Transformer sheet 1 A single-phase 100 kVA, 1000/ 100 V transformer gave the following test results: (a) Determine

the rated voltage and rated current for the HV and LV sides. (b) Derive an approximate equivalent circuit referred to the HV side. (c) Determine the voltage regulation at full load, 0.6 PF leading. (d) Draw the phasor diagram for condition (c). open-circuit test 100 V, 6.0 A, 400 W short-circuit test 50 V, 100 A, 1800 W

A 1 single-phase, 25 kVA, 220/440 V, 60 Hz transformer gave the following test results. : 220 V, 9.5 A, 650 W Short-circuit test : 37.5 V, 55 A, 950 W (a) Derive the approximate equivalent circuit in per-unit values. (b) Determine the voltage regulation at full load, 0.8 PF lagging. (c) Draw the phasor diagram for condition (b).

Open circuit test

A single-phase 10 kVA, 2400/ 120 V, 60 Hz transformer has the following equivalent circuit

parameters: Zeqp = 2 + j5 , Rcp = 6.4 k and Xmp = 2.6 k Standard no-load and short-circuit tests are performed on this transformer. Determine the following: No-load test results: Voc , I oc ,

Poc

Short-circuit test results:

Vsc , I sc , Psc

For open circuit test on the primary side:

Voc = 2400V
Ic =

Voltameter eadings

Voc 2400 = = 0.375 A Rc 6400

Im =

Voc 2400 = = 0.923 A X m 2600

2 2 I oc = I c + I m = 0.375 2 + 0.923 2 = 0.997 A Ameter readings 2 The wattmeter readings is Poc = I c Rc = 0.375 2 * 6400 = 900W

For short circuit test on the primary side:

VA 10 * 10 3 I r1 = = = 4.167 A Vr1 2400

(Ameter readings)

The voltameter readins is I sc * (Reqp + jX eqp ) = 4.167 * (2 + j5) = 22.441V

The wattmeter readings is
2 I sc * Reqp = 4.167 2 * (2) = 34.73W

( )

4-

A single-phase, 250 kVA, 11 kV/2.2 kV, 60 Hz transformer has the following parameters.

RHV= 1.3 XHV=4.5, RLV = 0.05 , XLV = 0.16, Rcs= 2.4 k Xms = 0.8 k. Standard no-load and short-circuit tests are performed on high voltage of this transformer. Determine the following:

No-load test results: Voc , I oc , (b)

Poc

Short-circuit test results:

Vsc , I sc , Psc

The HV winding of the transformer is connected to the 11 kV supply and a load,

Z L = 15 90 o is connected to the low voltage winding. Determine:

(i)

Load voltage. (ii) Voltage regulation.

Solution:
a= 11000 =5 2200

Reqp = R p + a 2 R s = 1.3 + 5 2 * 0.05 = 2.55 X eqp = X p + a 2 X s = 4.5 + 5 2 * 0.16 = 8.5 Rcp = a 2 Rcs = 5 2 * 2.4 = 60k X mp = a 2 X ms = 5 2 * 0.8 = 20k

For open circuit test on the primary side:

Voc = 11 kV
Ic =

Voltameter eadings

Voc 11000 = = 0.183 A Rc 60000 Voc 11000 = = 0.55 A X m 20000

Im =

2 2 I oc = I c + I m = 0.183 2 + 0.55 2 = 0.58 A Ameter readings 2 The wattmeter readings is Poc = I c Rc = 0.183 2 * 60000 = 2009W

For short circuit test on the primary side:

VA 250 * 10 3 = = = 22.73 A Vr1 11 * 10 3

I r1

(Ameter readings)

The voltameter readins is I sc * (Reqp + jX eqp ) = 22.73 * (2.55 + j8.5) = 201.71V

The wattmeter readings is I sc * Reqp = 22.73 * (2.55) = 1317.51W
2 2

( )

(b)

Z L = 15 90 o

Z L = a 2 * Z L = 5 2 * 15 90 o = 375 90 o

ZL 375 90 o o = 110000 * V2 = V1 = 11270 0.4 o o Z L + Z eqp 375 90 + (2.55 + j8.5)

Then load voltage = V2 = V2 / a = 11270 / 5 = 2254V

VR = V1 V2 11000 11270 = = 2.396% 11270 V2

A 1 , 10 kVA, 460/ 120 V, 60 Hz transformer has an efficiency of 96% when

it delivers 9 kW at 0.9 power factor. This transformer is connected as an autotransformer to supply load to a 460 V circuit from a 580 V source. (a) (b) (c) Show the autotransformer connection. Determine the maximum kVA the autotransformer can supply to the 460 V circuit. Determine the efficiency of the autotransformer for full load at 0.9 power factor.

Reconnect the windings of a 1 , 3 kVA, 240/120 V, 60 Hz transformer so that it can supply (b) Determine the maximum kVA the reconnected transformer can deliver.

a load at 330 V from a 110 V supply. (a) Show the connection.

Three single-phase, 10 kVA, 460/120 V, 60 Hz transformers are connected to form a 3

460/208 V transformer bank. The equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to the high-voltage side is 1.0 + j2.0 . The transformer delivers 20 kW at 0.8 power factor (leading). (a) Draw a schematic diagram showing the transformer connection. (b) Determine the transformer winding current. (c) Determine the primary voltage. (d) Determine the voltage regulation.

A 1 200 kVA, 2100/210 V, 60 Hz transformer has the following characteristics. The

impedance of the high-voltage winding is 0.25 + j 1.5 with the lowvoltage winding short-circuited. The admittance (i.e., inverse of impedance) of the low-voltage winding is 0.025 - j O.075 mhos with the high-voltage winding open-circuited. (a) (b) (d) Taking the transformer rating as base, determine the base values of power, voltage, current, Determine the per-unit value of the equivalent resistance and leakage reactance of the Determine the per-unit value of the excitation current at rated voltage. Determine the per-unit value of the total power loss in the transformer at full-load output and impedance for both the high-voltage and low-voltage sides of the transformer. transformer. (c) condition.

9- A 460 kVA, (4600/460) V, 60 Hz single phase transformer has the following parameters:

RP = 2.6 , RS = 0.024 52, Re+h = 4 k, XS = 0.06 , XP = 6.0, Xm = 2.4 k. The HV winding of this transformer is connected to a 4.6 kV, 60 Hz supply while the LV winding is connected to a load of a resistance of 6.0 , an inductor of 14.0 mH and a capacitor of 502 uF all connected in shunt. Calculate the voltage regulation, efficiency, input current and supply power factor. Sol:

ZL =

1 1 1 + + j 2 * * 60 * 0.000502 6 j 2 * * 60 * 0.014

= 60.076

Z L = a 2 * Z L = 100 * 60.076 = 6000.076

6000.076

600 0.076 + 2.6 + j 6 = 6020.076

602.6380.65

1 1 1 1 + + 4000 J 2400 6000.65

= 510.65312.85

510.65312.85

Z in = 510.65312.85 + 2.6 + J 6 = 514.5513.43 V 4600 I1 = 1 = = 8.94 13.43 A Z in 514.5513.43 So supply power factor is cos (13 .43) = 0.973 Lagging

E = V1 I 1 * ( R1 + jX 1 ) = 4600 0 8.94 13 .43 * (2.6 + j 6 ) = 4565 .17 0.59V

4565.17 0.59 = 7.58 1.233 A 6020.076 6020.65 V 2 = E I 2 * (R 2 + JX 2 ) = 4565 .17 0.59V 7.58 1.233 * (2.6 + j 6 ) = 4545 .19 1.16V V * I cos( L ) 4545.19 * 7.58 * cos(0.076 ) = 2 2 = * 100 = 86.133% V1 I 1 cos( inp ) 4600 * 8.94 * cos(13.43) I2 = E =
At no load the equivalent circuit becomes:

Noload equivalent circuit 1 Z excitation = = 2057.9859.04 1 1 + 4000 J 2400 4600 * 2057.98 59.04 = 4585.56 0.024V Then V NL = 2057.9859.04 + 2.6 + j 6 Then voltage regulation can be obtained as following: V V2 4585.56 4545.19 VR = 2 NL = * 100 = 0.89% V2 4545.19

10- A single-phase, 10 kVA, 2000/200 V, 60 Hz distribution transformer has the following characteristics: Core loss at full voltage =120 W Copper loss at half load =80 W i. Determine the efficiency of the transformer when it delivers full load at 0.8 power factor lagging. ii. Determine the rating at which the transformer efficiency is a maximum. Determine the efficiency if the load power factor is 0.9 iii. Determine the rating of transformer at 92% efficiency and 0.8 power factor. iv. The transformer has the following load cycle: No load for 6 hours 66% full load for 10 hours at 0.8 PF 85% full load for 8 hours at 0.9 PF Determine the all day efficiency of the transformer 2- (i) Pout = 10 * 0.8 = 8kW
Pcore = 120W Pcu 80 = x 2 Pcu , FL = = 320W 2 Pcu , FL 1 2

8000 * 100 = 94.74% 8000 + 120 + 320

(ii) Maximum efficiency occurs at Pcore = Pcu

2 Then Pcu = 120 = xmax Pcu , FL

xmax =

Pcore = Pcu , FL

120 = 61.23% 320

0.6123 * 10000 * 0.9 * 100 = 95.83% 0.6123 * 10000 * 0.9 + 120 + 120

(iii) =

8000 * x

8000 * x + 120 + 320 * x 8000 * x = 0.92 8000 * x + 120 + 320 * x 2 294.4 x 2 640 x + 110.4 = 0

= 92%

x=

640 6402 4 * 294.4 * 110.4 = 1.087 0.898 2 * 294.4

Then (iv)

x = 1.985 refused

or

x = 0.189

E24 = 0 + 10 * 0.66 * 0.8 *10 + 8 * 0.9 * 0.85 *10 = 114kWh Ecore = 120 * 24 *10 3 = 2.88kWh

Ecu = 320 * 0.66 2 *10 + 320 * 0.85 2 * 8 = 3.244 kWh E24 Then all _ day = *100 E24 + Ecore + Ecu 114 all _ day = *100 = 94.9% 114 + 2.88 + 3.244
11- A 6kVA, 250/500 V, transformer gave the following test results short-circuite 20 V ; 12 A, 100 W and Open-circuit test : 250 V, 1 A, 80 W i. Determine the transformer equivalent circuit. ii. calculate applied voltage, voltage regulation and efficiency when the output is 10 A at 500 volt and 0.8 power factor lagging. iii. Maximum efficiency, at what percent of full load does this maximum efficiency occur? (At 0.8 power factor lagging). iv. At what percent of full load does the effeciency is 95% at 0.8 power factor lagging.
3- (I)

Po = Vo I o * cos o Po 80 = = 0.32 Vo I o 250 *1.0

From O.C. Test

cos o =

Then o

= cos 1 0.32 = 71.3371o Then I c1 = I o cos o = 1.0 * 0.32 = 0.32 A I m1 = I o sin o = 1.0 * 0.7953 = 0.7953 A V 250 Then Rc1 = o1 = = 781.25 I c1 0.32 V 250 And X m1 = o1 = = 314.35 I m1 0.7953
As shown in Fig.3.16, these values refer to primary i.e. low-voltage side

From Short Circuit test: The rated current of the secondary side is:

I2 =

It is clear that in this test instruments have been placed in the secondary i.e. highvoltage winding and the low-voltage winding i.e. primary has been short-circuited. Now,

6000 = 12 A 500

Z eq 2 =

V2 sc 20 = = 1.667 I 2 sc 12
2

Z eq1 = a * Z eq 2
Also,

1 = *1.667 = 0.4167 2

2 Psc = I 2 sc Req 2 100 Then, Req 2 = = 0.694 2 12 2 1 * 0.694 = 0.174 2 Then, Req1 = a * Req 2 = 2

Then,

2 2 X eq1 = Z eq1 Req1 = 0.4167 2 0.174 2 = 0.3786

As shown in the following figure, these values refer to primary i.e. low-voltage side

V1
314.35

j0.3786 0.174 I0 781.25

V2

The parameters of series branch can be obtained directly by modifying the short circuit test data to be referred to the primary side as following: SC test 20 V ; 12 A, 100 W (refered to secondery) SC test 20*a=10V ; 12/a=24A, 100 W (refered to Primary)

So, Z eq1 =

V1sc 10 = = 0.4167 I1sc 24

100 24 2 = 0.174

Also, Psc = I12sc Req1 Then, Req1 =

2 2 Then, X eq1 = Z eq1 Req1 = 0.4167 2 0.174 2 = 0.3786

It is clear the second method gives the same results easly. (II) Output KVA = 10 * 500 * 0.8 = 4 kVA Now, from the aproximate equivalent circuit refeared to secondery : V1 o = V2 0 o + I 2 o * Z eq1 Then,
V1 o = 250 0 o + 20 36.87 o * (0.174 + j 0.3786) = 257.358 0.89 o V V 257.358 250 *100 = 2.943% VR = 1 2 = V2 250 Pout = 10 * 500 * 0.8 = 4kW ,

Pi = Poc = 80W , and , Pcu = 10 2 * Req 2 = 100 * 0.694 = 69.4W or

2 I 10 Pcu = Psc * 2 = 100 * = 69.4 W I 12 2 SC Pout 4000 = *100 = 96.4% = Pout + Pi + Pcu 4000 + 80 + 69.4 2

(III) maximum effeciency ocures when Pc = Pcu = 80W the The percent of the full load at which maximum efficiency occurs is :
P 80 X= c = = 0.8945% P 100 cu , FL

Then, the maximum efficiency is :

=
6000 * 0.8945 * 0.8 * 100 = 96.41% 6000 * 0.8945 * 0.8 + 80 + 80

(IV)
=
= Pout Pout = 0.95 + Pi + Pcu 6000 * 0.8 * x 6000 * 0.8 * x + 80 + 100 * x 2 = 0.95

Then,
95 x 2 240 x + 76 = 0 Then, x = 2.155 (Unacceptable) Or x = 0.3712

Then to get 95% efficiency at 0.8 power factor the transformer must work at 37.12% of full load.

12- A single phase, 50 kVA, 2400/460 V, 50 Hz two-winding transformer has an efficiency of 0.95% when it delivers 45kW at 0.9 power factor. This transformer is connected as an auto-transformer to supply load to a 2400 V circuit from 2860 V source. (a) Show the transformer connection. (b) Determine the maximum kVA that autotransformer can supply to 2400 V circuit. (c) Determine the efficiency of the autotransformer for full load at 0.9 power factor.

Solution: (a)

2860

460

2400

(b) I s , 2 w

50 *103 = = 108.7 A 2460

Then, kVA ) Auto = 108.782860 = 310.87 kW (c) 2 w

Then,

50 *103 * 0.9 = = 0.95 50 *103 * 0.9 + Pi + Pcu , FL

Pi + Pcu , FL = 2368.42 W
310870 * 0.9 = 99.61 % 310870 * 0.9 + 2368.42

Auto =

13- Three single phase, 30 kVA, 2400/240 V, 50 Hz transformers are connected to form 3 , 4160/240 V transformer bank. The equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to the high voltage side is 1.5+j2. The transformer delivers 60 kW at 0.75 power factor (leading). (a) Draw schematic diagram showing the transformer connection. (b) Determine the transformer winding current (c) Determine the primary voltage. (d) Determine the voltage regulation. (e) determine the maximum efficiency if the maximum effeciency occurred at 90% of full load at 0.9 power factor.

Solution:(a)

(b) kVA =
I 1 ph =

60 = 80kVA 0.75

80 *10 3 3 * 4160

= 11.1 A

I 1L = I 1 ph = 11.1 A

a=

2400 = 10 240

I 2 ph = a * I 1 ph = 10 * 11.1 = 111 A

I 2 L = 3 * I 2 ph = 3 *111 = 192.3 A V2 = 24000 o V , I 2 = I 2 ph a = 111 = 11.141.41o A 10

V1 = V2 + I 2 * Z eq1

= 24000 + 11.10341.41o * (1.5 + j 2) = 2397.960.66o V

Then the line primary voltage is

V1L = 3 * V1 = 3 * 2397.96 = 4153.39V

VR = =

V1 V2 *100 V2 2397.96 2400 *100 = 0.0875% 2400

S1 ph V1 ph = 30 *10 3 = 12.5 A 2400

I 2 rated =

max

Pout 0.9 * 90 * 10 3 * 0.9 = = * 100 = 98.46% Pout + 2 Pcu 0.9 * 90 * 10 3 * 0.9 + 2 * 0.9 2 * 12.5 2 * 1.5 * 3

14- Three single-phase, 50 kVA, 2300/230 V, 60 Hz transformers are connected to form a three-phase, 4000/230 V transformer bank. The equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to low voltage is 0.012 + j0.016 . The three-phase transformer supplies a three-phase 120 kVA, 230 V, 0.85 PF (lag) load. (a) Draw a schematic diagram showing the transformer connection. (b) Determine the transformer winding currents. (c) Determine the primary voltage (line-to-line) required. (d) Determine the voltage regulation.