ Zn Zn
2+
+ Cu
b) Ni
2+
+ Cu Cu
2+
+ Ni
c)Zn
2+
+ Fe Fe
2+
+ Zn
hy tnh t l gii hn v nng ca cc Ion kim loi c trong dung dch
ca cc h trn?
299.a) Nguyn tc chung iu ch kim loi t qung?
b) Nhng phng php thng dng thu - c kim loi t oxit, t mui.
Ly v d minh ha.
300. Hidro c th kh - c oxit NiO theo phng trnh sau y - c khng:
NiO ( rn) + H
2
(kh) Ni (rn) + H
2
O (hi)
301. Trong cc cht sau y cht no c th kh - c Fe
3
O
4
thnh kim loi: Si,
Al, Ca.
hy tnh G ca phn ng .
302.a) Nguyn tc chung dng cacbon lm cht kh trong qu trnh iu ch kim
loi?
b) Hidro v cacbon oxit c th kh - c nhng oxit kim loi no?
303.a) Nguyn tc ca phng php nht kim iu ch cc kim loi?
b) Tnh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng sau theo H
0
:
1) V
2
O
5
(rn) + 5Ca(r) 2V(r) + 5CaO(r)
2)TaCl
5
(r) + 5Na(r) Ta(r) + 5NaCl(r)
3) Cr
2
O
3
(r) + 2Al(r) 2Cr(r) + Al
2
O
3
(r)
4)3Mn
3
O
4
(r) + 8Al(r) 9Mn(r) + 4Al
2
O
3
(r)
5)TiCl
4
(lng) + 4Na(r) Ti(r) + 4NaCl(r)
304.a) Nhng kim loi no - c iu ch bng in phn mui nng chy?
b) Nguyn tc chung ca phng php nhit phn hy cc cht v c
iu ch kim loi.
305. in phn dung dch cc cht sau bng in cc Platin:
NiSO
4
; KI; NaCl; H
2
SO
4
long; NaOH
a) M t qu trnh xy ra trn b mt in cc.
b) Sn phm thu - c cc in cc.
c) Mi trng in cc trong qu trnh in phn?
306.a) Nguyn tc chung iu ch kim loi bng phng php in phn dung
dch mui.
b) Ph- ng php - c vn dng iu ch nhng kim loi no?
307.a) Qu trnh xy ra cc in cc khi in phn dung dch CuSO
4
vi d- ng
cc bng Cu; dung dch AgNO
3
vi d- ng cc bng Ag; NiSO
4
vi d- ng

cc bng Ni.
b) ng dng ca phng php.

10. kim loi kim
(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs)
308.a) c im v cu to nguyn t ca cc kim loi kim.
b) So snh kh nng phn ng ca Hidro v ca cc kim loi kim. C th
gii thch nh- th no khi bit rng hidro c nhng kh nng khc hn kim
loi kim mc d lp v nguyn t ngoi cng c cu trc nh- nhau?
309. Hy trnh by nhng c im nguyn t ca cc kim loi kim(cu trc
electron, th ion ha, bn knh nguyn t, bn knh ion, th in cc)
Cho nhn xt v s thay i cc c im t Li n Cs.
310. Hy xy dng gin ph thuc mt s tnh cht vt l (nhit nng chy,
nhit si, khi l- ng ring, bn knh nguyn t, bn knh ion, dn
in) vo s th t nguyn t ca cc kim loi kim.
T gin hy nhn xt v s bin thin cc tnh cht .
311.a) Liti l kim loi hot ng km hn cc kim loi kim khc nhng ti sao
th in cc li c gi tr m nht? Gii thch nguyn nhn.
b) Hy gii thch Ti sao cc kim loi kim li mm (d ct) v nhit
nng chy li gim dn t Li n Cs?
312.a) Cc kim loi kim u c dn in cao nhng cn km hn so vi Ag,
Cu, Au. iu c mu thun g khng khi so snh hot tnh ha hc ca
cc kim loi kim vi cc kim loi Cu, Ag, Au?
Gii thch nguyn nhn.
b) Ti sao dn in ca Na li ln hn so vi cc kim loi kim khc?
313.a) Gii thch Ti sao trng thi hi cc phn t kim loi kim li gm 2
nguyn t?
Nguyn nhn gy ra mu ngn la ca cc kim loi kim?
314.a) Ph- ng php in phn iu ch cc kim loi kim. C s l lun ca
phng php
b) C th dng phng php ha hc (khng dng phng php in phn)
iu ch cc kim loi kim t cc hp cht ca chng - c khng?
315.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra trn b mt in cc khi in phn
NaOH nng chy hoc NaOH nng chy.
b) Vai tr ca NaF v KCl khi in phn NaCl nng chy iu ch Na
kim loi?
316.a) Cc kim loi kim c phn ng trc tip vi cc cht sau y khng:
N
2
; O
2
; Cl
2
; H
2
; C; Si
b) Bit rng trong luyn kim thng dng Liti kh du vt Cacbon trong
cc hp cht kim loi. C th dng Na hoc K thay th cho Li - c
khng?
317. Ph- ng php bo qun cc kim loi kim v c s khoa hc ca phng
php ?
318.a) Tnh cht hidrua ca cc kim loi kim? Bng dn chng no chng t
rng lin kt trongNaH c bn cht ion?
b) V tnh cht, NaH ging vi cht no hn: HCl hay NaCl?

319. Vit phng trnh phn ng:
1) LiH + N
2

2) NaH + Cl
2

3) NaH + O
2

4) LiH + H
2
O
320.a) Hy trnh by nhn xt v t- ng tc ca oxi vi cc kim loi kim.
b) Bng phng php c th iu ch - c cc oxit Li
2
O; Na
2
O; K
2
O?
c) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng theo s sau:
Na Na
2
O
2
Na
2
O Na
2
CO
3

321.a) Cu to ca phn t Natri peoxit (Na
2
O
2
) Kali supeoxit(KO
2
); Rubidi
ozonit(RbO
3
)?
b) Ti sao cc kim loi kim d dng to ra cc peoxit. Ti sao Li li khng
c kh nng ?
322.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng thy phn Na
2
O
2
v cho bit Ti sao phn ng
li xy ra theo mt chiu mc d v bn cht l thun nghch?
b) Na
2
O
2
v hn hp Na
2
O
2
+ KO
2
- c dng trong cc bnh ln lm
ngun cung cp Oxi. ng dng da trn c s l lun no?
323. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng:
1) Na
2
O
2
+ KI + H
2
SO
4

2) Na
2
O
2
+ Fe(OH)
2
+ H
2
O
3) Na
2
O
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

4) Na
2
O
2
+ n- c Clo
324. iu ch hidroxit ca cc kim loi kim bng phng php in phn. C s
l lun ca phng php? C th dng loi mui no lm cht in phn
trong phng php ?
325. Hy trnh by cc qu trnh xy ra trn b mt in cc khi in phn dung
dch NaCl thu - c NaOH. T dung dch NaOH thu - c catot lm th
no to ra NaOH rn?
326.a) T NaCl Bng phng php no thu - c NaOH khi khng dng phng
php in phn?
b) Dung dch KI cho thm vi git dung dch h tinh bt v vi git dung
dch phenoltalein, khi in phn dung dch c hin t- ng g xy ra?
327.a) Tnh cht ca cc hidroxit kim loi kim. Ti sao gi l "kim n da"
b) Trong hai hidroxit KOH v CsOH, hidroxit no c tnh baz mnh hn?
Gii thch.
c) Ti sao trong cc hidroxit kim loi kim ch c LiOH l c kh nng
nhit phn to ra oxit Li
2
O?
328. iu ch NaCl tinh khit ng- i ta cho HCl qua dung dch bo ha mui
n. Gii thch c s l lun ca phng php .
329. Hy sp xp theo th t tng dn v nhit nng chy cc mui sau y:
NaCl; NaI; NaF; NaBr
Gii thch nguyn nhn s thay i .
330.a) C th iu ch K
2
SO
4
bng phng php cho Kali tc dng vi H
2
SO
4

- c khng?
b) C hin t- ng g xy ra khi cho cc dung dch sau y tc dng vi dung
dch m c Li
2
SO
4
: NaF; Na
3
PO
4
; Na
2
CO
3
; CH
3
COONa; NaCl?

331.a) Trong cc mui kim loi kim sau y mui no s b thy phn:
CH
3
COOLi; LiCl; NaNO
2
; NaClO
4
; KBr; K
2
CO
3
?
Vit phng trnh phn ng m t qu trnh thy phn cc mui .
b) Trong cc mui sau y mui no b thy phn mnh hn:
Na
2
CO
3
; Na
2
SO
3
; NaCN? Gii thch.
332.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi thy phn Na
2
CO
3
V NaHCO
3
v cho bit
trong trng hp no dung dch c tnh kim mnh hn?
b) bo qun NaHCO
3
ttinh khit khi b phn hy ng- i ta ng trong
chn bng Bc t trong bnh kn, bo ha kh CO
2
vi p sut p = 2 - 3 atm.
Ph- ng php da trn c s no?
333. Ni dung ca phng php Solvay iu ch Na
2
CO
3
t NaCl v CO
2
. C s
khoa hc ca phng php. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
334.a) T Na
2
SO
4
c nhng phng php no iu ch - c Na
2
CO
3
?
b) C th dung phng php t- ng t phng php iu ch xoa iu
ch K
2
CO
3
- c khng?
335.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch NaNO
3
t Na
2
SO
4
v iu ch Na
2
SO
4

t CH
3
COONa.
b) Bng phn ng no thu - c K
2
SO
4
t K
2
SO
3
? iu ch Na t Na
2
CO
3
?
336. S khc nhau v tnh cht ca kim loi Li v ca cc hp cht ca Li (oxit,
hidroxit, cc mui) so vi cc kim loi kim khc. Nu dn chng minh
ha.
337. Dung dch bo ha Na
2
CO
3
trong n- c c gi tr sau:
t
0
C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
%Na
2
CO
3
6,7 11,2 17,8 29 33,2 32,2 31,7 31,4
a) V th ph thuc tan vo nhit .
b) Na
2
CO
3
ha tan cc i nhit no?
c) T dung dch bo ha 60
0
C, Na
2
CO
3
s trng thi no khi thay i
nhit ?
11. kim loi kim th
(Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)
338.a) c im v cu to nguyn t ca cc kim loi kim th? So snh vi cc
kim loi kim.
b) Nu nhn xt v s thay i nng l- ng ion ha, th in cc, bn knh
nguyn t, bn knh ion ca cc kim loi kim th.
339.a) V th s ph thuc cc hng s vt l (nhit nng chy, nhit si,
khi l- ng ring g/cm
3
, dn in) vo s th t nguyn t ca cc kim
loi kim th.
b) Nu nhn xt s bin thin cc c tnh trong dy t Be n Ba. So
snh vi cc kim loi kim.
340.a) Ti sao vi cc kim loi kim th c th ion ha th 2 ln hn th ion ha
th nht (I
2
>I
1
) nhng li to ra dng ion M
2+
d dng hn dng M
+
?
b) Th ion ha ca kim loi kim th ln hn th ion ha ca kim loi kim
nhng ti sao th in cc li t- ng - ng?
341. Gii thch ti sao kim loi kim d to ra dng phn t M
2
trng thi hi,
nhng kim loi kim th li khng c kh nng ?

342.a) Ti sao cc kim loi kim th c cng ln hn cc kim loi kim?
b) Ti sao nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc kim loi kim th li
bin i khng u nh- kim loi kim?
343. Ti sao cc kim loi kim th c dn in cao mc d vng nng l- ng ns
(vng ha tr) trong tinh th - c lp y?
344. Th in cc ca Be cao hn (d- ng hn) so vi cc kim loi kim th khc
nhng th in cc ca Li li thp hn (m hn) so vi cc kim loi kim
khc. Thc t c mu thun g vi nhau khng?
345. Tm dn chng (v tnh cht ca n chtv hp cht) chng minh rng Li
c tnh cht ging kim loi kim th, Be c tnh cht ging Al.
346.a) Trong cc cht sau y, Be c kh nng phn ng trc tip vi cht no:
O
2
, H
2
, N
2
, S , Cl
2
? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
b) Ti sao Be khng c kh nng to ra cc peoxit?
347. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng khi cho Be tc dng vi n- c v cc dung
dch:
a) Dung dch HCl c v long.
b) Dung dch H
2
SO
4
c v long.
c) Dung dch HNO
3
c v long.
d) Dung dch H
3
PO
4
.
e) Dung dch KOH.
348.a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch BeO v Be(OH)
2
.
b) Bng nhng phn ng ha hc chng minh rng BeO v Be(OH)
2
u l
nhng hp cht l- ng tnh.
349.a) Khi t chy khng hon ton mt mnh Mg trong khng kh, sau cho
sn phm tan vo n- c thu - c hn hp cht rn v mt hn hp kh.
Thnh phn cc hn hp gm c nhng cht g?
b) C th t chy Mg trong nhng kh no khi khng c oxi?
350.a) Ti sao khi Mg chy pht ra nh sng chi giu tia t ngoi, nhng khi t
cc kim loi kim hoc kim th li khng c hin t- ng ?
b) Ti sao khng th dng n- c dp tt m chy Mg?
351.a) Khi iu ch Mg (bng phng php in phn) ti sao phi dng kh H
2

ph b mt cht in phn? C th thay H
2
bng kh N
2
- c khng?
b) Ngoi phng php in phn c th dng phng php no iu ch
Mg?
352. Mg t- ng tc vi cc cht sau y nh- th no: H
2
O , HCl , H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
,
CH
3
COOH , NaOH?
353.a) C th dng NH
4
OH iu ch Mg(OH)
2
khng?
b) Ti sao khng c kt ta Mg(OH)
2
tch ra khi cho vo dung dch mui
MgCl
2
mt dung dch c cha NH
4
OH v NH
4
Cl? Gii thch nguyn nhn.
354. a)Hin t- ng s xy ra nh- th no khi cho Mg(OH)
2
tc dng vi cc cht:
HCl , KOH , NH
4
Cl , KCl?
b) Mg(OH)
2
ha tan trong cht no tt hn: HCl hay NH
4
Cl? V sao?
355. a) S c hin t- ng g khi cho dung dch MgCl
2
tc dng vi xoda nng?, tc
dng vi dung dch KHCO
3
?
b) C th ha tan MgCO
3
bng cch no nu khng cn dng axit?
c) Lm th no c th tch - c cc cht ra khi hn hp gm MgCl
2
v
BeCl
2
?

356. a) Cc kim loi Ca , Sr , Ba tc dng vi cc cht sau y nh- th no: H
2
,
N
2
, O
2
, H
2
O? Tnh cht ca sn phm phn ng?
b) So snh cc phn ng trn vi cc phn ng ca kim loi kim.
357. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng:
1. CaH
2
+ H
2
O
2. CaH
2
+ O
2

3. BaH
2
+ CO
2
C +
358. a) Ph- ng php iu ch BaO
2
?
b) T BaF
2
bng cch no c th iu ch - c BaO
2
?
c) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng:
1. BaO
2
+ HCl (c)
2. BaO
2
+ HCl(long)
3. BaO
2
+ KI + HCl
4. BaO
2
+ AgNO
3

5. MnO
2
(nng)
Trong mi trng hp trn BaO
2
th hin tnh cht g?
359. a) Vic iu ch hidroxit cc kim loi kim th (Ca , Sr, Ba) da trn nguyn
tc no? Nguyn tc c th vn dng cho Be(OH)
2
v Mg(OH)
2
khng?
b) Ti sao trong thc t ng- i ta khng iu ch hidroxit kim loi kim theo
phng php iu ch hidroxit kim loi kim th v ng- c li?
360. a) Gii thch nguyn nhn v s bin thin tnh cht hidroxit trong dy t
Be(OH)
2
n Ba(OH)
2
?
b) Ti sao hidroxit cc kim loi kim th c th b nhit phn to ra oxit
t- ng ng nhng hidroxit cc kim loi kim li khng c kh nng ?
361. Gii thch v s thay i bn nhit ca cc mui Sunfat trong dy t
BeSO
4
n BaSO
4
.
362.Ti sao cc mui Sunfat kim loi kim th li c tan gim t Ca
2+
n Ba
2+

nhng mui Florua ca cc kim loi li c tan tng?
363. Vi cng mt kim loi (Ca
2+
, Sr
2+
hoc Ba
2+
) ti sao mui Florua c tan
ln hn tan ca mui cacbonat?
364. a) Da vo thuyt cc ha ion hy gii thch qu trnh nhit phn CaCO
3
.
b) Cn bng phn ng nhit phn CaCO
3
chuyn dch trong iu kin no?
ngha thc t ca cc iu kin ?
365. So snh bn nhit ca cc mui cacbonat kim loi kim th v gii thch.
366. Ti sao khi cho kh CO qua dung dch BaCl
2
hoc Ba(NO
3
)
2
khng to ra kt
ta nhng khi cho CO
2
tc dng vi n- c Barit li c BaCO
3
to thnh? Nu
thay dung dch n- c Barit bng dung dch Bari axetat c kt ta khng?
367. Kt ta no s xut hin tr- c nu cho vo dung dch c cha ion Ca
2+
v
Ba
2+
cng nng tng git dung dch (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
?
368. Gii thch ti sao khi thm mt l- ng nh dung dch Kali dicromat vo dung
dch c cha CaCl
2
v BaCl
2
c l- ng bng nhau th ch c kt ta mui Bari?
369. Cc mui kim loi kim th khi kt tinh s to ra dng hidrat tinh th, cn cc
mui kim loi kim t c kh nng . Gii thch.
370.a) Thch cao l g? ng dng ca thch cao?C s khoa hc ca ng dng .
b) T thch cao bng nhng phng php no thu - c Ca kim loi?
371.a) N- c cng l g? Nguyn tc chung kh tnh cng ca n- c?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cc cht sau y kh tnh cng ca

n- c: Ca(OH)
2
, NaOH , Na
2
CO
3
, Na
3
PO
4
.
c) Gii thch qu trnh s dng nha trao i ion (ionit) lm mm n- c
cng.
12. nhm
372. a) Hy nhn xt v c im cu to nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm IIIa.
b) So snh vi cu to ca cc kim loi kim v kim th.
373. Nhn xt v s thay i bn knh nguyn t, th ion ha ca cc nguyn t
nhm IIIa?
Gii thch s thay i bt thng trong dy t Al n Tl trn c s cu trc
electron ca nguyn t.
374. Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc nguyn t nhmIIIa c gi tr sau:
B Al Ga In Tl
T
nc
(
0
C): 2030 660 30 156 303
T
s
(
0
C): 3930 2450 2240 2050 1470
Nhit si gim lin tc nhng nhit nng chy thay i bt thng. Gii
thch ti sao nhit nng chy rt cao Bo nhng li kh thp Gali.
375.a) Gii thch s khc nhau ng k v tnh cht ca 2 nguyn t B v Al.
b) Phn ng xy ra (hoc khng xy ra) nh- th no khi cho Bo tc dng vi
H
2
O , HCl , HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
? Vit phng trnh phn ng t rt ra kt lun
v tnh cht ca Bo.
376. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc hp cht Borua, Boran, Borat, peborat, mui
Boryl. Ly VD.
377. M t cu to ca phn t BF
3
. Ti sao ni rng trong phn t Bohalogenua
c c ch "cho- nhn"?
378.a) Cng thc cu to ca iboran. Gii thch cu to ca cht vi quan
im lin kt 3 tm.
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng thy phn iboran. C chphn ng thy phn
c ging phn ng thy phn ca mui khng?
379.a) Thu - c cht g khi cho anhidrit boric ha tan trong n- c?
b) Bit rng anhidrit boric c th iu ch - c trng thi v nh hnh,
trng thi v nh hnh cng c cho cc hp cht khc ca Bo. Hy gii thch
nguyn nhn.
380.a) Tnh cht ha hc ca axit octoboric.
b) Phn t H
3
BO
3
c 3 nguyn t hidro nhng ti sao li l axit mt ln axit?
C th gii thch iu nh- tr- ng hp ca axit H
3
PO
3
khng?
c) Nhng cht no - c to ra khi nung nng t t axit octoboric? Vit
phng trnh phn ng.
381.a) Mc oxi ha ca cc nguyn t nhm IIIa?
b) Ti sao nhm d to ra ion Al
3+
mc d tng nng l- ng ion ha th nht,
th hai, th ba l rt ln?

382.Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho tc dng vi l- u hunh, cacbon, nit,
halogen, phot pho, silic.
383.a) Nhm tc dng vi cc dung dch cc cht sau y nh- th no:
1. Na
2
CO
3
3. CuCl
2

2. HgCl
2
4. HNO
3
long
b) Vit phng trnh cc p- sau:
1. Al + Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ H
+

2. Al + MnO
4
-
+ H
+

384.a) Nguyn tc iu ch nhm bng phng php in phn.
b) Ti sao khng th iu ch nhm t dung dch mui nhm tan trong n- c
bng cch in phn?
385.a) Nguyn tc iu ch Al
2
O
3
, Al(OH)
3
. Nguyn tc c th vn dng
iu ch oxit, hidroxit ca nhng kim loi no?
b) C th vn dng nguyn tc iu ch oxit v hidroxit ca kim loi
kim v kim th khng?
386.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch Al
2
O
3
hoc Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
t phn Al-NH
4
+

v t nhm nitrat.
b) Ng- c li, t Al
2
O
3
lm th no thu - c Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
. 18H
2
O?
387.a) Corundum l g? ng dng ca corundum?
b) Corundum c th tan - c trong cc cht sau y khng?
H
2
O , HCl , NaOH , Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
S
2
O
7
nu c, phn ng s xy ra trong iu kin no?
c) Alumogen l g? ng dng ca Alumogen?
388.a) C hin t- ng g xy ra khi cho phn Al - NH
4
+
tc dng vi xoa?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi un nng dung dch c cha
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
vi Natri axetat.
c) Gii thch ti sao khi cho dung dch AlCl
3
tc dng vi tinh th K
2
CO
3
li
c kh CO
2
bay ra?
389.a) Phn l g?
b) Cng thc phn t v ng dng ca phn. Gii thch c s khoa hc ca cc
ng dng .
390.a) Phn t nhm cloura trng thi kh c dng ime t- ng t nh- iboran.
Hy gii thch cu trc ca Al
2
Cl
5

b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Nhm Clorua khan tc dng vi
amoniac. Gii thch.
c) Ti sao AlCl
3
trng thi rn dn in tt hn trng thi nng chy?
391. Vit phng trnh phn ng t- ng tc gia:
1) Gali vi H
2
SO
4
.
2) Tali vi HNO
3
c nng.
3) Tali vi HNO
3
long ngui.
4) Tali vi HCl.
5) Gali, Indi ,Tali vi dung dch kim.
392. S bin thin tnh Baz trong dy t Ca(OH)
2
n Tl(OH)
2
. Gii thch nguyn
nhn.

393.a) Trong hai mui Nhm clorua v Indi clorua mui no d b thy phn hn?
b) Mui no c thy phn cao hn: TlNO
3
hoc Tl(NO
3
)
3
?
394.a) Ti sao ion Tl
+
li c kh nng to phn nh- cc ion kim loi kim?
b) Tnh cht ca cc mui, cc hp cht ha tr mt ca Ga, In v Tl.
13. gecmani thic ch
(Ge, Sn, Pb)
395.a) S hnh thnh cc mc oxi ha ca cc nguyn t nhm IVa (C, Si, Ge, Sn,
Pb)
b)Ti sao cc nguyn t khng to ra ion 4+ hoc ion 4-? Bn cht lin kt
trong cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t trn.
396.a) Ti sao bn ca cc hp cht ng vi s oxi ha +4 trong dy t Ge n
Pb li gim, nhng hp cht ng vi s oxi ha +2 c bn tng trong dy
? Gii thch.
b) T kt lun trn hy so snh tnh oxi ha ca dy GeO
2
SnO
2
PbO
2

v tnh kh ca cc cht trong dy GeCl
2
SnCl
2
PbCl
2.

397. Nhit nng chy ca cc nguyn t nhm IVa c cc gi tr sau:
C Si Ge Sn Pb
T
nc
(
o
C) 4000 1410 950 232 327
a) Hy gii thch ti sao t C n Si nhit nng chy li gim t ngt?
b) Gii thch nguyn nhn s gim T
nc
c tnh quy lut t Si n Pb.
398.a) Ti sao Sn v Pb li mm nhng Ge li cng?
b) Ti sao c th to ra dung dch rn gia Si v Ge, nhng khng to ra dung
dch rn gia Si v Pb?
399.a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng khi cho Ge v Sn tc dng vi HCl, HNO
3
,
H
2
SO
4
.
b) Ti sao Pb kh tan trong dung dch HCl long v H
2
SO
4
long nhng li d
tan trong dung dch dung dch m c ca axit ?
400.a) S thay i v bn nhit ca cc hirua dng AH
4
trong dy t C n Pb.
b) Trong cc hirua cht no tan - c trong dung dch kim? Vit phng
trnh phn ng.
401. Nhit nng chy ca cc oxit dng MO
2
ca cc nguyn t nhm IVa nh-
sau:
CO
2
SiO
2
GeO
2
SnO
2
PbO
2

T
nc
(
o
C) -57 1730 1120 1130 290 (5 atm)
(phn hy)
Hy gii thch s bt thng v nhit nng chy ca CO
2
. Ti sao PbO
2
c
bn nhit km hn so vi cc oxit khc trong dy trn?
402. Trong cc oxit sau y, oxit no bn hn khi un nng:
GeO
2
hay SnO
2
? PbO
2
hay PbO ?
403. Trong cc hidroxit sau y cht no th hin tnh baz ln hn:
Ge(OH)
2
hay Sn(OH)
2
?
Sn(OH)
2
hay Pb(OH)
2
?
Sn(OH)
2
hay Sn(OH)
4
(SnO
2
.2H
2
O) ?
404.a) Bng phn ng no minh ha rng cc oxit sau y u l l- ng tnh?
SnO v SnO
2
PbO v PbO
2
.
trong tng cp mt, cht no c tnh baz ln hn?

b) Cc oxit trn - c iu ch bng cch no? Vit phng trnh phn ng oxi
ha mui Pb
2+
axetat bng Clorua vi to ra PbO
2
?
405. Hidro c th kh - c oxit no d- i y thnh n cht:
CO
2
; SiO
2
; SnO; SnO
2
; GeO
2
; PbO; Pb
3
O
4
?
406.Vit phng trnh phn ng :
1) iu ch SnO t SnCl
2
v t Natri Stanit.
2) iu ch PbO t Pb(NO
3
)
2
v t Kali plombit.
3) Tc dng gia PbO
2
v kh SO
2
.
407.Vit phng trnh phn ng:
1) Tc dng gia PbO
2
v dung dch KI.
2) Tc dng gia PbO
2
v kim.
3) Tc dng gia HCl v Natri Plombit.
408.a) Bng phn ng no c th chng minh nhn nh rng Pb
3
O
4
l mt mui?
tn ca mui ?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng chng minh tnh oxi ha mnh ca Pb
3
O
4
.
409.a) Trong hai tnh cht axit v baz ca Pb(OH)
2
th tnh cht no tri hn?
bit rng mui Pb(NO
3
)
2
thy phn km hn K
2
PbO
2.
b) Ph- ng php iu ch cc hidroxit Ge(OH)
2
, Sn(OH)
2
, Pb(OH)
2
.
410.a) Ti sao khi iu ch SnCl
2
bng cch cho Sn tc dng vi HCl li phi cho
axit d- ?
b) Ti sao qu trnh li to ra SnCl
2
m khng phi l SnCl
4
?
c) Sn phm no - c to thnh khi cho SnCl
2
tc dng vi HgCl
2
; FeCl
3
?
411.a)PbI
2
l cht t tan trong n- c nhng ti sao d tan trong dung dch KI?
b) Ti sao nhit nng chy ca SnCl
2
cao hn SnCl
4
?
412. Cn bng sau y s chuyn dch nh- th no trong dung dchHCl :
PbCO
3
Pb
2+
+ CO
3
2-

PbCrO
4
Pb
2+
+ CrO
4
2-

t cho bit hai mui mui no d tan trong HCl?
1) SnCl
4
+Sn
2) SnCl
2
+ O
2

3) PbO
2
+ HCl
4) Pb
3
O
4
+ KI + H
2
SO
4
PbSO
4
+
5) Pb
3
O
4
+ MnSO
4
+ HNO
3
HMnO
4
+
6) Sn + H
2
SeO
4
(long)
7) Pb + H
2
SeO
4
(c)
414. C th tn ti ng thi trong dung dchcc cht sau y khng?
1) Sn(NO
3
)
2
v FeCl
3

2) SnCl
2
v Cu
3) Pb(NO
3
)
2
v Cd
4) SnCl
2
v Fe(ClO
4
)
3

5) Pb(NO
3
)
2
v FeCl
2

415.a) C phn ng xy ra khng khi cho SnS tc dng vi dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
?
PbS tc dng vi dung dchSnCl
2

b) Bng phn ng no c th tch - c SnS ra khi hn hp vi PbS?
416.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch Amoni stanat t SnCl
2
. Khi axit ha
dung dchc cha amoni stanat c hin t- ng g ?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho "vng gi" tc dng vi dung dch
HNO
3
.
c)PbS, SnS tan trong nhng axit no?

14. ng bc vng
( Cu , Ag, Au )
417.a) c im v cu trc electron ca Cu, Ag, Au.
b) Trnh by nhn xt v nng l- ng ion ha, i lc electron ca cc nguyn
t so vi cc nguyn t kim loi kim.
c) Cc nguyn t Cu, Ag, Au c kh nng hnh thh phn t dng Cu
2
, Ag
2
,
Au
2
hay khng?
418.a) Cc mc oxi ha c th c ca cc nguyn t Cu, Ag, Au?
b) Cc mc oxi ha c ph hp vi c im cu to nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t khng?
c) Ti sao mc oxi ha c trng i vi Au l +3 cn i vi Ag l +1?
419.a) Ti sao cc nguyn t Cu, Ag, Au li c tnh cht khc nhau ng k so vi
cc kim loi kim?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Cu tc dng vi HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
; Cu tc
dng vi Cl
2
, F
2
, vi n- c c- ng thy.
420.Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch Cu kim loi t CuO, Pirit CuS
2
, malakit
CuCO
3
, Cu(OH)
2

421.a) Qu trnh no s xy ra trn b mt in cc v thu - c sn phm g khi
din phn dung dch CuCl
2
vi in cc bng than ch?
b) Qu trnh no s xy ra khi in phn dung dch CuSO
4
vi d- ng cc bng
ng v Platin.
422.a) Ti sao bc v vng khng to ra cc oxit khi t nng trong khng kh.
b) Gii thch ti sao Ag khng b oxi ha trong khng kh nhng thng b
oxi ha trong Ozon v b oxi ha khi in phn dung dch axit cha oxi nu
dng bc lm in cc?
423.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng tc dng gia CuSO
4
vi dung dch KI. Gii
thch nguyn nhn gy ra phn ng.
b) Ti sao vi Clo, ng c kh nng to ra hai cht CuCl
2
v CuCl, nhng vi
iod ch to ra CuI?
424. Vit phng trnh phn ng thy phn cc mui sau y: CuCl
2
, Cu(NO
3
)
2
,
CuSO
4
,Cu(CH
3
COOH)
2
.
425. C hin t- ng g xy ra khi cho dung dch KOH hoc lung kh H
2
S tc dng
vi dung dch [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]SO
4
? Gii thch v vit cc phng trnh phn ng.

426. C hai dung dch CuSO
4
v AgNO
3
cho thm vo cc dung dch tng git
dung dch NaOH. Tip tc cho thm NH
4
OH, c hin t- ng g thay i? Gii
thch nguyn nhn v vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
427. C hin t- ng g xy ra khi thm vo dung dch c cha Ion[ Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+

mt l- ng d- Kali Xianua KCN? vit phng trnh phn ng.
428.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Cu kim loi ha tan trong dung dch
KCl. Ag v Au c kh nng khng? Gii thch nguyn nhn.
b) Gii thch ti sao Ag kim loi c kh nng ha tan trong dung dch KCN
khi c mt oxi? Vit phng trnh phn ng.
429.a) Ti sao AgI khng tan trong dung dch Amoniac nhng tan trong dung dch
KCN?
b) Trong dung dch amoniac theo dy AgCl, AgBr, AgI tan s gim. Gii
thch nguyn nhn.
430. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v gii thch nguyn nhn s to thnh kt
ta khi cho axit Nitric tc dng vi dung dch [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl.
431.a) C th c phn ng xy ra khng khi cho AgCl tc dng vi dung dch KI
m c?
b) Phn ng s xy ra nh- th no khi cho Bc Cromat tc dng vi HCl m
c?
432.a) Lm th no c th thu - c CuSO
4
t nhng cht sau y:
1) CuCl
2
v H
2
SO
4
.
2) Cu v dung dch H
2
SO
4
long
b) iu ch ng Peclorat Cu(ClO
4
)
2
t cc cht sau:
1) HClO
4
, NaOH v CuSO
4

2) Ba(OH)
2
, Cu, H
2
SO
4
v HClO
4

433.a) Phn ng no s xy ra khi cho kh SO
2
qua dung dch CuBr
2
un nng?
b) T CuSO
4
bng phn ng no iu ch - c CuBr?
434.a) Gii thch ti sao AgI c kh nng tan trong dung dich KI?
b) AgBr c kh nng tan trong dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
khng?
c) Phn ng s xy ra nh- th no khi cho H
2
S tc dng vi dung dch c cha
Ion [Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
]
3-
?
435.Vit phng trnh phn ng:
Au(OH)
3
+ NaOH
Au(OH)
3
+ HNO
3

Au(OH)
3
+ HCl

15. km caimi thy ngn
(Zn, Cd, Hg)
436.a) Nhn xt v cu to nguyn t ca cc nguyn t Zn, Cd, Hg? So snh vi
cu to ca cc kim loi kim th cng chu k c g khc?
b) Cc kim loi Zn, Cd, Hg c kh nng hnh thnh phn t 2 nguyn t
khng?
437.a) Th in cc ca Zn, Cd, Hg c gi tr sau:
Zn Cd Hg
E
0
(V) -0,76 -0,4 0,85
X
2+
+ 2e X
0

Hy gii thch ti sao th tiu chun ca Hg li rt xa v bn phi ca Zn v
Cd trong dy th in cc?
b) So snh hot tnh ha hc ca Zn, Cd, Hg vi cc kim loi kim th.
438.a) Tnh cht ha hc ca cc kim loi Zn, Cd, Hg. Cc kim loi phn ng
vi cc dung dch kim, dung dch axit nh- th no?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cc kim loi tc dng vi cc dung
dich axit c v long: HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
.
439.a) Ti sao Zn khng tan - c trong n- c mc d th in cc ca Zn thp hn
th in cc ca Hidro trong mi trng trung tnh?
b) Mun cho H
2
thot ra nhanh khi cho Zn tc dng vi HCl th phi lm th
no? Gii thch.
440.a) Trong mi trng no Zn th hin tnh kh mnh hn?
b) Km c kh nng tan trong dung dch ZnCl
2
khng?
c) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Zn tc dng vi cc dung dch sau:
NaOH, NH
4
OH, NH
4
Cl.
441.a) Ph- ng php iu ch cc kim loi Zn, Cd, Hg.
b) Nhng kim loi no trong nhm II ca h thng tun hon c th kh - c
CO
2
to ra Cacbon?
442.a) Tnh cht ha hc ca cc oxit ZnO, CdO, HgO. bn ca cc oxit
thay i nh- th no khi i t ZnO n HgO?
b) Mt hn hp gm ZnO, CdO, HgO bng phng php no c th tch - c
cc oxit ra khi hn hp?
443.a) Phn ng s xy ra nh- th no khi cho cc dung dch mui ca cc kim
loi nhm Km tc dng vi dung dch kim mnh?
b) S bin thin tnh axit ca cc hidroxit trong dy t Zn(OH)
2
n
Hg(OH)
2
?
444.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng thy phn cc mui ZnCl
2
, Zn(NO
3
)
2
, ZnSO
4
.
b) Thu - c sn phm g khi thy phn Natri Zincat Na
2
[Zn(OH)
4
]?
445. C sn phm g - c to thnh khi cho ZnCO
3
tc dng vi dung dch K
2
S?
Gii thch.
446.a) C th iu ch Zn(NO
3
)
2
dng tinh th khi un nng dung dch c cha
mi Km v mui Ch khng?
b) T Zn(NO
3
)
2
iu ch Km Peclorat.
447.a) C phn ng xy ra khng khi cho Hg(NO
3
)
2
tc dng vi dung dch NaCl?
b) Ti sao cc mui HgCl
2
, Hg(CN)
2
li l cht in li km?
448.a) Cng nh- cc nguyn t h d khc, cc kim loi thuc nhm Zn u c
khuynh h- ng to phc. Hy gii thch nguyn nhn v so snh vi cc kim
loi kim th cng chu k.
b) Thy ngn c phn ng vi Iot khng? C tan trong dung dch gm Iot v
Kali Iodua khng?
449.a) C xy ra phn ng khi cho km kim loi tc dng vi dung dch c cha
ion [Cu(Cn)
4
]
3-
?
b) Trong hai mui sau y mui no b thy phn mnh hn: ZnCl
2
v
[Zn(NH
3
)
4
]Cl
2
?

16. crom mangan st
(Cr, Mn, Fe)
450.a) Hy trnh by nhn xt v cu trc electron, bn knh nguyn t, nng
l- ng ion ha ca nguyn t Crom. So snh vi Molipden v Vonfram.
b) Cc mc oxi ha c th c i vi Crom? Trong s , mc no c trng
nht?
451.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Crom tc dng vi O
2
, HCl, H
2
SO
4

long, H
2
SO
4
c, HNO
3
c.
b) Ti sao khi cho Crom tan trong HCl li thu - c CrCl
2
m khng thu - c
CrCl
3
?
452.a) Tnh cht c bn ca dung dch mui Cr
2+
?
b) Hy gii thch ti sao khi mun iu ch CrCl
2
bng phng php cho
Crom tc dng vi HCl phi thc hin trong bu kh quyn Hidro?
453.a) Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca CrO v Cr(OH)
2
?
b) Thu - c cht g khi CrCl
2
trong khng kh?
c) Trong phng th nghim ng- i ta c th dng dung dch CrCl
2
trong HCl
hp th oxi. C s khoa hc ca phng php ?
454.T cu trc electron ca nguyn t L- u hunh v Crom hy gii thch ti sao
Crom l mt kim loi li xp chung cng mt nhm vi L- u hunh l mt
nguyn t khng kim loi.
455.Tm dn chng minh ha nhng tnh cht ging nhau v khc nhau gia
Crom vi Nhm; Crom vi L- u hunh.
456.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng nhit phn (NH
4
)Cr
2
O
7
thu - c Cr
2
O
3
.
Bng cch no c th thu - c Cr
2
O
3
khi nhit phn l- ng d- (NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Cr
2
O
3
tinh th nu nng chy vi
K
2
S
2
O
7
, KOH. Cc phn ng chng minh tnh cht g ca Cr
2
O
3
?
457.a) Hy chng minh rng Cr(OH)
3
c tnh l- ng tnh nh- Al(OH)
3
.
b) Mt dung dch c cha ng thi Kali Cromit v Kali Aluminat. T dung
dch bng cch no c th tch - c: Cr(OH)
3
va Al(OH)
3
.
458. Dung dch mui Cr
3+
c c im l mu sc thay i. Gii thch nguyn
nhn v cho bit nhng yu t no gy ra hin t- ng ?
459.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
bo ha tc dng
vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c thu - c CrO
3
. Lm th no tch - c CrO
3
?
b) Tnh cht ca CrO
3
?
460.a) Hn hp Sunfocromit l g? ng dng .
b) Ph- ng php iu ch hn hp Sunfocromic?
461.T anhidrit cromic lm th no diu ch - c:
1) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
2) K
2
CrO
4
3) Cr
2
O
3

462.Vit phng trnh phn ng khi un nng hn hp CrO
3
vi Fe(OH)
2
v khi
pha long hn hp vo n- c.

463.a) Cc ion Cr
2
O
7
2-
v CrO
4
2-
bn trong mi trng no? Gii thch nguyn
nhn.
b) Khi cho KOH vo dung dch mui Cr
3+,
, CrO
4
2-
v Cr
2
O
7
2-
c hin t- ng g
xy ra? Gii thch.
464.a) T Na
2
CrO
4
bng cch no thu - c Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
.2H
2
O?
b) Bng cch no c th:
1) T phn Crom iu ch CrO
3
?
2) T Cr
2
O
3
iu ch CrO
3
?
3) T Crom kim loi iu ch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
?
465.Bit rng th in cc chun ca Cr
2
O
7
2-
/Cr
3+
trong mi trng axit l
+1,36V v th in cc chun ca Cl
2
/2Cl
-
l +1,36V, nhng ti sao trong
phng th nghim ng- i ta c th dng K
2
Cr
2
O
7
tc dng vi HCl iu
ch Clo? u im ca phng php ?
466.a) C th dng cht no oxi ha dung dch mui Cr
3+
to thnh dung dch
icromat? Ly v d v vit phng trnh phn ng.
b) Bng phng php no iu ch Cromyl Clorua t Kali Cromat?
467. Hin t- ng g xy ra khi cho:
1) Dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
?
2)Dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)
2

3) Dung dch H
2
SO
4
long tc dng vi BaCrO
4
?
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
468.a) iu ch Bari icromat.
b) T Cr
2
O
3
iu ch Amoni icromat. Nu r phng php v vit cc
phng trnh phn ng.
469. Qu trnh no nu ra sau y c th xy ra trong mi trng axit nu Kali
icromat l cht oxi ha:
1) 2Br
-
Br
2

2) 2Cl
-
Cl
2

3) 2H
2
O H
2
O
2
+ 2H
+

4) H
2
S S
5) Hg
2
2+
2Hg
2+

6) Cu Cu
2+

7) Mn
2+
MnO
4
-

1) Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ KI + H
2
SO
4

2) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
S + H
2
SO
4

3) K
2
CrO
4
+ H
2
S + H
2
O
4) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ SO
2
+ H
2
SO
4

5) H
2
CrO
4
+ FeSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

6) Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
[Fe(CN)
6
] + KOH

1) CrO
3
+ H
2
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4

2) CrBr
3
+ H
2
O
2
+ NaOH
3) CrO
3
+ HI
4) Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ Br
2
+ NaOH
5) Cr
2
O
3
+ K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] + KOH
6) Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ KMnO
4
+ KOH
472.a) Cu to ca nguyn t Mangan. So snh vi cu to nguyn t Clo.
b) T nhng c im v cu to nguyn t hy so snh tnh cht ha hc
ca cc n cht v hp cht ca chng.
473.a) Cc mc oxi ha c th c ca Mangan? Mc no bn nht
b) Vit cng thc phn t v nu tnh cht ha hc c bn ca cc oxit v
hidroxit ca Mangan ng vi cc mc oxi ha .
474.a) Tnh cht ha hc ca Mangan?
b) S bin i tnh cht ha hc t Mn n Re?
c) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Mangan, Tecnexi v Reni tc dng
vi cc cht sau:
1) HCl long v c.
2) H
2
SO
4
long.
3) H
2
SO
4
c.
4) HNO
3
c.
475.a) Ng- i ta c th iu ch Mangan bng phng php in phn dung dch
MnSO
4
. Hi c nhng qu trnh no xy ra trn b mt in cc khi in
phn dung dch ?
b) Ngoi phng php in phn c th dng phng php no iu ch
Mangan?
476.a) T MnO bng phng php no c th thu - c Mn(OH)
2
bit rng MnO
khng tan trong n- c?
b) Bng phn ng no chng minh rng Mn(OH)
2
c tnh kh?
1) MnSO
4
+ KClO
3
+ KOH(nng chy)
2) MnSO
4
+ PbO
2
+ HNO
3

3) MnSO
4
+ Br
2
+ NaOH
4) MnBr
2
+ H
2
O
2
+ KOH
5) mNso
4
+ CaOCl
2
+ NaOH
478. M t cng thc cu to ca MnCl
3
.4H
2
O bit rng hp cht c cu hnh
tm mt trong 4 phn t n- c cng tham gia hnh thnh lin kt.
479.a) MnO
2
l cht oxi ha mnh nhng khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha mnh hn
th MnO
2
th hin tnh kh. Tm dn chng minh ha cho kt lun .
b) Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau:
1) MnO
2
+ HCl

2) MnO
2
+ NaOH c
3) MnO
2
+ H
2
SO
4

480.a) T MnO
2
bng phn ng no c th thu - c: MnCl
2
, KmnO
4
, Mn
2
O
7
?
b) T MnO
2
iu ch Ba(MnO
4
)
2
. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
481.a) Cc ion MnO
4
2-
v MnO
4
-
bn trong mi trng no? Gii thch nguyn
nhn.
b) Thm t t tng git dung dich NaOH cho n mi trng kim vo mt
dung dch KMnO
4
sau cho thm tng git H
2
SO
4
long cho n mi
trng axit. Hy nu cc qu trnh xy ra trong qu trnh trn v gii thch
nguyn nhn.
482.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng m t tnh oxi ha v tnh kh ca K
2
MnO
4
.
b) C th thu - c H
2
MnO
4
bng phng php cho H
2
SO
4
c tc dng vi
mui K
2
MnO
4
- c khng?
483.a) T phn ng gia KMnO
4
vi K
2
SO
3
hy m t tnh oxi ha ca KMnO
4

trong cc mi trng axit, baz, trung tnh.
b) C th iu ch HMnO
4
bng cch cho H
2
SO
4
tc dng vi mui t- ng
ng - c khng?
484.a) Tnh cht ca Mn
2
O
7
? So snh vi tnh cht ca Cl
2
O
7
?
b) Ph- ng php iu ch Mn
2
O
7
? So snh vi phng php iu ch Cl
2
O
7
?
485.Vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) KMnO
4
+ MnCl
2

2) K
2
MnO
4
+ Cl
2

3) KMnO
4
+ KI + H
2
SO
4

4) KMnO
4
+ KI + H
2
O
5) KMnO
4
+ FeSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

486.Vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau y d- i dng phn t:
1) Mn
2+
+ ClO
-
+ OH
-

2) MnO
4
-
+ NO
2
-
+ H
+

3) MnO
4
-
+ Fe + H
+

4) Mn
2
+ BrO
3
-
+ H
2
O
5) MnO
4
-
+ H
2
O
2
+ OH
-

487.So snh cc phn ng sau y:
1) KMnO
4
+ HCl
2) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ HCl
3) PbO
2
+ HCl
Phn ng no xy ra nhanh hn? Mun iu ch mt l- ng nh kh Clo nn
dng phn ng no?
488. C ba dung dch K
2
CrO
4
, K
2
MnO
4
, K
2
SO
4
cho tc dng ln l- t vi H
2
SO
4
,
NaOH. Nu hin t- ng v gii thch cc hin t- ng ?

489.a) c im cu to nguyn t ca st?
b) Ng- i ta bit - c cc mc oxi ha no ca St? Ly v d cc hp
cht ng vi cc mc oxi ha .
c) Vi st, mc oxi ha no bn nht? Ti sao?
490.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng v nu r cc iu kin khi cho Fe tc dng
vi O
2
, Cl
2
, S, H
2
O, H
2
SO
4
long, H
2
SO
4
c.
b) St c b n mn khng khi trong khng kh c cha SO
2
, H
2
, CO
2
?
491.Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cc oxit: FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi
cc cht sau:
1) HCl long?
2) H
2
SO
4
long v c nng?
3) HNO
3
c nng?
492.a) Hy gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t hp cht Fe(CO)
5
.
b) Ph- ng php iu ch v ng dng ca Fe(CO)
5

493.a) Trong dung dch n- c, ion Fe
2+
c tnh kh mnh nht l trong mi trng
kim; ion Fe
3+
c tnh oxi ha mnh nht trong mi trng axit. Hy ly v
d minh ha.
b) C phn ng xy ra khng khi cho dung dch FeCl
3
tc dng vi dung
dch KBr, KI? Gii thch.
494.a) Trong hai cht K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] v FeSO
4
cht no c tnh kh mnh hn? Ti
sao?
b) Bit rng Fe c th tan trong dung dch KCN to thnh K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
].
Gii thch nguyn nhn v vit phng trnh phn ng.
495.a) Hai cht K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]v K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] cht no c tnh oxi ha? Cht no
c tnh kh?
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] tc dng vi H
2
O
2
trong
mi trng KOH.
c) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] tc dng vi H
2
O
2
trong
dung dch HCl.
496. C th tn ti ng thi trong dung dch cc ion sau y khng?
1) Fe
2+
v Sn
2+
.
2) Fe
3+
v Sn
2+
.
3) Fe
2+
v MnO
4
-
.
4) Fe
3+
v MnO
4
-
.
5) Fe
2+
v Cr
2
O
7
2-
.
6) Fe
3+
v Cr
2
O
7
2-

1) Fe(SO
4
)
3
+ Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
2) FeSO
4
+ HNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4

3) FeSO
4
+ HNO
3

4) FeSO
4
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

5) FeCl
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O

498.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] tc dng vi dung dch
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] tc dng vi dung dch
FeSO
4
.
Nu r s thay i mu sc trong c hai trng hp.
499. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau y d- i dng ion:
1) FeSO
4
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4

2) FeSO
4
+ HClO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
HCl +
3) FeSO
4
+ KBrO
3
+ H
2
SO
4

4) K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] + KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

5) K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] + H
2
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4

500.Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau d- i dng phn t:
1) Fe
3+
+ H
2
S
2) Fe
3+
+ I
-

3) Fe
3+
+ S
2
O
3
-

4) Fe
3+
+ SO
3
2-
+ H
2
O
5) Fe
2+
+ Br
2
+ H
+

Phn II H-ng dn tr li
1. Kh tr
1.a) lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t kh tr gm cc obitan ns v np, tt c
cc electron u ghp i.
- Kch th- c nguyn t tng dn (t He n Ar tng nhanh; t Ar n Kr
tng chm)
- Nng l- ng ion ha cao v gim dn (t He n Ar gim nhanh; t Ar n
Kr gim chm)
- Nng l- ng ion ha cao gy ra tnh tr v mt ha hc nn nhn chung cc
kh tr t c kh nng phn ng, nht l kh tr nh.
b) T He n Rn, nng l- ng ion ha gim nn kh nng phn ng tng,
nht l Kr v Xe u c hot tnh ha hc cao.
Cc hp cht ca Kr v Xe u l cc cht oxi ha mnh, chng c kh
nng to ra cc hp cht ng vi cc mc oxi ha +2; +4; +6; +8.
Hp cht ng vi mc oxi ha cao c tnh oxi ha mnh v c tnh axit,
chng hn dung dch axit H
4
XeO
6
.

2. Cc nguyn t kh tr t- ng tc vi nhau ch yu do lc khuch tn, mt
thnh phn quan trng trong lcVan der Waals, t He n Rn bn knh nguyn t
tng, kh nng b cc ha ca cc kh tr tng, dn n nng l- ng t- ng tc
khuch tn tng do cc cht cng kh nng chy.

3. Khi kch th- c nguyn t tng th tc dng chn in tch ht nhn ca
cc lp electron s tng ln, do electron lp v ngoi cng ca nhng nguyn
t c kch th- c ln hn d dng tch ra khi nguyn t, v th ion ha gim.

5.a) Hy da vo s hnh thnh cc electron c thn khi kch thch nguyn
t chuyn electron t trng thi ghp i sang trng thi c thn gii tch

kh nng hnh thnh cc mc oxi ha khc nhau. V d: Gii thch s hnh thnh
mc oxi ha +2 ca Xe nh- sau:
5s
2
5p
6
5d
0
5s
2
5p
5
5d
1

Vi He khng c kh nng .
b) Cc electron c thn trng thi cao nn khng bn, d dng tr v
trng thi c nng l- ng thp ban u, do gy ra tnh oxi ha bc oxi ha cao.
c) Do nng l- ng ion ha gim t He n Rn nn cc kh tr c kh nng
t- ng i d dng to ra cc hp cht c ha tr cao.
Lin kt trong cc hp cht u l lin kt cng ha tr.
d) Cc hp cht ca kh tr u t bn, d b phn hy, c tnh oxi ha
mnh. V d chng oxi hop d- c iodua thnh iod, ozon thnh oxi.

6. Cc hidrat ca kh tr dng X.6H
2
O l nhng hp cht bao. Cc hidrat
- c hnh thnh nhit thp v p sut cao khi bo ha kh tr. Trong tinh th
n- c c nhng khong trng - c hnh thnhkhi cc phn t n- c lin kt vi
nhau bng lin kt Hidro, p sut cao cc nguyn t kh tr thm nhp vo cc
khong trng , cc nguyn t kh tr t- ng tc vi cc phn t n- c nh c lc
khuch tn, lc ny khng hnh thnh hp cht phc (mt loi hp cht ha
hc), do cc hp cht ca kh tr khng phi l loi hp cht ha hc thc s.
He v Ne khng c kh nng hnh thnh nhng hp cht t- ng t, v He v
Ne c kch th- c b nn d dng khuch tn ra khi tinh th n- c .

7. Vi He v Ne khng c kh nng hnh thnh hp cht. Ar v Kr t - c
nghin cu hoc c to ra mt t hp cht nhng km bn. Ch yu l Xe to ra
nhiu hp cht vi cc nguyn t c m in cao nh- Flo, Oxi, Clo, c bit vi
Flo v Oxi.
Chng hn cc hp cht Florua ca Xe nh- XeF
2
, XeF
4
, XeF
6
hoc XeO
3
u t bn v c tnh oxi ha mnh:
2KI + XeF
2
I
2
+ Xe + 2KF
8NH
3
+ 3XeF
2
3Xe + 6NH
4
F + N
2

4KI + XeF
4
Xe + 2I
2
+ 4KF
XeO
3
+ 6KI + 6HCl Xe + 3I
2
+ 6KCl + 3H
2
O
Axit Paxenic H
4
XeO
6
- c bit trong dung dch, cc mui ca n u c
th tch ra dng tinh th nh- : Ba
2
XeO
6
, K
4
XeO
6
.9H
2
O , Na
4
XeO
6
.6H
2
O ,
Na
4
XeO
6
.8H
2
O. Trong mi trng axit chng th hin tnh oxi ha mnh, chng
hn oxi ha Cr
2+
n Cr
2
O
7
2-
; ClO
3
-
n ClO
4
-
; Mn
2+
n MnO
4
-
; Br
-
n BrO
3
-

8. Mun hnh thnh lin kt gia hai nguyn te to ra phn t hai
nguyn t th phi to ra hai electron khng ghp i, iu i hi nng l- ng
kh ln v vy khng th hnh thnh lin kt gia hai phn t Xenon.

9. Nng l- ng lin kt Xe Cl b hn so vi Xe F, nng l- ng - c
to ra sau khi kch thch nguyn t Xe khng b li nng l- ng dng kch
thch nguyn t.

10. bn vi nhit tng do bn lin kt tng.

11. Da vo c tch oxi ha ca cc Xenon Florua vit cc phng trnh
phn ng.
2. hidro
12.a) Nu c im cu to ht nhn (s proton, s ntron) nguyn t cc
ng v ca Hidro. V d vi Triti (k hiu l T) c 1e
-
, 1p
+
, 2n
0
.
c) V th tch b nn c khuch tn ln.

13. Da vo t khi xc nh
C th chuyn - c bng cch p cc th hai khng cha Hidro ln cc th
nht c cha Hidro.

15. V phn t Hidro c bn ln. Nng l- ng phn li H
2
2H l H =
103 kcal/mol nn nhit thng km hot ng, ch hot ng nhit cao.
b) Ch c Flo v mt s kim loi chuyn tip nng l c kh nng phn ng
trc tip nhit phng.

17. Bng phng php ha lng phn on.

18.c) V khng cn cung cp nng l- ng chuyn Hidro phn t thnh
nguyn t. V d:
H
2
+ FeCl
3
FeCl
2
+ HCl (khng xy ra)
(Zn + HCl) + FeCl
3
FeCl
2
+ HCl (d dng).

20. Da vo nguyn tc in phn cc cht trong dung dch n- c, sau
vit s in phn s dn n kt lun cn thit.
Chng hn, khi in phn dung dch CuSO
4
, ch thu - c ng kim loi v
Oxi, khng thu - c Hidro.

21.b) Nhng kh khng c kh nng to vi Oxi ca khng kh to thnh
hn hp kh n u c th tch tr trong bnh cha kh.

23. Kh Hidro - c to ra cn ln hi n- c v Hidro clorua, cn cho hn
hp qua dung dch kim v sau qua dung dch c kh nng hp th n- c.

24. Trong thnh phn cc hp cht ha hc Hidro ch tn ti dng ion H
-

c trong cc Hidrua ca cc kim loi mnh (NaH, CaH
2
).
Dnh ion H
+
khng tn ti trong cc hp cht ha hc v bn cht lin kt
trong cc hp cht l lin kt cng ha tr (v d HCl; HF).
Trong dung dch khng c dng ion H
+
m ch c dng H
3
O
+
Ion H
+
thc s ch tn ti trong mi trng kh khi phng in qua kh
Hidro bng cc tia ion ha nh- chng hn.

25. V Hidro l mt cht khng phn cc nn t ha tan trong dung mi
phn cc.

27. T- ng tc gia cc phn t Hidro vi nhau l t- ng tc khuch tn.
T- ng tc trong kim loi kim l t- ng tc kim loi. Do s bay hi ca cc kim
loi i hi mt nng l- ng thng t- ng tc gia cc nguyn t. Tri li s bay
hi ca Hdro xy ra khi ng nng ca phn t Hidro thng lc t- ng tc
khuch tn, do nhit thng Hidro l mt cht kh.

29. Khi in phn dung dch cc Hidrua ion trong mui Halogenua kim loi
kim nng chy, thu - c hidro cc m.
Bn thn cc Hidrua kim loi kim hoc kim th b thy phn rt mnh:
NaH + H
2
O NaOH + H
2

30.a) Cc kim loi kim v kim th hnh thnh ra cc Hidrua ion.
Cc nguyn t khng kim loi hoc na kim loi to ra Hidrua cng ha tr:

Li C N O F
Na Mg Si P S Cl
K Ca Ge As Se Br
Rb Sr Sn Sb Te I
Cs Ba Pb Bi Po At
Fr Ra

To ra Hidrua ion To ra Hidrua cng ha tr

b) Cc hidrua ion l cc mui, kt tinh theo dng lp phng hoc t
phng, lin kt trong phn t l lin kt ion.
Cc Hdrua cng ha tr ch yu l nhng cht dng kh (d bay hi); khi
tan trong n- c phn ln to ra axit; lin kt trong phn t l lin kt cng ha tr.

31. Da vo nhng c im ca hp cht ion nh- cht rn tinh th, nhit
nng chy cao,khi nng chy th dn in, khi in phn th thu - c kh H
2

m cc dn n kt lun.

32. Do s chuyn mt in tch v pha Flo nn lm gim lc y
gia hai ion Florua.

33. T tri qua phi (theo chu k), tnh kh tng, tnh axit tng, tnh bn
gim.
bn nhit ph thuc vo nng l- ng lin kt H X, ph thuc vo
in m v kch th- c nguyn t ca X. Khi hai nguyn t c in m t- ng
- ng, nguyn t no nng hn cho HX c bn nhit km hn.

34. C th gii thch nh- sau: Khi tan vo n- c c cn bng sau:
H
n-1
X
-
+ H
3
O
+
H
n
X + H
2
O H
n+1
X
+
+ OH
-

in li axit in li baz
Cn bng chuyn dch v pha no ph thuc vo trng lc ca ion trung
tm X
n-
v O
2-
(ngha l ph thuc vo in tch v bn knh).

Vi HF, cn bng s chuyn dch v pha in li axit, do trng lc ca O
2-

ln hn trng lc ca F
-
(bn knh ca O
2-
l 1,36 ; bn knh ca F
-
l 1,33; v
in tch ca O
2-
ln hn F
-
) do H
+
chuyn v pha O
2-
.
Vi NH
3
, cn bng s chuyn dch theo h- ng in li baz, do trng lc
ca N
3-
ln hn O
2-
(trng lc ph thuc c bn knh v in tch; bn knh ca N
3-

l 1,47).
3. Halogen
36. Khuynh h- ng oxi ha l ch yu v trong nguyn t c mt electron
ch- a ghp i obital np nn d dng kt hp thm 1 electron.
T Flo n Iod, nng l- ng ion ha gim nn kh nng nhng electron
tng, do n Iod c kh nng to ra ion I
+
(trong cc hp cht nh- ICl,
I(CH
3
COO)
3
).

37.a) Mc oxi ha c trng ca cc Halogen (tr Flo) l +1, +3, +5, +7.
Gii thch cc mc bng s kch ng electron chuyn t obital ns v np
sang nd.
b) V mi nguyn t ch c mt electron khng ghp i obital np, hai
electron khng ghp i hai nguyn t ghp li vi nhau to thnh phn t hai
nguyn t.

38. Trong nguyn t ca cc Halogen c mt electron khng ghp i, nn
tr Flo, chng u c kh nng to ra mc oxi ha +1 khi chng lin kt vi mt
nguyn t khc c m in mnh hn (v d vi Oxi)
Nguyn t ca Clo (hoc Brom, Iod) cn c nhng obital ch- a - c lp
y, do c th xy ra cc qu trnh kch ng electron nh- sau:
s p d
s p d
s p d
s p d

Kt qu to ra 3, 5, 7 electron khng ghp i ng vi cc trng thi ha tr
3, 5, 7 ca Halogen. Qu trnh kch ng xy ra d- i nh h- ng ca nhng
nguyn t c in m mnh hn.
Lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t Flo khng c obital d, mun to ra trng thi
ha tr ln hn 1 Flo, phi kch ng electron t obital 2p sang lp th 3, khng
c nguyn t no c in m ln hn Flo cung cp nng l- ng thc hin
qu trnh kch ng trn, do vi Flo khng th xut hin mc oxi ha d- ng v
ch c th c ha tr mt.
Ngoi ra cng cn ch rng nu trong nguyn t, chng hn c 5 electron
khng cp i tham gia hnh thnh 4 lin kt, trong nguyn t cn li mt electron
khng cp i, iu gy ra kh nng phn ng rt mnh ca phn t - c to ra,

nn chng l nhng hp cht km bn. Chng hn ClO
2
l hp cht c s l
electron.

Cl
O
O

L hp cht ch- a bo ha ha tr, do c khuynh h- ng kt hp hoc
nhng mt electron:
ClO
2
+ e = ClO
2
-

ClO
2
- e = ClO
2
+

ch yu l khuynh h- ng th nht (i lc Electron ca ClO
2
l 3,43 eV); ClO
2
rt
khng bn, d phn hu n, c tnh oxi ha mnh.

39. Ph- ng php Obitan phn t m t cu hnh electron ca cc phn t
halogen nh- sau:
( )
2
oS
( )
2
*
oS
( )
2
oZ
( )
2
tx
( )
2
t y
( ) ( )
2
*
2
*
t t y x

Ngha l hai nguyn t halogen lin kt vi nhau bng mt lin kt (
z
).
Ngoi lin kt , trong phn t Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
cn c mt phn lin kt to ra bi s
xen ph ca cc obitan d.
Trong phn t Flo, lin kt ch - c hnh thnh do mt lot cc electron ha
tr, khng c kh nng hnh thnh lin kt nh- trn v khng c cc obitan d.
Lin kt - c hnh thnh l lin kt "cho nhn" to ra do cp electron
t do ca mt nguyn t v obitan d cn b trng ca nguyn t khc; c th m t
theo s sau:
3d 3p 3s
3s 3p 3d

S hnh thnh cc lin kt lm cho phn t cc halogen bn r rt.
Flo khng c kh nng to ra lin kt nn phn t Flo c nng l- ng lin kt b
hn so vi Clo. T Clo n Iot do bn knh nguyn t tng, di lin kt tng:
F
2
Cl
2
Br
2
I
2

D
X X
() 1,42 2,00 2,29 2,17
nn nng l- ng lin kt gim.

40. Trong phn t hai nguyn t ca cc halogen, bn nhit ca phn t
lin quan n nng l- ng lin kt X-X trong phn t:
Xem cch gii thch bi 39.

41. Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc halogen tng. Tnh cht
ph thuc vo t- ng tc khuch tn gia cc phn t.
trng thi lng v rn, cc phn t halogen t- ng tc vi nhau bng lc
Van der Waals. V phn t cc halogen khng c cc nn t- ng tc ph thuc

vo t- ng tc khuch tn, nng l- ng t- ng tc ny cng ln khi phn cc ca
phn t cng ln.
V kh nng b cc ha ca cc phn t ph thuc vo bn knh nguyn t,
nn t F n I, bn knh nguyn t tng, phn cc tng do t- ng tc khuch
tn tng lm cho nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc halogen tng.

42.a) Cc cht c xu h- ng tan nhiu trong cht lng ging vi chng. Cc
halogen l nhng cht khng cc nn t tan trong dung mi c cc (v d: H
2
O) v
tan nhiu trong dung mi khng cc.
b) Tr- ng hp Iot tan nhiu trong dung dch KI v to ra Ion I
3
-
theo phn
ng:
I
2
+ I
-
= I
3
-

43. Xem cch gii thch bi s 6.

44. So snh:
F
2
Cl
2

Nng l- ng lin kt X
2
(Kcal/mol) 37 59
i lc electron X + e X
-
(Kcal/nguyn t g) 79 83
Nng l- ng hirat ha ca X
-
(Kcal/mol) 121 90
Th tiu chun E
0
x
2
/2x
-
(Von) 2.87 1,36

Ta thy rng nng l- ng lin kt v i lc electron ca Flo b hn Clo; nng
l- ng hidrat ln v th tiu chun ca Flo ln hn Clo.
a) Mc d c i lc electron thp hn (c tnh oxi ha km hn) nhng
nng l- ng lin kt trong ph t Flo thp hn do kh nng phn ng ca Flo cao
hn Clo.
b) Qu trnh chuyn X
2
2X
-
trong dung dch ph thuc vo cc yu t
sau:
- Nng l- ng phn li phn t thnh nguyn t(nng l- ng lin kt).
- i lc electron bin nguyn t thnh X
-
.
- Nng l- ng hirat ha ca anion X
-
.
Vi Flo, mc d nng l- ng phn li phn t thnh nguyn t v i lc
electron b hn Clo, nhng nng l- ng hirat ha ca Ion F
-
li ln hn nhiu so
vi Ion Cl
-
, do trong dung dch n- c, Flo c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Clo.

45. Xem bi s 36

46. Da vo iu kin phn ng v nhit to thnh ca phn ng khi cho H
2

phn ng vi halogen chng minh.

47.a) Cc halogen tc dng vi H
2
O theo cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
2F
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HF + O
2

Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + HClO K= 4,2.10
4

Br
2
+ H
2
O HBr + HBrO K= 7,2.10
-4

I
2
+ H
2
O HI + HIO K= 2,1.10
-13

Kh nng phn ng t Flo n Iot gim.
b) So snh th oxi ha-kh chun xc nh:
O
2
+ 4H
+
(10
-7
ion-g/l) + 4e = 2H
2
O E
0
=+0,81V
F
2
+ 2e = 2F
-
E
0
= +2,86 V
Cl
2
+ 2e = 2Cl
-
E
0
= +1,36V
Br
2
+ 2e = 2Br
-
E
0
= +1,07V
I
2
+ 2e = 2I
-
E
0
= +0,53V
Chng hn vi trng hp Flo:
2F
2
+ 2H
2
O = 4HF + O
2
E
0
=2,06V
Nh- vy Flo phn ng mnh vi n- c.
Vi Clo v Brom thc t i hi nng l- ng hot ha cao; vi Iot khng c
kh nng .

48.a) Vi cc kim loi c nhiu mc oxi ha th cc hp cht ng vi mc
oxi ha u c tnh kh, trong khi cc halogen li l cht oxi ha mnh.
b) Khi cht rn t- ng tc vi cht kh, kh nng phn ng ph thuc vo
cu trc ca cht rn - c to ra. Nu sn phm to ra bm chc vo b mt cht
rn t- ng tc th n s ngn cn phn ng tip din. L lun s gii thch trng
hp nu trong bi tp.

49.b) So snh th din cc xc nh trt t ca cc phn ng v t m
t hin t- ng.

51.b) V rng th in cc ca Flo rt ln nn khng th iu ch Flo bng
phng php in phn dung dch n- c c cha Ion Florua, m phi in phn mt
hn hp nng chy gm KF v HF.
Xem tip cch tr li bi tp 48.

52. So snh th in cc chun tr li theo h- ng:
a) Flo c tnh oxi ha mnh hn KMnO
4
.
b) KMnO
4

c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Br
2
v I
2
nn c th oxi ha Br
2
v I
2

to ra BrO
3
-
v IO
3
-
.
c) C th thay KMnO
4
bng MnO
2
hoc K
2
Cr
2
O
7
nhng phi dng HCl c
v phi un nng dng th in cc t- ng - ng nhau. (E
0
Cl
2
/2Cl
-
=1,36V;
E
0
Cr
2
O
7
2-
/Cr
3+
trong mi trng axit l 1,36V).

53. T HF n HCl: Nhit nng chy v nhit si gim. T HCl n
HI nhit nng chy v nhit si tng.
Cc hidro halogenua t- ng tc vi nhau bng lc t- ng tc gia cc phn t
gm lc nh h- ng, lc khuch tn v lc cm ng. Nh- ng nng l- ng t- ng tc
cm ng thng rt b so vi nng l- ng t- ng tc nh h- ng v t- ng tc khuch
tn, do nh h- ng ca t- ng tc cm ng n nhit nng chy v nhit si
c th b qua.
Nng l- ng t- ng tc nh h- ng gim t HF n HI do phn cc ca
phn t gim. Nng l- ng t- ng tc khuch tn tng ln trong dy do s tng bn
knh nguyn t ca cc halogen v s gim phn cc ca lin kt trong phn t.

T HF n HCl, nhit nng chy v nhit si gim do gia cc phn
t HF pht sinh - c lin kt Hidro, ng thi nng l- ng tng qut ca t- ng tc
gia cc phn t gim do t- ng tc nh h- ng gim.
T HCl n HI nng l- ng t- ng tc khuch tn chim - u th so vi t- ng
tc nh h- ng v vy nhit nng chy v nhit si tng.

54. di lin kt HX, nng l- ng lin kt v bn i vi nhit trong
dy t HF n HI c cc gi tr sau:
HF HCl HBr HI
di lin kt HX () 1,02 1,28 1,41 1,60
Nng l- ng lin kt HX (Kcal/mol) 135 103 87 71
Phn hy 1000
0
C (%) Khng 0,014 0,5 33
Trong dy , bn i vi nhit gim do di lin kt tng v nng
l- ng lin kt gim.
bn i vi nhit ch ph thuc vo nng l- ng lin kt ca phn t,
cn nhit nng chy v nhit si li ph thuc vo nng l- ng t- ng tc gia
cc phn t.

55.a) Hn hp ng ph hay hn hp ng si l nhng hn hp si nhit
khng i v khng thay i thnh phn ca hn hp p sut khng i. Cht
nguyn cht cng c c tnh nh- th, nhng vi hn hp ng si th khi p sut
thay i khng nhng nhit si m c thnh phn ca hn hp cng thay i
theo. V d Hidro Clorua to thnh vi n- c mt hn hp ng si 110
0
C d- i p
sut thng v cha 20,2% HCl. Khi thay i p sut, thnh phn ca HCl trong
hn hp cng thay i:
p sut (mmHg) 150 500 760 1000 2500
Thnh phn HCl (%) 22,5 20,9 20,2 19,7 18,0
Cc hidro halogenua khc cng to nn cc hn hp ng si c thnh phn
v nhit si xc nh.
Vi HF si 120
0
C thnh phn HF 35,4%; vi HBr hn hp si 126
0
C,
thnh phn HBr 47%;vi HI hn hp si 127
0
C, thnh phn HI 57%
c) V c tan ln trong n- c nn cc hidro Clorua bc khi trong khng
kh. Khi un nng dung dch HCl c ln hn 20% th u tin kh Hidro Clorua
bc ra, cn nu dung dch d- i 20% th tr- c ht hi n- c thot ra v nng axit
tng. Trong c hai trng hp , khi hm l- ng ca HCl trong axit t n 20,2%
( 760 mmHg) th thu - c hn hp ng si iu gii thch hin t- ng bc
khi ca dung dch HCl c.

56. C th xc nh nhanh hm l- ng % ca HCl trong dung dch bng
cch nhn hai con s sau du phy (ca khi l- ng ring ca dung dch) vi 2.
Ng- c li nu bit thnh phn % ca HCl trong dung dch c th tnh gn
ng khi l- ng ring ca dung dch .
a) V d: Dung dch c khi l- ng ring l 1,025 g/cm
3
, hm l- ng HCl l:
2,5.2= 5%, dung dch c khi l- ng ring l 1,195 g/cm
3
, hm l- ng HCl l 19,5.2
= 39 %.
b) Dung dch 32,5 % th khi l- ng ring l: 32,5:2= 16,25 suy ra d=
1,162 g/cm
3
.

57.a) Mt phn v nng l- ng lin kt HF rt ln, mt phn khc v khi ha
tan trong n- c xy ra qu trnh Ion ha to ra H
3
O
+
v F
-
, sau Ion F
-
li t- ng
tc vi phn t HF t ra Ion phc HF
2
-
:
HF + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ F
-

HF + F
-
HF
2
-

Hoc dng tng qut:
2HF + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ HF
2
-

Do mt phn phn t HF lin kt to ra HF
2
-
nn hm l- ng t- ng i ca
Ion H
3
O
+
khng ln, v vy dung dch axit Flohidric c tnh axit yu (K= 7.10
-4
).
b) V nguyn nhn trn nn trong dung dch axit Flohidric c cc Ion dng
H
2
F
3
-
, H
3
F
4
-
, H
4
F
5
-
. Khi trung ha to ra cc mui axit nh- K[HF
2
] (T
nc
= 239
0
C);
K[H
2
F
3
] (T
nc
= 62
0
C); K[H
3
F
4
] (T
nc
=60
0
C); K[H
4
F
5
] (T
nc
= 73
0
C).

58.a) in li ca cc dung dch axit halogen hidric HX 0,1N.
HF HCl HBr HI
(%) 9 92,6 93,5 95
mnh ca axit tng t HF n HI do di lin kt tng (xem bi s 54).
Axit Flohidric l mt axit yu (xem bi 57)
b) Vai tr ca HI trong hai phn ng khc nhau.

59. Da vo th in cc gii thch.

60.a) Ch c KI l c th phn ng - c vi FeCl
3
(da vo th in cc
gii thch).

61.a) Axit Sunfuric tc dng vi Canxi Florua to ra axit Flohidric, l axit
duy nht tc dng - c vi Silic ioxit.
SiO
2
+ 4HF = 2H
2
O+ SiF
4

Sau silic tetraflorua tc dng vi HF d- to ra axit Hecxa flosilixic
H
2
SiF
3
tan trong n- c:
SiF
4
+ 2HF = H
2
SiF
3

Axit Clohidric khng c kh nng n mn - c thy tinh.

62.b) Trong c hai trng hp sn phm to ra u nh- nhau:
Na
2
O.CaO.6SiO
2
+ 14H
2
F
2
Na
2
SiF
6
+ CaSiF
6
+ 4SiF
4
+ 14 H
2
O.
Tuy nhin khi thy tinh b dung dch axit Flohiric n mn th sn phm
phn ng s chuyn vo dung dch v b mt b n mn s tr nn trong sut.

63.a) V bn i vi nhit gim, nng l- ng lin kt gim nn tnh kh
ca cc hidro halogenua tng ( trng thi kh cng nh- trng thi tan trong dung
dch) (xem bi tp 54).
b) Khi tc dng vi Oxi:
HF + O
2
: khng c phn ng; HF hon ton khng th hin tnh kh.
HCl + O
2
: trong dung dch khng xy ra phn ng, nhng trng thi kh
th xy ra phn ng thun nghch:

4HCl (kh) + O
2
2H
2
O + 2Cl
2

HCl ch th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha mnh.
HBr v HI u l nhng cht kh mnh, dung dch ca chng vn l trong
sut v khng mu, nhng lu trong khng kh dung dch s vng dn do to ra
cc halogen t do:
4HBr + O
2
(KK) 2H
2
O + 2Br
2

4HI + O
2
(KK) 2H
2
O + 2I
2

Tr- ng hp HI dung dch nhum mu vng nhanh hn so vi dung dch HBr.

64.a) V cc hidro halogenua u l nhng hp cht c cc nn tan rt
mnh trong dung mi c cc.
b) Khi tan trong n- c, dung dch c tnh axit v to ra vi n- c ion
hidroxoni H
3
O
+
.
trng thi lng chng khng phi l axit.

65.a) iu ch hidro clorua bng cch cho NaCl tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c:
NaCl + H
2
SO
4
NaHSO
4
+ HCl
NaCl + NaHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ HCl
Phn ng th nht xy ra mc ng k ngay nhit thng v khi
un nng n 250
0
C th thc t xy ra hon ton. Phn ng th hai xy ra nhit
cao hn khon 400-500
0
C.
b) Khi dng H
2
SO
4
long v NaCl long phn ng s khng to ra
hidroclorua v phn ln cn bng s chuyn dch v pha to ra H
2
SO
4
t phn li hn
HCl. Nh- ng nu dng dung dch NaCl m c v H
2
SO
4
c th khi un nng, cn
bng c th chuyn dch sang phi v HCl d bay hi hn.
c) Ph- ng php trn c th dng iu ch HF nhng khng th vn dng
cho HBr v HI v chng u l cht kh mnh:
2HBr + H
2
SO
4
Br
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
8HI + H
2
SO
4
4I
2
+ H
2
S + 4H
2
O

66.a) Ngoi phng php trn (bi tp 65) hin nay trong cng nghip ch
yu dng phng php tng hp iu ch hidro clorua, sau cho hp th n- c
to ra axit Clohidric:
H
2
+Cl
2
2HCl H= - 44 Kcal/mol
b) Ph- ng php da trn c s phn ng dy chuyn. Phn ng trn xy
ra rt chm nhit thng, nhng khi un nng mnh hoc c tia la in, hoc
chiu bng tia t ngoi th phn ng xy ra mnh lit. Tr- c ht nh nng l- ng h
ca tia t ngoi (hoc t nng), phn t Clo phn li thnh nguyn t sau cc
nguyn t ny tc dng vi phn t Hidro to thnh HCl v nguyn t Hidro.
Nguyn t Hidro ny li tc dng vi phn t Cl
2
to thnh HCl v nguyn t Clo
Cl
2
+ h Cl + Cl (kch thch ban u)
Cl + H
2
HCl + H
H + Cl
2
HCl + Cl
Cl + H
2
HCl + H
t < 600
0
C
t > 600
0
C

Do to ra mt dy phn ng k tip nhau v c mt phn t kch thch
ban u c th to ra hng trm ngn phn t HCl khc.
c) Ph- ng php khng th vn dng iu ch cc axit halogen hidric
khc - c; vi HF phn ng xy ra qu mnh lit; vi HBr v HI cho hiu sut
thp. iu c th thy r khi so snh nhit hnh thnh H ca cc hidro
halogenua:
HF HCl HBr HI
H(Kcal/mol) -128 -44 -24 +12.

68.a) Halogenua ion l nhng halogen c mng l- i tinh th bao gm cc
ion.
Cc kim loi kim: Na, K, Rb,Cs
Cc kim loi kim th: Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba.
Lantan, mt s Lantanoit v Actinoit to ra cc halogenua dng ion. Ngoi
ra mt s kim loi c nhiu mc oxi ha cng to ra cc halogenua ion mc oxi
ha thp ca kim loi.
b) Mc ion trong lin kt ca cc hp cht thay i ty theo bn tnh
ca kim loi v ca cc halogen. V d:
Kim loi c mc oxi ha khc nhau th halogenua thp c bn tnh ion cao
hn halogenua cao; chng hn PbCl
2
l hp cht ion, PbCl
4
l hp cht cng ha tr.
Vi cng mt kim loi th mc ion ca lin kt gim dn t Florua n
Iodua. Chng hn AlF
3
l hp cht ion nhng AlI
3
l hp cht cng ha tr.

69. Halogenua ion c nhng tnh cht ch yu sau: nhit nng chy v
nhit si cao; mc ion trong phn t cng ln th nhit nng chy cng
cao. Dn in khi nng chy v khi tan trong n- c. a s tan trong n- c to ra cc
ion hidrat ha. Khi cc halogenua u l ion th tan tng t florua n iodua (do
nng l- ng mng l- i gim khi bn knh ion halogenua tng). Chng hn
halogenua ca cc kim loi kim, kim th v cc cht Lantanoit (cc florua ca
cc Lantanoit thc t khng tan).

70.a) Nhng halgenua cng ha tr l nhng halogenua c mng l- i phn
t. Lc t- ng tc gia cc phn t trong tinh th l lc Van der Waals.
Cc nguyn t khng kim loi, cc kim loi mc oxi ha cao to ra cc
halogenua cng ha tr.
b) Cc halogenua cng ha tr c mt s c tnh sau: ni chung u d bay
hi; tan trong dung mi khng cc; khng dn in khi nng chy cng nh- khi tan
trong dung mi khng cc, d dng b thy phn to ra axit halogen hidric. Chng
hn:
BiCl
3
+ 3H
2
O Bi(OH)
3
+ 3HCl.

71. Theo dy Cl
2
O, ClO
2
, Cl
2
O
6
, Cl
2
O
7
tnh bn tng, tnh oxi ha gim.
V c in m gn t- ng - ng nn khng th iu ch bng phng
php tng hp trc tip t Clo v Oxi m phi iu ch bng phng php gin tip.

72.a) Trong cc oxit ca Clo th ClO
2
c tnh thun t v trong phn t c
mt electron ch- a ghp i (xem bi tp 38).

b) Bng phn ng cho tc dng vi n- c to ra axit hoc phn ng vi dung
dch kim to ra mui minh ha cc oxit l cc anhidrit.
Cl
2
O l anhidrit ca axit hipoclor.
ClO
2
l anhidrit hn tp ca axit hipoclor HClO
2
v axit cloric HClO
3
.
Cl
2
O
6
l anhidrit hn tp ca axit cloric v axit pecloric HClO
4
.
Cl
2
O
7
l anhidrit ca axit pecloric.
Chng hn cc phn ng:
Cl
2
O + 2KOH 2KC lO + H
2
O
2ClO
2
+ 2KOH KClO
2
+ KClO
3
+ H
2
O
Cl
2
O
6
+ H
2
O HClO
3
+ HClO
4

Cl
2
O
7
+ H
2
O 2HClO
4
.

73. bit - c cc oxit sau y:
F Cl Br I
OF
2
Cl
2
O Br
2
O I
2
O
4

O
2
F
2
ClO
2
Br
3
O
3
(hoc) I
4
O
9
O
3
F
2
Cl
2
O
6
BrO
3

O
4
F
2
Cl
2
O
7
BrO
2
I
2
O
5
Flo c in m ln hn oxi nn cc oxit ca flo c th coi l cc florua
ca oxi, trong ch c OF
2
l tn ti nhit phng.
Ni chung u l nhng hp cht khng bn d b phn hy, d n, nn u
c kh nng phn ng. Bn hn c l I
2
O
5
, cht rn trng, n 300
0
C khng b phn
hy, iu ch bng cch kh n- c ca axit Iodic 200
0
C. I
2
O
4
- c coi l mui
Iodyl Iodat IO(IO)
3
, cn I
4
O
9
l mui Iodat ca Iod ha tr ba I(IO
3
)
3
.

74.Cc halogen to ra cc axit cha oxi nh- sau:
Tn gi F Cl Br I
Axit hipohalogen HFO HClO HBrO HIO
Axit halogen HClO
2

Axit halogenic HClO
3
HBrO
3
HIO
3

Axit pehalogenic HClO
4
HIO
4
;H
3
IO
5
;
H
5
IO
6
; H
4
I
2
O
9

tr axit hipoflor, nhng axit khc ca flo ch- a iu ch - c. Cc axit
brom, axit pebromic, axit iod ch- a iu ch - c.
Axit peiodic c kh nng tn ti trong dung dch d- i dng cc ion hidrat
ha khc nhau, chng hn nh- ion H
2
IO
5
-
(IO
4
-
.H
2
O); H
4
IO
6
-
(IO
4
-
.2H
2
O), ... axit
meta peiodic HIO
4
l dng n gin nht ca loi axit peiodic - c iu ch t axit
para peiodic H
5
IO
6
, bng cch kh H
2
O hon ton 100
0
trong chn khng. Axit
mezo peiodic H
3
IO
5
tn ti trong dung dch (cng cn gi l axit metaiodic, para
iodic).

75.a) Theo dy HFO, HClO, HBrO, HIO, tnh bn gim, tnh axit gim,
tnh oxi ha gim.
HFO: c kh nng tch ra trng thi t do, nhit thp l cht rn mu
trng, nhit nng chy l - 117
0
C. Ba axit cn li u t bn ch tn ti trong
dung dch long khng tch ra - c trng thi t do.

Hng s in li axit ca HClO l 3,4.10
-8
; ca HBrO l 2.10
-9
v HIO l
2,0.10
-11
.
th tiu chun ng vi qu trnh:
2HXO + 2H
+
+ 2e X
2
+ 2H
2
O
gim (vi Clo, E
0
= 1,63V; vi Brom, E
0
=1,59V; vi Iod E
0
=1,45V) .

76.a) N- c Clo l dung dch Clo ha tan trong n- c m thnh phn ch yu
l axit Clohidric HCl v axit hipoclor HClO; n- c javen l dung dch trong n- c
ca Natri Clorua v Natri hipoclorit; clorua vi l cht bt mu trng m thnh
phn ch yu l Canxi clorua hipoclorit CaOCl
2
.
b) Khi cho kh CO
2
qua dung dch n- c javen hoc dung dch Canxi
hipoclorit c cc phn ng sau y:
CO
2
+ H
2
O + NaClO NaHCO
3
+ HClO
CO
2
+ H
2
O + Ca(OCl)
2
CaCO
3
+ 2HClO.

77.a) Do tc dng ca CO
2
trong khng kh , to thnh HClO. Axit
hipoclor d dng b phn hy to ra HCl v oxi do c kh nng ty mu.
b) T Canxi cacbonat iu ch Canxi hidroxit, t Natri clorua iu ch ra
Clo, sau iu ch Clorua vi.

78. Clo tc dng vi KI to ra I
2
cho dung dch mu nu, sau Clo d- tc
dng vi I
2
to ra IO
3
-
lm cho dung dch mt mu.
Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
Cl
2
+ 2KI I
2
+ 2KCl
5Cl
2
+ I
2
+ 6H
2
O 2HIO
3
+ 10HCl

79.a) Cc Halogen tc dng vi H
2
O (xem bi 47). Khi cho cc Halogen tc
dng vi dung dch kim, phn ng to ra Hipohalogenit (XO
-
), nhng trong mi
trng kim cc Hipohalogenit b phn hy theo phn ng:
3XO
-
2X
-
+ XO
3
-

(X = Cl, Br, I). S phn hy ph thuc vo bn cht ca cc Halogen v
nhit .
ClO
-
: phn hy chm nhit thng, nhanh khi un nng.
BrO
-
: phn hy chm nhit thp, nhanh nhit thng.
IO
-
: phn hy tt c cc nhit .
Nh- vy qu trnh phn hy tng khi nhit tng; t Clo n Iot qu
trnh phn hy tng. Do , khi cho cc Halogen tc dng vi dung dch kim,
phn ng xy ra theo cc phng trnh:

Cl
2
+ 2KOH KCl + KClO + H
2
O
3Cl
2
+ 6KOH 5KCl + KClO
3
+ 3H
2
O
3Br
2
+ 6KOH 5KBr + KBrO
3
+ 3H
2
O
3I
2
+ 6KOH 5KI +KIO
3
+ 3H
2
O
b) Khi cho Cl
2
tc dng vi dung dch KOH long nhit thng to ra
KClO, khi un nng ln 70
o
C, KClO phn hy thnh KClO
3
v KCl, n 100
0
C cn
t
0
thng
t
0
thng
70
0
C

hn hp mui rn gm KClO
3
v KCl, n 400
0
C KClO
3
phn hy to ra KClO
4
v
KCl, khi un nng cao hn na KClO
4
phn hy thnh KCl v O
2
.

80. Cho kh Clo qua vi ti bt - t hoc qua huyn ph c Ca(OH)
2

30
0
C thu - c Canxiclorua hipoclorit.

Ca
O Cl
Cl

Cho kh clo qua dung dch n- c vi trong nhit thng to ra canxi
hipoclorit.

Ca
O Cl
O Cl

81. So snh th in cc tr li.

83. Th tch kh clo trng hp th nht gp i trng hp th hai.

84. a) HClO H
+
+ ClO
-
K= 3,7.10
-8

HBrO H
+
+ BrO
-
K= 2.10
-9

HIO H
+
+ IO
-
K= 2.10
-11

HIO I
+
+ OH
-
K= 3.10
-10

tnh axit gim, tnh baz tng.
b) Khi thm HCl vo n- c Javen to ra mi trng axit. Trong mi trng
, ion ClO
-
oxi ha ion Cl
-
to ra kh Clo.
HClO + H
+
+ Cl
-
Cl
2
+ H
2
O
So snh th in cc gii thch - c vn trn:
HClO + H
+
+

2e Cl
-
+ H
2
O E
0
=+1,5V
Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl
-
E
0
=+1,36V
Khi axit ha n- c javen bng H
2
SO
4
long, trong dung dch s tn ti cn
bng:
Cl
2
+ H
2
O HClO + H
+
+ Cl
-

v nng H
+
tng nn cn bng chuyn sang tri to ra kh Clo.
HClO trong n- c javen - c oxi ha bng HBr s oxi ha ion Br
-
thnh
bromat BrO
3
-
.

85. Theo dy HClO, HClO
2
, HClO
3
, HClO
4
:
a) Tnh bn tng: HClO v HClO
2
ch tn ti trong dung dch long; HClO
3

tn ti trong dung dch d- i 50%; HClO
4
tch ra d- i dng tinh khit. bn tng
do di ca lin kt Cl - O gim:
HClO HClO
2
HClO
3
HClO
4

d(Cl-O) 1,7 1,64 1,57 1,45
b) Tnh oxi ha gim do bn tng trong dy ClO
-
, ClO
2
-
, ClO
3
-
, ClO
4
-
nn
tnh oxi ha ca axit v ca mui gim.

c) Tnh axit tng: HClO l axit yu (K=2,4.10
-3
); HClO
2
l axit trung bnh
(K=1,1.10
-2
); HClO
3
l axit mnh; HClO
4
l axit mnh nht trong tt c cc axit.
mnh ca cc axit ph thuc v kh nng tch proton H
+
khi phn t, ngha l
ph thuc vo bn ca lin kt O - H. Khi s nguyn t Oxi (khng nm trong
nhm hidroxyl) tng th bn trong nhm OH gim, do kh nng tch proton
H
+
tng.

86.
3) 2Ca(OH)
2
+ 2Cl
2
Ca(OCl)
2
+ CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
4) CaOCl
2
+ CO
2
CaCl
2
+ CaCO
3
+ Cl
2
O
5) HClO
3
+ 5HCl 3Cl
2
+ 3H
2
O
6) 6Ag + 6HClO
3
5AgClO
3
+ AgCl + 3H
2
O
7) 6Fe + 18HClO
3
5Fe(ClO
3
)
3
+ FeCl
3
+ 9H
2
O
8) HClO
3
+ 6FeSO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4
HCl + 3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 4H
2
O
2

9) Cl
2
O
5
+ H
2
O HClO
3
+ HClO
4

10) 2HClO
4
+ P
2
O
5
Cl
2
O
7
+ 2HPO
3

87. Theo dy HClO
3
- HBrO
3
- HIO
3
tnh bn tng, tnh axit gim, tnh oxi
ha gim.
axit Cloric HClO
3
v axit Bromic HBrO
3
ch tn ti trong dung dch, nng
trn 50% b phn hy.
3HClO
3
HClO
4
+ 2ClO
2
+ H
2
O
4HBrO
3
O
2
+ 4BrO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Axit iodic HIO
3
c th tch ra dng tinh th khng mu bn n 250
0
to ra
I
2
O
5
.
C 3 axit u c tnh oxi ha mnh, chng hn trong mi trng axit chng
c kh nng gim ha tr to ra cc halogenua:
ClO
3
-
+ 6H
+
+ 6e Cl
-
+ 3H
2
O E
0
=+1,45V
BrO
3
-
+ 6H
+
+ 6e Br
-
+ 3H
2
O E
0
=+1,44V
IO
3
-
+ 6H
+
+ 6e I
-
+ 3H
2
O E
0
=1,09V
t ta thy tnh oxi ha gim t HClO
3
n HIO
3
.

88. C th bng cch sau: cho CaCO
3
tc dng vi hn hp gm HCl v
HClO. Axit Clohidric tc dng vi CaCO
3
, cn HClO khng phn ng. Dung dch
cn li cha HClO, Ca
2+
v Cl
-
.
Ch- ng ct hn hp, HClO phn hy theo s :
2HClO 2Cl
2
O + H
2
O.
Cho Cl
2
O ha tan trong n- c thu - c dung dch HClO.

89. Cho hn hp gm hidro clorua v khng kh un nng 450
0
C c cht
xc tc. Hn hp kh thu - c gm Clo v hidro clorua cho tan vo n- c, to ra
dung dch gm axit clohidric v axit hipoclor.
Tch HClO ra khi hn hp nh- bi 88.

90. C th iu ch bng phng php in phn dung dch KCl. Trong qua
trnh in phn, Catot to ra mi trng kim:

2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-
.
anot to ra Clo:
2Cl
-
- 2e Cl
2

nu qu trnh in phn khng c mng ngn cch 2 in cc th dung dch
Catot v Aot trn ln vi nhau sinh ra phn ng:
Cl
2
+ 2KOH KClO + KCl + H
2
O.
trong mi trng kim, ion ClO
-
b phn hy theo phn ng:
3ClO
-
2Cl
-
+ ClO
3
-

kt qu thu - c kali clorat KClO
3
tch ra dng tinh th v tan ca
KClO
3

b ( tan ca KClO
3
20
0
C l 6,8%).

91. C th iu ch bng phng php nhit phn kali clorat thu - c hn
hp gm KClO
4
v KCl. Sau tch 2 cht bng phng php kt tinh phn on
(da vo tan khc nhau).
C th iu ch bng phng php in phn dung dch KClO
3
.
Qu trnh in phn xy ra theo phng trnh:
KClO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
(catot) + KClO
4
(anot).

92. KClO
3
+ 6 HCl KCl + 3Cl
2
+ 3H
2
O
3KClO
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
3KHSO
4
+ HClO
4
+ 2ClO
2
+ H
2
O
2KClO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+ 2HClO
3

2KClO
3
+ K
2
S
2
O
3
2K
2
SO
4
+ O
2
+ 2ClO
2

2KClO
3
+ H
2
C
2
O
4
K
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ 2ClO
2
+ H
2
O
2KClO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
+ H
2
C
2
O
4
K
2
SO
4
+ 2ClO
2
+ 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O

93.Da vo tan khc nhau ca cc mui trong hn hp.

95.a) Khi thm mt l- ng t- ng ng H
2
SO
4
c th kt ta ht Ba
2+
c trong
dung dch n- c ca BaH
3
IO
6
. Axit Peioic cn li trong dung dch.
BaH
3
IO
6
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ H
5
IO
6

b) Axit Parapeiodic H
5
IO
6
l axit yu so vi axit HClO
4
. Cc h s in li
cc nc lin tip u rt b (K
1
=3.10
-2
; K
3
=3.10
-13
) do Ion IO
6
5-
c rt t trong
dung dch.Chnh iu gii thch nguyn nhn hnh thnh cc mui axit.
c) Ph thuc vo s phi tr ca nguyn t trung tm. S nguyn t oxi lin
kt vi nguyn t trung tm ca phn t axit bng s phi tr ca nguyn t . S
phi tr cng ln nu bn knh ca nguyn t trung tm cng ln. S phi tr cc i
trong axit cha Iod l bng 6.

96. Trong nhng iu kin khc nhau, cc halogen t- ng tc vi nhau to ra
cc hp cht gia cc halogen XY
n
, trong n l s phi tr (l nhng s l
1,3,5,7), I l cc halogen nh c in m ln hn.
Ng- i ta bit - c nhng hp cht sau:
XY XY
3
XY
5
XY
7

ClF ClF
3
(ClF
5
)
BrF BrF
3
BrF
5

(IF) IF
3
IF
5
IF
7

in phn

ICl ICl
3

IBr
Do c mt s chn nguyn t halogen, vi cc electron ho tr ghp i
hoc dng cp electron t do nn hp cht gia cc halogen u c tnh nghch
t.
Tnh cht l ha ca chng u l tnh cht trung gian gia hai halogen c
trong thnh phn ca chng, mc d cc hp cht u phn cc.
Tt c cc hp cht gia cc halogen u l cht oxi ha manh, u b thy
phn, trong dung dch kim to ra cc halogenua ca halogen c kch th- c nh
hn v Anion cha oxi ca halogen c kch th- c ln hn. V d:
IF
5
+ 6KOH 5KF + KIO
3
+ 3H
2
O
XY
n
l nhng cht hot ng mnh hn so vi cc halogen to ra chng, v
rng nng l- ng lin kt X-Y b hn nng l- ng lin kt X-X v Y-Y.
t- ng hi, chng l hp cht cng ha tr, nhng t- ng lng chng t
Ion ha, v d:
2ICl I
+
+ ICl
2
-

2ICl
3
ICl
2
+
+ ICl
4
-

2BrF
3
4BrF
2
-
+ BrF
4
-

2IF
3
IF
4
+
+ IF
6
-

Do , chng c dn in ring kh cao v l nhng dung mi ion ha
tt i vi nhiu cht.

97.a) Do nng l- ng kch thch nguyn t cn thit hnh thnh cc
electron khng cp i gim dn t Clo n Iod; ng thi theo chiu t Clo n
iod bn knh nguyn t tng nn s nguyn t Flo c th phn b - c nhiu hn
xung quang nguyn t c kch th- c ln hn.
b) Gii thch nh- cu 97a.
c) V mc oxi ha c trng ca cc halogen l s l. Ch s n chnh l s
electron c thn - c to ra khi hnh thnh lin kt.

4. Oxi
98. Nguyn t cc nguyn t thuc nhm ny u c 6 electron ha tr vi
cu hnh ns
2
p
4
, gn vi cu hnh bn ca kh tr. Do cc nguyn t nhm VIa
(tr Te v Po) d dng kt hp thm electron ca cc kim loi mnh to ra hp
cht ion, gy nn tnh cht c bn l tnh oxi ha.
T O n Po, kh nng kt hp thm electron gim, ng thi kh nng
nhng electron tng, n Te v Po to ra cc Cation, Po - c xem nh- l kim
loi in hnh, chng hn Po tan - c trong dung dch axit HCl.
Po + 2HCl PoCl
2
+ H
2

Cn Se v Te khng tc dng. Se v Te tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c hoc HNO
3

t- ng t nh- l- u hunh, cn Po th to ra mui:
Po + 8HNO
3
Po(NO
3
)
4
+ 4NO
2
+ 4H
2
O

99.a) Nguyn t oxi c cu hnh 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
, trong nguyn t c 2 electron
c thn, gy ra trng thi ha tr 2 ca nguyn t.

2s
2
2p
4

Mun xut hin ha tr ln hn 2 cn phi chuyn electron t mc 2p ln
mc 3s to ra 4 electron khng cp i, iu khng th thc hin - c v i
hi mt nng l- ng kh ln.
b) Oxi c kh nng xut hin mc oxi ha d- ng trong cc hp cht F
2
O
n

(n=1,2,3,4) do oxi c m in b hn Flo. V d: F
2
O, F
2
O
2

100. Theo quan im ca phng php lin kt ha tr th phn t oxi - c
hnh thnh bng s ghp i ca cc electron c thn hai nguyn t oxi vi nhau
to ra phn t O
2
ng vi s :
: O O :
: :

Ngha l trong phn t c mt lin kt kp, phn t khng cn electron c
thn.
Theo phng php Obitan phn t th phn t oxi c cu hnh electron nh-
sau:
O[K.2s
2
.2p
4
] + O[K.2s
2
.2p
4
]
O
2
[KK
2
*
, 2
4
, 2
2
2
2
*
2
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t t o o o
z py
lk
z py
lk
px s
lk
s
]
Vi cu hnh , phn t oxi cn d- 4 electron to lin kt. Cc obital phn
lin kt |
.
|
\
|
t
*
2p
c kh nng nhn ti a l 4 electron, nhng ch mi c 2 electron,
chng u c spin song song nhau ph hp vi quy tc Hund. S cc mc nng
l- ng ca phn t oxi theo thuyt obital phn t:
o
*
2p

t
*
2py

t
*
2pz

t
lk
py 2

t
lk
pz 2

o
lk
px 2

o
*
2s

o
lk
s 2

cho ta thy trong phn t O
2
c 2 electron c thn ch- a ghp i. Cu
hnh ph hp vi s cu to phn t oxi nh- sau:

O O : :
. . .
. . .
hoc
:
O O
:
. .

ngha l trong phn t oxi c mt lin kt bo m bng 1 cp electron c
spin i song (obital
o
p 2
) v 2 lin kt c bit, mi lin kt c 3 electron trong
c 2 electron lin kt (
t
p 2
) v mt electron phn lin kt (
t
*
2
). Nhng

nguyn t, ion hay phn t c tnh thun t (c momen t vnh cu) bt buc phi
c t nht mt electron c thn.
Phn t O
2
c tnh thun t, nh- vy phi c electron c thn trong phn
t. iu khng th gii thch - c bng thuyt lin kt ha tr m - c chng
minh bng quan im ca thuyt obital phn t.

101. Ph hp vi nhng d kin quang ph, cc Obitan phn t ca phn t
hai nguyn t c cc mc nng l- ng - c phn b theo trt t sau:
o t t t t o
o
o o o
*
2
*
2
*
2 2 2 2
*
2
2
*
1 1 px pz py
lk
pz
lk
py
lk
px
s
lk
s s
lk
s
< = < = < < < <
<
Trong
cc k hiu:
- 1k: ch cc obitan lin kt
- * : ch cc obitan phn lin kt
Nh- ng khi nng l- ng gia cc nguyn t 2s v 2p trn ln vi nhau mt
phn no to ra cc obitan phn t
2s
v
2px
, cc obitan s t- ng tc y
nhau v do cc obitan phn t
t
lk
py 2
v
t
lk
px 2
c nng l- ng cao hn so vi
obitan
o
lk
px 2
. Trong trng hp trt t cc mc nng l- ng c th phn b nh-
sau:
o
t
t o t t
o
o o o
*
2
*
2
*
2 2 2 2
*
2
2
*
1 1 px
pz
py
lk
px
lk
pz
lk
py
s
lk
s s
lk
s
< = < < = < < <
<
S
electron ti a trng thi l 2e v l 4e. Da vo trt t c th vit - c
cu hnh electron ca cc ion phn t O
2
+
, O
2
-

v O
2
2-
nh- sau:
O
2
+
:
1
*
2
4
, 2
2
2
2
*
2
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t t o o o
py
lk
z py
lk
px
s
lk
s

O
2
-

:
3
*
, 2
4
, 2
2
2
2
*
2
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t t o o o
z py
lk
z py
lk
px
s
lk
s

O
2
2-
:
4
*
, 2
4
, 2
2
2
2
*
2
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t t o o o
z py
lk
z py
lk
px
s
lk
s

gin cc mc nng l- ng phn b nh- sau:
O
2
+
O
2
O
2
-
O
2
2-
o
*
p

_ _ _ _
t
*
p

t
lk
p

o
lk
p

o
*
s

o
lk
s

Trong cc trng hp trn ch c O
2
+
, O
2
, O
2
-
l c tnh thun t v c
electron khng ghp i, cn O
2
2-
c tnh nghch t.

102. i lc electron ca phn t O
2
l 0,8eV, nng l- ng ion ha l 12,2eV,
do phn t O
2
c th mt bt hoc kt hp thm electron to thnh ion phn
t O
2
+
, O
2
-

hoc O
2
2-.
Khi tch

mt electron ra khi obitan phn t
*
, phn t oxi to thnh ion
phn t O
2
+
:

O O : :
. . .
. . .
O O : : . . . - 1e

hoc:

: O O :
. .
- 1e
O O : :
.

Ion phn t O
2
+
c trong hp cht t- ng t mui O
2
+
[PtF
3
] khi cho O
2
t- ng
tc vi PtF
3
.
Khi nhn thm mt electron vo obitan
*
, phn t oxi to thnh ion
supeoxit O
2
-
:

O O
: :
. . .
. . .
+ 1e O O
: : . . .
:
:

ion O
2
-
c trong supeoxit ca cc kim loi kim khi cho oxi tc dng trc
tip vi cc kim loi , chng hn KO
2
, RbO
2
.
Khi kt hp thm 2 electron v obitan
*
, phn t oxi chuyn thnh ion
peoxit O
2
2-
:

O O
: :
. . .
. . .
+2e
O O
: :
2
: :
: :

ion O
2
2-
c trong cc hp cht nh- : BaO
2
, H
2
O
2

103. di lin kt tng do s tng ca cc obitan phn kin kt.
C th da vo bn lin kt gii thch. bi lin kt trong phng
php obitan phn t - c xc nh theo s electron c trn obitan lin kt v s
electron c trn obitan phn lin kt:
bi lin kt =
2
kt) n li n ph electron (s - lk) electron (s

Nh- vy s electron trn obitan phn lin kt tng th bi lin kt gim,
do khong cch gia cc nguyn t tng. Theo dy trn, bi gic s l: 2,5 ; 2
; 1,5 ; 1.

104. Do in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm VIa b hn
mt n v.

105.c) Mun tinh luyn nguyn t ca nguyn t theo n v cacbon th ly
nguyn t l- ng theo n v c (tnh bng n v oxi) nhn vi 0,99996.
V d vi oxi:
16.0,99996 = 15,9994 .v.C

106.a) Cc halogen, cc kh tr, mt s kim loi qu nh- : Ag, Pt, Au khng
phn ng trc tip vi oxi.
b) Khong cch gia hai nguyn t trong phn t O
2
l 1,21 , b hn
di ca lin kt n O - O l 1,48 , do d phn t O
2
rt bn.
Trong phn t O
2
c mt lin kt v hai lin kt ba electron . Trong
phn t Clo ch c mt lin kt , ngoi ra cn c mt lin kt do s xen ph bi
cc electron d.
Do nng l- ng ln kt trong phn t oxi l 118 Kcal/mol, cn vi Clo l
59 Kcal/mol.
2000
0
C phn t oxi phn li thnh nguyn t, lc oxi s th hin tnh
ha hc mnh hn Clo.

109. Oxi to ra nhng hp cht oxi vi i a s cc nguyn t hoc trc
tip hoc gin tip.
Nhng hp cht m trong nguyn t oxi lin kt vi nguyn t ca
nguyn t khc v khng lin kt gia cc nguyn t oxi vi nhau gi l cc oxit
thng (R
2
I
O). Cn nhng oxit m trong phn t cc nguyn t oxi lin kt vi
nhau gi l cc peoxit (R
2
I
O
2
).
Da vo tnh cht ha hc, ng- i ta chia thnh oxit axit, oxit baz v oxit
l- ng tnh. Nhng oxit ca mt s nguyn t khng kim loi, khng c tnh axit
cng nh- tnh baz - c gi l cc oxit tr.
Nhng oxit tan trong n- c gi l cc oxit axit (N
2
O
5
, SO
2
, SO
3
, CO
2
, Cl
2
O
7

v.v); c oxit tuy khng tan trong n- c nhng li tan trong dung dch kim cng
gi l oxit axit. V d:
Sb
2
O
3
+ 2NaOH + 5H
2
O 2Na[Sb(OH)
6
]
Oxit baz khi tc dng vi n- c to ra baz (Li
2
O, Na
2
O, CaO, BaO). Mt
s oxit tuy khng tan trong n- c nhng tan trong dung dch axit long cng l oxit
baz. V d:
NiO + 2HCl NiCl
2
+ H
2
O
MgO + H
2
SO
4
MgSO
4
+ H
2
O
Oxit l- ng tnh va tan trong axit va tan trong dung dch kim (Al
2
O
3
,
ZnO, Cr
2
O
3
)
Cc oxit khng tan trong n- c, trong axit, trong dung dch kim - c gi l
oxit tr (N
2
O, Co)
Cc oxit cao - c to bi Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S v Cl; theo chiu tng mc
oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong dy th tnh cht ca oxit s chuyn t oxit baz
Na
2
O n oxit axit Cl
2
O
7
.
Nhng nguyn t c nhiu mc oxi ha , khi to ra cc oxit th mc oxi
ha thp, oxit c tnh baz, mc oxi ha cao, oxit c tnh axit. V d, trong dy:
MnO Mn
2
O
3
MnO
2
Mn
2
O
7

t tri sang phi tnh axit tng, tnh baz gim (MnO c tnh baz, Mn
2
O
7

c tnh axit).
Lin kt ha hc trong cc oxit bin i t thun ty ion (trong oxit ca kim
loi kim, kim th) n thun ty cng ha tr (trong oxit ca cc halogen). S
hnh thnh ion O
2-
t oxi phn t v sau hnh thnh cc oxit cn tiu tn mt
nng l- ng kh ln, nn s hnh thnh oxit ion s gp kh khn, nhng nh c
nng l- ng mng l- i ca cc oxit li rt cao, nn trong thc t c nhiu oxit

thun ty ion v rt bn. nhng oxit m nng l- ng mng l- i khng ln c
th ion ha hon ton nguyn t kim loi, th lin kt trong oxit c mc cng
ha tr ng k , v d BeO, B2O
3
v.v
Ion O
2-
ch tn ti trong tinh th ca cc oxit ion, nhng khng th tn ti
trong dung dch v d dng b thy phn:
O
2-
+ H
2
O 2OH
-

V vy cc oxit ion nh- oxit kim loi kim, kim th khi tan trong n- c to
ra mi trng kim.
Ngoi cc oxit k trn, cn c cc Peoxit nh- Na
2
O
2
, BaO
2
, SnO
2
v cc
oxit hn hp nh- Pb
2
O
3
, Pb
3
O
4
, Mn
3
O
4
, Fe
3
O
4
Cc peoxit khng phi l cc oxit thc s m l mui ca H

2
O
2
, khi cho cc
peoxit tc dng vi axit th cng vi mui cn to ra H
2
O
2
, nhng nhm - O - O -
khng bn nn thng thu - c O
2
. V d:
2Na - O - O - Na + 2H
2
SO
4
2Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O + O
2

(Xem thm bi 321, 322).
Cc oxit hn hp (i khi cn gi l cc oxit kp) - c xem nh- l cc
mui (Xem bi 408). V d Pb
2
O
3
= PbPbO
3
(mui Pb (II) ca H
2
PbO
3
), Mn
3
O
4
=
Mn
2
MnO
4
(mui Mn (II) ca axit H
4
MnO
4
), Fe
3
O
4
= Fe(FeO
2
)
2
(mui Fe (II) ca
HFeO
2
). Trong phn t ca axit loi ny c cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t
nhng c mc oxi ha khc nhau.

113.Phn t Ozon khng c cu to vng kn m c cu to dng gc vi
gc OOO=116,5
0
(gn vi gc tm ca tam gic u), phn t c cc tnh vi
=0,52. Trong phn t O
3
, nguyn t oxi trung tm trng thi lai ha sp
2
(nh
cc obitan 2s, 2p
X
, 2p
Y
). Hai obitan lai ha sp
2
ca nguyn t trung tm to thnh
hai lin kt vi hai nguyn t oxi cn li. Obitan sp
2
th ba cha cp electron t
do. Obitan 2p
Z
ca nguyn t oxi trung tm thng gc vi mt phng phn t to
thnh lin kt khng nh v vi cc obitan 2p
Z
ca hai nguyn t oxi cn li.
b) Nh- vy trng thi c th c ca phn t ozon ng vi cu hnh sau:
(
1k
)
4
= (
1k
)
2
+ ()
2
Tm li trong phn t ozon c hai lin kt v mt lin kt khng nh
ch.

114.a) Ozon l cht khng bn, d b phn hy do c hot tnh oxi ha cao
hn nhiu so vi oxi.
Oxi c th tc dng vi nhiu cht, nhng c nhiu trng hp xy ra
nhit cao v phi c cht xc tc. Tri li ozon c th oxi ha - c nhiu n
cht t hot ng nh- Ag, Hg ngay nhit thng.
b) Ag + O
2
Khng
2Ag + O
3
Ag
2
O + O
2

Tc dng vi PbS:
O
2
khng th oxi ha PbS to ra PbSO
4
, tri li vi O
3
:
PbS + 2O
3
PbSO
4
+ O
2

Tc dng vi dung dch KI:
So snh th in cc ca O
2
v O
3
trong mi trng axit v baz:
O
3
+ 2H
+
+ 2e O
2
+ H
2
O E
0
=+2,07V
O
3
+ H
2
O + 2e O
2
+ 2OH
-
E
0
=+1,24V

O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e 2H
2
O E
0
=+1,23V
I
2
+ 2e 2I
-
E
0
=+0,54V
O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e 4OH
-
E
0
=+0,40V
Nh- vy O
2
ch c th oxi ha - c I
-
to ra I
2
trong mi trng axit, cn O
3

c kh nng oxi ha I
-
to ra I
2
khng nhng trong mi trng axit m c trong mi
trng kim:
2KI + O
3
+ H
2
O I
2
+ 2KOH + O
2

115. Kh SO
2
n NH
3
u c tnh kh nn b ozon oxi ha.

116. a) C th nhn ra ozon bng phng php sau:
Ozon lm en l bc h nng
Giy qu c tm dung dch KI s ha xanh khi tip xc vi O
3
.
C th nhn ra bng dung dch KI t khng mu to ra mu vngnu khi
cho O
3
i qua dung dch .
b) Khi cho O
3
tip xc vi giy h tinh bt tm - t dung dch KI s to ra I
2

l xanh h tinh bt.

117. Dng giy tm dung dch MnCl
2
, khi c mt ozon, giy ny ha nu,
hidro peoxit khng tc dng vi giy .

118. C th iu ch bng phng php phng in m qua kh oxi kh:
O
2
+ hv 2O
O + O
2
O
3

- C th un nng nh amoni pesunfat vi axit Nitric m c 65%
3(NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O 6NH
4
HSO
4
+ O
3
- C th cho H
2
SO
4
c tc dng vi BaO
2
:
3BaO
2
+ 3H
2
SO
4
3BaSO
4
+ 3H
2
O + O
3

- C th in phn dung dch H
2
SO
4
50%.

119. Ch c th dng cc Platin hoc vng lm Anot.

120. Phn t H
2
O c cu to ng vi s lai ha sp
3
ca nguyn t oxi. trong
phn t H
2
O, hai obitanlai ha sp
3
ca nguyn t oxi xen ph vi obitan 1s ca
nguyn t hidro hnh thnh 2 lin kt O - H. 2 obitan lai ha sp
3
cn li d- i dng
2 cp electron t do. Trong phn t H
2
O, c 8 electron ha tr phn b theo cc
obitan phn t ng vi cu hnh sau:

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t o o o
py pz
lk
px
lk
s

Trong c 4 electron to ra 2 lin kt v 4 electron khng tham gia lin
kt
z
v
y
.
c im cu trc phn t ca H
2
O v H
2
O
2
l tnh khng i xng nn c
cc tnh ln v do u l nhng dung mi ion ha ht.

O
H
:
:
H
105
0
0
,
9
9
A
o

H
O
O
H
. .
.
.
95
0
A
o
1,48
120
0
0
,
9
5
A
o

trng thi hi khng c hin t- ng trng hp, nhng trng thi lng c
hin t- ng trng hp phn t, gy ra do lin kt hidro, v vy c nhit si kh
cao (ca H
2
O l 100
0
C, ca H
2
O
2
l 150
0
C).
Do c lin kt hidro nn H
2
O v H
2
O
2
trn ln vi nhau theo bt k t l
no.

121. Xem cu 120.

122. a) Nh c lin kt hidro, cc phn t trng hp vi nhau to ra nhng
tp hp phn t ln hn. Do phan t n- c c dng (H
2
O)
5
vi cu to t din (4
phn t H
2
O nm 4 nh, 1 phn t H
2
O nm tm hnh t din ). Phn t tp
hp (H
2
O)
5
c cu to rng. Khi n- c nng chy, 1 phn lin kt hidro b t,
cu to rng b ph hy, cc phn t H
2
O gn nhau hn, do c hin t- ng co th
tch.
b) Do hin t- ng co th tch nh- th nn khi tng nhit trn 0
0
C, n- c
chy nng hn n- c 0
0
C (Khi l- ng ring tng).
Khi tip tc tng nhit , th tch ca n- c tng ln do khong cach ca
cc phn t n- c tng ln. Nh- ng ng thi lin kt hidro b t thm nn th tch
ca n- c gim xung. Trn 4
0
C, qu trnh tng th tch ca n- c chim - u th, nn
khi l- ng ring ca n- c gim. Kt hp c 2 qu trnh tng v gim th tch cho
thy ti sao n- c c khi l- ng ring cao nht ~ 4
0
C.

123. a) Pehidrol l dung dch H
2
O
2
30 % bn th trng.
b) Qu trnh phn hy 2H
2
O
2
2H
2
O + O
2
c c tnh dy truyn
km thun li hn do cc phn t H
2
O ngn cn s va chm gia cc gc v cc
phn t H
2
O
2
.
Khi chiu sng hoc khi un nng, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh
va chm v lm cho dy truyn phn hy pht trin.
Hidro peoxit rt tinh khit bn hn dung dch c ln tp cht cng gii thch
t- ng t nh- trn.

124. a) Nhng cht c c tnh axit nh- H
3
PO
4
, H
2
SO
4
u c kh nng c
ch qu trnh phn hy H
2
O
2
. H
2
O
2
- c ct tr trong cc bnh bng Polietilen hoc
bnh trng bng Paraphin.
b) Nhng cht c tnh kim; bi; cc kim loi nng v cc ion ca
chng; MnO
2
thc y nhanh qu trnh phn hy H
2
O
2

125. a) H
2
O
2
l 1 axit rt yu. Trong dung dch n- c c cn bng in li
axit:
H
2
O
2
+ H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ HO
2
-
Vi hng s cn bng ion ha K= 1,39 . 10
-12

(ion HO
2
-
: ion hidropeoxit)
b) Bn cht lin kt trong cc hp cht: H
2
+
O
2
2-
: lin kt gia H
+
v
O
2
2-
l lin kt cng ha tr.
Na
2
+
O
2
2-
, Ba
2+
O
2
2-
: lin kt gia ion Na
+
hoc Ba
2+
vi ion O
2
2-
c bn cht
ion.
F
2
-
O
2
2+
: lin kt gia F
-
v O
2
2+
c bn cht cng ha tr.

126. a) V gc O
2
2-
trong H
2
O
2
c kh nng thu thm 2 electron :
O
2
2-
+ 2e 2O
2-

v kh bt 2 electron :
O
2
-
- 2e O
2

Th in cc ca H
2
O
2
trong mi trng axit
H
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e 2H
2
O E
0
= + 1,77 V
v trong mi trng kim
H
2
O
2
+ 2e 2OH
-
E
0
= + 0,87 V
Th hin tnh oxi ha mnh ca H
2
O
2
trong c 2 mi trng, nhng mnh
hn l trong mi trng axit.
H
2
O
2
cn th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cht c tnh oxi ha mnh hn
n, vi th in cc:
O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e H
2
O
2
E
0
= + 0,68 V.
Nh- vy H
2
O
2
c tnh oxi ha l ch yu.
b) Phn ng phn hy H
2
O
2
th hin ng thi c 2 tnh cht oxi ha v
kh:
H
2
O
2
+ H
2
O
2
2H
2
O + O
2
H = - 23,5 Kcal/ mol

128. a) Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh hn H
2
O
2
:
H
2
O
2
+ O
3
H
2
O + 2O
2

b) Tc dng vi dung dch KI
2KI + H
2
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
I
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Trong trng hp cho, xy ra qu trnh kh H
2
O
2
:
H
2
O
2
+ 2e 2OH
-

Tc dng vi dung dch KMnO
4
:
5H
2
O
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4
2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 5O
2
+ 8H
2
O
Trong trng hp ny xy ra qu trnh oxi ha H
2
O
2
:
H
2
O
2
- 2e O
2
+ 2H
+
Khi cn bng phng trnh c th t nh- sau:
5 O
2
-2
- 2e = 2O
2 Mn
+7
+ 5e = Mn
+2

Tc dng vi Natri Cromit NaCrO
2
trong mi trng kim:
2NaCrO
2
+ 3H
2
O
2
+ 2NaOH 2Na
2
CrO
4
+ 4H
2
O
Trong phn ng ny H
2
O
2
l cht oxi ha.

129.
1) MgI
2
+ H
2
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
MgSO
4
+ 2H
2
O + I
2

2) Na
2
O
2
+ 2KI + 2H
2
SO
4
I
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
3)3H
2
O
2
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 4H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 7H
2
O + 3O
2
4) CaOCl
2
+ H
2
O
2
CaCl
2
+ O
2
+ H
2
O
5) Na
2
SeO
3
+ H
2
O
2
Na
2
SeO
4
+ H
2
O
6) 2CrCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
2
+ 10NaOH 2Na
2
CrO
4
+ 6NaCl + 8H
2
O
7) Na
2
O
2
+ 2Fe(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O 2Fe(OH)
3
+ 2NaOH
8) Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
2
+ 2NaOH Hg + 2NaNO
3
+ 2H
2
O + O
2

9) 2Fe + 3H
2
O
2
2Fe(OH)
3

10) As
2
S
3
+ 14H
2
O
2
+ 12NH
4
OH 2(NH
4
)
3
AsO
4
+ 3(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 20H
2
O

130. a) c th c cc phng php sau:
Dng dung dch H
2
SO
4
t 15 - 18% tc dng vi BaO
2
:
BaO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ H
2
O
2

hoc: Na
2
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
2

c hai phng php u phi tin hnh nhit thp .
Cng c th bng phng php cho mt lung kh CO
2
sc mnh vo n- c
- p lnh n 0
0
C, va khuy k va cho tng l- ng nh BaO
2
:
BaO
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O BaCO
3
+ H
2
O
2

b) C hai phn ng Na
2
O
2
+ H
2
O

v BaO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
u to ra H
2
O
2
, nhng
khi cho Na
2
O
2
tc dng vi H
2
O to ra mi trng kim:
Na
2
O
2
+ 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
O
2

H
2
O
2
s b phn hy trong mi trng kim to ra O
2
.
c) Khi in phn dung dch H
2
SO
4
50% nhit t 5 - 10
0
C c th xy ra
c ch sau:
2HSO
4
-
- 2e S
2
O
3
2-
+ 2H
+
2SO
4
2-
-2e S
2
O
3
2-
Axit Peoxi disunfuric H
2
S
2
O
8
s tc dng vi H
2
O
H
2
S
2
O
8
+ 2H
2
O 2H
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
2

131. D- i y l mt s cht lm kh vi m d- ca kh tnh bng mg
trong mt lt kh:

CaCl
2
0,34 mg/lt kh
H
2
SO
4
95% 0,30 _
CaO 0,25 _
NaOH 0,15 _
KOH 0,002 _
MgO 0,08 _
Mg(ClO
4
)
2
5.10
-4
_
Silicagen 3.10
-4
_
BaO 8,5.10
-5
_
P
2
O
5
1,5.10
-5
_

5. L- u hunh - Phn nhm Selen

132. Cc nguyn t S, Se v Te c kh nng xut hin mc oxi ha +4 v +6
v nguyn t ca chng t- ng i d dng chuyn thnh trng thi kch thch:
s p d
s p d
s p d
s p d

Nng l- ng cn tiu th cho qu trnh kch thch nguyn t - c b li
bi nng l- ng thot ra khi to thnh lin kt ha hc. Nng l- ng lin kt gim
dn t S n Te nn bn ca cc hp cht ng vi mc oxi ha cao ca cc
nguyn t gim.

133. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm tng nhit nng chy v nhit
si t oxi n l- u hunh l s tng bn knh nguyn t to iu kin lm tng t- ng
tc khuch tn. Ngoi ra cn ch rng phn t oxi gm hai nguyn t, cn l- u
hunh trng thi lng hay rn u c s nguyn t ln hn (thng l 8 nguyn
t), do i vi l- u hunh cn phi cung cp nng l- ng ln hn oxi, khng
nhng thng lc t- ng tc khuch tn m cn phi thng t- ng tc gia cc
nguyn t trong phn t.

134.b) nht ca S nng chy thay i do cu to mch trng hp ca S
thay i.

135.a) in m ca S l 2,5 nn S l mt nguyn t hot ng, nhng
iu kin thng li t ra tr v phn t dng trng hp mch khp kn.
b) Tnh cht ha hc ch yu ca S l tnh oxi ha, nhng khi tc dng vi
cht oxi ha mnh hn s th hin tnh kh.
c) Vi P to ra cc polisunfua P
4
S
6
, P
4
S
10
2KClO
3
+ 3S 2KCl + 3SO
2

3S + 6NaOH (c nng) 3Na
2
S + Na
2
SO
3
+ 3H
2
O
S + 2H
2
SO
4
(c nng) 3SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
S + 6HNO
3
(c) H
2
SO
4
+ 6NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
S + 2HNO
3
(long) H
2
SO
4
+ 2NO

136.a) C th da vo nhit to thnh ca phn ng t- ng tc vi H
2
, hoc
c th da vo in m ca cc nguyn t kt lun:
F
2
+ H
2
2HF H = - 128 Kcal/mol
O
2
+ 2H
2
2H
2
O H = - 68 Kcal/mol
Cl
2
+ H
2
2HCl H = - 44 Kcal/mol

S + H
2
H
2
S H = - 4,8 Kcal/mol
b) theo nhng iu kin khc nhau, Flo c kh nng phn ng trc tip vi
oxi to ra F
2
O
2
, F
2
O
3
(khi phng in m qua hn hp F
2
v O
2
); vi Cl
2
to ra ClF
( 250
0
C); vi S to ra SF
6
.
Oxi phn ng trc tip vi l- u hunh to ra SO
2
(khi t l- u hunh); Clo
phn ng trc tip vi l- u hunh nng chy to ra S
2
Cl
2
.

137.b) T- ng tc y ca hai ion H
+
trong phn t H
2
O mnh hn trong
H
2
S. (Xem bi tp 169).
c) Kh nng to lin kt Hidro ca H
2
S rt yu so vi H
2
O, v vy iu
kin thng H
2
S l cht kh.
d) H
2
S c cc tnh b hn H
2
O nn t tan trong dung mi c cc tnh ln v
tan nhiu trong dung mi khng cc hoc c cc tnh b.

138. Phn ng 2H
2
S + O
2
2S + 2H
2
O gii thch hin t- ng vn c
ca dung dch H
2
S khi lu trong khng kh, v hin t- ng H
2
S khng c kh
nng tch t trong kh quyn.

139. H
2
S l cht kh mnh. Ph thuc vo iu kin phn ng, sn phm
ca qu trnh oxi ha H
2
S c th l S, SO
2
hoc H
2
SO
4
, thng thng l S.

141.a) Ngoi H
2
S, l- u hunh c kh nng to ra cc hidro polisunfua H
2
S
n
(n = 2 23), gi l cc sunfan. Trong phn t Sunfan c cc gc S
n
2-
mch ch
chi S S , v d:
S
:
:
S
:
:
S
:
:
2
Gc S
2 -
2
S
:
:
S
:
:
S
:
:
2
S
:
:
Gc S
2 -
4

L- u hunh to ra vi kim loi nhng hp cht sunfua kimloi nh- Na
2
S,
CuS, Al
2
S
3
V cc polisunfua dng M
2
I
S
n
(n= 1 7) v d:
Na
2
S + (n-1)S Na
2
S
n

Lin kt trong cc sunfua ch yu l lin kt ha tr, cc sunfua kim loi
kim, kim th to ra sunfua ion.
b) Na
2
S v cc sunfua kim loi ha tr III d b thy phn. Chng hn qu
trnh thy phn ca Al
2
S
3
xy ra nh- sau:
Al
2
S
3
2Al
3+
+ 3S
2-

S
2-
+ H
2
O HS
-
+ OH
-

HS
-
+ H
2
O H
2
S + OH
-

Al
3+
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
2+
+ H
+
Al(OH)
2+
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
2
+
+ H
+

Al(OH)
2
+
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ H
+

Qu trnh thy phn s - c tng c- ng do t- ng tc H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O.
Mt khc, qu trnh thy phn cng - c y mnh do s hnh

thnh Al(OH)
3
dng kt ta. Qu trnh cho php kt lun tan ca
Al
2
S
3
ln hn tan ca Al(OH)
3
.
Tri li nng ca cc ion Zn
2+
v Zn(OH)
+
tn ti trong cn bng vi
ZnS khng to thnh kt ta Zn(OH)
2
. V vy, trong trng hp ZnS v PbS
ch thy phn mt phn rt nh so vi ion sunfua chuyn vo dung dch, v c
th ni rng nhng sunfua khi tan thc t khng b thy phn.
Nh- vy trong cc sunfua nu trn ch c ZnS v PbS c th iu ch - c
bng phn ng trao i khi cho cc dung dch mui tan ca Zn
2+
v Pb
2+
tc dng
vi dung dch sunfua tan nh- Na
2
S , cn cc sunfua nh- Al
2
S
3
, Cr
2
S
3
, La
2
S
3
khng
tn ti trong dung dch n- c v b n- c phn hy.

143.a) phn t SO
2
-
c dng gc t- ng t nh- O
3
vi gc OSO = 120
0
di
lin kt S - O bng 1,43 . Trong phn t SO
2
nguyn t S trng thi lai ha sp
2

(lai ha dng mt phng). Hai trong ba obitan lai ha - c dng to lin kt
vi hai nguyn t oxi, cn li mt obitan lai ha sp
2
c cp electron t do. Mt
obitan p khng lai ha ca nguyn t S to nn lin kt vi obitan p ca mt
nguyn t oxi. l lin kt khng nh ch kiu p - p. Ngoi ra c mt phn
lin kt kiu p - d to nn bi obitan p c cp electron t do ca oxi v obitan d
cn trng ca l- u hunh.
Cu trc ca SO
2
v SO
3
2-
khc nhau, mc d c im t- ng t. Ion SO
3
2-
c
cu to hnh chp tam gic, nguyn t S nh vi trng thi lai ha sp
3
:
S
O O
1
,
4
3
A
o
120
0
Phn t SO (vi trng
thi lai ha sp
2
ca S)
2

S
O O
O
2 -
Phn t SO . (vi trng
thi lai ha sp
2
ca S)
2

Ba obitan lai ha sp
3
to ra cc lin kt vi cc nguyn t oxi, cn obitan
th t- c cp electron t do. V ion SO
3
2-
c cp electron "cho" hot ng nn d
dng chuyn thnh ion SO
3
H
-
v SO
4
2-
c cu to t din.

144. Trong dung dch n- c ca SO
2
c tn ti cn bng:
SO
2
+ xH
2
O SO
2
.xH
2
O H
3
O
+
+ HSO
3
-
+ (x-2)H
2
O
V trong dung dch c tn ti ion H
3
O
+
v HSO
3
-
nn khi cho thm NaOH
hoc H
2
SO
4
cn bng s chuyn dch theo nguyn l Le Chatelier.

145. Mc d trong dung dch khng tn ti dng phn t H
2
SO
3
, nhng vn
chp nhn mt cch hnh thc axit sunfur vi hng s in li K
1
= 2.10
-2
v K
2
=
6.10
-8
. Nh- vy dung dch c tnh axit yu.
Kh SO
2
, dung dch SO
2
trong n- c, mui sunfit v hidrosunfit u c tnh
kh mnh khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha mnh nh- HNO
3
, HClO
3
, KMnO
4
,
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
, cc halogento ra ion SO
4
2-
. khi tc dng vi cht kh mnh hn, SO
2

s th hin tnh oxi ha, v d:
SO
2
+ 2H
2
S 3S + 2H
2
O
SO
2
+ 6HI H
2
S + 3I
2
+ 2H
2
O

500
0
C (c xc tc) SO
2
+ 2CO 2CO
2
+ S
500
0
C SO
2
+ 2H
2
S + 2H
2
O
500
0
C SO
2
+ 2C 2CO + S

148.a) SO
3
c cu trc mt phng, trong nguyn t l- u hunh trng
thi lai ha sp
2
, c ba obitan lai ha u tham gia to thnh lin kt vi obitan p
ca 3 nguyn t oxi.
O
1
,
3
4
A
o
S
O
120
0
O
Phn t SO vi trng thi
lai ha sp
2
ca nguyn t S
2

b)Tuy nhin, trng thi sp
2
d dng chuyn sang trng thi lai ha sp
3
l
trng thi c trng ca l- u hunh (c hnh t din) do SO
3
d dng trng hp
thnh polime (SO
3
)
3
mch vng, hoc (SO
3
)
n
mch thng.
c) Cng do nguyn nhn d hnh thnh nhng phn t c hnh t din nn
SO
3
d kt hp vi H
2
O, HF, HCl, NH
3
:
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
[SO
4
]
Phn ng ny xy ra mnh lit. Cc hp cht HF, HCl, NH
3
cng phn ng
t- ng t:
SO
3
+ HF H[SO
3
F]

149.a) Oleum l hn hp - c to ra khi cho SO
3
tan trong H
2
SO
4
tinh
khit. Trong hn hp c cc axit dng polisunfuric H
2
S
n+1
O
3n+4
ch yu l axit
sunfuric H
2
SO
4
, axit isunfuric H
2
S
2
O
7
; axit trisunfuric H
2
S
3
O
10
; axit tetrasunfuric
H
2
S
4
O
13
;
S
H O
H
O
O
H SO
2 4
O

O H
O
S
O
H O
O
S
O
O
H S O
2 7 2

O H
O
S
O
O
O
S
O
O
OH
O
S
O
H S O
2 3 10

151.
1) H
2
SO
3
dung dch khng bn (SO
2
.xH
2
O) axit sunfur.
2) H
2
SO
4
bn: axit sunfuric, c cu to t din, c di lin kt S - OH l:
1,53 ; S - O l 1,46 .
3) H
2
S
n+1
O
n+4
bn: axit polisunfuric (Xem bi 149)
4) H
2
S
2
O
3
t bn: axit tiosunfuric, c cu to:
S
H O
H O
O
H S O
2 3
S
2

S
H O
H
O
O
H S O
2 3
S
2

5) H
2
SO
3
, H
2
S
2
O
3
bn: thuc loi axit peoxi - sunfuric, trong phn t c dy
oxi.
S
H O
HO O
O
O
Axit peoxi mono sulfuric

S
H O
O
O
O
S
H O
O
O
O
Axit peoxi disulfuric

6) H
2
S
2
O
4
km bn, trong phn t c day l- u hunh, d b phn hy:
2H
2
S
2
O
4
S + 3SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
c cu to dng
S
H O
O
S
H O
O
Axit ditiono
:
:
,

7) H
2
S
2
O
6
ch tn ti trong dung dch long, c cng thc cu to:
H O S H O S
O O
O O
Axit ditionic

Khi un nng dung dch, n d b phn hy theo phng trnh:
H
2
S
2
O
6
H
2
SO
4
+ SO
2

8) H
2
S
n
O
6
(n=3 6), ch tn ti trong dung dch long, d b phn hy theo
phng trnh:
H
2
S
n
O
6
H
2
SO
4
+ SO
2
+ (n-2)S
Trong phn t c mch S S dng ch chi, ng vi cng thc cu to:

HO S
O
O
S
O
O
H O
(S)
n-2
Axit poli tionic

V d: H
2
S
3
O
6
(axit tritionic)
H
2
S
4
O
6
(axit tetrationic)

152.b) s ln axit - c quyt nh bi s nhm -OH lin kt vi nguyn t
trung tm trong phn t H
2
SO
3
ch c mt nhm OH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t
l- u hunh. Hng s in li i vi ion H
+
trong nhm HO-O l rt b. V vy axit
H
2
SO
3
l axit mt ln axit.

155.1) Khi nung FeSO
4
.7H
2
O tr- c ht c qu trnh mt n- c kt tinh, sau
n qu trnh phn hy mui v tch SO
3
:
2FeSO
4

0
700
Fe
2
O
3
+ SO
3
+ SO
2

Trong khng kh, qu trnh - c tng c- ng do oxi tham gia chuyn
FeO thnh Fe
2
O
3
.
2) Khi nung (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, FeSO
4
.6H
2
O c qu trnh nhit phn (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
:
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
2NH
3
+ H
2
SO
4

2FeSO
4
+ 2H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2H
2
O + SO
2

3) C qu trnh ln hoa ngay nhit thng ca Na
2
SO
4
.10H
2
O (hoc
khi un nng nh). Na
2
SO
4
khng b phn hy.
4) Khi nung nng, KHSO
4
ha tan - c Al
2
O
3
tinh th (cc axit khng lm
tan - c loi oxit ny), chuyn Al
2
O
3
thnh dng mui tan
2KHSO
4
K
2
S
2
O
7
+ H
2
O
Al
2
O
3
+ 3K
2
S
2
O
7
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3K
2
SO
4

157.a) So snh tch s ca BaSO
4
vi BaSO
3
v CaSO
4
. Nng ion Ba
2+

trong cn bng vi kt ta BaSO
3
ln hn so vi nng ca ion trong cn bng
vi kt t BaSO
4
; do t BaSO
3
c th bng phn ng trao i chuyn thnh
BaSO
4
. Cng l lun nh- trn vi trng hp CaSO
4
.
b) Khi nung hn hp CaSO
4
vi than nhit cao:
CaSO
4
+ 4C CaS + 4CO
T CaS d dng thu - c H
2
S

158.a) Ion Fe
2+
s b oxi ha bi S
2
O
3
2-
to ra Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
b) Nung ZnSO
4
thu - c ZnO, SO
3
, SO
2
,O
2
. Da vo nhit si ca cc
kh SO
3
, SO
2
v O
2
trong hn hp tch SO
2
tinh khit. (Nhit si ca SO
3
l
44,8
0
C, ca SO
2
l -10
0
C, ca O
2
l -183
0
C).

159. Trong qu trnh nung to ra mui Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
thnh pha trong ca
chn st, do tc dng ca Fe
2
O
3
vi H
2
S
2
O
7
.

160.a) Tr H
2
SO
4
, cc axit khc khng nh h- ng n cn bng:

BaSO
4
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-

V Anion SO
4
2-
khng lin kt vi ion H
+
. Trong dung dch long H
2
SO
4
,
tan ca BaSO
4
gim, do khi c mt H
2
SO
4
lm cho cn bng tan chuyn sang
tri.
Tr- ng hp BaSO
3
th ng- c li. C cc qu trnh sau:
BaSO
3
Ba
2+
+ SO
3
2-

Khi thm axit
SO
3
+ H
+
HSO
3
-

V tip tc:
HSO
3
-
+ H
3
O
+
+ (x-2)H
2
O SO
2
.xH
2
O
Do BaSO
3
tan trong axit.
b) CaSO
4
c kh nng tan - c trong H
2
SO
4
c. Trong trng hp xy
ra qu trnh sau:
CaSO
4
Ca
2+
+ SO
4
2-
(T
t
= 2,5.10
-5
)
H
2
SO
4
+ SO
4
2-
2HSO
4
-

Do lm tng qu trnh tan ca CaSO
4

CaSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Ca(HSO
4
)
2

c) Da vo tan khc nhau ca hai cht .

161.
1) 4Zn + 5H
2
SO
4
(c) 4ZnSO
4
+ H
2
S + 4H
2
O
2) Hg + 2H
2
SO
4
(c) HgSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
3) 8Zn + 5H
2
S
2
O
7
8ZnSO
4
+ 2H
2
S + 3H
2
O
4) 4Cl
2
+ Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ 5H
2
O 2NaHSO
4
+ 8HCl
5) I
2
+ 2Na
2
S
2
O
3
Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ 2NaI
6)8Al +3Na
2
S
2
O
3
+30HCl8AlCl
3
+ 6H
2
S +6NaCl +9H
2
O

162.
1) 5(NH
4
)
2
S
2
O
3
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 8H
2
O 2HMnO
4
+ 10NH
4
HSO
4
+ 2H
2
SO
4
2) K
2
S
2
O
4
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 3H
2
SO
4
2K
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
3) K
2
S
3
O
6
+ 4O
3
+ 2H
2
O 2KHSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 4O
2

4) 5Na
2
S
4
O
6
+14KMnO
4
+6H
2
SO
4
5Na
2
SO
4
+7K
2
SO
4
+14MnSO
4
+6H
2
O
5) Na
2
S
5
O
6
+ 10O
3
+ 4H
2
O 2NaHSO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4
+ 10O
2

6) 3(NH
4
)
2
S
3
O
6
+K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+H
2
SO
4
3S+3(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+K
2
SO
4
+ Cr(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O

165. Xem bi 151.

166.b) Cc tionyl halogenua SOX
2
(X= F, Cl, Br) c cu to t din, nguyn
t S nh c trng thi lai ha sp
3
. 3 obitan lai ha sp
3
to thnh lin kt vi
obitan p ca nguyn t oxi v hai nguyn t halogen. Obitan lai ha sp
3
cn li c
cp electron t do.
Cc sunfuryl halogenua SO
2
X
2
(X= F, Cl) c cu to t din vi cc obitan
lai ha sp
3
. Hp cht ny coi nh- l sn phm th cc nhm OH trong phn t
H
2
SO
4
bng cc nguyn t halogen.

Cl
O
S
Cl
Phn t tionyl clorua

167.a) Thy phn sunfuryl clorua to ra H
2
SO
4
v HCl
SO
2
Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl
Kt qu c kt ta trng BaSO
4
.
b) KMnO
4
s oxi ha HCl - c to ra do qu trnh thy phn SO
2
Cl
2
:
2KMnO
4
+ 5SO
2
Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 5Cl
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4

168. iu kin thng, phn t ca S, Se, Te tn ti dng a phn t: S
8
,
S
n
; Se
8
, Se
n
; Te
n
nhit cao, phn t ca chng (dng hi) gm hai nguyn t.
bn ca nhng phn t gim dn t l- u hunh n Telu. Nng l- ng lin kt
ca chng nh- sau:
O
2
S
2
Se
2
Te
2

Nng l- ng lin kt(Kcal/mol) 118 77 64 54

169. Gc ha tr ca HXH:
H
2
O H
2
S H
2
Se H
2
Te
HXH 104,5
0
92,2
0
91
0
90
0

Gc ha tr gim do gim kh nng lai ha sp
2
t O n Te. (C th gii
thch nh- bi 137).
T H
2
O n H
2
Po bn gim do di lin kt tng v nng l- ng lin
kt gim. H
2
O v H
2
S u bn, l hp cht pht nhit; H
2
Se phn hy khi nung
nng, l hp cht thu nhit, H
2
Te phn hy nhit thng; H
2
Po rt khng bn.

H
2
O H
2
S H
2
Se H
2
Te
di lin kt X - H ( ) 0,96 1,33 1,46 1,70
Nng l- ng lin kt X - H (Kcal/mol) 111 90 66 57
Nhit to thnh H (Kcal/mol) - 68 - 4,8 + 18,5 +34

170.a) Nhit si gim t H
2
O n H
2
S, sau li tng ln t H
2
S n
H
2
Te (Xem bi 53)
b) Tnh axit tng t H
2
O n H
2
Te vi hng s phn li K
1
trong dung dch
n- c:
H
2
O H
2
S H
2
Se H
2
Te
K
1
= 1,8.10
-14

1.10
-7

1.10
-14
2.10
-3

axit tng, do bn lin kt gim v phn cc tng.
S
O
O
Cl
Cl
Phn t sunfuryl clorua

c) Tnh kh tng t H
2
O n H
2
Se, H
2
Se v H
2
Te c th kh - c H
2
O to
ra H
2
nhng do hin t- ng qu th ca hidro nn chng c kh nng tn ti trong
dung dch. (H
2
Se v H
2
Te tan nhiu trong noc).

171. Tnh axit yu dn t SeO
2
- TeO
2
- PoO
2
: SeO
2
tan trong n- c:
SeO
2
+ H
2
O SeH
2
O
3

TeO
2
tan trong kim, trong axit:
TeO
2
+ 2KOH K
2
TeO
3
+ H
2
O

TeO
2
+ 4HCl TeCl
4
+ 2H
2
O
PoO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
Po(SO
4
)
2
+ 2H
2
O

172.a) Trong dy H
2
SO
3
- H
2
SeO
3
- H
2
TeO
3
, tnh axit gim:
H
2
SO
3
H
2
SeO
3
H
2
TeO
3

Hng s in li K
1
2.10
-2
2.10
-3
2.10
-3
Hng s in li K
2
6.10
-8
5.10
-9
1.a0
-8

Tnh oxi ha kh thay i theo th in cc sau:
H
2
SO
3
+ 4H
+
+ 4e S + 3H
2
O E
0
= + 0,45V
H
2
SeO
3
+ 4H
+
+ 4e Se + 3H
2
O E
0
= + 0,74V
b) Tnh oxi ha ca H
2
SeO
4

v H
2
SO
4
thay i theo th in cc sau:
SO
4
2-
+ 4H
+
+ 2e SO
2
+ 2H
2
O E
0
= + 0,17V
SeO
4
2-
+ 4H
+
+ 2e H
2
SeO
3
+ H
2
O E
0
= + 1,15V-
c) L- u hunh v Selen khng to ra axit t- ng t vi axit H
6
TeO
6
v
bnknh ca nguyn t S v Se b hn bn knh ca Te (Xem bi 97).

173.
1) 3H
2
SeO
3
+ HClO 3H
2
SeO
4
+ HCl
2) H
2
SeO
4
+ 2HCl H
2
SeO
3
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O
3) H
2
SeO
3
+ 2KMnO
4
+4KOH K
2
SeO
4
+ 2K
2
MnO
4
+ 3H
2
O
4) Na
2
SeO
3
+ 2SO
2
+ H
2
O Na
2
SO
4
+ Se + H
2
SO
4

5) Na
2
SeO
3
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O 2NaCl + H
2
SeO
4

6) Ag
2
SeO
3
+ Br
2
+ H
2
O 2AgBr + H
2
SeO
4

174.
1) 3Se + 4HNO
3
+ H
2
O 3H
2
SeO
3
+ 4NO
2) 3Te + 4HNO
3
+ H
2
O 3H
2
TeO
3
+ 4NO
3) SeO
2
+ 4Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ 2H
2
O 2Na
2
S
4
O
6
+ Se 4NaOH
4) SeO
3
2-
+ 4I
-
+ 3H
2
O Se + 2I
2
+ 6OH
-

5) 2SOCl
2
+ 3Fe 2FeCl
2
+ FeS + SO
2

6. Nito - Phot pho (N - P)

176.a) Cu hnh electron ca phn t N
2
c dng:

(
o
lk
s 2
)
2
(
o
*
2s
)
2
(
o
lk
px 2
)
2
(
t
lk
py 2
)
2
(
t
lk
pz 2
)
2

b) Trong phn t N
2
c mt lin kt v hai lin kt nn phn t rt bn
N N : :
N

Nng l- ng lin kt ba trong phn t N
2
l 225,8 Kcal/mol nn iu kin
thng Nit l cht tr. 3000
0
C, ch mi c 0,1% s phn t phn li thnh nguyn
t.
177.Ty theo iu kin phn ng, nit c th to ra nhng hp cht vi kim
loi hoc khng kim loi bng phn ng trc tip hoc gin tip.
Vi cc nguyn t khng kim loi (oxi, cacbon, hidro), to ra hp cht cha
nit dng kh. Vi kim loi to ra nitrua v azotua . Azotua l hp cht mui, ch
yu iu ch - c do phn ng trao i gia mui ca kim loi t- ng ng vi vi
axit hidrazonic HN
3
. Cc nitrua - c to ra khi cho kim loi tc dng vi nit hoc
NH
3
; hidrua kim loi vi nit ; oxit kim loi vi amoniac; khi kh oxit kim loi
bng than trong kh quyn nit.
Da vo bn cht lin kt, cc nitrua c th chia lm ba loi:
1) nitrua ion ; 2) nitrua cng ha tr v 3) nitrua t- ng t kim loi.
Nitrua ion gm nhng nitrua ca nhng kim loi c in m thp, nguyn t
c lp v electron s (kim loi kim, kim th, cc kim loi phn nhm ng, km ).
Nitrua cng ha tr - c to ra vi cc nguyn t c v electron p (bo, nhm, silic,
gali, gecmani v.v). Nitrua t- ng t kim loi to ra bi cc kim loi chuyn tip c
lp v d hoc f.
Nitrua ion v nitrua cng ha tr c thnh phn phn t ng vi ha tr ca
kim loi (Li
3
N, Cr
3
N
2
) cn loi nitrua th ba c thnh phn phc tp, khng ng
vi ha tr (Cr
2
N, Mn
3
N
2
).

178.a) C th iu ch theo nhng phng php sau:
- Nhit phn dung dch bo ha mui amoni nitrit.
NH
4
NO
2
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
- Nhit phn dung dch bo ha hn hp NaNO
2
v NH
4
Cl.
NaNO
2
+ NH
4
Cl NaCl + NH
4
NO
2

- Nung nng hn hp gm KNO
3
vi bt st kh:
6KNO
3
+ 10Fe 3K
2
O + 5Fe
2
O
3
+ 3N
2

- Cho kh NH
3
qua CuO un nng:
2NH
3
+ 3CuO 3Cu + N
2
+ 3H
2
O
Hn hp kh NH
3
d- v N
2
cho qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
long.
- Cho tng git dung dch n- c brom tc dng vi dung dch amoniac:
2NH
3
+ 3Br
2
N
2
+ 6HBr
Hidro bromua tc dng vi l- ng d- NH
3
to ra NH
4
Br dng khi, cho
n- c hp th.

179.a) Dng pht pho trng hp th oxi, cn li Nit.

181.a) Nu cho rng phn t NH
3
hnh thnh cc lin kt cng ha tr do ba
electron p ca nguyn t N vi electron s ca nguyn t hidro th gc ha tr NHN
phi bng 90
0
. Tuy nhin gc ha tr NHN li l 107
0
ng vi cu hnh sau y:

(
o
lk
s
)
2
(
o
lk
px
)
2
(
o
lk
py
)
2
(
o
pz
)
2

Trong phn t c m my hai electron khng lin kt.
b) Do c hai electron cn t do nn phn t NH
3
d biu l kh nng "cho"
cp electron . V vy phn t NH
3
c cc tnh ln (=1,48D) v d tham gia phn
ng cng; v phn t c cc nn tan nhiu trong dung mi c cc ; nhit nng
chy v nhit si cao hn PH
3
.

184. a) Do c cp electron t do ch- a tham gia lin kt .
b) Kh nng tng dn t HF, H
2
O, NH
3
, v s cp electron t do gim
dn nn lm tng i lc vi proton. Chng hn i lc vi proton ca NH
3
l
9,3eV ln hn H
2
O l 7,9eV, nn trong dung dch n- c, NH
3
s chim proton ca
phn t n- c v do gy ra tnh cht baz ca dung dch.
c) Nguyn t cacbon trong phn t CH
4
cng trng thi lai ha sp
3
, nhng
c 4 obitan sp
3
u s dng lin kt vi 4 nguyn t hidro, trong phn t CH
4

khng cn c cp electron t do nh- trong phn t NH
3
, v vy phn t CH
4
khng
th hin tnh cht "cho", nhng cng khng cn obitan trng nn khng c kh
nng "nhn".

185.b) Phn ng N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
c H
0
= -22 Kcal v
S
0
= - 45,9 cal/. T phng trnh G = H - TS ta thy T cng b th
G cng m, nn l- ng NH
3
cng ln nhng tc phn ng cng thp, do cn
c xuc tc tng tc phn ng.

186.
1) 8NH
3
+ CaCl
2
CaCl
2
.8NH
3

2) 4NH
3
+ 3O
2
2N
2
+ 6HNO
4NH
3
+ 3O
2
4NO + 6H
2
O
3) 2NH
3
+ 3Cl
2
N
2
+ 6HCl
4) NH
3
+ KBrO N
2
H
4
+ KBr + H
2
O

187.a) Ion NH
4
+
c bn knh gn t- ng - ng vi bn knh cc ion kim loi
kim ( 43 , 1
4
= +
r
NH
; 33 , 1 = +
r
K
; 49 , 1 = +
r
Rb
); mt khc, NH
4
+
c i lc electron
b t- ng t cc ion kim loi kim, do cc mui amoni c nhng tnh cht ging
mui kim loi kim; cc mui amoni thy phn trong dung dch cho mi trng
axit cn ion kim loi kim khng b thy phn.
b) in phn dung dch mui amoni trong NH
3
lng nhit thp vi m
cc bng thy ngn thu - c hn hng NH
4
- Hg.
Lin kt gia NH
3
v H
+
l lin kt cho nhn . Trong Ion NH
4
+
, lp v
electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t nit bo ha, do mc d c kh nng kt
hp thm electron: NH
4
+
+ 1e NH
4
nhng rt yu v vy phn t NH
4
d b phn
hy thnh NH
3
v H
2
.

189. Phn t cc cht NH
3
, N
2
H
4
, NH
2
OH u c cc cp electron t do
nguyn t nit:
t
800
0
C

N
H
:
H
H

:
H
N
H
H
N
:
H

H
N
:
H
O
:
:
H

V vy chng u c nhng tnh cht t- ng t nhau. V d, NH
3
v N
2
H
4

u l nhng cht c cc tnh ln; th lng u c kh nng trng hp nh lin
kt hidro; trong dung dch c ba cht u c tnh baz yu:
NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
-
K= 1,85.10
-5

N
2
H
4
+ H
2
O N
2
H
5
+
+ OH
-
K
1
= 8,5.10
-7

N
2
H
5
+
+ H
2
O N
2
H
6
2+
+ OH
-
K
2
= 8,9.10
-16

NH
2
OH + H
2
O NH
3
OH
+
+ OH
-
K= 2.10
-8

Chng u c kh nng to cc mui t- ng t nhau. cc mui u thy
phn cho mi trng axit; v d: NH
4
Cl, N
2
H
5
Cl (N
2
H
4
.HCl), (NH
3
OH)Cl hoc
NH
2
OH.HCl; c ba u c tnh kh mnh, ring N
2
H
4
v NH
3
OH li cn c tnh
oxi ha.

190.
1) N
2
H
4
+ 2HgCl
2
N
2
+ 2Hg +4HCl
2) N
2
H
4
+ HNO
2
HN
3
+ 2H
2
O
3) 3N
2
H
4
+ 2K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 8H
2
SO
4
2Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3N
2
+ 2K
2
SO
4
+ 14H
2
O
4) N
2
H
4
.H
2
SO
4
+ 4CuSO
4
+ 10NaCl N
2
+ 4CuCl + 5Na
2
SO
4
+ 6HCl
5) N
2
H
4
.HCl + SnCl
2
+ 3HCl 2NH
4
Cl + SnCl
4

191.
1) 4NH
2
OH + SeO
2
Se + 2N
2
+ 6H
2
O
2) 5(NH
3
OH)
2
SO
4
+ 2KMnO
4
5N
2
+2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+2H
2
SO
4
+18H
2
O
3) 2NH
2
OH + I
2
+ 2KOH N
2
+ 2KI + 4H
2
O
4) NH
2
OH.HCl + 3H
2
O
2
HCl + HNO
3
+ 4H
2
O
5) 3N
2
H
4
.HCl +2K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+13HCl3N
2
+4CrCl
3
+14H
2
O +4KCl
Cc phng trnh trn c th da vo s oxi ha trung bnh ca N trong cc
hp cht cn bng. V d: phng trnh (5):
3 2N
-2
- 4e N
0

2 2Cr
+6
+ 6e 2Cr
+3

192.
1) N
2
H
4
.H
2
SO
4
+ 2I
2
+ 6KOH N
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 4KI + 6H
2
O
2) 3N
2
H
4
.H
2
SO
4
+ 2KIO
3
+ 6KOH 3N
2
+ 2KI + 3K
2
SO
4
+ 12H
2
O
3) 3Na
2
H
4
+ 2NaBrO
3
3N
2
+ 2NaBr + 6H
2
O
4) N
2
H
4
.H
2
SO
4
+ 2CaOCl
2
N
2
+ 2CaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O

193.
1) 2NH
2
OH + 4FeSO
4
+3H
2
SO
4
2Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O

2) 2NH
2
OH + 4CuO N
2
O + 2Cu
2
O + 3H
2
O
3) N
2
H
4
+ 4AgNO
3
4Ag + N
2
+ 4HNO
3

4) N
2
H
4
+ 2NaBrO N
2
+ 2NaBr + 2H
2
O

194. Dung dch hidrazin c tnh kim, selen c kh nng tan trong dung
dch kim to ra cc mui hidrazin:
4N
2
H
4
.H
2
O + 4Se 3N
2
H
4
.H
2
Se + N
2
H
4
.H
2
SeO
4

195.a) Cu to ca axit hidrazoic:
N
:
H
N N
:

Ion azotua N
3
-
(hay N
+5
N
2
-3
) do c N
+5
nn c tnh oxi ha, v c N
-3
nn c
tnh kh. Tnh cht ca HN
3
t- ng t HNO
3
.Axit HN
3
l mt axit yu(K = 1,8.10
-5
)
b) Phn ng phn hy HN
3
l phn ng pht nhit mnh:
2HN
3
3N
2
+ H
2
H = - 70,8 Kcal/mol
Do phn t HNO
3
khng bn v khng th to ra t N
2
v H
2
.
Tnh gy n ca cc azotua kim loi cng lin quan n tnh pht nhit ln
khi chng b phn hy.

200.c) Cho hn hp hai kh N
2
O v NO qua dung dch FeSO
4
, dung dch
ny hp th NO to ra [Fe(NO)SO
4
] khi b un nng, kh NO li thot ra:
FeSO
4
+ NO Fe(NO)SO
4

201.b) cu hnh electron ca NO, NO
+
, NO
-
:
Vi NO: (
o
lk
s 2
)
2
(
o
*
2s
)
2
(
t
lk
p 2
)
2
(
t
lk
p 2
)
2
(
o
lk
p 2
)
2
(
t
*
2p
)
1
Vi NO
+
: (
o
lk
s 2
)
2
(
o
*
2s
)
2
(
t
lk
p 2
)
2
(
t
lk
p 2
)
2
(
o
lk
p 2
)
2

Vi NO
-
: (
o
lk
s 2
)
2
(
o
*
2s
)
2
(
t
lk
p 2
)
2
(
t
lk
p 2
)
2
(
o
lk
p 2
)
2
(
t
*
2p
)
2

Trong phn t NO c mt electron c thn, trong ion NO
-
c hai electron
c thn. (Xem thm bi 176) (Cch xy dng gin cc mc nng l- ng xem
bi 101).

202.a) Cng thc cu to:
N N : :
N

N O
. . .
: :

N
O
:
:

N
O
:
:

(N
2
) (NO) (NO
+
) (NO
-
)
b) Ion NO
+
c trong cc hp cht nh- NOClO
4
(nitrozyl peclorat)
(NO)
2
FeO
4
(nitrozyl selenat).
c) Ion NO
+
(nitrozoni) bn hn phn t NO v c t hn phn t NO mt
electron.

204.b) Nhn ra kh NO bng phn ng to ra kh NO
2
mu nu hoc phn
ng vi dung dch FeSO
4
to ra dung dch mu nu thm Fe(NO)SO
4
.

205. Trong phn t NO
2
, nguyn t nit trng thi lai ha sp
2
. mt
electron ch- a ghp i chim mt obitan lai ha sp
2
, cn hai obitan lai ha sp
2
khc
to thnh hai lin kt gia N v O. Do c mt electron ch- a ghp i nn NO
2
c
kh nng trng hp to ra phn t N
2
O
4
. Cng v NO
2
c s l electron nn NO
2
c
mu. (Xem thm bi 113).
SO
2
khng c kh nng v phn t SO
2
khng c electron c thn (Xem
bi 143).

207.a) T - 20
0
C n - 11,2
0
C (T
nc
) 100% N
2
O
4

T - 11,2
0
C n 21,5
0
C (Tsi) c 0,01% 0,1%NO
2

T 21,5
0
C n 100
0
C: c 0,1% 90% NO
2

n 100
0
C: 100% NO
2

Trn 100
0
C: NO
2
bt u phn hy cho NO v O
2

n 600
0
C: NO
2
phn hy hon ton.
b) chng minh s bin i gia NO
2
v N
2
O
4
c th cho ngm vo hn
hp sinh hn d- i - 10
0
C, sau tng nhit n khong 100
0
C.

208.b) Nng l- ng ion ha ca NO
2
(NO
2
- 1e NO
2
+
) l 9,8eV; i lc
electron ca NO
2
(NO
2
+ 1e NO
2
-
) l 1,62eV, do xy ra phn ng t oxi ha -
kh trong dung dch n- c hoc trong dung dch kim to ra ion nitrit NO
2
-
v nitrat
NO
3
-
:
NO
2
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O

H(ONO
2
)
-
+ H(ONO)
-

209.b) NO
2
+ CO CO
2
+ CO
NO
2
+ SO
2
SO
3
+ NO
2NO
2
+ O
3
N
2
O
5
+ O
2

2NO
2
+ H
2
O
2
2HNO
3

c) NO
2
+ 2FeSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O
(Xem bi 200), bn cht hai phn ng hon ton khc nhau.

210. Qu trnh t- ng tc N
2
O
3
v NO
2
vi H
2
O u c to ra HNO
2
; HNO
2

khng bn, d dng chuyn thnh HNO
3
khi un nng.

212. Da vo quay tc: Nu th in cc bn phi ca tiu phn ln hn th
bn tri th tiu phn gia s t oxi ha - kh. Nh- vy trong mi trng axit,
HNO
2
s t phn hy theo phn ng:
3HNO
2
HNO
3
+ 2NO + H
2
O
v ion NO
2
-
s bn trong mi trng kim, ngha l khng th t oxi ha -
kh theo phn ng:
3NO
2
-
+ H
2
O NO
3
-
+ 2NO
-
+ 2OH
-

213. Khi tc dng vi cht kh, bn thn NO
2
-
bin thnh NO; khi th hin
tnh cht kh (tc dng vi cht oxi ha mnh hn) s chuyn thnh NO
3
-
.

215. Xem bi 55 v 65.

216.a) Sn phm ca phn ng ph thuc vo bn cht ca kim loi, v
nng ca axit v nhit . phn ng to ra mui ng vi mc oxi ha cao ca
kim loi, v sn phm ca qu trnh kh HNO
3
c th l N
2
O, NO, NO
2
, N
2
,
NH
2
OH, NH
3
, ty thuc vo iu kin phn ng.Vi cc nguyn t khng kim loi
thng to ra axit ng vi mc oxi ha cao nht ca nguyn t .
b) C th cho rng sn phm to thnh ch yu l NO
2
, nhng v khng
bn, b phn hy to ra NO v NO
2
. NO
2
tc dng vi H
2
O theo phn ng thun
nghch:
3NO
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3
+ NO
Axit HNO
3
cng c cn bng cng - c chuyn v pha to ra NO
2
, do
khi tc dng vi HNO
3
c thng to ra NO
2
.
Vi kim loi nh- Fe, Co, Ni tc dng vi HNO
3
rt long c th to ra sn
phm chnh l N
2
; vi axit HNO
3
long th cc kim loi hot ng hn nh- Mg, Zn
s kh n amoniac.

217.
4Zn + 10HNO
3
(long) NH
4
NO
3
+ 4Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ 3H
2
O
4Sn + 10HNO
3
(long) N
2
O + 4Sn(NO
3
)
2
+ 5H
2
O
5Co + 12HNO
3
(long) N
2
+ 5Co(NO
3
)
2
+ 6H
2
O
3As + 5HNO
3
(long) + 2H
2
O 3H
3
AsO
4
+ 5NO

218. Khi gii thch s khc nhau v bn nht ca cc mui c th da v
tc dng phn cc ca cc ion kim loi gii thch. V d ion Ag
+
c lp v ngoi
cng l 18e, c tc dng phn cc ln hn ion Na c lp v 8e. Do trong tinh
th AgNO
3
, ion NO
3
d b bin dng hn so vi ion NO
3
trong tinh th NaNO
3
, do
tc dung phn cc c ion Ag
+
ln hn ion Na
-
; v vy HNO
3
v cc mui nitrat kim
loi nng b phn hy nhit thp hn.

219.HNO
3
c u c kh nng oxi ha HX (X l cc halogen ) u c
phn ng t- ng t nh- n- c c- ng thy, nhng t NOCl - NOBr - NOI bn ca
hp cht NOX gim xung, NOI khng iu ch - c.
c) Pt, Au tan - c trong n- c c- ng thy v qu trnh c to ra Clo hot
ng v to nn phc cht ca cc kim loi .

221. Da vo tan khc nhau ca NaCl v KNO
3
nhng nhit khc
nhau.

222.b) V kch th- c phn t ca photpho trng b hn photpho (Xem
bi 133).
c) S hnh thnh cht rn v nh hnh ph thuc vo kch th- c phn t ca
cht . Vi cht c phn t l- ng thp th trng thi v nh hnh khng phi l

trng thi c trng, phn t ca cc cht loi ny c di ng ln v khi lm
lnh d thay i nh h- ng ca n so vi cc phn t ln cn, Nn d dng sp
xp thnh mng phn t; vi cht c phn t l- ng cao th di ng ca phn t
b hn. Mt khc cn ch rng khi kt tinh cc cht phi thay i dng ca
phn t. T cc l do trn, nhng cht c phn t l- ng cao bt k gm nhng phn
t c di khc nhau rt kh kt tinh thnh tinh th.
Photpho c cu trc cao phn t nn khi lm lnh khng th chuyn
thnh dng tinh th m dng v nh hnh.

223.a) Kch th- c ca phn t N
2
b hn photpho, hn na phn t ca
photpho gm mt s ln nguyn t, do nng l- ng t- ng tc gia cc phn t
nit b hn photpho.
b) Lin kt P - P trong phn t P
4

km bn hn so vi lin kt N - N
trong phn t N
2
. Hn na nguyn t P c obitan 3d nn electron d b kch ng t
3s
2
p
3
ln 3d to ra 5 electron khng ghp i, hnh thnh 5 electron cng ha tr.

225.c) Photpho trng c kh nng phn ng vi mui ca cc kim loi nh-
ng, ch, bc, vng ; v vy kh photpho d- ng- i ta thng ngm cc dng c
ng photpho trng trong dung dch CuSO
4
theo phn ng:
5CuSO
4
+ 2P + 8H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4
+ 5H
2
SO
4
+ 5Cu

227. Qua trnh thy phn to ra axit cha oxi ca photpho v HCl; (H
3
PO
3

v H
3
PO
4
t- ng ng).
Khng th vit phng trnh thy phn dng ion v PCl
3
, PCl
5
khng phi
l cht in li.

228.a) Photpho to ra cc hp cht PH
3
, P
2
H
4
, P
3
H
4
; chng - c iu ch
bng phng php thy phn photphua kim loi, chng hn nh- Ca
3
P
2
:
Ca
3
P
2
+ 6H
2
O 3Ca(OH)
2
+ 2PH
3

P
2
H
4
v P
3
H
4
to ra ng thi vi PH
3
.
b) Mc d PH
3
c dng t- ng t NH
3
nhng c nhiu tnh cht khc bit
vi amoniac nh- dung dch PH
3
c mi trng trung tnh, PH
3
c tnh kh mnh
hn NH
3
v.v
c) Phn t NH
3
c dng hnh chp, cc m my electron ca P dng lai
ha sp
3
, tuy nhin do cc m my electron ca P c kch th- c ln, nn trng thi
lai ha sp
3
th hin kh yu so vi nit trong NH
3
. Chnh v vy gc ha tr gn vi
90
0
(HPH = 93,5
0
) do PH
3
c cc tnh b, nn t tan trong n- c.
Mt trong bn obitan lai ha sp
3
c hai electron t do, c dng gn vi hnh
cu. Do lai ha yu nn kh nng nhng cp electron ca PH
3
yu hn nhiu so
vi NH
3
. V vy PH
3
khng t- ng tc vi H
2
O nh- NH
3
.

229.
2) Ca
3
P
2
+ 8HClO 2H
3
PO
4
+ 3CaCl
2
+ 2HCl
3) 2P + 3Ba(OH)
2
+ 6H
2
O 3Ba(H
2
PO
3
)
2
+ 2PH
3

4) 5PH
3
+ 8KMnO
4
+ 12H
2
SO
4
5H
3
PO
4
+ 8MnSO
4
+ 4K
2
SO
4
+ 12H
2
O
5) PH
3
+ HClO
4
PH
4
ClO
4

7) PH
4
I + KOH PH
3
+ KI + H
2
O

231. Ng- i ta bit 11 axit cha oxi ca photpho gm 4 axit photphor, 5
axit photphoric v 2 axit pephotphoric.
1) H
3
PO
2
axit hipophotphor H
2
PO(OH)
(Cng thc cu to vit d- i dng n gin) c ngha l

2) HPO
2
axit metaphotphor (OH)PO
3) H
4
P
2
O
5
axit diphotphor (HO)
2
P - O - P(OH)
2

4) H
3
PO
3
axit photphor (HO)
3
P
5) H
4
P
2
O
6
axit hipophotphoric (HO)
2
PO - PO(OH)
2

6) HPO
3
axit metaphotphoric (HO)PO
2

7) H
4
P
2
O
7
axit diphotphoric (HO)
2
PO - O - PO(OH)
2

8) H
5
P
3
O
10
axit triphotphoric (HO)
2
PO - O - PO - O - PO(OH)
2

9) H
3
PO
4
axit octophotphoric (HO)
3
PO
10) H
3
PO
5
axit monopephotphoric (HO) - O - PO(OH)
2

11) H
4
P
2
O
8
axit dipephotphoric (HO)
2
PO - O - O - PO(OH)
2
.
Trong H
3
PO
2
, H
3
PO
3
, H
3
PO
4
l quan trng. Axit hipophotphor l axit
mnh, mt ln axit, c tnh kh mnh, axit photphor l axit trung bnh, hai ln axit
c tnh kh mnh; axit photphoric l axit trung bnh, ba ln axit, khng c tnh oxi
ha. (Da vo bng hng s in li so snh tnh axit).

233. Trong mi trng axit mnh lm gim in li ca H
3
PO
4
do
khng t n tch s tan ca Ag
3
PO
4
ngay c khi nng ca ion Ag
+
trong dung
dch kh ln. Mt khc, v nguyn tc cc mui axit d tan hn so vi mui trung
tnh, do khng c kt ta tch ra.

235. Kt qu u thu - c mui trung tnh v c tan km hn cc mui
axit.

236. Khi Ba
3
(PO
4
)
2
tan trong axit c cc qu trnh sau:
Ba
3
(PO
4
)
2
3Ba
2+
+ 2PO
4
3-

PO
4
3-
+ H
+
HPO
4
2-

Nh- vy qu trnh tan xy ra do to ra axit H
3
PO
4
, HPO
4
2-
, H
2
PO
4
-

l cht
in li km.
Cc cn bng khng xy ra i vi BaSO
4
.

237.
1) 4H
3
PO
3
PH
3
+ 3H
3
PO
4

3) H
3
PO
3
+ 2AgNO
3
+ H
2
O 2Ag + H
3
PO
4
+ 2HNO
3

7 Phn nhm Asen
t
0

HO
H
P H O
OH

238.
3As + 5HNO
3
+ 2H
2
O 3H
3
AsO
4
+ 5NO
3Sb + 5HNO
3
3HSbO
3
+ 5HNO + H
2
O
Bi + 4HNO
3
Bi(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O

239. Xem bi 53.

241.b) AsH
3
+ KIO
3
H
3
AsO
3
+ KI
AsH
3
+ 6AgNO
3
+ 3H
2
O 6Ag + 6HNO
3
+ H
3
AsO
3

242. Gc ha tr HXH gim dn l do gim kh nng lai ha sp
3
ca cc
nguyn t t N n Bi. cng do nguyn nhn , kh nng nhng cp electron ca
cc hirua yu dn v v vy kh nng kt hp H
+
gim. NH
3
ch to ta NH
4
+
; PH
3

ch kt hp vi axit mnh; AsH
3
rt kh; SbH
3
khng c kh nng.

245. 3As + 5HNO
3
+ 2H
2
O 3H
3
AsO
4
+ 5NO
Phn ng ha tan As trong n- c c- ng thy v trong HNO
3
to ra sn phm
nh- nhau. Vai tr ca HCl trong n- c c- ng thy l to ra hp cht trung gian
NOCl, bn thn cht to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh oxi ha. Hp cht
khng nh h- ng n sn phm ca phn ng.

246.
1) 2As + 3H
2
SO
4
(c) 2H
3
AsO
3
+ 3SO
2

2) 2Bi + 6H
2
SO
4
9c) Bi
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
3) 2As + 5NaClO + 3H
2
O 2H
3
AsO
4
+ 5NaCl
4) As
2
O
3
+ 2HClO + 3H
2
O 2H
3
AsO
4
+ 2HCl
5) 5AsH
3
+ 8KMnO
4
+ 12H
2
SO
4
5H
3
AsO
4
+ 8MnSO
4
+ 4K
2
SO
4
+12H
2
O

247.
1) 2AsCl
3
+ 3SnCl
2
3SnCl
4
+ 2As
2) As
2
S
3
+ 7O
2
+ 6H
2
O 2H
3
AsO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4

3) 3As
2
S
3
+ 28HNO
3
+ 4H
2
O 6H
3
AsO
4
+ 9H
2
SO
4
+ 28NO
4)As
2
S
3
+ 14H
2
O
2
+ 12NH
4
OH 3(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2(NH
4
)
3
AsO
4
+ 20H
2
O

248.
1) 6As + 5Cr
2
O
7
2-
+22H
+
6AsO
4
3-
+ 10Cr
3+
+ 11H
2
O
2) AsO
2
-
+ I
2
+ 2CO
3
2-
+ 2H
2
O H
2
AsO
4
-
+ 2I
-
+ 2CO
2
+ 2OH
-

3) SbO
2
-
+ 2Ag
+
+ 4OH
-
SbO
4
3-
+ 2Ag + 2H
2
O
4) 5H
3
SbO
3
+ 2MNO
4
-
+ 6H
+
5H
3
SbO
4
+ 2Mn
2+
+ 3H
2
O
5) 2Bi
2+
+ 3SnO
2
2-
+ 6OH
-
2Bi + 3SnO
3
2-
+ 3H
2
O
8. Cacbon _ Silic (C - Si)

249.b) Da vo kh nng tch electron ha tr ca cc nguyn t chng
minh.

250.a) Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn c bn gy ra kh nng to mch ca
cacbon l bn ca lin kt C - C (83 Kcal/ngt gam), do s electron ha tr ca
cacbon bng s obitan ha tr.

251.a) ng v 14C - c hnh thnh trong kh quyn ca tri t d- i tc
dng ca tia v tr theo phn ng ht nhn sau:
H C n N
7
1
1
14
6
1
0
14
+ = +
b) S khc nhau c bn gia hai ng v l thnh phn ht nhn ca
nguyn t.

252. Mi nguyn t cacbon trong kim c- ng u trng thi lai ha sp
3
,
mi nguyn t u to thnh 4 lin kt bn, v ng nht vi 4 nguyn t xung
quanh. Mng tinh th kim c- ng l mng lp phng v mi nguyn t cacbon u
tm ca mt hnh t din u, cc h- ng lin kt u nh- nhau v bng lin kt
nn tinh th kim c- ng rt cng, khng dn in.
Trong than ch, mi nguyn t cacbon trng thi lai ha sp
2
. Trong cng
mt phng, mi nguyn t ccbon lin kt vi ba nguyn t cacbon khc bng lin
kt bn. Trong kiu lai ha ny cacbon ch mi s dng 3 obitan lai ha, mc
obitan 2p cn li ch- a lai ha to nn lin kt khng nh v. V vy than ch c
kh nng to vy, mm, dn in, dn nhit v c mu xm, nhng tnh cht gy
ra do lin kt khng nh v .

253. V rng trng thi tp hp ca cc cht kh khi b hp ph trn b mt
ca cht rn - c coi nh- l trng thi trung gian gia trng thi kh v trng thi
lng, do nhng kh d ha lng l nhng cht m phn t d gn nhau hn
chuyn sang trng thi lng nn cng d chuyn sang trng thi hp ph.
Mt khc, s hp ph l mt qu trnh ta nht, cn bng hp ph tun theo
nguyn l Le Chatelier do khi nhit tng kh nng hp ph gim.

257.a) CaC
2
c cu trc tinh th mng ion. Trong tinh th c ion Ca
2+
v
C
2
2-
; tri li W
2
C c cu trc tinh th kiu thm nhp, nguyn t cacbon thm nhp
vo cc l trng ca mng l- i kim loi. t cu trc d dng thy - c nhng
tnh cht khc nhau ca hai loi cacbua kim loi trn.

259.c) Lin kt C - H trong phn t CH
4
thc cht l lin kt cng ha tr, v
vy khng th xy ra qu trnh tch H
+
ra khi phn t CH
4
d- i tc dng ca phn
t H
2
O. Mt khc, cc obitan lai ha sp
3
s dng ht, khng cn cp electron t
do nn khng th to ra lin kt cho - nhn.

260.b) Phn t CO cng nh- phn t N
2
c lin kt 3. Hai trong 3 lin kt
- c to thnh nh s ghp i electron, cn lin kt th ba - c to thnh theo
lin kt cho - nhn. Lin kt ny gy ra nh obitan t do 2p ca cacbon v cp
electron ca oxi:

ng vi cu hnh electron sau y:
C
O :
:
O C
: :

(
o
lk
s
)
2
(
o
*
s
)
2
(
t
lk
py
)
2
(
t
lk
pz
)
2
(
o
lk
px
)
2
Do phn t CO c phn t l- ng, s electron v cu to phn t nh- N
2
nn
c nhng tnh cht l ha t- ng t nhau.

262. Cc kim loi chuyn tip thng c kh nng phn ng vi CO, sn
phm to ra gi l hp cht cacbonyl kim loi, l cc phc cht, trong CO
ng vai tr l phi t, v d: Cr(CO)
5
, Fe(CO)
5
, Ni(CO)
4
Khi tc dng vi axit v c, chng hn HNO

3
, phc cacbonyl kim loi s b
ph hy, hnh thnh phn ng oxi ha kim loi, chng hn:
Cr(CO)
3
+ 6HNO
3
(c) Cr(NO
3
)
3
+ 6CO + 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
Trong qu trnh to phc, xy ra s ghp i cc electron ha tr ca cc
kim loi chuyn tip (v d: cc nguyn t d). Lin kt trong phc cht cacbonyl
- c to thnh theo c ch cho - nhn nh cc obitan t do ca cc nguyn t d v
cc cp electron t do ca cc phn t CO. Chng hn nguyn t Crom trng thi
c bn c cu hnh 3d
5
4s
1
, su electron s ghp i theo s :
3d 4s 4p
Trng thi c bn:
Trang thi to phc:
To ra lin kt o vi cc
cp electron ca CO

263.a) Hai cht H
2
v CO u c tnh kh t- ng - ng da vo hng s cn
bng K ca phn ng:
H
2
+ CO
2
CO + H
2
O

K =

cc nhit khc nhau so snh:
Nhit
0
C 700 800 830 1000 1200 1400
K 0,6 0,9 1 1,7 2,6 3,45
Nh- vy 830
0
C, trong hn hp cn bng c l- ng CO v H
2
nh- nhau; CO
v H
2
c i lc nh- nhau i vi oxi; d- i 830
0
C, CO kh mnh hn; trn 830
0
C H
2

kh mnh hn.
b) Mun bit H
2
v CO kh - c oxit kim loi no c th dng phng
php tnh G ca phn ng.

266.a) Nhit cao hn 700
0
C cn bng
CO
2
+ H
2
CO + H
2
O
Chuyn sang phi. Nu cho hn hp CO
2
vo H
2
i qua mt ng un nng,
th khi lm lnh kh, cn bng khng kp chuyn sang tri. Khi c mt cht xc tc
v d: Ni, oxit cacbon thu - c c th to ra Metan theo phn ng:
CO + 3H
2
CH
4
+ H
2
O
CCO CH
2
O
.
CH
2
CCO
2

.

268.a) Gia kt ta v dung dch c tn ti cn bng tan:
CaCO
3
Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2-

Ion CO
3
2-
b thy phn:
CO
3
2-
+ H
2
O HCO
3
-
+ OH
-

Khi cho CO
2
i qua dung dch, to thnh axit v lm tng nng ion
H
3
O
+
, to iu kin cho cn bng thy phn chuyn sang phi, to ra dung dch
mui tan Ca(HCO
3
)
2
; ng- c li, khitng nng OH
-
, cn bng chuyn sang tri,
to ra kt ta CaCO
3
khi cho NaOH vo dung dch Ca(HCO
3
)
2
.

269. Xem bi 141.
a) Khi cho mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim hoc amoni tc dng vi dung
dch mui kim loi ha tr 3 nh- Al
3+
, Cr
3+
, Fe
3+
s to ra hidroxit ca cc kim loi
.
c) Khi cho soda vo dung dch mui Zn
2+
, Co
2+
, Cr
2+
, Ni
2+
s to ra mui
cacbonat baz.

270. Xem bi 218.

274. Xian:

Axit Xianhidric: hoc

Axit Xianic: hoc

Ion CN
-
(Xianua) c cu to t- ng t phn t CO:

V vy CN
-
c kh nng to phc t- ng t CO, chng hn [Fe(CN)
6
]
4-
,
[CO(CN)
6
]
3-
, [Fe(CN)
6
]
3-
[Mn(CN)
6
]
4-
S hnh thnh nhng phc cht nh- th
t- ng t nh- s hnh thnh phc cacbonyl (Xem bi 262).

275.a) Trong kim c- ng v trong tinh th silic, cc nguyn t C v Si u
trng thi lai ha sp
3
, nhng cc obitan lai ha sp
3
trong tinh th silic c phn
khng nh v, nn cu trc tinh th silic c phn t- ng t cu trc kim loi v l
cht bn dn.

276.b) Silic bn vi cc axit v ch tan trong hn hp HF v HNO
3
.
3Si + 4HNO
3
+ 18HF 3H
2
SiF
6
+ 4NO + 8H
2
O
V ha tan mnh trong kim:
Si + 2KOH + H
2
O K
2
SiO
3
+ 2H
2

277.a) Silic ioxit tuy c cng thc phn t ging vi cacbon dioxit nhng
c cu to khc nhau. Cacbon dioxit c cu to - ng thng O = C = O ng vi
trng thi lai ha sp ca nguyn t cacbon. Tri li SiO
2
c cu to t din ng vi
trng thi lai ha sp
3
ca nguyn t silic. Trong tinh th SiO
2
, nguyn t Si nm
tm ca t din, lin kt cng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t oxi nm 4 nh ca t din
N C :
N C
:
H N C
:
N
:
C H
:
O C H N H C N O
: C N
:

. Nh- vy mi nguyn t oxi lin kt vi 2 nguyn t oxi hai t din cnh
nhau. Do , SiO
2
dng polime vi cu trc ba chiu, nn qu trnh nng chy c
lin quan n qu trnh ct t lin kt ha hc; cn CO
2
trng thi rn to ra tinh
th phn t, qu trnh nng chy khng lin qua n s t lin kt ha hc trong
nguyn t CO
2
.

278.a) Lin kt C - H v Si - H l lin kt khng cc, nn t- ng tc gia cc
phn t metan v gia cc phn t Silan vi nhau ch yu l t- ng tc khuch tn.
Lin kt P - H cng l lin kt khng cc do t- ng tc gia cc phn t PH
3
cng l t- ng tc khuch tn. Cn t- ng tc gia cc phn t NH
3
khng ch l
t- ng tc khuch tn m cn c lc cm ng v lc nh h- ng, ngoi ra cn c s
hnh thnh lin kt hidro. l c s gii thch cu hi trn (Xem thm bi 53).

280.a) Cacbon v silic u to ra hp cht tetra halogenua.
b) Trong cc tetra halogenua ca cacbon (cng nh- ca silic) t CF
4
n CI
4

di lin kt tng, nng l- ng lin kt gim, nn bn nhit gim, hot tnh ha
hc tng.
c) Nng l- ng lin kt Si - X ln hn nng l- ng lin kt C - X (v d: Si -
Cl c nng l- ng lin kt trung bnh l 86 Kcal/ngtg; cn C - Cl l 79 Kcal/ngtg)
do SiX
4
c bn nhit hn so vi CX
4
.

9.TNH CHT KIM LOI

282. C th da vo tng s electron ca nguyn t sau tm s th t ca
nguyn t.
C th da vo s electron ha tr tm s th t ca nhm t tm ra
nguyn t.
V d: 2p
6
3s
1
: Nguyn t chu k 3 (n = 3); phn nhm chnh nhm 1 (hay
nhm Ia); h s (c mt electron s).
4d
2
5s
2
: Nguyn t chu k 5 (n = 5); phn nhm ph nhm 4 (hay
nhm IVb); h d (c 2 electron 4d).

283. Vi kim loi, trng thi ngng kt (lng, tinh th) c s bin v cc
electron, nhng electron khng nh v ny lin kt ng thi vi nhiu tm v c
th chuyn ng trong ton b t- ng lin kt. iu kin thng nhng electron
ny chim trng thi nng l- ng thp nht to thnh vng nng l- ng b chim
(vng ha tr). Khi b kch thch, cc electron vng ny thu thm nng l- ng v
chuyn t vng ha tr ln vng c nng l- ng cao hn, l vng t do hay vng
dn in. Chnh nhng electron khi chuyn ln vng dn in nh tc dng ca
in trng ngoi l nguyn nhn gy ra dng in trong kim loi.
Tuy vy mun chuyn t vng ha r ln vng dn in, electron phi v- t
qua vng cm, ngha l phi thu mt nng l- ng l E = E
2
- E
1
(E
2
: Nng l- ng
vng dn in; E
1
: Nng l- ng vng ha tr).
Ty theo cu trc ca nguyn t v ca tinh th, E c th c nhng gi tr
khc nhau; trong kim loi E rt nh; tri li trong cht in mi E li rt ln c
th ln hn 3eV, cn trong cht bn dn khong cch E vng cm vo khong
0,1 n 3eV.

C th gii thch n gin l khi nhit tng lm tng giao ng ca
mng tinh th, ngn cn qu trnh chuyn ng ca electron khng nh v, do
dn in ca kim loi gim nhit gn 0
0
K, kim loi c tnh siu dn. Lc
ny cc tiu phn trong mng tinh th hu nh- khng chuyn ng, mng tinh th
khng b giao ng to iu kin thun li cho s chuyn ng ca cc electron
khng nh v.

284. Trong kim loi khng th c lin kt bng 2 electron nh v nh- trong
cc phn t cng ha tr hoc cc phn t ion. Chng hn, trong tinh th liti, mi
nguyn t Li - c bao quanh bng 8 nguyn t Li khc, nn to ra lin kt bng 2
electron th mi nguyn t Li phi to ra 8 electron hnh thnh lin kt, trong khi
Li ch c 1 electron ha tr (1s
2
2s
1
).

285.a) Cc electron ca kim loi trong tinh th c kh nn ghp th nng
l- ng nh sng chuyn ln mc nng l- ng cao hn trong vng ha tr hoc
vng dn in, v sau li pht ra nng l- ng tr v mc nng l- ng thp hn.
Qu trnh ch yu xy ra trn b mt tinh th kim loi, phn x li ton b phn
nh sng hp th, do kim loi c mu trng bc v c nh kim.
b) Tuy nhin qu trnh phn x c trng hp khng ng u i vi mi
tia nn mt s kim loi c mu khc nhau, v d kim loi ng c mu , kim loi
vng c mu vng.

286.b) Th in cc tiu chun ca kim loi ph thuc vo ba yu t:
- Nng l- ng ion ha: cng b, th in cc cng thp, kim loi cng hot
ng.
- Nng l- ng hidrat ha: cng ln, th in cc cng thp.
- Nng l- ng mng l- i: cng nh, qu trnh oxi ha kim loi xy ra cng
d.
287. Kim loi liti c nng l- ng hidrat ha ln nn c th in cc thp.
S bin thin tnh cht ca cc nguyn t theo bng h thng tun hon ph
thuc vo cu trc ca nguyn t, khng xt n nh h- ng khc.

288.b) iu kin cho kim loi phn ng vi H
2
O l kim loi phi c th
in cc b hn th in cc ca hidro trong mi trng trung tnh (- 0,41V) v
hidroxit to ra phi tan trong n- c; khi kim loi ng tr- c hidro trong dy th in
cc v mui to ra phi tan trong n- c th kim loi tan - c trong axit khng c
tnh oxi ha; khi hidroxit kim loi tan - c trong dung dch kim th kim loi tan
- c trong dung dch kim.

289.a) Da theo phn t Nernst tnh, vi nng ion H
+
trong mi
trng trung tnh l [H
+
] = 10
-7
ion - g/l. Kt qu E
0
2H
+
/H
2
= -0,413V
b) Tnh sc in ng E xc nh. V d: th in cc chun E
0
Ni
2+
/Ni
= - 0,25V; E
0
2H
+
/H
2
= - 0,41V, vy E
0
=-0,41-(- 0,25)=-0,16V (E <0) do Ni
khng th y - c H
2
ra khi n- c nguyn cht theo phn ng:
Ni + 2H
2
O Ni(OH)
2
+ H
2

291.b) So snh cc th in cc sau tr li:

E
0
Fe
2+
/Fe = - 0,44V;
E
0
Fe
3+
/Fe = - 0,04V

292.b) Nhng axit khng c tnh oxi ha khi tc dng vi kim loi s to ra
mui ng vi mc oxi ha thp ca kim loi; nhng axit c tnh oxi ha nh- H
2
SO
4

c, HNO
3
S to ra mui kim loi ng vi mc oxi ha cao.

293.a) So snh cc th in cc chun sau y:
E
0
Fe
2+
/Fe = - 0,44V; E
0
Cu
2+
/Cu = + 0,34V; E
0
Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
=+ 0,77V
Fe + CuSO
4
Cu + FeSO
4
E >0
2Fe + 3CuSO
4
3Cu + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
E >0
Cu + FeSO
4
Fe + CuSO
4
E <0
Cu + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
2FeSO
4
+ CuSO
4
E >0

294. Tnh th in cc E Ag
+
/Ag trong iu kin cho: [I
-
] = 1 ion - g/l, T
AgI = 8,3.10
-17

AgI Ag
+
+ I
-

[I
-
][Ag
+
]=8,3.10
-17

[Ag
+
]=
1
10 . 3 , 8
17
= 8,3.10
-17
ion - g/l
E Ag
+
/Ag = E
0
+
1
059 , 0
.lg8,3.10
-17

E Ag
+
/Ag = -0,103V
Do : 2Ag + 2HI 2AgI + H
2
E = + 0,103V
Vy Ag c th y - c H
2
ra khi dung dch HI theo iu kin .

296.a) 3,2g/l; b) 0,67g/l; c) 67,5

298. Hng s cn bng - c tnh theo phng trnh:
lgK = -
RT
nFE
3 , 2
= nE
298 . 314 , 8 . 3 , 2
96500
= 16,9 nE
Trong :
+ E l sc in ng
+ F l s Faraday
+ n l s electron chuyn t cht kh sang cht oxi ha +
R= 8,314 jun/mol.
Vi cn bng:
Cu
2+
+ Zn Zn
2+
+ Cu
Qu trnh oxi ha kh tng qut - c xc nh t hai bn phn ng:
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu E
1
= + 0,337V
Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e E
2
= + 0,763V
Th ca qu trnh tng qut bng tng th ca phn ng oxi ha v phn
ng kh:
E = E
1
+ E
2
= 0,337 + 0,763 = 1,10V

- a vo phng trnh lgK = 16,9nE = 16,9.2.1,1= 37,2 hay K=[Zn
2+
]/[Cu
2+
]
= 1,6.10
37
. T kt qu ta thy rng [Zn
2+
] = [Cu
2+
].1,6.10
37
. Ngha l lc cn
bng, hm l- ng ca Cu
2+
b hn 10
37
ln so vi hm l- ng ca Zn
2+
trong dung
dch. l c s ca qu trnh luyn kim bng phng php dng kim loi hot
ng hn y kim loi khc ra khi dung dch mui.
Nng l- ng Gibbs bng:
G = -2,3 RT.lgK = -2,3.37,2.298.1,98.10
-3
= -67,9Kcal/mol (hay = -283,7
jun/mol).
Trong R = 1,98 cal/mol.
V G<0 nn cn bng trn thc t chuyn sang phi.

299.a) Nguyn tc chung l kh cc ion kim loi thnh kim loi bng tc
nhn kh thch hp:
M
n+
+ ne M
0

b) Nhng phng php thng dng:
1) kh ion kim loi t cc oxit bng cc cht kh nh- C, H
2
, Si, CO
nhit cao.
2) Kh ion kim loi t cc hp cht bng mt kim loi khc nhit cao
(phng php nhit kim).
3) y kim loi ra khi dung dch mui.
4) in phn mui nng chy.
5) in phn dung dch mui trong n- c.
6) nhit phn cc hp cht v c.

300. xc nh chiu ca phn ng c th tnh G ca phn ng.
Gp-

= [G
0
Ni ( r )
+ G
0
H
2
O (k)] - [G
0
NiO ( r )
+ G
0
H
2
(k)] =
=[0 + (-54,6)] - [(-50,6) + 0] = - 4 Kcal hay = - 16,72 jun.
G<0 do qu trnh kh NiO c th xy ra. C th tnh G
0
ca phn ng
t phng trnh: G
0
= H
0
- TS
0

Hp- = [H
0
Ni ( r )
+ H
0
H
2
O (k)] - [H
0
NiO ( r )
+ H
0
H
2
(k)] =
=[0 + (-57,8)] - [(- 57,3) + 0] = -0,5 Kcal (hay = -2,09 jun).
SP-

= [S
0
Ni ( r )
+ S
0
H
2
O (k)] - [S
0
NiO ( r )
+ S
0
H
2
(k)]
= (7,1 + 45,1) - (9,1 + 31,2) = 11,9 n v entropi.
Gp- = - 0,5 - 273 (11,9/1000) = -3,75 kcal/mol.
Vy G<0, do qu trnh c th xy ra.

301. Cch gii nh- bi 300.

302.a) Dng cc cacbon lm cht kh iu ch cc kim loi mu nng
nh- Zn, Sn, Pb, CuKhi m i lc ca oxi vi kim loi b hn so vi cacbon; cng
khng th dng cacbon lm cht kh- khi kim loi d dng to ra hp cht cacbua
kim loi nh- Be, Cr, Mn

303.b) 1) - 388,4 Kcal; 2) - 286 Kcal;
3) - 127,8 Kcal; 4) - 608,1 Kcal
5) - 280,9 Kcal;

304.b) C ba phng php nhit phn hy cc cht v c iu ch kim
loi:
1) Nhit phn cc hp cht cacbonyl
2) Nhit phn cc hp cht iotua kim loi;
3) un nng kim loi trong chn khng bng l in cc tp cht s bay hi
cn li kim loi.
10. Kim loi kim

308. b) So snh nng l- ng ion ha ca hidro v ca cc kim loi km. T
rt ra kt lun v kh nng kh ca cc nguyn t ?
Ion H
+
c kh nng hidrat ha to ra H
3
O
+
, cn cc ion kim loi kim
khng c kh nng .
Hidro c kh nng kt hp electron to ra cc hp cht hidrua vi kim
loi mnh; ng thi hidro d dng to ra lin kt cng ha tr c cc hoc khng
c cc.

310. Cc hng s vt l u c im bt thng Li.

311.a) V ion Li
+
c bn knh b hn cc ion kim loi kim khc, nn lin
kt bn hn vi cc phn t n- c hidrat ha, do ion Li
+
c nng l- ng hidrat ha
ln hn, to iu kin cho s chuyn dch cn bng Li Li
+
+ e v pha phi.
b) Cc kim loi kim gi electron ha tr ca mnh kh yu, do lin kt
kim loi trong mng l- i ca cc kim loi l lin kt yu, v vy cc kim loi
kim mm d ct.
- Nhit nng chy ph thuc mnh vo nng l- ng mng l- i tinh th.
Khi chuyn t Li n Cs, bn knh nguyn t tng, do lm gim t- ng tc
gia cc nguyn t, chnh iu lm gim nhit nng chy ca cc kim loi
kim. Cn ch l cc kim loi kim u c cu trc tinh th ging nhau.

312.a) Nu ly dn in ca Hg l n v th dn in ca Li l 11;
Na l 21; ca K l 14; ca Rb l 8 v Cs l 5. Tuy nhin vi Ag l 59, ca Cu l
56,9, ca Au l 39,6; iu khng c ngha l cc kim loi kim hot ng km
hn Cu, Ag, Au. V rng dn in ph thuc vo s nguyn t kim loi trong
mng tinh th, ni cch khc ph thuc vo s nguyn t c trong 1cm
3
kim loi
trng thi rn, chng ta c th tnh - c s nguyn t kim loi trong mt cm
3

trng thi rn, v d nh- :
Khi l- ng mt nguyn t Li =
23
10 . 02 , 6
7
= 1,16.10
-23
g.
S nguyn t Li trong mt cm
3
: =
23
10 . 16 , 1
53 , 0
= 4,5.10
22
nguyn t Li
So vi Ag:
Khi l- ng mt nguyn t Ag =
23
10 . 02 , 6
108
= 17,9.10
-23
g.
S nguyn t Ag trong 1cm
3
=
23
10 . 9 , 17
382 , 10
= 5,8.10
22
nguyn t Ag.

Nh- vy trong 1cm
3
kim loi trng thi rn, s nguyn t Ag ln hn s
nguyn t Li.
b) Cng t- ng t nh- th c th gii thch nguyn nhn kim loi Na c
dn in cao hn cc kim loi kim khc.

313.a) trng thi hi phn t ca cc kim loi kim gm 2 nguyn t M
2
.
Chng c th - c hnh thnh do to ra lin kt cng ha tr t electron ns (cc
obitan nguyn t ns ch- a - c ghp i).
b) Khi b kch thch cc electron tip thu nng l- ng v chuyn ra cc
obitan xa nhn hn, cc obitan cng xa nhn c nng l- ng cng ln, v vy cc
electron d chuyn v cc obitan gn nhn hn, trong qu trnh ny pht ra cc
bc x khc nhau trong vng nhn thy ca quang ph, do c mu sc khc
nhau.

314.b) c th dng phn ng ha hc theo phng php nhit kim kh
cc ion kim loi kim, v d:
KCl (nng chy) + Na K + NaCl
2RbCl + Ca
0
700
2Rb + CaCl
2

2CsCl + Ca
0
700
2Cs + CaCl
2

Cc phn ng u thc hin trong chn khng.

315.b) in phn hn hp nng chy gm NaCl + 25% NaF + 12% KCl
thu - c Na kim loi. Hn hp NaF + KCl hoc cc mui khc nh- CaCl
2
lm
gim nhit nng chy ca cht in phn t 800
0
C (NaCl) xung 500 - 600
0
C.

316.a) Tt c u phn ng trc tip vi kim loi kim, tr trng hp vi
cacbon v silic th ch c Liti mi phn ng trc tip - c.
Na v K khng phn ng trc tip vi cacbon, do khng th thay th cho
Li - c.

317. Cc kim loi kim - c bo qun trong du ha khan v trung tnh,
ch kn; khng cho tip xc vi axit, vi H
2
O, vi hp cht c cha Clo nh- CCl
4
,
vi CO
2
rn.

318.a) Th in cc ca qu trnh H
2
+ 2e 2H
-
l -2,25V do cc
hidrua kim loi kim l cht kh mnh.
Cc hidrua kim loi kim c bn cht ion c tnh dn in khi nng chy v
nng chy nhit cao.
b) V tnh cht NaH ging vi HCl hn NaCl.

319. a) 2LiH + 3N
2
2LiN
3
+ H
2

320.b) Li
2
O iu ch bng phng php phn hy LiOH, Li
2
CO
3
hay
LiNO
3
.
Na
2
O, K
2
O iu ch bng phng php un nng peoxit hoc hidroxit vi
kim loi kim t- ng ng. V d:

2NaOH + 2Na 2Na
2
O + 2H
2

KO
2
+ 3K 2K
2
O

321.b) Qu trnh to ra peoxit hoc Supeoxit d hay kh ph thuc vo kch
th- c v nng l- ng ion ha ca cc kim loi.
V i lc electron ca phn t oxi t- ng i b = 0,87eV (i lc electron
ca nguyn t oxi l 1,46eV) nn khng c kh nng kt hp electron ca cc kim
loi.
Vi cc kim loi kim c th ion ha b hn v kch th- c ln hn so vi
cc kim loi khc, do c th electron ha tr ca mnh cho phn t oxi. Chng
hn Na
2
O
2
. Nguyn nhn gy ra kh nng chuyn 2 electron ha tr ca 2
nguyn t Na cho phn t oxi to ra ion O
2
2-
hnh thnh phn t ion Na
2
O
2
.
Vi Li khng c kh nng v th ion ha ca Li kh cao, kch th- c li
b nn phn t O
2
khng th ht electron ca Li v pha mnh.

322.a) Phn ng thy phn Na
2
O
2
:
Na
2
O
2
+ 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
O
2
l phn ng thun nghch (H
2
O
2
l mt
axit vi hng s in li K
1
= 2,5.10
-12
) nhng qu trnh thy phn to ra mi trng
kim nn H
2
O
2
b phn hy do cn bng chuyn theo chiu thun.
b) Da vo phn ng ti sinh O
2
khi Na
2
O
2
hoc hn hp Na
2
O
2
+ KO
2
tc
dng vi CO
2
gii thch. (Ch n th tch O
2
- c ti sinh so vi th tch CO
2

tham gia vo phn ng ).

326.a) Cho tc dng vi Ag
2
O trong dung dch n- c.
b) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trn b mt in cc khi in
phn dung dch KI, sau xt cc sn phm - c to ra tc dng vi cc thuc
th nh- th no, s thy - c hin t- ng thay i v mu sc ca dung dch 2
in cc.

327.b) Tinh th KOH cng nh- tinh th CsOH l tinh th ion. Khi ha tan
trong n- c, cc tinh th chuyn thnh ion, vi in li thc l bng n v.
Tuy nhin in li biu kin ca 2 cht khng nh- nhau v ion K
+
t- ng tc
vi ion OH
-
mnh hn Cs
+
.
c) LiOH d b nhit phn to ra Li
2
O cn cc hidroxit ca cc kim loi kim
khc khng c kh nng v ion Li
+
ch c 2 electron v kch th- c b nn d ht
nguyn t oxi t OH
-
v pha mnh. Cn cc ion kim loi kim khc c 8 electron
lp ngoi cng, kch th- c li ln nn kh nng trn rt kh xy ra.

328. Da vo s chuyn dch cn bng tan ca NaCl gii thch.

329. Nhit nng chy t NaF n NaI gim. Tinh th ca chng u l
tinh th ion nn c nng chy cao nhng bn knh ion ca cc halogenua tng,
do mc ion ca lin kt gim, v vy nhit nng chy gim.

330.b) Da vo tan ca sn phm phn ng tr li.

331.b) Da vo hng s in li ca cc axit - c to ra trong qu trnh thy
phn gii thch.

332.a) Tnh pH ca dung dch Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
s dn n kt lun
dung dch Na
2
CO
3
c tnh kim ln hn.
b) V rng phn ng Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O

2NaHCO
3
c bn cht thun
nghch. Qu trnh phn hy NaHCO
3
xy ra khi un nng, nhng nhit thng
(v ngay c trong dung dch ) c s phn hy chm, v gy ra mt p sut no
ca CO
2
trn b mt cht rn.

334.a) C th c nhng phng php sau:
1) Na
2
SO
4
+ 4C + CaCO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+ CaS + 4CO
2) Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
NaCl + CO
2
+ NH
3
+ H
2
O NaHCO
3
+ NH
4
Cl
3)Na
2
SO
4
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaSO
4
+ 2NaOH
2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
b) KHCO
3
d tan trong n- c.

335.a) Na
2
SO
4
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaSO
4
+ 2NaOH
NaOH + HNO
3
NaNO
3
+ H
2
O
2NaCH
3
COO + H
2
SO
4
2CH
3
COOH + Na
2
SO
4

un nng dung dch cho CH
3
COOH bay hi, cn bng s chuyn sang
phi, thu - c Na
2
SO
4
.

337.b) Tan cc i 34
0
C.
c) T dung dch bo ha 50
0
C:
Khi tng nhit n 70
0
C: Na
2
CO
3
tch ra mt phn trng thi rn v
dung dch bo ha Na
2
CO
3
.
Khi h nhit xung 40
0
C: Na
2
CO
3
trng thi tan trong dung dch v
ch- a bo ha.
H nhit xung 30
0
C: dung dch bo ha cha khong 32% Na
2
CO
3
.
H nhit xung 20
0
C: tinh th Na
2
CO
3
tch ra trng thi rn v dung
dch bo ha cha 17,8%Na
2
CO
3
.

11. Kim loi kim th

338.a) u l cc nguyn t h s, nhng cc obitan nguyn t ns cc kim
loi kim th - c lp y.
b) Bin i u t Ca n Ba; nng l- ng ion ha cao v cao nht Be; th
in cc ca Ca, Sr, Ba gn t- ng - ng. Be c gi tr cao hn nhiu so vi cc
nguyn t cn li, trong khi Li li c gi tr thp hn nhiu so vi cc kim loi
kim cn li.

339.b) Nhit nng chy, nhit si, khi l- ng ring u cao v cao
hn kim loi kim. Nhit nng chy v nhit si bin i khng u nh-
trong kim loi kim; dn in cao.

340.a) Mc d nng l- ng ion ha I
2
> I
1
nhng nng l- ng hidrat ha ca
ion M
2+
kh cao, b cho nng l- ng ion ha cao, do kim loi kim th d mt 2
electron to ra ion M
2+
.
b) Mc d nng l- ng ion ha ca kim loi kim th ln hn kim loi
kim, nhng nng l- ng hidrat ha ca ion kim loi kim th ln hn nhiu so vi
kim loi kim nn cn bng M M
2+
+ 2e d dng b chuyn dch. V vy th in
cc ca kim loi kim th c gi tr t- ng - ng vi kim loi kim.

341. Mun to ra phn t 2 nguyn t M
2

, cc nguyn t kim loi kim th
phi thng xuyn trng thi kch thch s
2
sp. Tuy nhin nng l- ng - c to
ra khi hnh thnh lin kt gia 2 nguyn t khng b li cho nng l- ng cn
cung cp gy ra trng thi kch thch, v vy cc kim loi kim th khng to ra
phn t M
2
.

342.a) Trong kim loi kim th c lin kt kim loi mnh hn trong kim
loi kim nn kim loi kim th c cng ln hn.
b) T
nc

v T
si
ph thuc vo cu trc ca mng tinh th. V tinh th ca cc
kim loi kim th khng cu to cng mt mng tinh th nn nng l- ng mng l- i
khc nhau. Do nhit nng chy v nhit si thay i khng u nh- trong
h kim loi kim.

343. Trong cc kim loi kim th vng ha tr ns - c lp y nn s
kch thch electron t vng ln vng t do kh thc hin. C th gii thch rng
trong tinh th kim loi kim th, nng l- ng cc vng ns, np- c xen ph vo
nhau. Ni cch khc 2 electron ns c nng l- ng nm trong vng kh rng ch- a
electron to ra cht cch in, do cc kim loi kim th c tnh dn in kh
cao.

344. Vi Li c nng l- ng hidrat ha cao hn nhiu so vi cc kim loi
kim khc, b li cho nng l- ng ion ha nn Li c th in cc thp hn nhiu so
vi cc kim loi kim. Tri li, Beri mc d c nng l- ng hidrat ha cao nhng
khng th b li nng l- ng ion ha cao v nng l- ng mng l- i cao ca Beri, v
vy Beri c th in cc cao hn cc kim loi kim th khc.

346. Xem bi 321.

349. a) Qu trnh t chy ngoi MgO cn to ra Mg
3
N
2
.
b) Magi c th t chy trong Cl
2
, CO
2
, SO
2
.

350.a) Kh nng chy ca Mg khc vi cc kim loi khc l do nhit to
thnh ca MgO kh ln:
2Mg + O
2
2MgO H = -146 Kcal/mol
Chnh nhit l- ng t nng mnh cc ht MgO - c to nn, lm
pht ra nh sng chi.

b) Khi Mg chy khng th dp tt bng n- c hoc bng CO
2
, SiO
2
, v khi
t nng Mg u c kh nng phn ng vi H
2
O, CO
2
, SiO
2
.

351.a) H
2
khng c kh nng phn ng trc tip vi Mg, nhng oxi v nit
th phn ng d dng, do phi dng H
2
lm bu kh tr.

353.a) Khng dng NH
4
OH kt ta ion Mg
2+
thnh Mg(OH)
2
v c phn
ng thun nghch. Chng hn:
MgCl
2
+ 2NH
4
OH Mg(OH)
2
+ 2NH
4
Cl
b) Do nh h- ng ca ion ng dng NH
4
+
nn lm gim qu trnh in li
ca NH
4
OH, v vy nng ion OH
-
khng t n tch s tan ca Mg(OH)
2
.

354.b) Ha tan trong NH
4
Cl km hn, v NH
4
OH c in li ln hn
H
2
O.

355.b) C th ha tan MgCO
3
bng dung dch m c (NH
4
)
2
CO
3

c) cho hn hp tc dng vi dung dch kim d- .

357.
1) CaH
2
+ 2H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
+ 2H
2

2) CaH
2
+ O
2
CaO + H
2
O
3) BaH
2
+ CO
2
C + Ba(OH)
2

358. b) Tch s tan ca BaF
2
l 1,1.10
-6
, cn BaSO
4
l 1,1.10
-10
nn c th
dng H
2
SO
4
c chuyn BaF
2
thnh BaSO
4
, sau nung 1400
0
cho BaO. Lm
ngui t t n 400
0
BaO kt hp vi oxi to ra BaO
2
.
c) 1) BaO
2
+ 4HCl (c) BaCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
2) BaO
2
+2HCl BaCl
2
+ H
2
O
2

3) BaO
2
+ KI + 4HCl BaCl
2
+ 2KCl + I
2
+2H
2
O
4) BaO
2
+ 2AgNO
3
2Ag + O
2
+ Ba(NO
3
)
2

5) BaO
2
+ MnO
2
BaMnO
4

360. b) So snh tc dng phn cc ha ca ion M
1+

( kim loi kim) v cc
ion M
2+
( kim loi kim th) i vi nguyn t oxi trong nhm OH
-
.

361. T Be
2+
n Ba
2+
, tc dng phn cc ha ca cation M
2+
n anion
SO
4
2-
gim (do bn knh ion tng t Be
2+
dn Ba
2+
) nn bn nhit tng t BeSO
4

n BaSO
4
.

362. tan ca cc mui ph thuc v 2 yu t: nng l- ng mng l- i ca
tinh th mui v nng l- ng hidrat ha ca cation. Nng l- ng mng l- i gim,
ha tan ca mui tng; nng l- ng hidrat ha ca cation gim, ha tan gim.
T CaSO
4
nBaSO
4
: yu t nh h- ng chnh n tan l nng l- ng
hidrat ha. T Ca
2+
n Ba
2+
nng l- ng hidrat ha gim (t 377 Kcal/mol Ca
2+

n 308 Kcal/mol Ba
2+
) nn tan gim.

T CaF
2
n BaF
2
: yu t quyt nh n tan l nng l- ng mng l- i.
T CaF
2
n BaF
2
nng l- ng mng l- i gim (t 624 Kcal/mol CaF
2
n 566
Kcal/mol BaF
2
) nn tan tng.

363. V d tan ca BaF
2
l 8,3.10
-3
mol/l 25
0
C; cn tan ca BaCO
3

l 1,1.10
-4
mol/l cng nhit . Yu t quyt nh n tan ca chng l nng
l- ng mng l- i. Nng l- ng mng l- i ca BaF
2
(566 Kcal/mol) b hn ca
BaCO
3
(625 Kcal/mol) nn tan ca BaF
2
ln hn tan ca BaCO
3
.

364.a) Khi phn hy nhit cc mui cacbonat xy ra s tch nguyn t oxi
ra khi nguyn t trung tm ca anion v sau l kt hp nguyn t oxi vo
cation. Qu trnh gy ra s chuyn dch mt in tch ca electron v lm
bin dng ation do in trng ca cation, ngha l cc anion b cc cation phn
cc. Kt qu l CaCO
3
b nhit phn to ra CaO v CO
2
. T BeCO
3
n BaCO
3
, tc
dng phn cc ca cation gim nn kh nng b nhit phn gim (MgCO
3
b nhit
phn 600
0
C nhng BaCO
3
b nhit phn 1360
0
C).
b) Khi p sut gim v nhit tng, cn bng chuyn sang phi. Thi kh
CO
2
(cho p gim)ng thi tn nhit cho hiu sut nung vi tng. Khi nhit
gim CaO kt hp vi CO
2
to ra CaCO
3
(qu trnh vi sng ha cacbonat) .

367. So snh tch s tan ca cc cht khng tan to ra trong dung dch.

369. Nng l- ng hidrat ha ca ion kim loi kim th ln hn ion kim loi
kim nn d to ra cc hidrat tinh th.

370.b) Nung thch cao 1400
0
C to ra CaO, sau chuyn CaO thnh
CaCl
2
. in phn mui CaCl
2
nng chy thu - c Ca kim loi.

12. Nhm

372. Lp electron th 2 k t ngoi vo cc nguyn t nhm ny u c
s electron khc nhau. Vi Al c lp 3d cn trng; Ga, In nm ngay sau cc
nguyn t h d vi lp th 2 c 18 electron; Tali khng nhng nm sau cc nguyn
t h d m cn nm sau cc nguyn t h f, lp electron th 2 k t ngoi vo cng
c 18e. Tm li Ga, In, Tl u l cc nguyn t sau chuyn tip, tnh cht ca cc
nguyn t ny gy ra bi cu trc .

373. Bn knh nguyt t tng t ngt t B n Al, sau gim mt t khi
chuyn t Al n Ga v t Ga li tng.
Th ion ha thay i khng u, gim mnh t B n Al v sau tng
khng ng k.
T Al n Ga c s thay i l do nh h- ng ca hin t- ng co d (Ga
ng sau cc nguyn t h d). Cng vy, ngoi nh h- ng ca s co d, s co f cng
c nh h- ng mnh, nn t In n Tl kch th- c nguyn t tng ln khng ng k.

374. Tinh th Bo c cu to c kht. N bao gm nhng hnh hai chc mt
B
12
(c 12 nguyn t B to ra mt t bo tinh th hai chc mt). Lin kt gia cc
nguyn t Bo l lin kt cng ha tr, do Bo rt kh nng chy.
Tri li, tinh th Gali c mng l- i phn t, ti mt mng l- i l cc phn t
Ga
2
, v vy Gali c nhit nng chy thp, nhng nhit bay hi li cao l do
khi si phn t Ga
2
phi phn hy thnh Ga nguyn t.

375.a) Bo l nguyn t khng kim loi nhng Nhm l mt kim loi hot
ng. Do s bin i t ngt v kch th- c nguyn t t 0,83 Bo n 1,26
Nhm v do nng l- ng hidrat ha ca ion Al
3+
rt ln (1200Kcal/mol), v vy
khuynh h- ng to thnh ion Al
3+
d dng hn.

376. Borua l hp cht ca B vi kim loi. Cc borua kim loi thng c
cng thc phn t v cu to khng ph hp vi quan im ha tr bnh thng, c
thnh phn v cu trc phc tp, chng hn cc borua ca Niobi: Nb
2
B, Nb
4
B
2
,
NbB, Nb
3
B
4

Hp cht ca Bo vi hidro gi chung l cc boran, v d: B
2
H
6
, B
4
H
10

Borat l mui ca axit boric, chng hn nh- borac - mt loi borat ng vi
cng thcNa
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O. Cc borat thng c cu trc phc tp v dng
polime. Mui c th ng vi axit tetraboric (K
1
=2.10
-4
v K
2
=2.10
-3
) vi cng
thc sau:

Mui boryl l mt loi mui baz trong cha gc boryl BO
+
(ha tr mt)
t- ng t tianyl, zirconyl. V d (BO)PO
3
l mui ca axit metaphotphoric hoc
boryl asenat (BO)AsO
3
. Nhng hp cht ny thng b thy phn hon ton trong
n- c. V d:
BOPO
3
+ H
2
O HBO
2
+ HPO
3

Nh- vy, c th xem cc mui Boryl l sn phm ca axit boric dng baz
B(OH)
3
t- ng tc vi axit t- ng ng, mc d tnh baz ca H
2
BO
3
mc khng
ng k.

377. Phn t BF
3
c dng tam gic u. Trong phn t nguyn t B
trng thi lai ha sp
2

ba obital lai ha ny to nn lin kt vi 3 obital 2p ca 3
nguyn t Flo. Mt obital trng cn li ca B vung gc vi cc obital lai ha to
nn lin kt vi mt obital 2p khc c cp electron t do ca mt trong 3 nguyn
t Flo.

378.a) lp v ngoi cng ca nguyn t B trong phn t BH
3
c 3 cp
electron v mt obital t do, v vy nguyn t B c tnh cht "nhn", ngha l c
khuynh h- ng kt hp mt cp electron. Khi khng c phn t l c cha cp
electron t do, th s lp y obital cn trng ca nguyn t B ch c th t - c
khi hai phn t BH
3
kt hp vi nhau to ra B
2
H
6
, trong c mt cp electron ca
phn t BH
3
nyt vo obital t do ca nguyn t B trong phn t BH
3
kia, kt qu
to ra lin kt 3 tm.
B
O
HO
O
O B
B
O
O
B OH

Trong phn t B
2
H
6
, nguyn t B trng thi lai ha sp
3
(lai ha t din).
Hai obital lai ha sp
3
to lin kt hai tm vi hai nguyn t H, ngha l lin kt
- c hnh thnh do s ghp chung cp electron ca 2 nguyn t. Cp electron cn
li to ra do obital lai ha th ba v obital 1s ca nguyn t H - c t vo obital
cn trng ca nguyn t B bn cnh to ra lin kt ba tm B - H - B, ngha l hnh
thnh hai lin kt nhng ch c mt cp electron.

Hnh 1: Cu to ca B
2
H
6
vi hai lin kt ba tm B - H - B
Phn t diboran c cu tokhng gian nh- hnh d- i y, trong cc
nguyn t B v cc nguyn t H hai u nm trong cng mt mt phng. Hai
nguyn t H tham gia lin kt ba tm nm i xng nhau qua trc B - B. Hai nhm
BH
3
hnh thnh hai t din lch c cnh chung.
b) V diboran khng phi l mt mui nn phn ng thy phn diboran
khng theo c ch thy phn mui:
B
2
H
6
+ 6H
2
O 2H
3
BO
3
+ 6H
2

H
H
H
H
H
H
B
B
97
0
1
,
3
4
A
o
1
,2
A
o
119
0

Hnh 2: Cu to t din lch ca hai nhm BH
4
trong phn t B
2
H
6

379.b) V d to ra mch cao phn t.

380.b) Axit octoboric l cht tinh th c mng lp, cc phn t H
3
BO
3
trong
mi lp lin kt vi nhau bng lc lin kt hidro, cn cc lp ni vi nhau bng lc
Van der Waals. V vy chng trng thi rn l nhng vy nhn.
H
B
o
H
H
H H
H
B

Axit H
3
BO
3
khng phn li proton nh- axit khc, m do nguyn t B cn c
mt obitan t do c kh nng nhn mt cp electron v vy khi t- ng tc vi H
2
O,
n kt hp vi nhm OH
-
v gii phng proton ca n- c:
H
3
BO
3
+ H
2
O

[B(OH)
4
]
-
+ H
+
K= 10
-9

381.b) V ion Al
3+
c nng l- ng hidrat ha rt ln nn Al d dng chuyn
thnh dng ion Al
3+
.

382.a) Khi un nng bt nhm vi S to ra Al
2
S
3
. Cht ny ch trng thi
rn, khng c trong dung dch v d b thy phn to ra:
Al
2
S
3
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ H
2
S
Al
4
C
3
- c to ra khi cho bt nhm kim loi tc dng vi cacbon trong kh
quyn hidro. L cht bt mu vng khi tc dng vi H
2
O to ra CH
4
.
Khi cho phn nhm tc dng vi N
2
hoc NH
3
1300
0
K - 1500
0
K to ra
AlN. B phn hy trong n- c nng v ngui, axit, kim.
Tng hp t cc nguyn t Al v P to ra AlP.
Nhm khng to ra hp cht vi silic.
Nhm tc dng vi Clo v Brom nhit thng, vi Iot khi un nng v
c H
2
O lm xc tc.

383.a) 2Al + Na
2
CO
3
+ 7H
2
O 2Na[Al(OH)
4
] + CO
2
+ 3H
2

Nhm cng nh- cc kim loi hot ng u c kh nng to ra hn hng.
Hn hng nhm t- ng tc vi H
2
O to ra H
2
v Al(OH)
3
.
b) 2Al + Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 14H
+
2Al
3+
+ 2Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O
5Al +3MnO
4
-
+ 24H
+
5Al
3+
+ 3Mn
2+
+ 2H
2
O

387. Corundum l Al
2
O
3
dng tinh th c trong t nhin. Rt tr, khng
tan trong n- c, trong axit, trong kim. Tan - c trong NaOH nng chy; vi
Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
S
2
O
7
nhit cao (1000
0
C).
Al
2
O
3
+ NaOH (nc) NaAlO
2
+ H
2
O
Al
2
O
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
2NaAlO
2
+ CO
2

Al
2
O
3
+ 3K
2
S
2
O
7
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3K
2
SO
4

Alumogen l dng th hnh ca Al
2
O
3
- c iu ch khi kh n- c ca
Al(OH)
3
.nH
2
O 550
0
C; dng lm cht hp th b mt nh- silicagen.

388.a) Da vo cn bng thy phn ca Al
3+
gii thch. To ra kh NH
3

v kt ta Al(OH)
3
.
b) Ion axetat lin kt vi ion H
+
- c to ra do qu trnh thy phn Al
3+
lm
tng c- ng qu trnh thy phn, kt qu to ra Al(OH)
3
v CH
3
COOH.
2Al
3+
+ 6CH
3
COO
-
+ 6H
2
O 2Al(OH)
3
+ 6CH
3
COOH
c) Al
3+
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
2+
+ H
+

CO
3
2-
+ H
2
O HCO
3
-
+ OH
-

H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O

Do cn bng to H
2
O nn lm tng c- ng qu trnh thy phn Al
3+
to ra
Al(OH)
3
v tng c- ng qu trnh thy phn CO
3
2-
to ra CO
2
mui cacbonat Al
3+

khng - c to ra trong iu kin v Al(OH)
3
c tan b hn.

389. Phn l loi mui kp c cng thc chung l M
2
I
SO
4
.M
2
II
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O,
trong :
M
I
: kim loi ha tr I nh- Na, K, Rb, Cs, NH
4
, Tl
M
II
: kim loi ha tr III nh- Al, Cr, Fe, Ga, In, Tl, Co.

390.a) trng thi hi v trong mt s dung mi hu c, cc nhm
halogenua AlCl
3
, AlBr
3
, AlI
3
dng phn t dime Al
2
X
6
c cu hnh khng gian
nh- diboran, nhng l cu to t din u, kp vi mt cnh chung. Lin kt cu
ni gia Cl v 2 nguyn t nhm Al - Cl - Al khng phi l lin kt 3 tm nh- trong
diboran; trong c lin kt cng ha tr do s ghp chung electron ca nguyn t
Clo v nguyn t nhm; lin kt cn li l lin kt "cho - nhn" trong nguyn t
Clo l cht "cho", nhm l cht "nhn".

AlCl
3
khan bc khi mnh trong khng kh m gii phng hidro clorua:
AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ 3HCl
HCl tc dng vi NH
3
to ra khi NH
4
Cl.
c) AlCl
3
trng thi rn c cu to ion, cn trng thi nng chy c phn
chuyn sang dng hp cht phn t.

391. Gali tc dng vi axit t- ng t Al. Tali tan trong HNO
3
c nng to ra
hp cht Tl
3+
, HNO
3
long oxi ha tali n trng thi ha tr I. Tali tc dng vi
HCl to ra TlCl.
Ga tan trong dung dch kim t- ng t nhm:
2Ga + 2NaOH +6H
2
O 2Na[Ga(OH)
4
] + 3H
2

Cn In v Tl khng phn ng vi dung dch kim.

392. Ga(OH)
3
chc baz v chc axit th hin vi mc gn nh- nhau;
In(OH)
3
tnh baz tri hn tnh axit; cn Tl(OH)
3
th hin chc axit rt yu.

393. Mui kim loi yu hn d b thy phn hn. Cng mt kim loi, ion
kim loi vi mc oxi ha cao hn d b thy phn hn.

394.a) V bn knh ca ion Tl
+
t- ng t bn knh cc ion kim loi kim
(
Tl
r
+
=1,44;
K
r
+
=1,33) nn d kt tinh to phn.
b) Tnh cht kh l ch yu. Cc hp cht Ga(I), In(I) u l cht kh
mnh. Tl(I) c tnh kh km hn, ch chuyn thnh Tl(III) khi tc dng vi cht oxi
ha mnh. Nh- vy hp cht Tl
3+
t bn hn, cn hp cht Tl cng li bn hn.
Al
Cl
Al
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl

13.Gecmani - thic - ch

395.b) V tng nng l- ng ion ha kh cao nn khng th hnh thnh cc
ion 4+ v i lc electron ca cc nguyn t khng to ra cc ion 4-.
Bn cht lin kt trong cc hp cht l cng ha tr.

396.a) Cng nh- cc nguyn t khc thuc h p, trong phn nhm Ge khi
s th t nguyn t tng ln, th cc obitan d v f c nh h- ng ln n vic hnh
thnh lin kt ha hc. Ni cch khc, khi chuyn t Ge n Pb tnh tr ca cc
electron ns
2
tng ln, vai tr tham gia vo vic hnh thnh lin kt ca cc electron
ns
2
gim xung, v vy trong dy khuynh h- ng cho mc oxi ha +4 gim
xung, v khuynh h- ng to ra mc oxi ha +2 tng ln.
Vd: PbO
2
l cht oxi ha mnh, nhng tnh oxi ha ca GeO
2
, SnO
2
l
khng c trng; GeCl
2
, SnCl
2
l cht kh- mnh, GeCl
2
phn ng ngay tc khc vi
Clo, SnCl
2
phn ng nhanh nhit thng, nhng PbCl
2
khng phn ng vi Clo
nhit .

397.a) Kim c- ng v silic c cu trc tinh th t- ng t nhau, mi nguyn t
lin kt cng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t khc bao quanh, kiu t din u, v vy
chng u l nhng cht kh nng chy; tuy nhin khong cch C- C trong kim
c- ng l 1,545 , cn Si - Si l 2,34 ng thi lin kt C- C c bn ln hn
nhiu so vi lin kt Si - Si.
b) T Si n Pb, kiu lin kt ha hc bin i t cng ha tr n lin kt
kim loi, do T
nc

gim.

398.a) Tinh th Ge c cu trc kiu kim c- ng nn cng; Sn, Pb c kiu
lin kt kim loi trong tinh th nn mm.
b) So snh bn knh nguyn t v cu trc ca t bo nguyn t tinh th Si,
Ge v Pb s dn n kt lun Si v Ge ha tan khng hn ch vo nhau, cc nguyn
t c th thay th cho nhau trong mng l- i tinh th.

399.a) Gecmani khng tan trong HCl v H
2
SO
4
long nhng tan trong
H
2
SO
4
c v HNO
3
to ra axit gecmanic H
2
GeO
3
(xGeO
2
.yH
2
O). V d:
Ge + 4HNO
3
H
2
GeO
3
.H
2
O + 4NO
2

Thic tan - c trong HCl v H
2
SO
4
long. Trong HNO
3
long to ra
Sn(NO
3
)
2
, nhng trong HNO
3
c to ra axit stanic:
Sn + 4H
2
SO
4
(c) Sn(SO
4
)
2
+ 2SO
2
+ 4H
2
O
3Sn + 8HNO
3
(long) 3Sn(NO
3
)
2
+ 4NO + 4H
2
O
Sn + 4HNO
3
(c) H
2
SnO
3
.H
2
O + 4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
(xSnO
2
.yH
2
O)
b) V c phn ng to ra cht tan:
PbCl
2
+ 2HCl H
2
PbCl
4

PbSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Pb(HSO
4
)
2

400.a) bn ca AH
4
gim xung t C n Pb do khuynh h- ng lai ha
sp
3
ca A gim dn t Si n Pb.

401. Trong phn t CO
2
c lin kt (p - p) l mt trong nhng lin kt bn.
Phn t CO
2
t- ng tc vi nhau bng lc Van der Waals l lc kh yu; cn silic
khng to ra lin kt kp nh- trong phn t CO
2
; SiO
2
c cu to 3 chiu trong
silic v oxi c s phn t l 4 v 2 t- ng ng. Nng l- ng lin kt Si - O kh ln v
do tinh th rt bn c nhit nng chy cao (Xem thm bi 260).
Ch dioxit d b nhit phn khi un nng mt dn oxi bin thnh cc oxit
thp hn:
PbO
2

C
o
320 290
Pb
2
O
3

C
0
420 290
Pb
3
O
4

C
0
550 530
PbO
(nu en) (Vng ) ( nu) (vng)
S phn hy c th gii thch mt cch th s l do c tnh oxi ha
mnh ca cation Pb
4+
i vi anion O
2-
, mc d lin kt trong phn t c c tnh
cng ha tr. Tuy vy cch gii thch cng chng minh - c khuynh h- ng tng
qut chuyn v trng thi ha tr II tng ln t Ge n Pb.

402. T SiO
2
n PbO
2
tnh bn gim; PbO
2
d b phn hy to ra PbO bn.

403. T Ge(OH)
2
n Pb(OH)
2
tnh baz tng, tnh axit gim. T X(OH)
2

n X(OH)
4
tnh baz gim.

405. So snh nhit to thnh cc oxit trn v nhit to thnh ca n- c.

406.1) SnCl
2
chuyn thnh Sn(OH)
2
v sau cho mt n- c
Na
2
SnO
2
+ 2H
2
O 2NaOH + Sn(OH)
2

Sn(OH)
2
SnO + H
2
O
3)PbO
2
+ SO
2
PbSO
4

407. Khi tan trong dung dch kim:
PbO
2
+ 2KOH + 2H
2
O K
2
[Pb(OH)
6
]
V trong kim nng chy:
4NaOH + PbO
2
Na
4
PbO
4
+ 2H
2
O
natri octoplombat

408.a) Cho Pb
3
O
4
tc dng vi dung dch long ca H
2
SO
4
hoc HNO
3
to
nn PbO
2
v mui Pb
2+
:
Pb
3
O
4
+ 4HNO
3
2Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ PbO
2
+2H
2
O
ch octoplombat

410.a) SnCl
2
d b thy phn to ra kt ta trng:
SnCl
2
+ H
2
O Sn(OH)Cl + HCl
b) So snh th tiu chun E
0
Sn
2+
/Sn v E
0
Sn
4+
/Sn.
c) SnCl
2
l cht kh mnh, c th kh Hg
2+
thnh Hg; Fe
3+
thnh Fe
2+
.

411.a) V c to ra cc phc cht tan:
PbI
2
+ 2KI K
2
[PbI
4
]

b) SnCl
4
to ra tinh th phn t, cn tinh th SnCl
2
dng polime trong
c cc nhm:
Cl
Sn Sn
Cl

412. Khi cho axit tc dng vo PbCO
3
s c cc qu trnh sau:
PbCO
3
Pb
2+
+ CO
3
2-

CO
3
2-
+ H
+
HCO
3
-

HCO
3
-
+ H
+
H
2
CO
3

H
2
CO
3
H
2
O + CO
2

nh xy ra qu trnh tan ca PbCO
3
. Tri li PbCrO
4
l mui ca axit
mnh, nn cn bng tan:
PbCrO
4
Pb
2+
+ CrO
4
2-

khng chuyn dch.

413. 1) SnCl
4
+ 2Zn 2ZnCl
2
+ Sn
2) 2SnCl
2
+ O
2
SnO
2
+ SnCl
4

3) PbO
2
+ 4HCl PbCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
4) 2KI + Pb
3
O + 4H
2
SO
4
3PbSO
4
+ I
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 4H
2
O
5) 2MnSO
4
+ 5Pb
3
O
4
+ 26HNO
3
2HMnO
4
+
+ 13Pb(NO
3
)
2

+ 2PbSO
4
+ 12H
2
O
6) Sn +H
2
SeO
4
(long) SnSeO
4
+ H
2

7) Pb + 2H
2
SO
4
(c) PbSeO
4
+ SeO
2
+ 2H
2
O

415.a) So snh tnh s tan ca SnS v PbS.
b) SnS c kh nng b amoni polisunfua oxi ha n disunfua, sau
disunfua tan trong amonisunfua to ra amoni tiostanat tan. PbS khng c kh nng
.
SnS + (NH
4
)
2
S
2
SnS
2
+ (NH
4
)
2
S
SnS
2
+ (NH
4
)
2
S (NH
4
)
2
SnS
3

416.a) SnCl
2
+ H
2
S SnS + 2HCl
SnS + (NH
4
)
2
S
2
(NH
4
)
2
SnS
3

SnS
3
2-
+ 2H
+
SnS
2
+H
2
S
b) "Vng gi" l SnS
2
tan - c trong kim v trong axit:
SnS
2
+ 16HNO
3
(c) H
2
SnO
3
+ 2H
2
SO
4
+ 16NO
2
+ 5H
2
O
SnS
2
+ 6KOH 2K
2
SnS
2
+ K
2
[Sn(OH)
6
]
(kali tiostanit)
b) PbS v SnS khng tan trong nhng dung dch axit long, tan trong dung
dch HNO
3
v HCl m c

14. ng - Bc - Vng

417.a) Cu, Ag, Au l hng nguyn t thuc h d gn cui cng trong cc
chu k t- ng ng. Dng l cu trc electron hai lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t
ny phi l (n - 1)d
9
ns
2
(n ng vi s th t ca chu k). Tuy nhin lp (n - 1)d
gn hon thnh, nn vic chuyn 1 electron lp ns
2
sang lp (n - 1)d s thun li
hn v mt nng l- ng. V vy, cu trc cc lp electron ngoi cng ca 3 nguyn
t Cu, Ag, Au s l (n -1)d
10
ns
1
.
b) Nng l- ng ion ha th nht (eV) v i lc electron (eV) nh- sau:
Cu Ag Au
Nng l- ng ion ha X
0
X
+
(eV) 7,73 7,57 9,22
i lc electron (eV) 2,4 2,5 2,1
Nng l- ng ion ha gim t Cu n Ag v sau tng ln n Au. i lc
electron tng t Cu n Ag v sau gim.
So vi cc kim loi kim th nng l- ng ion ha ca Cu, Ag, Au cao hn;
nhng i lc electron th li cao hn rt nhiu so vi kim loi kim v ln hn c
oxi, l- u hunh v mt s nguyn t khng kim loi khc nh- N, P
c) Do c mt electron ns
1
lp ngoi cng nn c kh nng hnh thnh
phn t hai nguyn t nh- cc kim loi kim (Cu
2
, Ag
2
, Au
2
). Tuy nhin nng
l- ng phn li t- ng i ln so vi phn t ca kim loi kim trong cng chu k.
Phn t M
2
ca cc kim loi ny bn hn cc kim loi kim l do c hai lin kt
b xung - c hnh thnh do c ch "cho" gy nn (cc cp electron d t do v cc
obital cn trng).

418. Vi Cu v Ag th mc d phn lp d - c in y nh mt
electron s lp ngoi cng nhuyn vo nhng cu trc ch- a phi bn hon ton,
do nguyn t c th b kch thch chuyn thnh trng thi (n-1)d
9
s
1
p
1
, kt qu
to ra ba electron khng cp i, v nh- vy c mt hoc hai electron d tham gia
vo qu trnh hnh thnh lin kt ha hc:
(n-1)d
10
ns
1
np
0
(n-1)d
9
ns
1
np1

Do cc nguyn t phn nhm ng ng vi cc mc oxi ha +1, +2, +3.
Vi vng th trng thi oxi ha +3 l c trng, y c 2 electron d u tham gia
vo qu trnh hnh thnh lin kt. Vi ng th trng thi c trng l +2; cn vi
bc l +1. Tnh bn ca trang thi +1 bc l do cu hnh 4d
10
c tnh bn t- ng
i ln, v rng cu hnh - c hnh thnh t nguyn t ng tr- c bc l
paladi (Pd): 4d
10
5s
0
.
Cng t cu trc chng ta hiu - c ti sao nng l- ng ion ha ca Ag
li b hn ca Cu.

419.a) bn knh nguyn t ca nguyn t nhm ng b hn nhiu so vi
cc kim loi kim, do lp 18 e st lp ngoi cng, v vy cc nguyn t ny c
th ion ha cao hn cc kim loi kim; iu gii thch nguyn nhn v s
khc nhau v tnh cht ca cc kim loi nhm ng so vi cc kim loi kim.

422.a) Ag v Au khng b Oxi oxi ha v sn phm phn ng khng bn;
iu kin thng cc oxi khng - c to ra, cn nhit cao th b phn hy.
b) Oxi nguyn t c hot tnh ha hc ln hn oxi phn t, c kh nng
phn ng vi bc ngay nhit thng, to ra trn b mt mt lp oxi Ag
2
O hoc
AgO.

423.a) Mc d hp cht Cu (II) bn hn hp cht Cu(I), chng hn qu trnh
phn hy CuF
2
v CuCl
2
thnh CuF v CuCl v halogen nhit cao, nhng do
tnh kh mnh ca ion I
-
nn CuI
2
b phn hy ngay iu kin thng do c
phn ng:
2CuSO
4
+ 4KI 2CuI + I
2
+ 2K
2
SO
4
b) Qu trnh kt hp nguyn t halogen vo phn t CuX (X l halogen )
ch c th xy ra sau khi kch thch nguyn t ng 3d
10
4s
1
3d
9
4s
1
p
1
. Vi Iot c
i lc electron b hn v bn knh ln hn so vi cc halogen cn li, do khi to
thnh lin kt Cu - I nng l- ng - c gii phng ra b hn so vi s to thnh lin
kt t- ng t vi nguyn t halogen khc, nng l- ng khng gy ra trng
thi kch thch trn.

425. So snh tch s tan ca Cu(OH)
2
, CuS v hng s khng bn ca ion
phc [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
tr li:
(Tch s tan ca Cu(OH)
2
: = 5.10
-20
; ca CuS: = 6,3.10
-36
; hng s khng
bn ca phc [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
ng vi qu trnh:
[Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
Cu
2+
+ 4NH
3
l K = 9,33.10
-13
).

427. So snh hng s khng bn ca ion phc:[Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
Cu
2+
+ 4NH
3

K = 9,33.10
-13
v tch s tan ca CuCN l 3,2.10
-20
. Kali xianua l
cht kh mnh, c th kh - c Cu
2+
thnh CuCN v (CN)
2
.

428.a) Bit rng khi nhng mt thnh kim loi vo n- c th trn b mt
thnh kim loi c mt l- ng ion kim loi no t- ng ng vi v tr kim loi
trong dy th t in th.
Cn bng Cu + H
+
Cu
+
+ H s chuyn dch v bn phi khi c l- ng d-
ion CN
-
to ra ion phc [Cu(CN)
2
]
-
, nng ion Cu
+
nm trong cn bng vi kim
loi s ln hn so vi cn bng in li ca ion phc [Cu(CN)
2
]
-
, do Cu c th
tan - c trong dung dch KCN theo phn ng:
2Cu + 4KCN + 2H
2
O 2K[Cu(CN)
2
] + 2KOH + H
2

Vi Ag v Au ng bn phi Cu trong dy th t in th nn nng ion
kim loi Ag
+
v Au
+
chuyn t kim loi vo dung dch b hn so vi cn bng in
li ca cc ion phc [Ag(CN)
2
]
-
v [Au(Cn)
2
]
-
, do khng c kh nng tan trong
dung dch KCN.
b) Tuy nhin khi c mt cht oxi ha, chng hn oxi ca khng kh, th cn
bng M + H
+
M
+
+ H s chuyn dch sang phi do qu trnh oxi ha hidro, v
vy Ag v Au tan trong KCN khi c mt cht oxi ha:
4Ag + 8KCN + 2H
2
O + O
2
4K[Ag(CN)
2
] + 4KOH

Vi Au cng c phn ng t- ng t.

429.a) So snh tch s tan ca HgI (8,3.10
-17
) v hng s khng bn ca
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
(5,89.10
-8
) v ca [Ag(CN)
2
]
-
(1,0.10
-21
).
b) tan gim do tch s tan t AgCl n AgI gim.

430. C cc qu trnh:
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
Ag
+
+ 2NH
3

HNO
3
H
+
+ NO
3
-

NH
3
+ H
+
NH
4
+

Trong dung dch c ion Cl
-
do s in li cu ngoi:
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
-
+ Cl
-

Nh qu trnh to ra ion NH
4
+
, nn lm tng qu trnh in li ion phc,
v nng ion Ag
+
s t n tch s tan:
Ag
+
+ Cl
-
AgCl

431.a) So snh tch s tan ca AgCl v AgI.
b) So snh tch s tan ca AgCrO
4
v AgCl.

433.a) SO
2
s kh CuBr
2
to ra CuBr (Tch s tan ca CuBr l 5,3.10
-9
) theo
phng trnh:
2CuBr
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 2HBr +CuBr
b) T CuSO
4
chuyn thnh CuBr
2
, chng hn theo phn ng:
CuSO
4
+ BaBr
2
BaSO
4
+ CuBr
2

Sau cho kh SO
2
i qua dung dch n- c lc c cha CuBr
2
, phn ng xy
ra nh- trn.

434.a) Cc halogenua MX khng tan trong n- c v axit nhng tan trong
dung dch m c ca cc axit halogen hidric hay cc dung dch halogenua to ra
cc phc cht tan:
AgI + KI K[AgI
2
]
b) V c kh nng to ra phc cht tan c hng s khng bn b:
AgBr + 2Na
2
S
2
O
3
Na
3
[Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
] + NaBr
Hng s khng bn ca phc [Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
]
3-
l 3,5.10
-14
.
c) To ra kt ta Ag
2
S. (Tch s tan ca Ag
2
S l 6,3.10
-50
).

435. Au(OH)
3
tan trong NaOH , HNO
3
v HCl to ra cc phc cht:
Au(OH)
3
+ NaOH Na[Au(OH)
4
]
Au(OH)
3
+ 4HNO
3
H[Au(NO
3
)
4
] + 3H
2
O
Au(OH)
3
+ 4HCl H[AuCl
4
] + 3H
2
O

15. Km - cadimi - thy ngn

436.a) C lp (n - 1)d hon ton bn vng vi 10 electron.

b) Cc kim loi Zn, Cd, Hg c bn knh b hn cc kim loi kim th cng
chu k, nn khi hnh thnh lin kt gia cc nguyn t trng thi kch thch, nng
l- ng - c gii phng ra ln hn so vi qu trnh t- ng t ca cc kim loi kim
th, nn cc phn t Zn
2
, Cd
2
, Hg
2
c kh nng tn ti.

437.a) Do tnh bn c bit ca cu hnh 6s
2
nn th ion ha ca thy ngn
rt cao v vy th tiu chun cao.

438.a) Ch c km tc dng vi dung dch kim. Km v cadimi tan - c
trong dung dch HCl v H
2
SO
4
long, thy ngn khng phn ng. Cc kim loi
u phn ng vi cc dung dch HNO
3
c hoc long v u tan d dng. Ring
thy ngn khi phn ng vi HNO
3
c thu - c Hg(NO
3
)
2
.
Hg + 4HNO
3
Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
V vi HNO
3
long khi Hg d- s thu - c Hg
2
(NO
3
)
2
:
6Hg + 8HNO
3
3Hg
2
(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O

439.a) V b mt c ph mt lp oxit khng tan trong n- c nn km khng
y - c H
2
ra khi n- c.
b) Cho thm CuSO
4
vo dung dch to ra cp pin Ganvani: Cu - Zn, kh
H
2
s thot ra nhanh hn.

440.a) Trong mi trng kim, tnh kh ca kim loi km th hin mnh
hn, v khi c mt ion OH
-
trn b mt ca km s mt lp bo v (Th in cc
ca km trong mi trng axit l - 0,76V, nhng trong mi trng kim l -
1,22V).
b) Dung dch nng ZnCl
2
b thy phn to ra mi trng axit, nn c kh
nng lm tan Zn kim loi.
c) 1) Zn + 2NaOH + 2H
2
O H
2
+ Na
2
[Zn(OH)
4
]
2) Zn + 4NH
4
OH H
2
+ [Zn(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O
3) Zn + 2NH
4
Cl + 2H
2
O ZnCl
2
+ H
2
+ 2NH
4
OH

441.a) Nhng kim loi m nhit to thnh ca oxit kim loi phi ln
hn nhit to thnh ca CO
2
.
b) C th bng cch un nng hn hp, HgO s b phn hy:
2HgO 2Hg + O
2
Ha tan oxit km v cadimi cn li trong axit HCl. Cho kh H
2
S i qua dung
dch, CdS s kt ta, cn li mui km trong dung dch. T dung dch mui km
cho kt ta dng hidroxit, nung kt ta to ra ZnO. T Hg chuyn thnh HgO v
t CdS tm cch chuyn thnh CdO (CdS khng tan trong axit long).

443.a) Khi cho dung dch cc mui km v cadimi tc dng vi kim mnh.
Cc hidroxit Zn(OH)
2
, Cd(OH)
2
s thot ra d- i dng kt ta trng. Hg(OH)
2
s b
phn hy ngay khi mi - c to thnh:
Hg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2KOH HgO + 2KNO
3
+ H
2
O
do khi cho mui thy ngn tc dng vi dung dch kim mnh s sinh ra
thy ngn oxit mu vng. HgO khng tan trong kim d- . Hidroxit Zn(OH)
2
tan
trong kim d- cn Cd(OH)
2
kh tan.

b) Tnh axit gim Hg(OH)
2
hu nh- khng c tnh axit.
c th gii thch do qu trnh to phc:
M(OH)
2
+ OH
-
[M(OH)
3
]
-

M(OH)
2
+ 2OH
-
[M(OH)
4
]
2-

Ion Hg
2+
c bn knh ln hn ion Zn
2+
do kt hp vi phi t OH
-
yu
hn so vi ion Zn
2+
. V th, ion phc [Hg(OH)
4
]
2-
c bn b hn so vi ion phc
[Zn(OH)
4
]
2-
nn trong thc t khng to ra trong dung dch ngay c khi nng ion
OH
-
kh ln.

444.a) Khi ha tan Natri zincat trong n- c xy ra cc qu trnh sau:
Na
2
[Zn(OH)
4
] 2Na
+
+ [Zn(OH)
4
]
2-

[Zn(OH)
4
]
2-
[Zn(OH)
3
]
-
+ OH
-

[Zn(OH)
3
]
-
Zn(OH)
2
+ OH
-

cn bng s chuyn dch mnh v bn phi do nng ion OH
-
kh b. Cc
phn t H
2
O lm nhim v thay th cc phi t OH
-
trong cu ni ca phc cht.

445. So snh tch s tan ca ZnCO
3
v ZnS.

446. C th ly mui Pb(NO
3
)
2
v ZnSO
4
.

447.a) C phn ng trao i to ra HgCl
2
l cht in li km.
b) Hg c in m t- ng i ln nn lin kt trong cc hp cht c
bn cht cng ha tr mc kh ln.

448.a) Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra kh nng to phc l do bn
knh b ca cc kim loi phn nhm km, nh vy cc phi t c kh nng lin kt
bn vi cc ion kim loi .
b) Thy ngn tc dng vi Iod ngay nhit thng. Vi dung dch I
2
+
KI to ra ion phc [HgI
4
]
2-
:
Hg + I
2
+ 2KI K
2
[HgI
4
]

16. Crom - Mangan - St

450.a) Lp (n - 1)d ch- a hon chnh; bn knh nguyn t tng t Crom n
Molibden, nhng gn nh- khng i khi chuyn t Molibden n vonfram do c
hin t- ng co lantanit. Th ion ha tng v cc lp v electron ca nguyn t b co
li c bit mnh khi chuyn t Mo n W.
V nhng l do nn Mo v W c tnh cht ha hc ging nhau hn so vi
crom.
451.b) So snh th in cc chun:
E
0
Cr
2+
/Cr v E
0
Cr
3+
/Cr

452.a) C tnh kh mnh, ngay trong dung dch khi khng c cht oxi ha
cng b n- c phn hy dn:
2CrCl
2
+ 2H
2
O 2Cr(OH)Cl
2
+ H
2

b) Trnh hin t- ng oxi ca khng kh oxi ha CrCl
2
.

453.a) Ch th hin tnh baz: tan trong axit.
b) 4CrCl
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2
4Cr(OH)Cl
2

c) Trong mi trng axit, oxi ca khng kh oxi ha CrCl
2
:
4[Cr(H
2
O)
6
]
2+
+ O
2
+ 4H
+
4[Cr(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
+ 2H
2
O

454. mc oxi ha cao, cu hnh electron ca S
6+
v Cr
6+
t- ng t nhau, do
hp cht c cha S
6+
v Cr
6+
c tnh cht t- ng t nhau.

456.a) (NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7

0
t
Cr
2
O
3
+ N
2
+ 4H
2
O
Ha tan hn hp trong n- c thu - c Cr
2
O
3
.
b) Cr
2
O
3
+ 3K
2
S
2
O
7
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3K
2
SO
4

Cr
2
O
3
+ 2KOH 2KCrO
2
+ H
2
O
chng minh tnh l- ng tnh ca Cr
2
O
3
tinh th.

457.b) C th bng cch sau: cho hn hp KCrO
2
v KAlO
2
thy phn
trong mi trng axit, sau cho axit d- chuyn thnh mui Cr
3+
v Al
3+
. Cho
thm cht oxi ha, chng hn HClO oxi ha Cr
3+
thnh Cr
2
O
7
2-
. Cho thm kim s
c Al(OH)
3
xut hin. Dung dch cn li c cha hn hp CrO
4
2-
v Cr
2
O
7
2-
, t
dung dch ny chuyn thnh mui Cr
3+
sau to ra Cr(OH)
3
.

458. Mu sc ca dung dch thay i theo s l- ng phi t H
2
O trong cu
ni. V d:
[Cr(H
2
O)
6
]Cl
3
: xanh tm
[Cr(H
2
O)
5
Cl]Cl
2
: xanh sng
[Cr(H
2
O)
4
Cl
2
]Cl: xanh ti
S phi t ph thuc vo cc yu t nhit , nng , pH ca dung dch
lm cho thnh phn ca phc thay i.

460.b) iu ch hn hp sunfocromic bng cch ha tan 85 gam CrO
3
tan
trong 120ml H
2
O + 500ml H
2
SO
4
98%; hoc dung dch 5% (theo trng l- ng)
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
trong H
2
SO
4
98%.

461. Cho CrO
3
ha tan trong dung dch long KOH to ra K
2
CrO
4
, sau
axit ha dung dch K
2
CrO
4
to ra K
2
Cr
2
O
7
. Cho dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
tc dng vi
cht kh trong mi trng axit to ra Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
sau chuyn thnh Cr(OH)
3
, nhit
phn Cr(OH)
3
to ra Cr
2
O
3
.

462. 2CrO
3
+ 6Fe(OH)
2
Cr
2
O
3
+ 3Fe
2
O
3
+ 6H
2
O
CrO
3
+ 3Fe(OH)
2
+ 3H
2
O Cr(OH)
3
+ 3Fe(OH)
3

463.a) Gia CrO
4
2-
v Cr
2
O
7
2-
c tn tai cn bng sau y trong dung dch:
2CrO
4
2-
+ 2H
+
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ H
2
O
T ta thy ion Cr
2
O
7
2-
tn ti trong mi trng axit; ion CrO
4
2-
tn ti
trong mi trng kim.

b) Khi cho KOH vo dung dch mui Cr
3+
to ra kt ta keo, xanh xm, kt
ta tan trong kim d- .
Khi cho KOH vo dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
cn bng trn s chuyn sang tri,
dung dch s chuyn t vng da cam sang vng.

464.b) Dng cht oxi ha chng hn CaOCl
2
hoc HClO, oxi ha mui Cr
3+
to thnh Cr
2
O
7
2-
sau chuyn thnh CrO
3
. V d:
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3HClO + 4H
2
O H
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 3HCl + 3H
2
SO
4

t K
2
Cr
2
O
7
iu ch CrO
3
:
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
(c) CrO
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O

465. Khi un nng th in cc s thay i. V vy khi cho HCl c tc
dng vi tinh th K
2
Cr
2
O
7

v un nng s c kh Clo thot ra, nu ngng un phn
ng s dng li. Phn ng ny dng iu ch mt l- ng nh kh Clo, khi ngng
un kh Clo s khng thot ra na.
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 14HCl 2KCl + 2CrCl
3
+ Cl
2
+ 7H
2
O

466.a) Dng nhng cht c th tiu chun ln hn th tiu chun ca
Cr
2
O
7
-2
/Cr
3+
.
b) T K
2
CrO
4
chuyn thnh K
2
CrO
7
, sau cho tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c to
ra CrO
3
. Cho CrO
3
tinh th tc dng vi kh HCl to ra cromylclorua. Hoc cho
H
2
SO
4
c tc dng trc tip ln K
2
CrO
4
thu - c CrO
3
, sau cho tc dng vi
kh HCl:
CrO
3
+ 2HCl CrO
2
Cl
2
+ H
2
O

467. Da v s chuyn dch cn bng:
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ H
2
O 2H
+
+ 2CrO
4
2-

gii thch hin t- ng, ng thi so snh tch s tan ca Ag
2
Cr
2
O
7
;
Ag
2
CrO
4
; BaCrO
4.
1) To ra kt ta nu Ag
2
CrO
4
.
2) To ra kt ta vng BaCrO
4

3) To ra kt ta BaSO
4
. Ch rng H
2
CrO
4
l mt axit mnh (K
1
=2.10
-1
;
K
2
=3.10
-7
) nhng yu hn H
2
SO
4
, BaCrO
4
c tch s tan l 1,2.10
-10
. V vy trong
dung dch c cn bng:
BaCrO
4
Ba
2+
+ CrO
4
2-

trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
, cn bng trn chuyn sang phi do qu trnh to
thnh Cr
2
O
7
2-
, trong dung dch c cha ion Ba
2+
s hnh thnh kt ta BaSO
4
.

468.b) C th bng cch:
Cr
2
O
3
+ 3K
2
S
2
O
7
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3K
2
SO
4

tip tc oxi ha Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
trong mi trng kim khi c mt ion NH
4
+
.

469. 1) Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 14H
+
+ 6Br
-
2Cr
3+
+ 3Br
2
+ 7H
2
O
2) Phi c iu kin
3) Khng
4) Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 8H
+
+ 3H
2
S 2Cr
3+
+ 3S + 7H
2
O

5) Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 14H
+
+ 3Hg
2
2+
2Cr
3+
+ 6Hg
2+
+ 7H
2
O
6) Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 14H
+
+ 3Cu 2Cr
3+
+ 3Cu
2+
+ 7H
2
O
7) Khng

470. 1) Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 6I
-
+ 14H
+
2Cr
3+
+ 3I
2
+7 H
2
O
2) Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 8H
+
+ 3H
2
S 2Cr
3+
+ S + 7H
2
O
3) 2CrO
4
2-
+ 3H
2
S + 2H
2
O 2Cr(OH)
3
+ 3S + 4OH
-

4) Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 3SO
2
+ 2H
+
2Cr
3+
+ 3SO
4
2-
+ H
2
O
5) CrO
4
2-
+ 3Fe
2+
+ 8H
+
Cr
3+
+ 3Fe
3+
+4H
2
O
6) Cr
3+
+3[Fe(CN)
6
]
3-
+8OH
-
CrO
4
2-
+3[Fe(CN)
6
]
4-
+4H
2
O

471.
1) 2CrO
3
+ 3H
2
O
2
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3O
2
+ 6H
2
O
2) 2CrBr
3
+ 3H
2
O
2
+ 10NaOH 2Na
2
CrO
4
+ 6NaBr + 8H
2
O
3) 2CrO
3
+ 6HI 2Cr(OH)
3
+ 3I
2

4) Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Br
2
+ 16NaOH 2Na
2
CrO
4
+ 6NaBr + 3Na
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
5) Cr
2
O
3
+ 6K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] + 10KOH 2K
2
CrO
4
+ 6K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] + 5H
2
O
6) Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6KMnO
4
+16KOH2K
2
CrO
4
+ 6K
2
MnO
4
+ 3K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O

474.b) Hot tnh ha hc gim t Mn n Re.
c) Mn tan trong HCl v H
2
SO
4
long. Cc kim loi Re v Tc phn ng vi
cc axit HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c. V d:
3Tc + 7HNO
3
3HTcO
4
+ 7NO + 2H
2
O
2Re + 7H
2
SO
4
2HReO
4
+ 7SO
2
+ 6H
2
O

475.a) in phn dung dch MnSO
4
t- ng t nh- qu trnh in phn dung
dch NiSO
4
hoc CuSO
4
.
b) C th iu ch Mn bng phng php nhit kim hoc nhit silic:
3Mn
3
O
4
+ 8Al 9Mn + 4Al
2
O
3

MnO
2
+ Si Mn + SiO
2

476.a) Chuyn MnO thnh MnSO
4
hoc MnCl
2
, sau cho dung dch mui
Mn
2+
tc dng vi kim thu - c kt ta Mn(OH)
2
mu trng.
b) C th dng phn ng :
2Mn(OH)
2
+ O
2
(khng kh) + 2H
2
O Mn(OH)
4

477.
1) 3MnSO
4
+ 2KClO
3
+ 12KOH 3K
2
MnO
4
+ 2KCl + 6H
2
O + 3K
2
SO
4

2) 2MnSO
4
+ 5PbO
2
+ 6HNO
3
2HMnO
4
+ 3Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ 2PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
3) MnSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
2
+ 4KOH K
2
MnO
4
+ 4H
2
O + K
2
SO
4

4) MnSO
4
+ 2Br
2
+ 8NaOH Na
2
MnO
4
+ 4H
2
O + 4NaBr + Mn
2
SO
4

5) MnSO
4
+ CaOCl
2
+ 2NaOH MnO
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ CaCl
2
+ H
2
O

479.a) V d phn ng:
3MnO
2
+ KClO
3
+ 6KOH 3K
2
MnO
4
+ KCl + 3H
2
O
2MnO
2
+ 3PbO
2
+ 6HNO
3
2HMnO
4
+ 3Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O

480.a) C th cho MnO
2
tc dng vi HCl c thu - c MnCl
2
:
MnO
2
+ 4HCl MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
Nung hn hp MnO
2
+ KClO
3
+ KOH rn phn ng to ra K
2
MnO
4
(Xem
bi 479), ha tan, lc dung dch n- c lc c K
2
MnO
4
. Axit ha dung dch K
2
MnO
4

thu - c KMnO
4
. un nng dung dch 80
0
C, sau lm ngui, tinh th KMnO
4

xut hin.
Mun thu - c Mn
2
O
7
, cho H
2
SO
4
c tc dng vi tinh th KMnO
4
:
2KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
2HMnO
4
+ K
2
SO
4

2HMnO
4
Mn
2
O
7
+ H
2
O
b) Nung hn hp Ba(OH)
2
v MnO
2
trong khng kh:
2Ba(OH)
2
+ 2MnO
2
+ O
2
2BaMnO
4
+ 2H
2
O
3BaMnO
4
+ 2H
2
O Ba(MnO
4
)
2
+ MnO
2
+ 2Ba(OH)
2

Ba(OH)
2
+ CO
2
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O
lc v ra sn phm, Ba(MnO
4
)
2
cn li trong dung dch.

481. Trong dung dch c tn ti cn bng sau:
3MnO
4
2-
+ 2H
2
O

2MnO
4
-
+ MnO
2
+ 4OH
-

t cn bng c th thy - c ion MnO
4
2-
tn ti trong mi trng kim;
MnO
4
-
bn trong mi trng axit.

482.a) C th bng cc phn ng:
K
2
MnO
4
+ 2H
2
S + 2H
2
SO
4
2S + MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 4H
2
O
2K
2
MnO
4
+ Cl
2
2KMnO
4
+ 2KCl
4K
2
MnO
4
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4KMnO
4
+ 4KOH
b) H
2
MnO
4
khng bn nhanh chng b phn hy:
K
2
MnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
H
2
MnO
4
+ K
2
SO
4

2H
2
MnO
4
2HMnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ 2H
2
O

485.
1) 2KMnO
4
+ 3MnCl
2
+ 2H
2
O 5MnO
2
+ 2KCl + 4HCl
3) 2KMnO
4
+ 10KI + 3H
2
SO
4
2MnSO
4
+ 6K
2
SO
4
+ 5I
2
+ 8H
2
O
4) 2KMnO
4
+ 6KI + 4H
2
O 2MnO
2
+ 3I
2
+ 8KOH

486.
1) 2MnCl
2
+ 4KClO + 8KOH 2K
2
MnO
4
+ 8KCl + 4H
2
O
vi phng trnh dng ion:
2Mn
2+
+ 4ClO
-
+8OH
-
2MnO
4
2-
+ 4Cl
-
+ 4H
2
O
theo v d trn, vit phng trnh phn t da vo cc phng trnh ion sau:
2) 2MnO
4
-
+ 5NO
2
-
+ 6H
+
2Mn
2+
+ 5NO
3
-
+ 3H
2
O
3) 3MnO
4
-
+ 5Fe + 24H
+
3Mn
2+
+ 5Fe
3+
+ 12H
2
O
4) 5Mn
2+
+ 2BrO
3
-
+ 4H
2
O 5MnO
2
+ Br
2
+ 8H
-

5) 2MnO
4
-
+ H
2
O
2
+ 2OH
-
2MnO
4
2-
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O

487.
Da vo th tiu chun gii thch.

492.a) Phn t - c hnh thnh theo c ch "cho - nhn" nh cc obital lai
ha dsp
3
ca nguyn t Fe.
3d 4s 4p

v cc cp electron ca 5 phn t CO (xem bi 262)
b) Fe(CO)
5
iu ch bng cch nung bt st trong dng kh CO 150 -
200
0
C vi p sut khong 100at.
Fe + 5CO Fe(CO)
5

494.a) Trong dung dch n- c ion Fe
2+
dng ion phc [Fe(H
2
O)
6
]
2+
c
bn km hn ion phc [Fe(CN)
6
]
4-
, nn [Fe(H
2
O)
6
]
2+
c tnh kh mnh hn.
b) Xem bi tp 427.

495.b) 2K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] + H
2
O
2
+2KOH2K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] + O
2
+2H
2
O
c) 2K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] + H
2
O
2
+ 2HCl 2K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] + 2KCl + 2H
2
O

497.
1) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O

2FeSO
4
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

2) 6FeSO
4
+ 2HNO
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
3) 3FeSO
4
+ 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 3H
2
SO
3
+ 2H
2
O
5) 2FeCl
3
+ 3Na
2
CO
3
+ 3H
2
O 2Fe(OH)
3
+ 6NaCl + 3CO
2

499.
3) 6Fe
2+
+ BrO
3
-
+ 6H
+
6Fe
3+
+ Br
-
+ 3H
2
O
4) 5[Fe(CN)
6
]
4-
+ MnO
4
-
+ 8H
+
5[Fe(CN)
6
]
3-
+ 4H
2
O + Mn
2+
5) 2[Fe(CN)
6
]
4-
+ H
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
2[Fe(CN)
6
]
3-
+ 2H
2
O

500. V d vit theo dng sau:
2FeCl
3
+ H
2
S S + 2FeCl
2
+ 2HCl

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Cc peoxit khng phi l cc oxit thc s m l mui ca H

Khi tc dng vi axit v c, chng hn HNO

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