Chde LTDH Mon Toan 2013

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Chuyen e On Thi ai Hoc 2013
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I/ PHN CHUNG (7 im)

Cu 1 (2 im):
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s.
b) Cc bi ton lin quan n ng dng ca o hm v th ca hm s: chiu bin thin ca hm s; cc tr; gi tr ln
nht v nh nht ca hm s; tip tuyn, tim cn (ng v ngang) ca th hm s; tm trn th nhng im c tnh
cht cho trc, tng giao gia hai th (mt trong hai th l ng thng)...
Cu 2 (1 im):
Cng thc lng gic, phng trnh lng gic.
Cu 3 (1 im):
Phng trnh, bt phng trnh; h phng trnh i s.
Cu 4 (1 im):
- Tm gii hn.
- Tm nguyn hm, tnh tch phn.
- ng dng ca tch phn: tnh din tch hnh phng, th tch khi trn xoay.
Cu 5 (1 im):
Hnh hc khng gian (tng hp): quan h song song, quan h vung gc ca ng thng, mt phng; din tch xung quanh
ca hnh nn trn xoay, hnh tr trn xoay; th tch khi lng tr, khi chp, khi nn trn xoay, khi tr trn xoay; tnh din
tch mt cu v th tch khi cu.
Cu 6 (1 im):
Bi ton tng hp.
II. PHN RING (3 im)
Th sinh ch c lm mt trong hai phn (phn 1 hoc phn 2).
Theo chng trnh chun:
Cu 7a (1 im):
Phng php ta trong mt phng:
- Xc nh ta ca im, vect.
- ng trn, elip.
- Vit phng trnh ng thng.
- Tnh gc; tnh khong cch t im n ng thng.
Cu 8a (1 im)
Phng php ta trong khng gian:
- ng trn, Mt cu.
- Tnh gc; tnh khong cch t im n ng thng, mt phng; khong cch gia hai ng thng; v tr tng i ca
ng thng, mt phng v mt cu.
Cu 9a (1 im):
- S phc.
- T hp, xc sut, thng k.
- Bt ng thc; cc tr ca biu thc i s.
Theo chng trnh nng cao:
Cu 7b (1 im):
Phng php ta trong mt phng:
- ng trn, ba ng conic.
- Vit phng trnh ng thng.
- Tnh gc; tnh khong cch t im n ng thng.
Cu 8b (1 im):
Phng php ta trong khng gian:
- ng trn, mt cu.
- Vit phng trnh mt phng, ng thng.
- Tnh gc; tnh khong cch t im n ng thng, mt phng; khong cch gia hai ng thng; v tr tng i ca
ng thng, mt phng v mt cu.
Cu 9b (1 im):
- S phc.
- th hm phn thc hu t dng y = (ax2 + bx + c) / (px + q) v mt s yu t lin quan.
- S tip xc ca hai ng cong.
- H phng trnh m v lgarit.
- T hp, xc sut, thng k.
- Bt ng thc. Cc tr ca biu thc i s.
Theo Ton Hc Vit Nam
Version 2 Thang 2/2013
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1. Kho st s bin thin ca hm s v v th:

- Cn ghi nh cu trc li gii ca 3 dng hm s sau:
- Lu khi v th:
+ Khng c v th ra ngoi mt phng ta .
+ Nt v th phi trn, khng c ch gp khc. Th hin s un ca th ti cc im un.
+ nh du ta ca cc giao im ca th vi 2 trc ta ; cc im cc i, cc tiu; im un
(nu c).
2. Phng trnh lng gic:
- Ghi nh cc cng thc lng gic, quan h gia cc gc lng gic, gi tr lng gic ca cc gc c
bit v cch gii cc dng phng trnh lng gic c nu trong SGK.
- Thng thng ta nn h bc cc biu thc lng gic bc cao v cc biu thc lng gic bc thp
hn c trong phng trnh d dng a v phng trnh tch.
- Nu trong phng trnh ch yu l cc hm lng gic sin v cos th ta nn bin i cc hm tan v
cot v cc hm sin v cos.
3. Phng trnh (v t), bt phng trnh (v t), h phng trnh, phng trnh logarit:
- Thuc cc cng thc logarit.
- Nm r cch gii cc pt, bpt c bn.
- ng dng thnh tho 2 phng php gii h phng trnh c bn l PP th v PP cng i s, trong
PP th l PP c ng dng nhiu nht.
- Nm r cch gii cc dng hpt thng dng: i xng loi 1, loi 2; h ng cp.
- Nhiu phng trnh, bt phng trnh v h phng trnh c th gii d dng bng cch t n ph
(thng thng ta phi bin i mt cht c th nhn ra n ph cn phi t).
4. Nguyn hm, tch phn:
- Nm r nguyn hm ca cc hm thng dng.
- Nm r 2 phng php thng dng tnh tch phn: phng php i bin v phng php tch phn
tng phn:
+ Phng php i bin thng p dng cho cc hm a thc, phn thc v c cha cn thc.
+ Phng php tch phn tng phn thng p dng cho nhng hm c dng tch ca 2 biu thc khc
nhau v bn cht: a thc lng gic, a thc-hm m, a thc hm logarit, lng gic- hm m.
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- Lu v tch phn ca hm s l, hm s chn.

- Trong mt s trng hp, ta c th i bin bng cch t.
5. Hnh hc khng gian:
- Nm vng cng thc tnh th tch ca cc khi thng dng.
- ng dng cc nh l v quan h vung gc, quan h song song trong khng gian to c mi lin
h gia di cc cnh v cc gc, qua tnh c di cc cnh v s o ca cc gc cha bit.
6. Bt ng thc, cc tr:
- Nm vng cc bt ng thc thng dng, c bit l BT C-si v BT Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki.
- Vi mt s bi ton tm cc tr ca hm nhiu bin, ta nn quy v cc tr ca hm 1 bin ri dng ng
dng ca o hm trong vic tm min, max ca hm s.
7. Phng php ta trong mt phng v trong khng gian: Nn ghi nh hng lm bi (s
gii) trc khi gii.
8. S phc: Mt s bi ton c th ng dng cng thc Moa-vr nu c th a cc s phc v dng
lng gic ca cc gc c bit.
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Van e 1: Tm cc tr cua ham so ......................................................................................................... 16

1.
Qui tc 1: Dng nh l 1. .................................................................................................... 16
2.
Qui tc 2: Dng nh l 2. .................................................................................................... 16
Van e 2: Tm iu kin hm s c cc tr ................................................................................. 16

Van e 3: ng thng i qua hai im cc tr............................................................................... 16
Van e 4: NG TIM CN CA TH .............................................................................. 17
1.
nh ngha: .......................................................................................................................... 17
2.
Ch : .................................................................................................................................. 17
Van e 5: KHO ST S BIN THIN V V TH CA HM S ....................................... 17

Cc bc kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (quan trng) .............................. 17
1.
Van e 6: BIN LUN S NGHIM CA PHNG TRNH BNG TH (Quan Trng) .. 18

1.
Dng 1:F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = m (1) ................................................................................... 18
2.
Dng 2: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = g(m) (2) ............................................................................... 18
3.
Dng 3: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = kx + m (3) ........................................................................... 18
4.
Dng 4: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = m(x x0) + y0 (4) ................................................................ 18
Van e 7: Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bng th ........................................................ 18

Van e 8: Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bc ba bng th ............................................. 18
Dng 1: Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bc 3 ........................................................ 19
1.
1.1.
Trng hp 1: ............................................................................................................ 19
1.2.
Trng hp 2: ............................................................................................................ 19
1.3.
Trng hp 3: ............................................................................................................ 19
Dng 2: Phng trnh bc ba c 3 nghim cng du .......................................................... 19
2.
2.1.
Trng hp 1: (1) c 3 nghim dng phn bit....................................................... 19
2.2.
rng hp 2: (1) c 3 nghim c m phn bit .......................................................... 19
Van e 9: S TIP XC CA HAI NG. TIP TUYN CA NG CONG. ................ 19

Van e 10: Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng cong (C): y = f(x) (Quan trng) ....................... 19
1.
Bi ton 1: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C): y =f(x) ti im
2.
Bi ton 2: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C): y =f(x), bit c h s gc k cho
trc. ................................................................................................................................... 20
3.
Bi ton 3: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C): y = f(x), bit i qua im A( x A ; y A ) .
............................................................................................................................................. 20
M0 x0 ; y0 : ................
20
Van e 11: Tm iu kin hai ng tip xc .............................................................................. 20

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Van e 12: Lp phng trnh tip tuyn chung ca hai th(C1): y = f(x) v C2): y = g(x) ........... 21
Van e 13: Tm nhng im trn th (C): y = f(x) sao cho ti tip tuyn ca (C) song song
hoc vung gc vi mt ng thng d cho trc ......................................................... 21
Van e 14: Tm nhng im trn ng thng d m t c th v c 1, 2, 3, tip tuyn vi
th (C): y = f(x) ........................................................................................................... 21
Van e 15: Tm nhng im m t c th v c 2 tip tuyn vi th (C): y = f(x) v 2 tip
tuyn vung gc vi nhau .......................................................................................... 21
Van e 16: H TH .................................................................................................................... 22
Van e 17: Tm im c nh ca h th (Cm): y = f(x, m) ........................................................... 22
Van e 18: Tm im m khng c th no ca h th (Cm): y = f(x, m) i qua ...................... 22
Van e 19: Tm im m mt s th ca h th (Cm): y = f(x, m) i qua................................. 22
Van e 20:
TP HP IM........................................................................................................ 23
1.
Dng 1: Tm to ca im M. ........................................................................................ 23
2.
Dng 2: ................................................................................................................................ 23
Van e 21: HM S C CHA DU GI TR TUYT I (quan trng) .................................. 23

1.
Dng 1: V th hm s y f ( x ) . ................................................................................. 23
2.
Dng 2: V th ca hm s y f x . .......................................................................... 23
Van e 22: Tm im trn th (C): y = f(x) c to nguyn ...................................................... 24

Van e 23: Tm cp im trn th (C): y = f(x) i xng qua ng thng d: y = ax + b .......... 24
Van e 24: Tm cp im trn th (C): y = f(x) i xng qua im I(a; b) ................................. 24
Van e 25: Khong cch .................................................................................................................... 25
Van e 1: Cong thc lng giac.......................................................................................................... 26

1.
HE THC C BAN ( 6 cong thc ).................................................................................. 26
2.
CONG THC CONG ( 8 cong thc ) ............................................................................... 26
3.
CONG THC NHAN ........................................................................................................ 26

3.1.
NHAN OI : ( 3 cong thc) ..................................................................................... 26
3.2.
NHAN BA : ( 3 cong thc) ....................................................................................... 27
4.
HA BAC : ( 4 cong thc) ................................................................................................... 27
5.
GOC CHIA OI : ( 3 cong thc)....................................................................................... 27
6.
TONG THANH TCH : ( 8 cong thc) ............................................................................. 27
7.
TCH THANH TONG : ( 3 cong thc) ............................................................................. 27
8.
CUNG LIEN KET :............................................................................................................ 28
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Van e 2: PHNG TRNH LNG GIAC ................................................................................ 28

1.
C BAN : ........................................................................................................................... 28
2.
PHNG TRNH BAC NHAT OI VI Sin va Cos ..................................................... 28

2.1.
3.
4.
Dang asinx + bcosx = c (1) ( a2 + b2 0 ) ............................................................. 28
PHNG TRNH BAC HAI: ............................................................................................ 29

3.1.
oi vi mot ham so lng giac: .............................................................................. 29
3.2.
Phng trnh ang cap oi vi Sinx, Cosx .............................................................. 29
3.3.
Phng trnh oi xng cua Sinx, Cosx:.................................................................... 29
PHNG TRNH AC BIET : ........................................................................................ 30

4.1.
Tong bnh phng : ................................................................................................... 30
4.2.
oi lap : ..................................................................................................................... 30
Van e 3: PHNG TRNH LNG GIC KHNG MU MC ............................................ 30

1.
Phng php 1: Dng cc cng thc lng gic a v phng trnh dng tch. .............. 30
2.
Phng php 2: t n ph a phng trnh lng gic v phng trnh i s: ............ 31
3.
Phng php 3: Quy phng trnh lng gic v vic gii h phng trnh lng gic bng
cch nh gi, so snh, s dng bt ng thc. .................................................................. 31
4.
Phng php 4: S dng tnh cht hm s.......................................................................... 32
Van e 4: HE THC LNG TRONG TAM GIAC .................................................................... 36

1.
Tam giac thng ( cac nh ly) ......................................................................................... 36

1.1.
2.
Chu y: ........................................................................................................................ 37
He thc lng tam giac vuong: ......................................................................................... 37
Van e 5: MT VI VN CN NH..................................................................................... 37
Van e 1: PHNG TRNH VA BAT PHNG TRNH BAC NHAT: Ax = B ...................... 39
1.
MOT SO V DU VE PT VA BPT ON THI AI HOC: ................................................... 39
Van e 2: HE PHNG TRNH BAC NHAT HAI AN SO......................................................... 39

1.
MOT SO V DU GIAI HE PHNG TRNH ON THI AI HOC: ............................... 40

1.1.
Phng php a v dng tch................................................................................... 42
1.2.
Phng php s dng tnh n iu ca hm s ....................................................... 42
Van e 3: PHNG TRNH BAC HAI MOT AN ax2 + bx + c = 0 ( a 0) ................................ 43

Van e 4: DAU NH THC ........................................................................................................... 44
Van e 5: DAU TAM THC.......................................................................................................... 44
Van e 6: SO SANH NGHIEM CUA TAM THC BAC HAI VI CAC SO ............................ 44
Van e 7: PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH CHA CAN ........................................... 45
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1.
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Ap dung: ............................................................................................................................. 46
a. bnh phng 2 v phng trnh bt phng trnh th mt l ta bin i cho 2
1.1.
v khng m hai l t iu kin cho 2 v khng m. ............................................................ 47
1.2.
Chuyn v phng trnh bt phng trnh tch: ..................................................... 47
1.3.
Chuyn v dng: A1 + A2 +....+ An = 0 vi Ai 0, 1 i n khi pt tng ng
vi: A1 0, A2 0, An 0 . .................................................................................................. 48
1.4.
S dng lp phng: .................................................................................................. 48
1.5.
Nu bt phng trnh cha n mu: ....................................................................... 48
1.5.1. TH1: Mu lun dng hoc lun m th ta quy ng kh mu: ............................ 48

1.5.2. TH2: Mu m dng trn tng khong th ta chia thnh tng trng hp: ........... 49
2.
1.6.
Dng 2:....................................................................................................................... 49
1.7.
Dng 3:....................................................................................................................... 50
1.8.
Dng 4: (t n ph khng trit ). ......................................................................... 50
1.9.
Dng 5: (t n ph vi hm lng gic). ................................................................ 51
1.10.
Dng 6: (t n ph a v h phng trnh). .......................................................... 51
Phng php hm s ........................................................................................................... 52
Van e 8: PHNG TRNH CO DAU GIA TR TUYET OI ................................................... 54

Van e 9: BAT PHNG TRNH CHA GIA TR TUYET OI .............................................. 54
Van e 1: BANG TCH PHAN ........................................................................................................ 55

1.
Cong thc NewTon _ Leibnitz : ........................................................................................ 55
2.
Tch phan tng phan : ........................................................................................................ 55
3.
oi c so :........................................................................................................................... 55
4.
Tnh chat : ........................................................................................................................... 55
5.
Bang tch phan : ................................................................................................................. 55
Van e 2: Tnh tch phan bang phng phap oi bien so ............................................................. 57

Van e 3: Tnh tch phan bang phng phap tch phan tng phan ............................................... 58
Van e 4: Thiet lap cong thc truy hoi .......................................................................................... 58
Van e 5: NG DUNG TCH PHAN ..................................................................................................... 58
1.
Dien tch hnh phang .......................................................................................................... 58
2.
The tch vat the .................................................................................................................. 59
Van e 1: MOT SO KIEN THC C BAN VA THNG DUNG TRONG VIEC GIAI TOAN
HNH HOC KHONG GIAN. ......................................................................................... 60
Van e 2: Khoang cach trong khong gian...................................................................................... 61
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1.
Tnh cc khong cch gia mt im v mt phng ........................................................... 61
2.
Khong cch t mt ng thng n mt mt phng: ...................................................... 62
3.
Khong cch t mt mt phng n mt mt phng : ........................................................ 62
4.
Khong cch gia hai ng thng..................................................................................... 62
Van e 3: Cach xac nh goc trong khong gian ............................................................................. 63

1.
Goc gia hai ng thang: ................................................................................................ 63
2.
Goc gia hai mat phang:.................................................................................................... 63
3.
Goc gia ng thang va mat phang: ............................................................................... 63
Van e 4: HNH V MT S HNH CHP C BIT .............................................................. 64

1.
Hnh chp tam gic u ...................................................................................................... 64
2.
Hnh chp t gic u ......................................................................................................... 64
3.
Hnh chp c mt canh bn vung gc vi y .................................................................. 64
4.
Phng php xc nh ng cao cc loi khi chp:........................................................ 65
Van e 5: DIEN TCH & THE TCH HNH CHOP...................................................................... 65

1.
DIN TCH: ........................................................................................................................ 65

1.1.
Din tch xung quanh, ton phn ca hnh chp U: ............................................. 65
2.
TH TCH: ......................................................................................................................... 65
3.
T S TH TCH (ch ) .................................................................................................. 65
4.
HNH CHP CT .............................................................................................................. 66

4.1.
DIN TCH ............................................................................................................... 66
4.2.
TH TCH ................................................................................................................. 66
Van e 6: HNH LNG TR.......................................................................................................... 66

1.
DIN TCH: ........................................................................................................................ 66
2.
TH TCH: ......................................................................................................................... 67
Van e 7: HNH TR - HNH NN HNH CU ....................................................................... 67

1.
2.
3.
4.
HNH TR .......................................................................................................................... 67
1.1.
Din tch: ................................................................................................................... 67
1.2.
Th tch: ..................................................................................................................... 67
HNH NN ......................................................................................................................... 67
2.1.
Din tch: ................................................................................................................... 67
2.2.
Th tch: ..................................................................................................................... 67
HNH NN CT ................................................................................................................ 67
3.1.
Din tch: ................................................................................................................... 67
3.2.
Th tch: ..................................................................................................................... 68
HNH CU ......................................................................................................................... 68
Van e 8: GII HNH HC KHNG GIAN BNG PHNG PHP TA ........................ 68

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1.
PHNG PHAP: ............................................................................................................... 68
2.
Chn h trc ta Oxyz trong khng gian ...................................................................... 68
Van e 1: BAT ANG THC ....................................................................................................... 73

1.
nh ngha : ........................................................................................................................ 73
2.
Tnh chat : ........................................................................................................................... 73
3.
BT Co Si : ........................................................................................................................ 73
4.
BT Bunhia Cop ski (ch ) ............................................................................................. 73
5.
BT BecnuLi : ................................................................................................................... 73
6.
BT tam giac : ................................................................................................................... 74
Van e 2: Cp s cng, cp s nhn ................................................................................................ 74

1.
Cp s cng: ........................................................................................................................ 74
2.
Cp s nhn: ........................................................................................................................ 74
3.
V du: .................................................................................................................................. 74
Van e 1: VECT VA TOA O :.................................................................................................. 76

Van e 2: NG THANG........................................................................................................... 76
1.
Phng trnh tham so : ....................................................................................................... 76
2.
Phng trnh tong quat : Ax + By + C = 0 ( A2 + B2 0) ............................................... 77
3.
Phng trnh phap dang : ................................................................................................... 77
4.
Phng trnh ng thang qua M( x0, y0) co he so goc K : .............................................. 77
5.
Phng trnh ng thang qua A(xA, yA) va B(xB, yB) : ................................................... 77
6.
Phng trnh ng thang qua A( a, 0) , B( 0,b) ( oan chan)......................................... 77
7.
Phng trnh chnh tac : ..................................................................................................... 77
8.
Phng trnh ng thang qua A(a, 0), B(0, b) ( oan chan ) : ...................................... 77
9.
Khoang cach t mot iem M(x0, y0) en Ax + By + C = 0 : ........................................... 77
10. V tr tng oi cua hai ng thang : .............................................................................. 78

11. Goc cua hai ng thang d1 va d2 : ................................................................................... 78
12. Phng trnh ng phan giac cua cac goc tao bi d1 va d2 : ......................................... 78
Van e 3: NG TRN .............................................................................................................. 79
1.
Phng trnh ng trn: .................................................................................................... 79
2.
S tng giao gia ng thng v ng trn: ................................................................ 79
3.
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn ............................................................................. 79
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3.1.
Dng 1: Tip tuyn ca (C) ti M(x0;y0) c dng: ..................................................... 79
3.2.
Dng 2: Tip tuyn ca (C) i qua M(x0;y0).............................................................. 79
3.3.
Dng 3: Tip tuyn ca (C) song song (hoc vung gc) vi ng thng : Ax + By
+ C = 0 79
3.4.
Dng 4: Tip tuyn ca (C) khi bit trc h s gc k:............................................. 80
4.
Phng trnh tch ca mt im M(x0; y0) i vi ng trn (C): ................................... 80
5.
Trc ng thc .................................................................................................................... 80
Van e 4: CAC CONG THC HNH HOC C BAN: ................................................................. 80

1.
Tam gic u cnh a: .......................................................................................................... 80
2.
Tam gic vung:.................................................................................................................. 80
3.
Tam gic vung cn (na hnh vung): .............................................................................. 80
4.
Na tam gic u: ............................................................................................................... 80
5.
Tam gic cn: ...................................................................................................................... 80
6.
Hnh ch nht: ..................................................................................................................... 80
7.
Hnh thoi: ............................................................................................................................ 80
8.
Hnh vung:......................................................................................................................... 81
9.
Hnh bnh hnh: ................................................................................................................... 81
10. ng trn: ......................................................................................................................... 81

11. CC NG TRONG TAM GIC ................................................................................. 81
Van e 5: ELIP ................................................................................................................................ 81
1.
Tip tuyn Elip: ................................................................................................................... 81
Van e 6: HYPEBOL ...................................................................................................................... 82

1.
Tip tuyn ca Hyperbol: .................................................................................................... 82
Van e 7: PARAPOL ...................................................................................................................... 82

1.
Tip tuyn ca Parapol (P): y2 = 2px .................................................................................. 83
Van e 1: VECT VA TOA O :.................................................................................................. 83

Van e 2: Phep toan ........................................................................................................................ 83
1.
nh ngha : ......................................................................................................................... 84
2.
Tnh cht : ........................................................................................................................... 84
Van e 3: PHNG TRNH CUA MAT PHANG ........................................................................ 85

1.
Phng trnh tham s : ........................................................................................................ 85
2.
Phng trnh tng qut : ..................................................................................................... 85
3.
Phng trnh mt phng theo on chn : .......................................................................... 85
4.
Cc dng chnh tc : ............................................................................................................ 85
5.
Chm mt phng : ............................................................................................................... 86
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6.
V TR TNG I CA HAI MT PHNG ............................................................... 86
7.
GC GIA HAI MT PHNG ........................................................................................ 86
8.
KHONG CCH ............................................................................................................... 86
Van e 4: PHNG TRNH NG THANG ........................................................................... 87

CC DNG PHNG TRNH NG THNG .......................................................... 87
1.
1.1.
Phng trnh ca cc trc ta : ............................................................................. 87
1.2.
Chuyn dng phng trnh tng qut sang dng tham s, chnh tc : ....................... 87
2.
V TR TNG I CA HAI NG THNG ......................................................... 87
3.
V TR TNG I CA NG THNG V MT PHNG .................................. 88
4.
GC GIA NG THNG V MT PHNG ........................................................... 88

4.1.
Gc gia hai ng thng : ....................................................................................... 88
4.2.
Gc gia ng thng v mt phng : ....................................................................... 89
KHONG CCH ............................................................................................................... 89
5.
5.1.
Khong cch t mt im n mt mt phng : ........................................................ 89
5.2.
Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng :..................................................... 89
5.3.
Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau : ........................................................ 89
HNH CHIU V S I XNG ................................................................................... 89
6.
6.1.
im .......................................................................................................................... 89
6.2.
ng thng .............................................................................................................. 90
Van e 5: CAC DANG TOAN VE PHNG TRNH MAT PHANG TRONG KHONG GIAN............................ 90
1.
Dng 1: Vit PT mp i qua A(x0; y0 ;z0) v c VTPT n =(A;B;C) .................................... 90
2.
Dng 2:Vit pt mt phng i qua A(x0; y0 ;z0) v // mp (Q) ............................................... 90
3.
Dng 3: Vit pt mp i qua A(x0; y0 ;z0) v vung gc vi ng thng d ......................... 90
4.
Dng 4: Vit ptmp i qua A v (Q) , (R) ................................................................... 90
5.
Dng 5: Vit Pt mp (P) i qua 3 im A,B,C khng thng hng ........................................ 90
6.
Dng 6: Vit ptmp (P) i qua A,B v (Q) ....................................................................... 91
7.
Dng 7: Vit ptmp (P) i qua A ; (Q) v // vi dt (d) ..................................................... 91
8.
Dng 8: Vit ptmp (P) l trung trc ca AB. ...................................................................... 91
9.
Dng 9: Vit pt mp(P) cha (d) v i qua A ....................................................................... 91
10. Dng 10: Vit pt mp (P) cha (d) v // ( )........................................................................ 91

11. Dng 11: Vit Pt mp(P) cha (d) v (Q) ........................................................................ 91
12. Dng 12:Vit PT mp (P) // vi (Q) v d(A;(P))=h .............................................................. 91
13. Dng 13: Vit PT mp(P) cha (d) v d(A,(P))=h ............................................................... 91
900 .............................. 92
Dng 15:Vit Pt mp (P) cha (d) v hp vi t( )mt gc 900 ............................... 92
14. Dng 14:Vit Pt mp(P) cha (d) v hp vi mp (Q) mt gc

15.
16. Dng 16: Cho A v (d) , vit PT mp (P) cha (d) sao cho d(A,(P)) l ln nht ................. 92
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17. Dng 17: Vit Pt mp (P) // vi (Q) v tip xc vi mt cu (S) ......................................... 92

18. Dng 18: Vit PT mp(P) // (Q) v ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn l ng trn(C) c bn
knh r ( hoc din tch, chu vi cho trc). ........................................................................... 92
19. Dng 19: Vit PT mp(P) cha (d) v tip xc vi mt cu (S) ........................................... 93
20. Dng 20: Vit Pt mp (P) cha (d) v ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn l ng trn (C) c
bn knh r ( hoc din tch , chu vi cho trc) .................................................................... 93
21. Dng 21: Vit PT mp (P) cha (d) v ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn l ng trn (C) c
bn knh nh nht .(p dng trng hp d ct (S) ti 2 im). ........................................... 93
Van e 6: CAC DANG TOAN VE PHNG TRNH NG THANG TRONG KHONG
GIAN............................................................................................................................... 93
1.
Dng 1: Vit ptt (d) qua M(x0; y0 ;z0) v c VTCP u =(a,b,c) ......................................... 93
2.
Dng 2: Vit pt dt(d) i qua 2 im A,B ............................................................................. 94
3.
Dng 3: Vit PT dt (d) i qua A v //vi ng thng ( ) ............................................... 94
4.
Dng 4: Vit PT dt(d) i qua A v (P) ............................................................................ 94
5.
Dng 5: Vit Pt dt(d) i qua A v vung gc vi c 2 dt (d1),(d2) ...................................... 94
6.
Dng 6: Vit PT ca dt (d) l giao tuyn ca 2 mp ............................................................. 94
7.
Dng 7: Vit PT hnh chiu ca d ln mp(P) ...................................................................... 94
8.
Dng 8: Vit pt ng thng d i qua im A v ct 2 ng thng d1, d2:....................... 94
9.
Dng 9: Vit pt ng thng d song song d1 v ct c d2 , d3............................................. 95
10. Dng 10 : Vit ptt d i qua A v vung gc ng thng d1 v ct d2 ............................. 95

11. Dng 11 : Vit ptt d i qua A, song song mp ( ) , ct ng thng d' ............................ 95
12. Dng 12 : Vit ptt d nm trong mp(P) v ct 2 ng thng d1, d2 cho trc. ................. 95
13. Dng 13 : Vit ptt d nm trong mp(P) v vung gc vi ng thng d' ti giao im I
ca (P) v d'. ........................................................................................................................ 95
14. Dng 14 : Vit ptt vung gc chung d ca 2 dng thng cho nhau d1, d2 : .................. 95
15. Dng 15 : Vit pt ng thng d vung gc vi mp(P) v ct 2 ng thng d1,d2 . ........ 96
16. Dng 16 : Vit ptt d i qua im A , ct v vung gc vi ng thng d1 . ................... 96
17. Dng 17 : Vit ptt d i qua A ,vung gc vi d1,to vi d2 gc (0 ;90 ) (= 300, 450,
600) ...................................................................................................................................... 96
0
18. Dng 18 : Vit ptt d di qua A , song song vi mp(P) , to vi d1 gc

19. Dng 19 : Vit ptt d di qua A , nm trong mp(P) , to vi d1 gc
(00 ;900 ) . .... 96
(00 ;900 ) . .......... 96
20. Dng 20: Vit ptt d di qua A , vung gc d1 v khong cch t M n d bng h. ............ 97
Van e 7: CAC DANG TOAN VE V TR TNG OI ............................................................ 97
1.
Dng 1. Xc nh v tr tng i ca cc ng thng v mt phng ............................... 97
2.
Dng 2. Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca im M ln mt phng ( ) ......................... 97
3.
Dng 3. Xc nh im M i xng vi im M cho trc qua mt phng ( ) .............. 97
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Toan Hoc
4.
Dng 4. Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca im M ln ng thng ........................ 97
5.
Dng 5. Xc nh im M i xng vi im M cho trc ............................................... 98
6.
Dng 6. Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca ng thng ln mp ( ) .......................... 98
7.
Dng 7. Xc nh hnh chiu song song ca ng thng 1 ln mp ( ) theo phng 2 ct

( ) .................................................................................................................................... 100
8.
Dng 8. Vit phng trnh ng thng qua M v ct 1 , 2 vi 1 , 2 cho nhau v

khng i qua M ................................................................................................................. 100
9.
Dng 9. Vit phng trnh ng thng ct 1 , 2 v song song vi 3 .................. 100
10. Dng 10. Vit phng trnh ng thng qua M v vung gc vi 1 , ct 2 trong
M 1 , 2 ........................................................................................................................ 101
11. Dng 11. Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca hai ng thng cho nhau
1 , 2 ................................................................................................................................ 102
12. Cc bi ton v tng hiu khong cch ln nht, nh nht : ............................................. 103
12.1. Dng 1: Cho 2 im A( x1; y1; z1 ); B( x2 ; y2 ; z2 ). Tm M ( P) : ax by cz d 0
(MA+MB)min. ....................................................................................................................... 103
12.2.
Dng 2: Cho 2 im A( x1; y1; z1 ); B( x2 ; y2 ; z2 ). Tm M ( P) : ax by cz d 0
MA MB max. ..................................................................................................................... 104
12.3. Dng 3: Cho 2 im A( x1; y1; z1 ); B( x2 ; y2 ; z2 ) . Tm M cho trc sao cho (MA +
MB) min................................................................................................................................. 104
Van e 8: CAC DANG TOAN VE MAT CAU ........................................................................... 105
1.
Phng trnh mat cau tam I(a ; b ; c),ban knh R .......................................................... 105
2.
V tr tng oi cua mat phang va mat cau .................................................................... 105
3.
Giao iem cua ng thang va mat cau ......................................................................... 105
4.
CAC DANG TOAN ......................................................................................................... 105

4.1.
Dang 1: Mat cau tam I i qua A ............................................................................ 105
4.2.
Dang 2: Mat cau ng knh AB ........................................................................... 106
4.3.
Dang 3: Mat cau tam I tiep xuc mp() ................................................................. 106
4.4.
Dang 4: Mat cau ngoai tiep t dien ABCD .......................................................... 106
4.5.
Dang 5: Mat cau i qua A,B,C va tam I () ....................................................... 106
4.6.
Dang 6: Mat phang tiep xuc mat cau tai A. .......................................................... 106
4.7.
Dang 7: V tr tng oi gia hai mat cau: ............................................................ 106
Van e 1: HAM SO LIEN TUC ................................................................................................... 107

Van e 2: AO HAM ................................................................................................................... 107
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1.
nh ngha ao ham : ....................................................................................................... 107
2.
Qui tac tnh ao ham :...................................................................................................... 107
3.
Bang ao ham cua cac ham so s cap c ban : .............................................................. 107
Van e 3: LUY THA LOGARIT ............................................................................................ 109

1.
2.
LUY THA ...................................................................................................................... 109

1.1.
nh ngha luy tha ................................................................................................ 109
1.2.
Tnh chat cua luy tha ............................................................................................ 109
1.3.
nh ngha va tnh chat cua can thc .................................................................... 109
II. LOGARIT .................................................................................................................... 110

2.1.
nh ngha ............................................................................................................... 110
2.2.
Tnh chat.................................................................................................................. 110
2.3.
Cac qui tac tnh logarit ........................................................................................... 110
2.4.
oi c so ................................................................................................................. 110
Van e 4: PHNG TRNH MU, PHNG TRNH LOGARIT .............................................. 110

1.
PHNG TRNH MU ..................................................................................................... 110

1.1.
Phng trnh mu c ban: ......................................................................................... 110
1.2.
Mot so phng phap giai phng trnh mu ........................................................... 111
1.2.1. a ve cung c so: .............................................................................................. 111

1.2.2. Logarit hoa: ......................................................................................................... 111
1.2.3. at an phu: .......................................................................................................... 111
1.2.4. S dung tnh n ieu cua ham so: .................................................................... 111
2.
PHNG TRNH LOGARIT .......................................................................................... 111

2.1.
Phng trnh logarit c ban .................................................................................... 111
2.2.
Mot so phng phap giai phng trnh logarit ...................................................... 111
Van e 5: BAT PHNG, HE PHNG TRNH MU VA LOGARIT .................................... 112

Van e 6: BAT PHNG TRNH MU........................................................................................ 112
Van e 7: BAT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT ............................................................................ 112
Van e 1: HOAN V _ TO HP _ CHNH HP......................................................................... 113

1.
Hoan v : ........................................................................................................................... 113
2.
To hp :............................................................................................................................. 113
3.
Chnh hp : ....................................................................................................................... 113
Van e 2: PHP M V XC SUT ....................................................................................... 113

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1.
Toan Hoc
Nguyn tc m ................................................................................................................ 113

1.1.
2.
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Ch :....................................................................................................................... 113
XC SUT ....................................................................................................................... 113

2.1.
Khng gian mu:...................................................................................................... 113
2.2.
Xc sut: .................................................................................................................. 113
2.3.
CC CNG THC ................................................................................................. 113
Van e 3: Nh thc NIUTN ........................................................................................................ 114

1.
Cng thc nh thc Newtn: ............................................................................................. 114
2.
Cc nhn xt v cng thc khai trin:
3.
Mt s dng c bit: ........................................................................................................ 114
4.
Cc dng ton ng dng nh thc NewTn ...................................................................... 115
1.
Khai niem so phc ........................................................................................................... 117
2.
Bieu dien hnh hoc: .......................................................................................................... 117
3.
Cong va tr so phc: ........................................................................................................ 117
4.
Nhan hai so phc : ........................................................................................................... 117
5.
So phc lien hp cua so phc z = a + bi la z a bi ................................................... 118
6.
Moun cua so phc : z = a + bi....................................................................................... 118
7.
Chia hai so phc: .............................................................................................................. 118
8.
Can bac hai cua so phc: ................................................................................................. 118
9.
Phng trnh bac hai Az2 + Bz + C = 0 ........................................................................... 118
(a b)n .............................................................. 114
10. Dang lng giac cua so phc: ......................................................................................... 118

11. Nhan, chia so phc di dang lng giac....................................................................... 119
12. Cong thc Moavr: ........................................................................................................ 119
13. Can bac hai cua so phc di dang lng giac: ............................................................. 119
14. Cc dng bi tp: ............................................................................................................... 119
14.1. Dng 1 : Tm m un ,cn bc hai ca s phc, gii phng trnh ,h phng trnh
trn tp s phc ..................................................................................................................... 119
14.2.
Dng 2: Tm tp hp im biu din s phc .......................................................... 123
14.3.
Dng 3: Biu din s phc di dng i s , dng lng gic .............................. 124
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Toan Hoc
Tm cc tr cua ham so
Van e 1:
1. Qui tc 1: Dng nh l 1.
Tm f (x).
Tm cc im xi (i = 1, 2, ) m ti o hm bng 0 hoc khng c o hm.
Xt du f (x). Nu f (x) i du khi x i qua xi th hm s t cc tr ti xi.
2. Qui tc 2: Dng nh l 2.
Tnh f (x).
Gii phng trnh f (x) = 0 tm cc nghim xi (i = 1, 2, ).
Tnh f (x) v f (xi) (i = 1, 2, ).
+ Nu f (xi) < 0 th hm s t cc i ti xi.
+ Nu f (xi) > 0 th hm s t cc tiu ti xi.
Van e 2:
Tm iu kin hm s c cc tr
1. Nu hm s y = f(x) t cc tr ti im x0 th f (x0) = 0 hoc ti x0 khng c o hm.

2. hm s y = f(x) t cc tr ti im x0 th f (x) i du khi x i qua x0.
Ch :
Hm s bc ba y ax3 bx 2 cx d c cc tr Phng trnh y = c hai nghim phn bit.
Khi nu x0 l im cc tr th ta c th tnh gi tr cc tr y(x0) bng hai cch:
+ y( x0 ) ax03 bx02 cx0 d
+ y( x0 ) Ax0 B , trong Ax + B l phn d trong php chia y cho y.
2
Hm s y ax bx c =
a' x b'
P( x )
Q( x )
(aa 0) c cc tr Phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit khc
b'
.
a'
Khi nu x0 l im cc tr th ta c th tnh gi tr cc tr y(x0) bng hai cch:

y( x0 )
P( x0 )
hoc
Q( x0 )
y( x0 )
P '( x0 )
Q '( x0 )
Khi s dng iu kin cn xt hm s c cc tr cn phi kim tra li loi b nghim ngoi lai.
Khi gii cc bi tp loi ny thng ta cn s dng cc kin thc khc na, nht l nh l Viet.
Van e 3:
3
ng thng i qua hai im cc tr

2
1. Hm s bc ba y f ( x ) ax bx cx d .
Chia f(x) cho f (x) ta c:
f(x) = Q(x).f (x) + Ax + B.
Khi , gi s (x1; y1), (x2; y2) l cc im cc tr th:
y1 f ( x1 ) Ax1 B
y2 f ( x2 ) Ax2 B
Cc im (x1; y1), (x2; y2) nm trn ng thng y = Ax + B.

y f ( x)
P( x ) ax 2 bx c
Q( x )
dx e .
Hm s phn thc
Gi s (x0; y0) l im cc tr th
2.
y0
P '( x0 ) .
Q '( x0 )
Gi s hm s c cc i v cc tiu th phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr y l:

y
P '( x ) 2ax b .
Q '( x )
d
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Van e 4:
1.
Toan Hoc
NG TIM CN CA TH
nh ngha:
ng thng x x0 gl ng tim cn ng ca th hm s y f ( x ) nu t nht mt trong cc iu
kin sau c tho mn:
lim f ( x) ;
lim f ( x) ;
x x0
x x0
lim f ( x) ;
lim f ( x)
x x0
x x0
ng thng y y0 gl ng tim cn ngang ca th hm s y f ( x ) nu t nht mt trong cc

iu kin sau c tho mn:
lim f ( x) y ; lim f ( x) y
0
ng thng y ax b, a 0 gl ng tim cn xin ca th hm s y f ( x ) nu t nht mt trong

cc iu kin sau c tho mn:
lim f ( x) (ax b) 0 ;
lim f ( x) (ax b) 0
x
2.
Ch :
a) Nu y
f (x)
P( x )
Q( x )
l hm s phn thc hu t.
Nu Q(x) = 0 c nghim x0 th th c tim cn ng x x0 .

Nu bc(P(x)) bc(Q(x)) th th c tim cn ngang.
Nu bc(P(x)) = bc(Q(x)) + 1 th th c tim cn xin.
b) xc nh cc h s a, b trong phng trnh ca tim cn xin, ta c th p dng cc cng thc sau:
f ( x)
;
x
f ( x)
a lim
;
x x
a lim
hoc
Van e 5:
1.
b lim
f ( x) ax
b lim
f ( x) ax
KHO ST S BIN THIN V V TH CA HM S
Cc bc kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (quan trng)

Tm tp xc nh ca hm s.
Xt s bin thin ca hm s:
+ Tnh y.
+ Tm cc im ti o hm y bng 0 hoc khng xc nh.
+ Tm cc gii hn ti v cc, gii hn v cc v tm tim cn (nu c).
+ Lp bng bin thin ghi r du ca o hm, chiu bin thin, cc tr ca hm s.
V th ca hm s:
+ Tm im un ca th (i vi hm s bc ba v hm s trng phng).
Tnh y.
Tm cc im ti y = 0 v xt du y.
+ V cc ng tim cn (nu c) ca th.
+ Xc nh mt s im c bit ca th nh giao im ca th vi cc trc to (trong trng
hp th khng ct cc trc to hoc vic tm to giao im phc tp th c th b qua). C th tm
thm mt s im thuc th c th v chnh xc hn.
+ Nhn xt v th: Ch ra trc i xng, tm i xng (nu c) ca th.
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Van e 6:
Toan Hoc
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BIN LUN S NGHIM CA PHNG TRNH BNG TH (Quan Trng)
C s ca phng php: Xt phng trnh:

f(x) = g(x)
(1)
S nghim ca phng trnh (1) = S giao im ca (C1): y = f(x) v (C2): y = g(x)
Nghim ca phng trnh (1) l honh giao im ca (C1): y = f(x) v (C2): y = g(x)
bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh F(x, m) = 0 (*) bng th ta bin i (*) v mt trong cc dng sau:
1. Dng 1:F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = m (1)
Khi (1) c th xem l phng trnh honh giao im ca hai ng:
y
(C)
(C): y = f(x)
(d) : y
m
A c.
yC
d: y = m
d l ng thng cng phng vi trc honh.
x x
Da vo th (C) ta bin lun s giao im ca (C) v d. T yCsuy ra s nghim ca (1)
2.
Dng 2: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = g(m) (2)

Thc hin tng t nh trn, c th t g(m) = k. Bin lun theo k, sau bin lun theo m.
y
3.
Dng 3: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = kx + m
(3)
M
d1
b1 y =dkx
d2
(k: khng i)
O
x
M
Khi (3) c th xem l phng trnh honh
(C m A
giao im ca hai ng:
(C): y = f(x)
b2
d: y = kx + m
V d c h s gc k khng i nn d cng phng vi ng thng y = kx v ct trc tung ti im A(0;
m).
Vit phng trnh cc tip tuyn d1, d2, ca (C) c h s gc k.
Da vo cc tung gc m, b1, b2, ca d, d1, d2, bin lun.
4.
Dng 4: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = m(x x0) + y0
(4)
Khi (4) c th xem l phng trnh

honh giao im ca hai ng:
(C): y = f(x)
d: y = m(x x0) + y0
d quay quanh im c nh M0(x0; y0).
Vit phng trnh cc tip tuyn d1, d2, ca (C) i qua M0.
Cho d quay quanh im M0 bin lun.
Ch :
Nu F(x, m) = 0 c nghim tho iu kin: x th ta ch v th (C): y = f(x) vi x .
Nu c t n s ph th ta tm iu kin ca n s ph, sau bin lun theo m.
Van e 7:
Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bng th
bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh F(x, m) = 0 (*) ta bin i (*) v mt trong cc dng nh trn, trong
lu y = f(x) l hm s kho st v v th.
Van e 8:
Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bc ba bng th
C s ca phng php: Xt phng trnh bc ba: ax3 bx 2 cx d 0 (a 0) (1)

Gi (C) l th ca hm s bc ba: y f ( x ) ax 3 bx 2 cx d
S nghim ca (1) = S giao im ca (C) vi trc honh
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Dng 1: Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bc 3

1.1. Trng hp 1:
(1) ch c 1 nghim
y
(C)
(C) v Ox c 1 im chung
1.
f khong co cc tr
f co 2 cc tr
yC .yCT 0
y
(C)
yC
( h.1a)
(h.1b)
x0
(h.1a)
A
x0
yCT
x1 o
x2
(h.1b)
1.2. Trng hp 2:
(1) c ng 2 nghim (C) tip xc vi Ox
f co 2 cc tr
y .y 0
C CT
(h.2)
1.3. Trng hp 3:
(1) c 3 nghim phn bit (C) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit
f co 2 cc tr
y .y 0
C CT
(h.3)
2. Dng 2: Phng trnh bc ba c 3 nghim cng du

2.1.
Trng hp 1: (1) c 3 nghim dng phn bit
(C) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh dng
f co 2 cc tr
yC .yCT 0
xC 0, xCT 0
a. f (0) 0 (hay ad 0)
y
x2 C
B C
A
o x x1xB
x
y A
C
f(0
CT
)
f co 2 cc tr
y .y 0
C CT
xC 0, xCT 0
a. f (0) 0 (hay ad 0)
Van e 9:
(
C
a<0
y
f( Cx B
A 1
C
0)o x xBx2 x
y A
C
CT
a>0
2.2. rng hp 2: (1) c 3 nghim c m phn bit

(C) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh m
a>0
x
(C)
(C)
f(0)
yC
B x2
xA x1 xB
C
xC o
yCT
S TIP XC CA HAI NG. TIP TUYN CA NG CONG.
1. ngha hnh hc ca o hm: o hm ca hm s y = f(x) ti im x0 l h s gc ca tip tuyn vi th

(C) ca hm s ti im M0 x0 ; f ( x0 ) .
Khi phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im M0 x0 ; f ( x0 ) l:

y y0 = f (x0).(x x0) (y0 = f(x0))
2. iu kin cn v hai ng (C1): y = f(x) v (C2): y = g(x) tip xc nhau l h phng trnh sau c
nghim:
f ( x ) g( x )
f '( x ) g '( x )
(*)Nghim ca h (*) l honh ca tip im ca hai ng .

3. Nu (C1): y = px + q v (C2): y = ax2 + bx + c th (C1) v (C2) tip xc nhau phng trnh
ax 2 bx c px q c nghim kp.
Van e 10:
Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng cong (C): y = f(x) (Quan trng)
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1.
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Toan Hoc
Bi ton 1: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C): y =f(x) ti im M0 x0 ; y0 :
Nu cho x0 th tm y0 = f(x0).
Nu cho y0 th tm x0 l nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = y0.
Tnh y = f (x). Suy ra y(x0) = f (x0).

Phng trnh tip tuyn l: y y0 = f (x0).(x x0)
2.
Bi ton 2: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C): y =f(x), bit c h s gc k cho trc.
Cch 1: Tm to tip im.
Gi M(x0; y0) l tip im. Tnh f (x0).
c h s gc k f (x0) = k
(1)
Gii phng trnh (1), tm c x0 v tnh y0 = f(x0). T vit phng trnh ca .
Cch 2: Dng iu kin tip xc.
Phng trnh ng thng c dng: y = kx + m.
tip xc vi (C) khi v ch khi h phng trnh sau c nghim:
f ( x ) kx m (*)
f '( x ) k
Gii h (*), tm c m. T vit phng trnh ca .

Ch : H s gc k ca tip tuyn c th c cho gin tip nh sau:
+ to vi chiu dng trc honh gc th k = tan
+ song song vi ng thng d: y = ax + b th k = a
+ vung gc vi ng thng d: y = ax + b (a 0) th k = 1
a
+ to vi ng thng d: y = ax + b mt gc th k a tan
1 ka
3.
Bi ton 3: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C): y = f(x), bit i qua im A( x A ; y A ) .
Cch 1: Tm to tip im.
Gi M(x0; y0) l tip im. Khi : y0 = f(x0), y 0 = f (x0).
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M: y y0 = f (x0).(x x0)
i qua A( x A ; y A ) nn: yA y0 = f (x0).(xA x) (2)
Gii phng trnh (2), tm c x0. T vit phng trnh ca .
Cch 2: Dng iu kin tip xc.

Phng trnh ng thng i qua A( x A ; y A ) v c h s gc k: y yA = k(x xA)
tip xc vi (C) khi v ch khi h phng trnh sau c nghim:
f ( x ) k ( x x A ) y A (*)
f '( x ) k
Van e 11:
Tm iu kin hai ng tip xc
1. iu kin cn v hai ng (C1): y = f(x) v (C2): y = g(x) tip xc nhau l h phng trnh sau c
nghim:
f ( x ) g( x ) (*)
f '( x ) g '( x )
Nghim ca h (*) l honh ca tip im ca hai ng .

2. Nu (C1): y = px + q v (C2): y = ax2 + bx + c th
(C1) v (C2) tip xc nhau phng trnh ax 2 bx c px q c nghim kp.
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Van e 12:
Toan Hoc
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Lp phng trnh tip tuyn chung ca hai th(C1): y = f(x) v C2): y = g(x)
1. Gi : y = ax + b l tip tuyn chung ca (C1) v (C2).

u l honh tip im ca v (C1), v l honh tip im ca v (C2).
tip xc vi (C1) v (C2) khi v ch khi h sau c nghim:
f (u) au b
f '(u) a
g(v) av b
g '(v) a
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
T (2) v (4) f (u) = g (v) u = h(v) (5)

Th a t (2) vo (1) b = (u)
(6)
Th (2), (5), (6) vo (3) v a u b. T vit phng trnh ca .
2. Nu (C1) v (C2) tip xc nhau ti im c honh x0 th mt tip tuyn chung ca (C1) v (C2) cng l tip
tuyn ca (C1) (v (C2)) ti im .
Van e 13:
Tm nhng im trn th (C): y = f(x) sao cho ti tip tuyn ca (C) song song
hoc vung gc vi mt ng thng d cho trc
Gi M(x0; y0) (C). l tip tuyn ca (C) ti M. Tnh f (x0).

V
// d
nn
f (x0) = kd
hoc
nn
f (x0) = 1
kd
(1)
(2)
Gii phng trnh (1) hoc (2) tm c x0. T tm c M(x0; y0) (C).
Van e 14:
Tm nhng im trn ng thng d m t c th v c 1, 2, 3, tip tuyn vi

th (C): y = f(x)
Gi s d: ax + by +c = 0. M(xM; yM) d.
Phng trnh ng thng qua M c h s gc k: y = k(x xM) + yM
tip xc vi (C) khi h sau c nghim:
f ( x ) k ( x x M ) yM
(1)
(2)
f '( x ) k
Th k t (2) vo (1) ta c: f(x) = (x xM).f (x) + yM
(3)
S tip tuyn ca (C) v t M = S nghim x ca (3)
Van e 15:
Tm nhng im m t c th v c 2 tip tuyn vi th (C): y = f(x) v 2 tip

tuyn vung gc vi nhau
Gi M(xM; yM).
Phng trnh ng thng qua M c h s gc k: y = k(x xM) + yM
tip xc vi (C) khi h sau c nghim:
f ( x ) k ( x x M ) yM
f '( x ) k
(1)
(2)
Th k t (2) vo (1) ta c:
f(x) = (x xM).f (x) + yM
(3)
Qua M v c 2 tip tuyn vi (C) (3) c 2 nghim phn bit x1, x2.
Hai tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau f (x1).f (x2) = 1
T tm c M.
Ch : Qua M v c 2 tip tuyn vi (C) sao cho 2 tip im nm v hai pha vi trc honh th
p
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Toan Hoc
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(3) co 2 nghiem phan biet

f ( x ). f ( x ) 0
1
2
Van e 16:
H TH
Cho h ng (Cm): y = f(x, m) (m l tham s).

M(x0; y0) (Cm) y0 = f(x0, m)
(1)
Xem (1) l phng trnh theo n m.
Tu theo s nghim ca (1) ta suy ra s th ca h (C m) i qua M.
Nu (1) nghim ng vi mi m th mi th ca h (Cm) u i qua M.
Khi , M c gi l im c nh ca h (Cm).
Nu (1) c n nghim phn bit th c n th ca h (Cm) i qua M.
Nu (1) v nghim th khng c th no ca h (Cm) i qua M.
Van e 17:
Tm im c nh ca h th (Cm): y = f(x, m)
Cch 1:
Gi M(x0; y0) l im c nh (nu c) ca h (Cm).
M(x0; y0) (Cm), m
y0 = f(x0, m), m
Bin i (1) v mt trong cc dng sau:
Dng 1: (1) Am + B = 0, m
Dng 2: (1) Am2 Bm C 0 , m
A 0
(2a)
B 0
(1)
A0
B 0
(2b)
C 0
Gii h (2a) hoc (2b) ta tm c to (x0; y0) ca im c nh.
Ch : Cc h (2a), (2b) l cc h phng trnh c 2 n x0, y0.

Cch 2:
Gi M(x0; y0) l im c nh (nu c) ca h (Cm).
M(x0; y0) (Cm), m
y0 = f(x0, m), m
(1)
t F(m) = f(x0, m) th F(m) = y0 khng i.
F (m) = 0
(3)
Gii (3) tm c x0. Thay x0 vo (1) tm c y0. T suy ra c cc im c nh.
Van e 18: Tm im m khng c th no ca h th (Cm): y = f(x, m) i qua

Gi M(x0; y0) l im m khng c th no ca h (Cm) i qua.
M(x0; y0) (Cm), m
y0 = f(x0, m) v nghim m
(1)
Dng 1: (1) Am + B = 0 v nghim m A 0
(2a)
B 0
A B 0
Dng 2: (1) Am2 Bm C 0 v nghim m C 0
A 0
B 2 4 AC 0
(2b)
Ch : Kt qu l mt tp hp im.
Nhng im nm trn tim cn ng c nh ca hm hu t l nhng im th khng i qua.
Van e 19:
Tm im m mt s th ca h th (Cm): y = f(x, m) i qua
Ta c: M(x0; y0) (Cm)
y0 = f(x0, m)
(1)
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Toan Hoc
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Am + B = 0 (2a)
hoc
Am2 Bm C 0
S nghim ca (2a) hoc (2b) theo m = S (Cm) i qua M.
Van e 20:
(2b)
TP HP IM
Bi ton: Tm tp hp cc im M(x; y) tho tnh cht .

Nhn xt: Tm tp hp im M trong mt phng to l tm phng trnh ca tp hp im .
1. Dng 1: Tm to ca im M.
1) Tm iu kin (nu c) ca tham s m tn ti im M.
2) Tnh to im M theo tham s m.
C cc trng hp xy ra:
Trng hp 1:
M x f (m)
y g(m)
Kh tham s m gia x v y, ta c mt h thc gia x, y c lp vi m c dng:

F(x, y) = 0
(gi l phng trnh qu tch)
Trng hp 2:
M x a (hang so )
y g(m)
Khi im M nm trn ng thng x = a.

Trng hp 3:
M x f (m)
y b
(hang so )
Khi im M nm trn ng thng y = b.

3) Gii hn qu tch: Da vo iu kin (nu c) ca m ( bc 1), ta tm c iu kin ca x hoc y
tn ti im M(x; y). l gii hn ca qu tch.
4) Kt lun: Tp hp cc im M c phng trnh F(x, y) = 0 (hoc x = a, hoc y = b) vi iu kin ca x
hoc y ( bc 3).
2. Dng 2:
Trong trng hp ta khng th tnh c to ca im M theo tham s m m ch thit lp c mt h thc
cha to ca M th ta tm cch kh tham s m trong h thc tm c h thc dng F(x, y) = 0.
Ch : Nu bi ton ch hi : im M chy trn ng no th ta ch tm phng trnh
F(x, y) = 0 m khng cn tm gii hn ca qu tch.
Van e 21:
HM S C CHA DU GI TR TUYT I (quan trng)
Bi ton: V th ca hm s y = f(x) vi f(x) c cha du gi tr tuyt i.

Cch 1: Kho st s bin thin v v th.
Xt du biu thc c cha du gi tr tuyt i.
Chia min xc nh thnh nhiu khong, trong mi khong ta b du gi tr tuyt i.
V th hm s tng ng trong cc khong ca min xc nh.
Cch 2: Thc hin cc php bin i th.
1.
Dng 1: V th hm s y f ( x ) .
th (C) ca hm s y f ( x ) c th c suy t th (C) ca hm s y = f(x) nh sau:
+ Gi nguyn phn th (C) pha trn trc honh.
+ Ly i xng phn th ca (C) pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
+ th (C) l hp ca hai phn trn.
2.
Dng 2: V th ca hm s y f x .
th (C) ca hm s y f x c th c suy t th (C) ca hm s y = f(x) nh sau:
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Toan Hoc
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+ Gi nguyn phn th (C) bn phi trc tung, b phn bn tri trc tung.
+ Ly i xng phn bn phi trc tung qua trc tung.
+ th (C) l hp ca hai phn trn.
Van e 22: Tm im trn th (C): y = f(x) c to nguyn

Tm cc im trn th hm s hu t y P( x ) c to l nhng s nguyn:
Q( x )
Phn tch
P( x )
y
Q( x )
thnh dng y A( x ) a , vi A(x) l a thc, a l s nguyn.

Q( x )
x
Khi
Q(x) l c s ca a. T ta tm cc gi tr x nguyn Q(x) l c s ca a.
y
Th li cc gi tr tm c v kt lun.
Van e 23:
Tm cp im trn th (C): y = f(x) i xng qua ng thng d: y = ax + b
C s ca phng php: A, B i xng nhau qua d d l trung trc ca on AB

Phng trnh ng thng vung gc vi d: y = ax = b c dng:
: y
1
xm
a
(C)
(d)
Phng trnh honh giao im ca v (C):

1
f(x) = x m
(1)
a
Tm iu kin ca m ct (C) ti 2 im
(D)
B
I
phn bit A, B. Khi xA, xB l cc nghim ca (1).

Tm to trung im I ca AB.
T iu kin: A, B i xng qua d I d, ta tm
c m xA, xB yA, yB A, B.
Ch : A, B i xng nhau qua trc honh x A xB
y A yB
A, B i xng nhau qua trc tung x A xB

y A yB
x xB
A, B i xng nhau qua ng thng y = b A
y A yB 2b
A, B i xng nhau qua ng thng x = a x A xB 2a

y A yB
Van e 24:
Tm cp im trn th (C): y = f(x) i xng qua im I(a; b)
C s ca phng php: A, B i xng nhau qua I I l trung im ca AB.

p
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I
B
A
- 24 -
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Toan Hoc
Phng trnh ng thng d qua I(a; b),

c h s gc k c dng: y k ( x a) b .
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v d:
f(x) = k ( x a) b
(1)
Tm iu kin d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit
A, B. khi xA, xB l 2 nghim ca (1).
T iu kin: A, B i xng qua I I l trung im ca AB, ta tm c k xA, xB.

x xB
Ch : A, B i xng qua gc to O A
y A yB
Van e 25:
Khong cch
Kin thc c bn:

1) Khong cch gia hai im A, B: AB=
( xB x A )2 ( yB y A )2
2) Khong cch t im M(x0; y0) n ng thng : ax + by + c = 0:

d(M, ) =
ax0 by0 c
a2 b2
3) Din tch tam gic ABC:

S=
2
1
1
AB.AC.sin A
AB2 .AC 2 AB.AC
2
2
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Van e 1:
1.
Toan Hoc
Cong thc lng giac
HE THC C BAN ( 6 cong thc )

1/. Sin 2 x Cos 2 x 1
2/. Tanx Sinx
3/.
Cosx
Cosx
Cotx
Sinx
4/. Tanx.Cotx 1
5/. 1 Tan 2 x 1
Cos 2 x
6/. 1 Cot 2 x
1
Sin 2 x
ieu kien ton tai :

Tanx la x / 2 + k , k Z
Cotx la x k
,kZ
Sinx la
1 Sinx 1
Cosx la
1 Cosx 1
Chu y :
a2 + b2 = ( a + b)2 2ab
a3 + b3 = ( a + b)3 3ab( a + b)
2.
CONG THC CONG ( 8 cong thc )

Nh: Sin th sin cos, cos sin
Cos th cos cos, sin sin nh tr (du i)
7/. Cos(a b) CosaCosb SinaSinb
8/. Cos(a b) CosaCosb SinaSinb
9/. Sin(a b) SinaCosb CosaSinb
10/. Sin(a b) SinaCosb CosaSinb
Tana Tanb
11/. Tan(a b)
1 TanaTanb
Tana Tanb
12/. Tan(a b)
1 TanaTanb
13/. Cot (a b) CotaCotb 1
Cota Cotb
14/. Cot (a b)
3.
CotaCotb 1
Cota Cotb
CONG THC NHAN

3.1.
NHAN OI : ( 3 cong thc)

15/. Sin 2a 2SinaCosa
16/. Cos 2a 2Cos 2 a 1 1 2Sin 2 a Cos 2 a Sin 2 a Cos 2 a(1 tan2 a)
17/. Tan2a 2Tana2
1 Tan a
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3.2.
Toan Hoc
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NHAN BA : ( 3 cong thc)

18/. Cos3a 4Cos 3 a 3Cosa
19/. Sin3a 3Sina 4Sin 3 a
3
20/. Tan3a 3Tana Tan a
2
1 3Tan a
4.
HA BAC : ( 4 cong thc)

21/. Sin 2 a 1 Cos 2a 1 Cos 2a 2Sin a
2
1 Cos 2a
22/. Cos a
2
1 Cos2a 2Cos 2 a
5.
23/. Sin 3 a 3Sina Sin3a

4
3
Cosa
Cos3a
3
24/. Cos a
4
GOC CHIA OI : ( 3 cong thc)
25/. Sinx 2t
2
1 t
6.
26/. Cosx 1 t
2
2
1 t
vi t Tan x
2t
27/. Tanx
1 t 2
TONG THANH TCH : ( 8 cong thc)
Nh: Sin cng sin bng hai ln sin cos. Sin tr sin bng hai ln cos sin
Cos cng cos bng hai ln cos cos. Cos tr cos bng hai ln cos sin
28/. Cosa Cosb 2Cos a b Cos a b
29/.
30/.
31/.
32/.
2
2
ab
a b
Cosa Cosb 2Sin
Sin
2
2
ab
a b
Sina Sinb 2Sin
Cos
2
2
ab
a b
Sina Sinb 2Cos
Sin
2
2
Sin (a b)
Tana Tanb
CosaCosb
33/. Tana Tanb Sin (a b)
CosaCosb
34/. Cota Cotb Sin (a b)
SinaSinb
35/. Cota Cotb Sin (a b)

SinaSinb
7.
TCH THANH TONG : ( 3 cong thc)

36/. CosaCosb 1 Cosa b Cos(a b)
2
1
37/. SinaSinb Cos(a b) Cos(a b)
2
38/. SinaCosb 1 Sin (a b) Sin (a b)
2
1
39/. cos a sin b Sin(a b) Sin (a b)
2
p
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Toan Hoc
c bit:
8.
sin x cos x 2 sin x 2 cos x

4
4
sin x cos x 2 sin x 2 cos x

4
4
CUNG LIEN KET :

Cos oi
Sin bu
Phu cheo
Khac Tan
Sai kem / 2
Cos() = Cos ; Sin() = Sin

Sin( ) = Sin ; Cos( ) = Cos
Sin(/2 ) = Cos ; Cos(/2 ) = Sin
Tan( + ) = Tan ; Cot( + ) = Cot
Sin(/2 + ) = Cos ; Cos(/2 + ) = Sin
Van e 2:
1.
C BAN :
Sinu = Sinv
Cosu = Cosv
Tanu = Tanv
Cotu = Cotv
Sinu = 0
Sinu = 1
Sinu = 1
Cosu = 0
Cosu = 1
Cosu = 1
2.
PHNG TRNH LNG GIAC
u v k 2
kZ
u v k 2
u v k 2
u v k
u v k
u k
u / 2 k 2
u / 2 k 2
u / 2 k
u k 2
u k 2
PHNG TRNH BAC NHAT OI VI Sin va Cos

2.1.
Dang
asinx + bcosx = c (1) ( a2 + b2 0 )
Phng phap :
a 2 b2 0
Chia hai ve cho

a
at :
Cach 1:
a b
2
Ta co
Cos
Sin ( x )
(*) Co nghiem khi
c
a b2
2
(*) Vo nghiem khi

Cach 2:
a b2
c
(*)
2
Sin
a2 b2
a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2
Kiem chng x = (2k + 1) co phai la nghiem cua phng trnh hay khong?
Xet x (2k + 1)
at : t Tan x
2
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The
Sinx
2t
1 t 2
; Cosx
Vao phng trnh
Toan Hoc
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1 t
1 t 2
2
(1)
x=?
Cch 3:
Chia hai v cho a (gi s a 0)
Khi (1)
( )
(
3.
PHNG TRNH BAC HAI:

3.1.
oi vi mot ham so lng giac:

Gia s a 0
2
; ( at t Sinx , t 1)
aSin x bSinx c 0
aCos 2 x bCosx c 0 ; (at t Cosx , t 1 )

aTan 2 x bTanx c 0 ; ( at t Tanx , x k )
2
aCot x bCotx c 0
2
3.2.
; ( at t Cotx , x k )
Phng trnh ang cap oi vi Sinx, Cosx

Dang: aSin 2 x bSinxCosx cCos 2 x 0 (1)
(2)
aSin 3 x bSin 2 xCosx cSinxCos 2 x dCos 3 x 0
Phng phap :
Cach 1:
Kiem cosx = 0 x = / 2 + k co phai la nghiem cua phng trnh ?
Xt cosx 0 x / 2 + k . Chia hai ve cho Cos2x ( dang 1), chia Cos3x ( dang 2) e a
phng trnh a cho ve dang phng trnh bac hai, bac ba oi vi Tanx.
Cach 2:
Dang (1) co the s dung cong thc ha bac va SinxCosx Sin 2x the vao
3.3.
Phng trnh oi xng cua Sinx, Cosx:

Dang :
Phng phap:
a(Sinx + Cosx) + bSinxCosx + c = 0 (*)

at : t Sinx Cosx 2Sin( x ),
t 2
4
(*) at b
t 1
c 0
2
2
t ( neu co) x
Dang
Chu y:
a(Sinx Cosx) + bSinxCosx + c = 0 (*) giai tng t :
at :
t Sinx Cosx 2Sin ( x ),
4
(*) at b
1 t 2
c 0
2
t 2
t ? ( neu co) x ?
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4.
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Toan Hoc
PHNG TRNH AC BIET :

4.1.
Tong bnh phng :

A2 + B2 + ........+ Z2 = 0
A = B = ......= Z = 0
A 0, B 0,......, Z 0
Ta co : A + B + .... + Z = 0
A = B = .....= Z = 0
4.2. oi lap :
Gia s giai phng trnh A = B (*)
A K
Neu ta chng minh
B K
A K
(*)
B K
A l
3/. B k
A B l k
A l
B k
4/. A 1, B 1
A 1 hay A 1
AB 1
B 1
B 1
Van e 3:
PHNG TRNH LNG GIC KHNG MU MC
1. Phng php 1: Dng cc cng thc lng gic a v phng trnh dng tch.
V d 1. Gii phng tnh: sin2x + sin23x = cos22x + cos24x (1).
Gii
Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi:
1 cos 2 x 1 cos 6 x 1 cos 4 x 1 cos8 x
2
2
2
2
cos2x+cos4x+cos6x+cos8x = 0
2cos5xcosx+2cos5xcos3x = 0
2cos5x(cos3x+cosx) = 0
4cos5x.cos2x.cosx = 0
x 10 5
5 x 2 k
cos 5 x 0
cos 2 x 0 2 x k x
, (k , l , n )
2
4 2
cos x 0
x n
x k
2
2
V d 2. Gii phng trnh: cos6x+sin6x = 2 ( cos8x+sin8x) (2).
Gii
Ta c (2) cos6x(2cos2x1) = sin6x(12sin2x)
cos2x(sin6xcos6x) = 0
cos2x(sin2xcos2x)(1+sin2x.cos2x) = 0
cos2x = 0
k
2 x k x
, (k )
2
4 2
V d 3: Gii phng trnh: 8 2 cos6 x 2 2 sin 3 x sin 3x 6 2 cos 4 x 1 0 (3).
Gii
Ta c:
p
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- 30 -
diendan.shpt.info
Toan Hoc
(3) 2 2 cos3 x(4 cos3 x 3cos x) 2 2 sin 3 x sin 3 x 1 0

2 cos 2 x.2 cos x cos 3 x 2sin 2 x.2sin x sin x3 x 2
(1 cos 2 x)(cos 2 x cos 4 x) (1 cos 2 x)(cos 2 x cos 4 x) 2
2(cos 2 x cos 2 x cos 4 x) 2
2
2
cos 2 x(1 cos 4 x)

cos 2 x.cos 2 2 x
2
4
x k , (k )
2
8
2. Phng php 2: t n ph a phng trnh lng gic v phng trnh i s:
17
V d 4. Gii phng trnh lng gic: sin8 x cos8 x
(4).
32
Gii
Ta c (4)
4
4
1
17
1 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x 17
(cos4 2 x 6 cos 2 2 x 1)
2
2
32
8
32
1
t
17
13
t cos22x = t, vi t[0; 1], ta c t 2 6t 1
t 2 6t 0 2
4
4
t 13
2
1
1
cos 4 x 1 1
V t[0;1], nn t cos 2 2 x
2
2
2
2
cos4x = 0 4 x k x k , ( k )
2
8
4
V d 5. Gii phng trnh lng gic: 2sin3x cos2x + cosx = 0 (5)
Gii
Ta c (5) 2(1 cos2x)sinx + 2 2 cos2x + cosx 1 = 0
(1 cosx )[2(1 + cosx)sinx + 2(1 + cosx) 1] = 0
(1 cosx)(2sinx+ 2cosx + 2sinxcosx+1) = 0
cos 2 x
cos x 1 x k 2,( k )
2sin x 2cos x 2sin x cos x 1 0 (*)

Gii (*): t sinx + cosx = t, iu kin | t | 2 , khi phng trnh (*) tr thnh:
t 0
sin x -cos x x n,( n )

2t + t2 1 + 1 = 0 t2 + 2t = 0
4
t 2 (loi)
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l: x n ; x k 2, (n, k )

4
3.
Phng php 3: Quy phng trnh lng gic v vic gii h phng trnh lng gic bng cch
nh gi, so snh, s dng bt ng thc.

V d 6. Gii phng trnh: |sin
x|
cos x (6).
Gii
iu kin: x 0
Do | sin x | 0, nn |sin
x|
0 1 , m |cosx| 1.
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Toan Hoc
diendan.shpt.info
x k 2 2
k 2 n
k n 0
| sin x | 0
x k,( k )
x 0
x n
x n
| cos x | 1
x n,( n )
Do (6)
(V k, n Z). Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 0.

4. Phng php 4: S dng tnh cht hm s.
V d 7: (H S phm 2) Gii phng trnh: 1
x2
cos x .
2
Gii
t f ( x)= cos x
x2
. D thy f(x) = f(x), x
2
, do f(x) l hm s chn v vy trc ht ta ch xt vi x
0.
Ta c: f(x)=sinx+x, f(x) = cosx+1, x0 f(x) l hm ng bin, do f(x)f(0), vi x0 f(x) ng bin
vi x0 .
Mt khc ta thy f(0)=0, do x=0 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
V d 8: (H Bch Khoa) Vi n l s t nhin bt k ln hn 2, tm x thuc khong 0; tho mn phng

2 n
trnh: sin n x cos n x 2 2 .

Gii
t f(x) = sinnx + cosnx, ta c : f(x) = ncosx.sinn-1x nsinx.cosn-1x.
= nsinx.cosx(sinn-2x cosn-2x)
2 n

2
,
ta
c
minf(x)
=
f
=
2

2
4
Lp bng bin thin ca f(x) trn khong 0;

Vy x =
l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.

4
BI TP
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
S: x k 2 ; x
1. cos3x+cos2x+2sinx2 = 0 (Hc Vin Ngn Hng)

2. tanx.sin2x2sin2x=3(cos2x+sinx.cosx) (H M a Cht)
S: x
HD: Chia hai v cho sin2x

3. 2sin3x(1/sinx)=2cos3x+ (1/cosx) (H Thng Mi)
S: x
S: x
n2
k ; x
;x
12
n2
n ; x
7
m .
12
1
k 2 ; x n2 ; x l 2 ; vi sin .
2
4
S: x
sin 3 x sin 2 x.sin x ; (Hc Vin BCVT)

4
4
S: x
8. sin3x.cos3x+cos3x.sin3x=sin34x
HD: sin2x.sinx.cos3x+cos2x. cosx.sin3x=sin34x
6. sinx4sin3x+cosx =0 (H Y H Ni)
7.
S: x k
4. |sinxcosx| + |sinx+cosx|=2 (H Quc Gia H Ni)

5. 4(sin3xcos2x)=5(sinx1) (H Lut H Ni)
S: x k
12
k .
k
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9.
sin x
Toan Hoc
diendan.shpt.info
S: x
4 sin
x
3
sin x
k
4
k
8
5
k
8
10. sin3 x 3 cos3 x sin x cos2 x 3 sin 2 x cos x

S: x =
HD: Chia hai v cho cos3x

11. 2sinx(1+cos2x)+sin2x=1+2cosx
S: x
HD: a v cung x t tha s
k x
k , x
2
k 2 (k )
3
12. sin2x+cos2x=1+sinx3cosx (1).

Gii
(1)
2sinxcosx+2cos2x1=1+sinx3cosx.
2cos2x+(2sinxcosx+3cosx)sinx2=0.
2cos2x+(2sinx+3)cosx(sinx+2)=0.
t t=cosx, K t 1 , ta c: 2t2+(2sinx+3)t(sinx+2)=0. =(2sinx+3)2+3.2.(sinx+2)=(2sinx+5)2.
1
t
1
2
cos x (bit gii)
2
t sin x - 2 loa i
13. 2sinx+cotx=2sin2x+1.
HD: Tng t cu a ta c phng trnh 2(12cosx)sin2xsinx+cosx=0.
t t=sinx, K t 1 .
2(12cosx)t2t+cosx=0 =(4cosx1)2.
14. 1+sinx+cosx+sin2x+2cos2x=0.
HD: (1+ sin2x)+(sinx+cosx)+2cos2x=0.
(sinx+cosx)2+(sinx+cosx)+2(cos2xsin2x)=0.
(sinx+cosx)2+(sinx+cosx)+2(sinx+cosx)(sinxcosx)=0. t tha s, gii tip
15. Gii phng trnh lng gic:
Gii
2 cos x sin x
1
tan x cot 2 x
cot x 1
cos x.sin 2 x.sin x. tan x cot 2x 0
cot x 1
iu kin:
T (1) ta c:
2 cos x sin x
cos x.sin 2 x
2 sin x
cos x
cos
x
1
sin x
sin x cos 2 x
cos x sin 2 x
2sin x.cos x 2 sin x
x k 2
2
4
cos x
k
2
x k 2
So vi iu kin, ta c h nghim ca phng trnh cho l x
k 2 k
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- 33 -

16. Gii phng trnh:
Toan Hoc
diendan.shpt.info
sin 4 x cos 4 x 1
tan x cot x
sin 2 x
2
Gii
sin 4 x cos 4 x 1
tan x cot x (1)
sin 2 x
2
iu kin: sin 2 x 0
1
1
1 sin 2 2 x
1 sin 2 2 x
1
1
1
sin
x
cos
x
2
2
1 sin 2 2 x 1 sin 2 x 0
(1)

sin 2 x
sin 2 x
2
sin 2 x
2 cos x sin x
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
17. Gii phng trnh: 2sin 2 x 2sin 2 x tan x .

4
Gii
Pt 2sin 2 x 2sin 2 x tan x (cosx 0) 1 cos 2 x cos x 2sin 2 x.cos x sin x

4
2
(1sin2x)(cosxsinx) = 0 sin2x = 1 hoc tanx = 1.

18. Gii phng trnh: sin 2 x cos x 3 2 3cos 3 x 3 3cos2 x 8
3 cos x sinx 3 3 0 .
Gii
sin 2 x(cos x 3) 2 3.cos 3 x 3 3.cos 2 x 8( 3.cos x sin x) 3 3 0

2sin x.cos 2 x 6sin x.cos x 2 3.cos 3 x 6 3 cos 2 x 3 3 8( 3.cos x sin x) 3 3 0
2 cos 2 x( 3 cos x sin x) 6.cos x( 3 cos x sin x) 8( 3 cos x sin x) 0
( 3 cos x sin x)( 2cos 2 x 6cos x 8) 0

tan x 3
3 cos x sin x 0
cos x 1
cos 2 x 3cos x 4 0
cos x 4 ( loai)
x k
,k Z
3
x k 2
19. Gii phng trnh: cosx=8sin3 x
Gii
3
cosx
=
3
sin
x
cos
x
3
2
2
3
3 3 sin x 9sin x cos x 3 3 sin xcos x cos x cos x 0 (3)
cosx=8sin3 x
Ta thy cosx = 0 khng l nghim

3
2
(3) 3 3 tan x 8tan x 3 3 tan x 0
tan x 0 x k
20. Gii phng trnh lng gic:
2 cos x sin x
1
tan x cot 2 x
cot x 1
Gii
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- 34 -
Toan Hoc
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cos x.sin 2 x.sin x. tan x cot 2 x 0
cot x 1
iu kin:
T (1) ta c:
2 cos x sin x
cos x.sin 2x
2 sin x
cos x
cos
x
1
sin x
sin x cos 2x
cos x sin 2x
2sin x.cos x 2 sin x
x k 2
2
4
cos x
2
x k 2
So vi iu kin, ta c h nghim ca phng trnh cho l x

21. Gii phng trnh: cos 2 x 5 2(2 cos x)(sin x cos x)
Gii
Phng trnh (cosxsinx)2 4(cosxsinx) 5 = 0
k 2 k Z
cos x sin x 1
cos x sin x 5 (loai vi cos x sin x 2)

x k 2
2
2 sin x 1 sin x sin
(k Z )
4
4
4
x k 2
22. Gii phng trnh: 2cos3x +

Gii
3 sin x cos x 2cos3x 0
cos x
cos 3x
3
k
x 3 2

x k
3
( k Z)
3 sinx + cosx = 0
sinx + cos cosx = cos3x.

3
3
cos x cos( 3x)
x=
sin
23. Gii phng trnh cos3xcos3x sin3xsin3x =
k
2
(kZ)
23 2
8
Gii
23 2
23 2
cos3x(cos3x + 3cosx) sin3x(3sinx sin3x) =
8
8
23 2
2
cos 2 3x sin 2 3x 3 cos 3x cos x sin 3x sin x

cos 4 x
x k ,k Z .
2
16
2
2
Ta c: cos3xcos3x sin3xsin3x =
24. nh m phng trnh sau c nghim
4sin 3x sin x 4cos 3x cos x cos 2 2 x m 0

4
4
4
Gii
Ta c:
* 4sin 3x sin x 2 cos 2 x cos 4 x ;
p
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- 35 -
Toan Hoc
diendan.shpt.info
cos x 2 cos 2 x cos 4 x 2 sin 2 x cos 4 x

4
4
2
1
1
* cos 2 2 x
1 cos 4 x
1 sin 4 x
4 2
2 2
* 4cos 3x
Do phng trnh cho tng ng:
1
1
2 cos 2 x sin 2 x sin 4 x m 0 (1)
2
2
t t cos 2 x sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x (iu kin: 2 t 2 ).

4
2
Khi sin 4 x 2sin 2 x cos 2 x t 1 . Phng trnh (1) tr thnh:
t 2 4t 2m 2 0 (2) vi 2 t 2
(2) t 2 4t 2 2m
y l phung trnh honh giao im ca 2 ng ( D) : y 2 2m (l ng song song vi Ox v ct trc
tung ti im c tung bng 2 2m v (P): y t 2 4t vi 2 t 2 .
x
2
2
y
+
y
24 2
24 2
Trong on 2; 2 , hm s y t 2 4t t gi tr nh nht l 2 4 2 ti t 2 v t gi tr ln nht
l 2 4 2 ti t 2 .
Do yu cu ca bi ton tha mn khi v ch khi 2 4 2 2 2m 2 4 2
2 2 m 2 2 .
Van e 4:
1.
HE THC LNG TRONG TAM GIAC
Tam giac thng ( cac nh ly)
Ham so Cosin
Ham so Sin
Ham so Tan
Cac chieu
b2 c2 a2
2bc
2
2
a
c
b2
2
2
2
b a c 2acCosB CosB
2ac
2
a
b2 c2
2
2
2
c a b 2abCosC CosC
2ab
a
b
c
2R
SinA SinB SinC
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bcCosA CosA
a 2 RSinA,
SinA
A B
2 ab
A B ab
Tan
2
a
2R
Tan
a bCosC cCosB
diendan.shpt.info
- 36 -

Trung tuyen
Phan giac
Dien tch
Toan Hoc
diendan.shpt.info
2(b 2 c 2 ) a 2
4
A
2bc.Cos
2
la
bc
1
1
1
S aha bhb chc
2
2
2
1
1
1
S bcSinA acSinB abSinC
2
2
2
ma
2
S pr
abc
pr
4R
S p( p a)( p b)( p c) ( p a).ra
A
B
C
Bn knh ng trn
r ( p a) tan ( p b) tan ( p c) tan
ni tip
2
2
2
A
Bn knh ng trn
ra p. tan
bng tip
2
1.1. Chu y:
r S ( p a)Tan A ( p b)Tan B ( p c)Tan C
p
2
2
2
abc
a
b
c
R
4S 2SinA 2SinB 2SinC

a, b, c : canh tam giac
A, B, C:
goc tam giac
ha:
ng cao tng ng vi canh a
ma:
ng trung tuyen ve t A
R, r : Ban knh ng tron ngoai, noi tiep tam giac.
abc
p
Na chu vi tam giac.
2
2. He thc lng tam giac vuong:
2
AH BH .CH
A
AH .BC AB. AC
1
1
1
2
2
AH
AB
AC 2
AB 2 BH .BC
AC 2 CH .CB
BC 2 AB 2 AC 2
Van e 5:
Cho tam giac ABC :
MT VI VN CN NH
1/. SinA SinB SinC 4Cos A Cos B Cos C

2
2
2
A
B
2/. CosA CosB CosC 1 4Sin Sin Sin C
2
2
2
3/. TanA TanB TanC TanA.TanB.TanC ( tam giac ABC khong vuong)
4/. Cot A Cot B Cot C Cot A .Cot B .Cot C
2
2
2
2
2
2
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diendan.shpt.info
Toan Hoc
5/. Tan A .Tan B Tan B .Tan C Tan C .Tan A 1

2
6/ Sin 2 A Sin 2 B Sin 2 C 2 2CosA.CosB .CosC

7/. Cos 2 A Cos 2 B Cos 2 C 1 2CosA.CosB.CosC
8/. Sin( A B) SinC
Cos( A B) CosC
; Sin A B Cos C
A B
C
Cos
Sin
2
2
; Tan A B Cot C
2
2
9/. SinA.SinB.SinC 3 3
8
10/. CosA.CosB.CosC 1
8
A
B
C
11/. Cos .Cos .Cos 3 3
2
2
2
8
A
B
C
1
12/. Sin .Sin .Sin
2
2
2 8
13/. Cos 2 A Cos 2 B Cos 2 C 3

4
14/. Sin 2 A Sin 2 B Sin 2 C 4

9
15/. Tan 2 A Tan 2 B Tan 2 C 9
16/. 3 Sin 2 A Sin 2 B Sin 2 C 1
4
2
2
2
A
9
2 B
2 C
17/. 2 Cos
Cos
Cos
2
2
2 4
18/. Tan 2 A Tan 2 B Tan 2 C 1
2
2
2
2
19/.
Cot 2
A
B
C
Cot 2 Cot 2 9
2
2
2
20/. Sin 2 A Sin 2 B Sin 2C 3 3

2
21/. Cos 2 A Cos 2 B Cos 2C 3

2
diendan.shpt.info
- 38 -
Van e 1:
diendan.shpt.info
PHNG TRNH VA BAT PHNG TRNH BAC NHAT: Ax = B
A 0 : phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat x B
A = 0 va B 0 : phng trnh vo nghiem

A = 0 va B = 0 : phng trnh vo so nghiem
Ax > B
B
A>0:
x
Toan Hoc
A
B
x
A
A<0:
A = 0 va B 0 : vo nghiem
A = 0 va B < 0 : vo so nghiem
1. MOT SO V DU VE PT VA BPT ON THI AI HOC:

Vd1: Gii bt phng trnh 2x 6x 1 x 2 0 1
Gii
1 2 x 6 x 1 x 2 bt phng trnh tng ng vi h:
2
x 2
x 2 0
3 7
3 7
3 7
2
x
x
x3
2 x 6 x 1 0
2
2
2
2
2 x 6 x 1 x 2 1 x 3
V d 2: Tm m phng trnh 2 x2 mx 3 x 1 c hai nghim phn bit.

Gii:
Cch 1: PT x 1
, phng trnh (*) lun c 2 nghim:
2
x m 2 x 4 0, (*)
2 m m2 4m 20
2 m m2 4m 20
0, x2
0 . Phng
2
2
x 1 4 m m2 4m 20 m 4
m 1
2
2
2
4 m m 4m 20
x1
trnh cho c 2 nghim (*) c 2 nghim x 1
Ch : + x1 > 0, x2 < 0 v x1 > x2 v a.c < 0 nn pt c 2 nghim tri du.

+ Cch 1 thng dng khi h s a lun dng hoc lun m.
+ Cch 2: t t = x + 1 suy ra x = t 1, khi vi x 1 t 0 .
(*) tr thnh: t 12 m 2t 1 4 0 (**). (*) c 2 nghim x 1 th (**) phi c 2 nghim t 0 .
Gii phng trnh: x x 1 x x 2 2 x2 1 .
Gii
iu kin:
x 1
x 2 *

x 0
1 2 x 2 x 2
x 2 x 1 x 2 4 x 2 2 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 2 x 1
4 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 1
x2 8x 9 0
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim x=0, x
Van e 2:
9
.
8
HE PHNG TRNH BAC NHAT HAI AN SO
diendan.shpt.info
- 39 -
diendan.shpt.info
Toan Hoc
ax by c
1/. Dang : /
/
/
a x b y c
ab
2/. Cach giai : D
ab / a / b
a /b/
Dx
c b
Dy
a c
cb / c / b
c/b/
a/c/
ac / a / c
x
D 0 : he co nghiem duy nhat
Dx
D
Dy
D
D=0 v Dx 0
D=0 v D 0
H v nghim
y
*
D = Dx = Dy = 0 : He vo so nghiem hay vo nghiem tuy thuoc a, b, c, a/, b/, c/
3/ Dng i xng loi 1: f ( x, y) 0 vi f ( x, y) f ( y, x)
g ( x, y ) g ( y , x )
g ( x, y ) 0
t: S x y (iu kin S 2 4P )
P x. y
Ta c h: F (S , P) 0
E ( S , P) 0
ta tm c S, P
Khi x,y l nghim ca phng trnh: X2 SX + P = 0

4/ Dng i xng loi 2: f ( x, y ) 0(1)
f ( y, x) 0(2)
Ly (1) tr (2) v theo v ta c: (y x). h(x,y) = 0 y x(a)
h( x, y ) 0(b)
kt hp: (a)va(1)
(b)va(1)
5/ Dng: H tng qut: Thng bin i nhn ra n s ph, sau dng phng php th gii tip.
1. MOT SO V DU GIAI HE PHNG TRNH ON THI AI HOC:
V d 1. Tm cc gi tr m h 3x 2 2 xy y 2 11
c nghim.
2
2
x 2 xy 3 y 17 m
Phn tch. c kt qu nhanh hn ta s t ngay y tx, x 0

Li gii.
y 2 11
TH 1.
2
y 11
x 0 2
2 m 17
3 y m 17 y
3
Vy h c nghim x 0 m 17 11 m 16
TH 2.
x 0 , t y
tx . H 3x2 2tx2 t 2 x2 11
2
2
2 2
x 2tx 3t x 17 m
11
2
x
(3 2t t 2 ) x 2 11
3 2t t 2
2
2
11
(1 2t 3t ) x 17 m (1 2t 3t 2 ).
17 m
3 2t t 2
diendan.shpt.info
- 40 -

11
2
x
3 2t t 2
(m 16)t 2 2(m 6)t 3m 40 0
Toan Hoc
diendan.shpt.info
(*)
11
0, t nn h c nghim
3 2t t 2
m 16, ' ( m 6) 2 ( m 16)(3m 40) 0
Ta c
5 363 m 5 363
Kt lun. 5 363 m 5 363
V d 2. Gii h phng trnh 3x 1
pt (*) c nghim. iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi m 16 hoc
1
2
x y
7 y 1 1 4 2
x y
Phn tch. Cc biu thc trong ngoc c dng a + b v a b nn ta chia hai v pt th nht cho
pt th hai cho 7 y .
3x
v chia hai v
Li gii.
K: x 0, y 0, x y 0 .
D thy x 0 hoc y 0 khng tha mn h pt. Vy x 0, y 0
1
2
4 2
2 2
H 1 1 2
2
1
(1)
x y
3x
7y
7y
3x
3x
1
4
2
2
2
4
2
1
2
2
1
1
x y
x y 3x 7 y
3x 7 y x y
7
y
Nhn theo v hai pt trong h ta c 1
TH 1.
2 2 1
2 2
1
7 y 3 x
7 y x y
3x
y 6x
1
8
1
7 y 2 38 xy 24 x 2 0
4
y x
3x 7 y x y
7
y 6 x th vo pt (1) ta c 1 2 1 x 11 4 7 y 22 8 7
21
7
3x
21x
TH 2. y 4 x khng xy ra do
x 0, y 0 .
Vy h pt c nghim duy nht
11 4 7 22 8 7 .
;
21
7
x; y
Ch . H phng trnh c dng a b m m n 2a . Trong trng hp ny, dng th nht c v phi cha
a b n
m n 2b
cn thc nn ta chuyn v dng th hai sau nhn v mt cn thc.

a
m
Tng qut ta c h sau: bx
px qy
n
c m
dy
px qy
V d 3. Gii h phng trnh
x 2 y 2 x y 18
xy ( x 1)( y 1) 72
Phn tch. y l h i xng loi I

Hng 1. Biu din tng pt theo tng x y v tch
xy
Hng 2. Biu din tng pt theo x x v y y . R rng hng ny tt hn.

Li gii.
H ( x 2 x) ( y 2 y) 18 . t x 2 x a, a 1 ta c a b 18 a 6, b 12
2
2
2
( x x)( y y ) 72
y 2 y b, b 1
ab 72
a 12, b 6
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Toan Hoc
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x x 6
x 2, x 3
2
b 12 y y 12 y 3, y 4
TH 1. a 6
TH 2. i vai tr ca a v b ta c
x 3, x 4 .
y 2, y 3
Vy tp nghim ca h l
S = (2;3); (2;4); ( 3;3); ( 3; 4); (3;2); ( 4;2); (3; 3); (4; 3)

1.1. Phng php a v dng tch
* C s phng php. Phn tch mt trong hai phng trnh ca h thnh tch cc nhn t. i khi cn t hp
hai phng trnh thnh phng trnh h qu ri mi a v dng tch.
* Cch thnh lp h dng ny (ax by c) f ( x; y) 0 trong f ( x; y ) c chn sao cho f ( x; y ) 0 v
g ( x; y ) 0
g ( x; y ) 0
nghim hoc f ( x; y ) 0 gii c; g ( x; y) c chn sao cho ax by c 0 gii c v tha mn kt hp
g ( x; y ) 0
g ( x; y ) 0
c vi f ( x; y)
V d 4. Gii h phng trnh xy x y x 2 2 y 2
(1)
x 2 y y x 1 2 x 2 y (2)
Phn tch. R rng, vic gii phng trnh (2) hay kt hp (1) vi (2) khng thu c kt qu kh quan nn
chng ta tp trung gii (1).
Li gii.
K: x 1, y 0
(1) y( x y) ( x y) x2 y 2 ( x y)( y 1 x y) 0
TH 1. x y 0 (loi do x 1, y 0 )
TH 2. 2 y 1 x 0 x 2 y 1 th vo pt (2) ta c
(2 y 1) 2 y y 2 y 4 y 2 2 y ( y 1) 2 y 2( y 1)
y 1 0
y 1 .
2
y
2
y 2
Do y 0 y 2 . Vy h c nghim
( x; y ) (5;2)
Ch . Do c th phn tch c thnh tch ca hai nhn t bc nht i y (hay x) nn c th gii pt (1) bng
cch coi (1) l pt bc hai n y (hoc x).
1.2. Phng php s dng tnh n iu ca hm s
* C s phng php. Nu f ( x) n iu trn khong (a; b) v x, y (a; b) th f ( x) f ( y) x y
* Cch xy dng h theo phng php ny.
Ly hm s f (t ) n iu trn khong (a; b) , u( x; y), v( x; y) (a; b)
Ly g ( x; y) sao cho h u ( x; y ) v( x; y ) gii c trn tp xc nh ca chng.
g ( x; y ) 0
Lp h phng trnh f (u ) f (v)
g ( x; y ) 0
V d 5. Gii h phng trnh (4 x 2 1) x ( y 3) 5 2 y 0 (1)
-
Li gii. K:
2
2
4 x y 2 3 4 x 7
3
x
3 4 x 0
2
y
y 5
(2)
(1) (4 x 2 1)2x (2 y 6) 5 2 y 0
(2 x)2 1 (2 x)
5 2y
1 5 2 y (2 x)3 2 x
f '(t ) 3t 2 1 0, t
Th vo pt (2) ta c
5 2y
f (t ) ng bin trn
5 2y
3
f (2 x) f ( 5 2 y ) vi f (t ) t t .
. Vy
f (2 x) f ( 5 2 y ) 2 x 5 2 y y
5 4 x2
,x 0
2
5 4 x2
4 x2
2 3 4 x 7 0 g ( x) 0
2
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Vi
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Toan Hoc
5 4x2
3
g ( x) 4 x 2
2 3 4 x 7, x 0; 4
V d 6. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim

3
3
2
x y 3 y 3x 2 0
2
2
2
x 1 x 3 2 y y m 0
Li gii.
iu kin. 1 x 1, 0 y 2
(1) x3 3x ( y 1)3 3( y 1)
Hm s f (t ) t 3 3t nghch bin trn on [1;1]
x, y 1 1;1 nn f ( x) f ( y 1) x y 1 y x 1
Th vo pt (2) ta c x 2 2 1 x 2 m (3)
H c nghim Pt (3) c nghim x 1;1
Xt g ( x) x 2 2 1 x 2 , x 1;1 , g '( x) 2 x 1

1 x2
g '( x) 0 x 0 . g (0) 2, g (1) 1

Pt (3) c nghim x 1;1 2 m 1 1 m 2
V d 23. Gii h phng trnh ln(1 x) ln(1 y) x y
2
2
x 12 xy 20 y 0
Li gii. K: x 1, y 1
(1) ln(1 x) x ln(1 y ) y f (x) f ( y) vi
(1)
(2)
f (t ) ln(1 t ) t , t (1; )
1
t
f '(t )
1
0 t 0 (1; ) f (t )
1 t
1 t
ng bin trn
(1;0) v nghch bin trn khong (0; )
TH 1. x, y (1;0) hoc x, y (0; ) th f ( x) f ( y) x y

Th vo pt (2) ta c x y 0 (khng tha mn)
TH 2. x (1;0), y (0; ) hoc ngc li th xy 0 x2 12 xy 20 y 2 0
TH 3. xy 0 th h c nghim x y 0 . Vy h c nghim duy nht x y 0
Van e 3:
PHNG TRNH BAC HAI MOT AN ax2 + bx + c = 0 ( a 0)
= b2 4ac
>0
b
b
2a
2a
b
Nghiem kep x1 x 2
2a
x1
=0
, x2
<0
Vo nghiem
/
/2
= b ac
/
>0
b / /
b / /
, x2
x1
a
b/
Nghiem kep x1 x 2
a
=0
/ < 0
Chu y:
Vo nghiem
a + b + c = 0 : nghiem x1 = 1, x2 =
c
a
a b + c = 0 : nghiem x1 = 1, x2 =
c
a
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Toan Hoc
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Van e 4:
DAU NH THC
f(x) = ax + b ( a 0)
x
f(x)
Trai dau a
b
a
0
+
cung dau a
Van e 5:
DAU TAM THC
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c ( a 0) ( Nh : TRONG TRAI NGOAI CUNG)

Neu
Th
f(x) > 0, x
0
a 0
0
a 0
f(x) < 0, x
a 0
0
a 0
>0
o
C :
x
f(x)
f(x) > 0,
b
2a
f(x) < 0,
b
2a
x1
cung 0
x2
+
tri 0 cung
dau a
Van e 6:
SO SANH NGHIEM CUA TAM THC BAC HAI VI CAC SO
nh l Vi-t: Cho: f(x) = ax2 + bx + c ( a 0) (1)
Tng 2 nghim S
Tch 2 nghim l P
x x S
Khi ta c: 1 2
a
b
x .x c P
1 2 a
Vy 2 nghim pt (1) tho mn pt: X 2 SX P 0
Cho: f(x) = ax2 + bx + c ( a 0) va , la hai so thc v S b ; P c
1/. Muon co x1 < < x2t a phai co
af(x) < 0
2/. Muon co x2 > x1 > ta phai co
af ( ) 0
S
0
2
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Toan Hoc
3/. Muon co x1 < x2 < ta phai co af ( ) 0

S
0
2
af ( ) 0
4/. Muon co x1< < < x2 ta phai co
af ( ) 0
5/. Muon co x1< < x2 < ta phai co
x1 x 2
ta phai co
x1 x 2
af ( ) 0
af ( ) 0
6/. Muon co
f ( ) f ( ) 0
7/. Muon co < x1 < x2 < ta phai co
0
af ( ) 0
af ( ) 0
Chu y:
1/. Muon co x1 < 0 < x2
2/. Muon co x2 > x1 > 0
3/. Muon co x1 < x2 <
Van e 7:
1/.
2K
2/.
2K
ta phai co
P<0
ta phai co
P 0
S 0
ta phai co
P 0
S 0
PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH CHA CAN
B 0
AB
2K
A B
A B
A 2K B
A 0(hayB 0)
3/. 2k 1 A 2k 1 B A B
1/.
2K
A 0
A B B 0
A B 2K
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2/.
3/.
4/.
5/.
2K
Toan Hoc
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B 0
A 0
A B
B 0
A B 2 K
2 K 1
A B A B2 K 1
A 0
A B C B 0
2
( A B ) C
A 0
B 0
A B C
C0
A B
1. Ap dung:
V d 1: Gii phng trnh:
C2
2 x 1 x 2 3x 1 0 (H Khi D 2006)
2 x 1 x2 3x 1 (*), t iu kin ri bnh phng 2 v ta c:
Bin i phng trnh thnh:
x 4 6 x 3 11x 2 8x 2 0 ta d dng nhm c nghim x = 1 sau chia a thc ta c:

(*) (x 1)2(x2 4x + 2) = 0.
V d 2: Gii bt phng trnh: 4 x 1 2 x 10 1 3 2 x , K: x

2
3
2
pt x2 2 x 1 x 5 2 x 3 2 x ( x 5) 3 2 x 9 5x (1), Vi x
3
hai v (1) u khng
2
m nn ta bnh phng 2 v: x3 x2 5x 3 0 x 3 x 1 0
2
b) Tng t vi 2 dng: *
V d 1: Gii bt phng trnh
Gii
f x g x
f x g x
2 x2 6 x 1 x 2 0 1
2 x 2 6 x 1 x 2 bt phng trnh tng ng vi h:
x 2
x 2 0
3 7
3 7
3 7
2
2
x
6
x
x3
x
2
2
2
2
2 x 6 x 1 x 2 1 x 3
V d 2: Tm m phng trnh x2 2mx 1 m 2 c nghim.

Gii
* Nu m < 2 phng trnh v nghim.
* Nu m 2 phng trnh x22mxm2+4m3=0. Phng trnh ny c =2m24m+3>0 vi mi m.
Vy vi m 2 th phng trnh cho c nghim.
V d 3: Tm m phng trnh
Gii:
2 x2 mx 3 x 1 c hai nghim phn bit.
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Toan Hoc
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x 1
Cch 1: PT 2
, phng trnh (*) lun c 2 nghim:
x m 2 x 4 0, (*)
2 m m2 4m 20
2 m m2 4m 20
0, x2
0 . Phng trnh cho c 2 nghim (*) c 2
2
2
m 4
nghim x 1 x2 1 4 m m2 4m 20
m 1
2
2
4 m m 4m 20
Ch : + x1 > 0, x2 < 0 v x1 > x2 v a.c < 0 nn pt c 2 nghim tri du.
+ Cch 1 thng dng khi h s a lun dng hoc lun m.
+ Cch 2: t t = x + 1 suy ra x = t 1, khi vi x 1 t 0 .
x1
(*) tr thnh: t 1 m 2 t 1 4 0 (**). (*) c 2 nghim x 1 th (**) phi c 2 nghim t 0 .

2
V d 4: (H Khi B 2006). Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim thc phn bit: x2 mx 2 2 x 1 , (1)
2 x 1 0
Gii: pt 2
(1) c hai nghim thc phn bit th (2) c hai nghim ln hn hoc
3x m 4 x 1 0, 2
2
m 4 12 0
1
9
1
bng hay f 0
m .
2
2
2
S
1

2
2
1
1
Ch : Cch 2: t t x , khi (2) c hai nghim ln hn hoc bng th
2
2
2
1
1
3 t m 4 t 1 0 c hai nghim thc ln hn hoc bng 0.
2
2
3. Cc k nng:
1.1. a. bnh phng 2 v phng trnh bt phng trnh th mt l ta bin i cho 2 v khng
m hai l t iu kin cho 2 v khng m.
V d 1: Gii bt phng trnh: 5x 1 x 1 2 x 4 (H Khi A 2005)
V phi khng m, nhng v tri cha nhn xt c do ta phi bin i thnh:
khi ta bnh phng 2 v ri a v dng c bn gii.
x x 1 x x 2 2 x 2
5x 1 x 1 2 x 4
1 .
Gii
x 1
iu kin: x 2 *
x 0
1 2 x 2 x 2
x 2 x 1 x 2 4 x 2 2 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 2 x 1
4 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 1
x2 8x 9 0
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim x=0, x
9
.
8
(Hy tm thm cch gii khc)

V d 3: Tm m phng trnh
2 x2 mx x2 4 0 c nghim.
HD: Chuyn v, t iu kin, bnh phng hai v tm c x1,2

c |m| 4.
1.2. Chuyn v phng trnh bt phng trnh tch:
- t nhn t chung, hng ng thc
m m2 16
. Kt hp vi iu kin ta tm
2
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Toan Hoc
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Lu : s dng phng php ny ta phi ch n vic thm, bt, tch, phn tch...
V d 4: Gii phng trnh: x2 x 7 7 .
HD:
Bnh phng hai v.
Dng hng ng thc a2 b2=0.
1 29
Nghim x 2, x
.
2
x2
x4
V d 5: Gii cc bt phng trnh: a.
b. x 2 3x 2 x 2 3x 2 0
2
1 1 x
S: a. 1x<8, b. ; 2 3; .
2
V d 6: (Khi B 2007): Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr dng ca tham s m, phng trnh sau c hai
nghim thc phn bit: x 2 2 x 8 m x 2 .(1)

Gii: K: x 2 , do m > 0.
x 2
pt x 2x 4 mx 2 3
. chng minh m 0 , phng trnh (1) c
2
x
6
x
32
m
,
(
2
)
2 nghim phn bit th ch cn chng minh phng trnh (2) c mt nghim khc 2.
Tht vy: t f x x3 6 x 2 32, x 2 , ta c f(2) = 0, lim f x , f ' x 3x 2 12 x 0, x 2
x
nn f(x) l hm lin tc trn 2; v ng bin trn khong suy ra m 0 phng trnh (2) lun c
nghim x0 m 2 < x0 < .
1.3. Chuyn v dng: A1 + A2 +....+ An = 0 vi Ai 0, 1 i n khi pt tng ng vi:
A1 0, A2 0,
An 0 .
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: 4 x2 3x 3 4 x x 3 2 2 x 1 .
HD: Phng trnh tng ng 4 x 2 4 x x 3 x 3 1 2 2 x 1 2 x 1 0 .

Gii
S: x=1.
4x y 2 y 2 4x2 y .
Bnh phng hai v ta c 2 x 1 y 2 2

2
y 2 4x2 y 0 x
1
, y 2.
2
1.4. S dng lp phng:

Vi dng tng qut 3 a 3 b 3 c ta lp phng hai v v s dng hng ng thc
3 a 3 b 3 c
3
. Gii h ny ta c
a b a3 b3 3ab a b khi phng trnh tng ng vi h
3
a
3
abc
nghim ca phng trnh.

3
V d: Gii bt phng trnh 3 x 1 3 x 2 3 2 x 3 .
S: x 1; x 2; x .
2
1.5. Nu bt phng trnh cha n mu:
1.5.1. TH1: Mu lun dng hoc lun m th ta quy ng kh mu:
V d 1: Gii bt phng trnh:
2 x 2 16
x3
x3
7x
x3
(H Khi A2004)
Gii
K: x 4 .
2 x 2 16 x 3 7 x 2 x 2 16 10 2 x
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x 4
10 2 x 0
10 2 x 0
2 x 2 16 10 2 x 2

Toan Hoc
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x5
10 34 x 5
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l: x 10 34 .

1.5.2. TH2: Mu m dng trn tng khong th ta chia thnh tng trng hp:
V d 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh: a. x 3 x 2 4 x 2 9
b.
a. Xt ba trng hp x=3, x>3 v x<3.
HD:
b. Xt hai trng hp ca x1.

II. Phng php t n ph:
Dng 1: F
51 2 x x 2
1.
1 x
5
S: x x 3 .
6
S: 1 52 x 5 x 1 .
f x 0 , t t n f x (lu nu n chn ta phi thm iu kin t 0).
V d 2: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim: x2 2 x 2m 5 2 x x 2 m2 .

Gii
2
t: t 5 2 x x 2 6 x 1 t 0; 6 .
Khi phng trnh tr thnh t 2 2mt m2 5 0 * t m 5 . Phng trnh cho c nghim khi (*)
0 m 5 6
5 m 6 5
c nghim t 0; 6 hay
.
5 m 6 5
0 m 5 6
V d 3: Tm m bt phng trnh: m( x 2 2 x 2 1) x 2 x 0 , (1) c nghim x 0;1 3 .
Gii: t t x 2 2x 2 x 2 2x t 2 2 . Nu x 0;1 3 th t
BPT tr thnh: m t 1 2 t 2 0, 2
x 12 1 1;2
t2 2
t2 2
2
, dng th ta tm c m .
m , vi 1 t 2 . t f t
3
t 1
t 1
Dng 2:
Khi ta c
1.6.
f x g x 2n f x g x n f x g x p 0 , t t
f x g x , bnh phng hai v
biu din cc i lng cn li qua t.

V d 1: Cho phng trnh
3 x 6 x m
3 x 6 x .
a. Gii phng trnh khi m=3.

b. Tm m phng trnh cho c nghim.
Gii
t: t 3 x 6 x t 2 9 2
3 x 6 x * . p dng bt ng thc Cauchy
3 x 6 x 9
nn t (*) ta c 3 t 3 2 .
Phng trnh cho tr thnh t22t9=2m (1).
a. Vi m=3 (1) t22t3 t =3. Thay vo (*) ta c x=3, x=6.
b. PT cho c nghim khi v ch khi (1) c nghim t 3;3 2 . Xt hm s f t t 2 2t 9 vi
t 3;3 2 , ta thy f(t) l mt hm b nn: 6 f (3) f t f 3 2 9 6 2 vi t 3;3 2 . Do vy
6 2 9
(1) c nghim t 3;3 2 khi v ch khi 6 2m 9 6 2
m3
2
Ch : tm min gi tr ca t ta c 2 cch thng dng nh sau:
p
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Cch 1: dng BT nh bi trn
Toan Hoc
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2: dng pp hm s ( xem phn PP hm s ).
V d 2: Gii phng trnh x 3 35 x3 x 3 35 x3 30 .

HD: t: t 3 35 x3 x 3 35 x3
t 35
. S: x=2, x=3.
3t
3
7 x 7 7 x 6 2 49x2 7 x 42 181 14x .

6
HD: t t 7 x 7 7 x 6 0 x 6 .
7
1.7. Dng 3:
V d 3: Gii bt phng trnh
f x , n g x 0 , trong F(t) l mt phng trnh ng cp bc k.
TH1: Kim tra nghim vi g x 0 .

TH2: Gi s g x 0 chia hai v phng trnh cho g k x v t t n
f x
g x
V d 1: Gii phng trnh 5 x3 1 2 x 2 2 .

K: x 1 . 5 x3 1 2 x2 2 5
x 1 x2 x 1 2 x2 x 1 2 x 1
x 1
x 1
5 2
20
x2 x 1
x x 1
t 2
x 1
2
t t
, t 0 . Phng trnh tr thnh 2t 5t 2 0 1 .
t
x2 x 1
2
Vi t=2: Phng trnh cho v nghim.
1
5 37
Vi t : Phng trnh cho c nghim x
.
2
2
2
V d 2: Gii phng trnh

Gii
K: x 5 .
5x2 14 x 9 x 2 x 20 5 x 1 .
5x2 14 x 9 x2 x 20 5 x 1 5x2 14x 9 5 x 1 x2 x 20
Bnh phng hai v: 2 x 2 4 x 5 3 x 4 5
4 x 5 x 4
x2 4 x 5
3
, t 0. phng trnh tr thnh 2t 2 5t 3 0 t 1, t .
x4
2
5 61
5 61
Vi t = 1: Phng trnh cho c nghim x
5, x
5.
2
2
3
7
Vi t : Phng trnh cho c nghim x 8 5, x 5 .
5
2
5 61
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim: x
, x 8.
2
t t
V d 3: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim: 3 x 1 m x 1 2 4 x2 1 .

HD: K x 1 . Xt hai trng hp x = 1 v x 1, Chia hai v phng trnh cho
x 2 1 t
1
x 1 4
2
1
0 t 1 . S 1 m .
x 1
x 1
3
1.8. Dng 4: (t n ph khng trit ).
t4
af x g x
f x h x 0 . t t
f x , khi phng trnh tr thnh at 2 g x t h x 0 .
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Toan Hoc
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V d: Gii phng trnh 2 1 x x2 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 .

HD
t t x2 2 x 1 x 1 6 .
(Phng php ny c th p dng cho cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh lng gic, m, logrit, rt hay!)
1.9. Dng 5: (t n ph vi hm lng gic).
Khi gii cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh lng gic chng ta thng tm mi cch t n ph
chuyn v phng trnh, bt phng trnh i s. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp cch l ngc li t ra kh
hiu qu, bng nhng tnh cht ca hm lng gic ta s a cc bi ton i s v bi ton lng gic v gii
quyt bi ton lng gic ny.
Lu vi tnh cht c bn:
* sin a 1, cos a 1.
* sin 2 a cos2 a 1 .
* 1 tan 2 a
1
cos2 a
* 1 cot 2 a
1
.
sin 2 a
V d 1: Gii phng trnh 1 1 x 2 2 x 2 .

Gii
K x 1 . t x cos t , t 0; . Khi phng trnh tr thnh
1
3
. Khi x cos t 1 sin 2 t
.
2
2

Nhn xt: * Nu bi ton c tp xc nh u x a . Ta c th ngh n cch t u x a sin t , t ;
2 2
hoc t u x a cos t , t 0; .
1 1 cos2 t 2 cos2 t 2sin2 t sin t 1 0. Ta tm c: sin t

* Nu u x 0; a ta c th t u x a sin 2 t , t 0; .
2
V d 2: Gii phng trnh x3
1 x
2 3
x 2 1 x 2 .
HD: t x cos t , t 0; da v phng trnh lng gic sin t cos t 1 sin t cos t 2 sin t cos t . gi
phng trnh ny ta li t u sin t cos t , u 2 .
S: x
2
1 2 2 2
.
, x
2
2
V d 3: Gii phng trnh 1 x2 4 x3 3x . S: x
2 2
.
4
, x
1.10. Dng 6: (t n ph a v h phng trnh).
* Khi gp phng trnh c dng F f x , n a f x , m b f x 0 .

F u, v 0
t u n a f x , v m b f x . Khi ta c h phng trnh sau: n
. Gii h ny tm u, v
m
u v a b
ri ta li tm x. Khi tm x ta ch gii mt trong hai phng trnh u n a f x hoc v m b f x .

* Khi gp phng trnh c dng f n x b a n af x b .
t n b ay
t t f x , y n af x b ta c h n
.
y b at
V d 2: Gii phng trnh 2 x 2 4 x
x3
.
2
Gii
p
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Toan Hoc
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F 'c
x3
2
2 x 1 2
2
x 1 2
x 1
1 .
2
2
1
2
t 1 y
x 1
t
t
2 . Gii thm cht na

t t x 1, y
1
1 y 2 1 . Ta c h phng trnh
2
2
2
y2 1 1 t
2
3 17
5 13
ta c kt qu!
S: x
.
, x
4
4
Ch : bi ny khng th s dng phng php bnh phng v khng nhm c nghim, nn ta phi bin i
xut hin nhng biu thc ging nhau v t ta t n ph.
2. Phng php hm s
Cc tnh cht:
Tnh cht 1: Nu hm f tng (hoc gim) trn khong (a;b) th phng trnh f(x)=k (kR) c khng qu mt
nghim trong khong (a;b).
Tnh cht 2: Nu hm f tng (hoc gim) trn khong (a;b) th u, v (a,b) ta c f (u) f v u v .
Tnh cht 3: Nu hm f tng v g l hm hng hoc gim trong khong (a;b) th phng trnh f(x)=g(x) c nhiu
nht mt nghim thuc khong (a;b).
nh l Lagrange: Cho hm s F(x) lin tc trn on [a;b] v tn ti F'(x) trn khong (a;b) th c a; b :
K x 3 . 2 x 2 4 x
x 1 1
2
1
2
F b F a
. Khi p dng gii phng trnh: nu c F(b) F(a) = 0 th

ba
c a; b : F ' c 0 F ' x 0 c nghim thuc (a;b).
nh l Rn: Nu hm s y=f(x) li hoc lm trn min D th phng trnh f(x)=0 s khng c qu hai nghim
thuc D.
T cc tnh cht trn ta c 3 phng n bin i nh sau:
Phng n 1: Bin i phng trnh v dng: f(x) = k, nhm mt nghim ri chng minh f(x) ng bin (nghch
bin) suy ra phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
Phng n 2: Bin i phng trnh v dng: f(x) = g(x), nhm mt nghim ri dng lp lun khng nh f(x)
ng bin cn g(x) nghch bin hoc hm hng suy ra phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
Phng n 3: Bin i phng trnh v dng: f(u) = f(v) chng minh f(x) n iu khi ta c: u = v.
V d: Gii phng trnh:
K: x
4 x 1 4 x2 1 1
1
1
. t f x 4 x 1 4 x 2 1 . Min xc nh: x , f ' x
2
2
Do hm s ng bin vi x
2
4x 1
4x
4 x2 1
0.
1
1
, nn phng trnh nu c nghim th l nghim duy nht. Thy x l
2
2
nghim ca phng trnh.

i vi phng trnh cha tham s ta thc hin nh sau:
Xt phng trnh f(x,m) = g(m), (1)
B1: Lp lun s nghim phng trnh (1) l s giao im ca th (C ): y = f(x,m) v ng thng
d: y = g(m).
B2: Lp bng bin thin cho hm s y = f(x,m)
B3: Kt lun: * phng trnh c nghim: min f x, m g m max f x, m .
xD
xD
* phng trnh c k nghim: d ct (C) ti k im.

* phng trnh v nghim khi: d khng ct (C ) .
V d 1: Tm m phng trnh:
TX: R
x2 x 1 x2 x 1 m c nghim.
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Toan Hoc
diendan.shpt.info
Xt hs: y f x x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 , Df = R, y '
2x 1
x2 x 1
2x 1
x2 x 1
2 x 1 2 x 1 0
(v.nghim)
y ' 0 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
2
2
2
2
2
x
1
x
2
x
1
x
Mt khc: f(0) = 1 > 0 suy ra y > 0 nn hm s ng bin.

2x
lim lim
1
2
x
x
x x 1 x2 x 1
Gii hn:
2x
lim lim
1
2
x
x
x x 1 x2 x 1
BBT:
x
y
y
+
1
Vy phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi 1 < m < 1.

Ch : Trong bi ton trn nu khng thc hin vic xc nh gii hn hm s, rt c th chng ta ng nhn tp
gi tr ca hm s l R v dn n vic kt lun sai lm rng phng trnh c nghim vi mi m. Do vic tm
gii hn trong bi ton kho st l rt cn thit tm ra tp gi tr.
V d 2: Tm m bt phng trnh sau c nghim: mx x 3 m 1 , K: x 3
bpt
1
1 x 3
5 x
1 x 3
. y ' 0 x 5 . lim y 0 v f(3) = .
m , xt hs y
y'
2
x
x 1
2
x 1
2 x 3 x 1
BBT:
x
y
y
3
+
5
0
y(5)
1
2
0
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim y 5 m m
V d 3: Tm m phng trnh: x x x 12 m
Gii: K: 0 x 4
pt ( x x x 12)
3 1
4
5 x 4 x c nghim.
5 x 4 x m xt hs y f x ( x x x 12)
5 x 4 x . Min xc
nh: D 0; 4
Nhn xt:
Hm s h x x x x 12 ng bin trn D.
Hm s g x 5 x 4 x ng bin trn D.
Suy ra y = f(x) = h(x).g(x) l hm ng bin trn D. Vy phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi
f 0 m f 4
V d 4: Bin lun theo m s nghim phng trnh: x 3 m x2 1
p
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Gii: Phng trnh c vit li di dng:
x3
x2 1
S nghim ca phng trnh l s giao im ca (C): y

Lp BBT :
x
y
Toan Hoc
diendan.shpt.info
1/3
0
x3
x2 1
v ng thng: y = m.
10
KL:
1
m 1 m 10 : phng trnh v nghim.
1 m 1hoc m 10 : phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
1 m 10 : phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit.
V d 5: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
x 1 3 x
x 13 x m , (1)
Gii: K: 1 x 3 . t t x 1 3 x , lp BBT ca t(x) vi 1 x 3 ta c 2 t 2

1
Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh: t2 + t + 1 = m, lp bng bin thin ca hm s v tri vi
2
kt lun: 1 m 2 .
Van e 8:
2 t 2 t
PHNG TRNH CO DAU GIA TR TUYET OI
A B
1/.
B 0
A B
A B
B 0
A B
2/. A B
A B
f ( x) g ( x)
Chu y:
x 0
f ( x ) g ( x)
f ( x) g ( x)
x 0
Van e 9:
B A B
B 0
1/. A B
BAT PHNG TRNH CHA GIA TR TUYET OI
B 0
2/.
A B
A B
B 0
A B
B 0
3/. A B A 2 B 2
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Van e 1:
1.
Toan Hoc
BANG TCH PHAN
Cong thc NewTon _ Leibnitz :

b
f ( x)dx F ( x)
b
a
F (b) F (a)
2.
vi F(x) la nguyen ham cua f(x) tren [a, b}

Tch phan tng phan :
b
udv [u.v] vdu

b
a
vi u, v lien tuc va co ao ham lien tuc tren [a, b]

3.
oi c so :
b
f ( x)dx f (t ). ' (t )dt
vi x = (t) la ham so lien tuc va co ao ham (t) lien tuc tren [a, b] , t
a = (), b = (), f[(t)] la ham so lien tuc tren [, ]
4.
Tnh chat :
b
a)
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
b)
f ( x)dx 0
a
c)
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx

c
d) [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx
a
e)
Kf ( x)dx K f ( x)dx
a
f) Neu
f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
,K R
m f(x) M th
b
m(b a) f ( x)dx M (b a)
a
5.
Bang tch phan :

TT
1
Cong thc
0dx C
dx x C
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x 1
c ( 1)
1
1 (ax b) 1
(
ax
b
)
dx
.
c
a
1
1
1
x dx ( 1) x 1 c ( 1)
dx
1
(ax b) a( 1)(ax b) 1 c
dx
x Ln x c
dx
1
ax b a Ln ax b c
Kdx Kx c , K R
Toan Hoc
x dx
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
e dx e c
1
e dx a e
x
ax b
ax b
ax
c
ln a
Sinxdx Cosx c
x
a dx
Sin(ax b)dx a Cos(ax b) c

Cosxdx Sinx c
1
14
Cos(ax b)dx a Sin(ax b) c
15
Cos
16
Sin
17
18
19
20
21
22
( 1)
dx
2
dx
2
Tanx c
Cotx C
dx
arcTanx c
1
dx
1
x
x 2 a 2 a arcTan a c
dx
1
xa
x 2 a 2 2a ln x a c
dx
1 ax
a 2 x 2 2a ln a x c
dx
x
a 2 x 2 arcSin a c
dx
x a
2
(a 0)
ln x x 2 a c
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23
24
25
x 2
a2
x
a x2
arcSin c
2
2
a
a 2 x 2 dx
x 2 a dx
dx
dx
sin x ln tan 2 C
27
cos x ln tan 2 4 C
(x
dx
1 x
1
x
2 2
arctan C
2 2
2
a )
2a x a
a
a
b
29
(a 0)
x 2
a
x a ln x x 2 a c
2
2
dx
1
xa
( x a)( x b) a b ln x b C
26
28
Toan Hoc
diendan.shpt.info
Ch :
eb
f (t)dt
t
ea
f (e )dx
Lu y: oi vi cac bai tch phan dang lng giac nh ap dung cac cong thc lng giac phu hp e giai.
Van e 2:
Dang 1: Gia s ta can tnh
Tnh tch phan bang phng phap oi bien so
g( x )dx .
Neu viet c g(x) di dang: g( x ) f u( x ).u '( x) th

b
u( b )
u( a )
g( x )dx
f (u)du
Dang 2: Gia s ta can tnh
f ( x )dx .
at x = x(t) (t K) va a, b K thoa man = x(a), = x(b)

th
f ( x)dx f x(t) x '(t)dt g(t)dt
g(t) f x(t).x '(t)
Dang 2 thng gap cac trng hp sau:
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f(x) co cha
Toan Hoc
Cach oi bien
hoac
hoac
hoac
Van e 3:
Tnh tch phan bang phng phap tch phan tng phan
Vi P(x) la a thc cua x, ta thng gap cac dang sau:

Th t t u: Logarit a thc -Lng gic - M
Van e 4:
Thiet lap cong thc truy hoi
Gia s can tnh tch phan I n f ( x , n)dx (n N) phu thuoc vao so nguyen dng n. Ta thng gap mot so
a
yeu cau sau:
Thiet lap mot cong thc truy hoi, tc la bieu dien In theo cac In-k (1 k n).
Chng minh mot cong thc truy hoi cho trc.
Tnh mot gia tr I n cu the nao o.
0
1.
Dien tch hnh phang
Van e 5:
NG DUNG TCH PHAN
Dien tch S cua hnh phang gii han bi cac ng:

o th (C) cua ham so y = f(x) lien tuc tren oan [a; b].
Truc hoanh.
b
Hai ng thang x = a, x = b.la:
S f ( x ) dx (1)
a

o th cua cac ham so y = f(x), y = g(x) lien tuc tren oan [a; b].
Hai ng thang x = a, x = b. la:
b
S f ( x ) g( x ) dx
(2)
Chu y:
p
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Toan Hoc
Neu tren oan [a; b], ham so f(x) khong oi dau th:
b
f ( x ) dx
f ( x )dx
Trong cac cong thc tnh dien tch tren, can kh dau gia tr tuyet oi cua ham so di dau tch phan.
Ta co the lam nh sau:
Bc 1: Giai phng trnh: f(x) = 0 hoac f(x) g(x) = 0 tren oan [a; b]. Gia s tm
c, d (c < d).
Bc 2: S dung cong thc phan oan:
b
c 2 nghiem
f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx
a
f ( x )dx f ( x )dx f ( x )dx
(v tren cac oan [a; c], [c; d], [d; b] ham so f(x) khong oi dau)
o th cua x = g(y), x = h(y)(g va h la hai ham so lien tuc tren oan [c; d])
Hai ng thang x = c, x = d.
d
S g( y) h( y) dy
c
2.
The tch vat the

Goi B la phan vat the gii han bi hai mat phang vuong goc vi truc Ox tai cac iem cac iem a va b.
S(x) la dien tch thiet dien cua vat the b cat bi mat phang vuong goc vi truc Ox tai iem co hoanh o
x (a x b). Gia s S(x) lien tuc tren oan [a; b].
b
The tch cua B la: V S( x )dx

a
The tch cua khoi tron xoay:

The tch cua khoi tron xoay do hnh phang gii han bi cac ng:
(C): y = f(x), truc hoanh, x = a, x = b (a < b)
sinh ra khi quay quanh truc Ox:
b
V f 2 ( x )dx
a
Chu y: The tch cua khoi tron xoay sinh ra do hnh phang gii han bi cac ng sau quay xung quanh truc
Oy:
d
2
(C): x = g(y), truc tung, y = c, y = d la: V g ( y )dy
c
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Van e 1:
TT
1
diendan.shpt.info
Toan Hoc
MOT SO KIEN THC C BAN VA THNG DUNG TRONG VIEC GIAI TOAN
HNH HOC KHONG GIAN.
HNH VE
KIEN THC
d
d // //
a // b
d a
d b
b
a// neu va ch neu tren co a , a//a
2
3
a // d
a
a //
a // d
a //
a //
d
a
Neu cha a va b cat nhau, trong o a// , b// th //
P a
P b a // b
//
b
A'
AB A' B '
BC B 'C '
B'
Q
C
C'
8
a
d
P
Neu P // Q // R th chung se chan tr6n hai cat tuyen bat ky a, b

nhng oan thang t le.
b
Q
9
10
P Q d
R P a
a // b // d
R Q b
d // R
Neu a th a b , b
a neu va ch neu a vuong goc vi hai ng thang b, c cat
nhau trong
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11
Neu a// b va a th b
Neu a th b th a//b
// va a th a
Neu a va a th //
Toan Hoc
12
13
14
A'
15
b
a
b'
16
Neu a cheo b
* Co mo tva ch mot ng vuong goc chung
* Co mot va ch mot mat phang cha ng thang nay va song
song vi ng kia
* Co hai mat phang song song va moi mat cha mot ng
NG VUONG GOC VA NG XIEN
* oan vuong goc chung OH la oan ngan nhat
* Hai oan xien dai bang nhau co hnh chieu dai bang nhau va
ngc lai.
OA = OA HA = HA
*Hai oan xien co o dai khac nhau th oan xien dai hn co hnh
chieu dai hn va ngc lai.
OB > OA HB > HA
NH LY 3 NG VUONG GOC
a va ng xien b co hnh chieu vuong goc tren la b , ta
co : a b' a b
17
a
Neu va d th vi moi a ma a d th
a
d
d P
P
P
S : Dien tch cua mot hnh phang H

S: Dien tch cua hnh chieu vuong goc cua H la H
: Goc gia mat phang cha H va mat phang cha H
S ' S.Cos
Van e 2:
Khoang cach trong khong gian
Tnh cc khong cch gia mt im v mt phng
1.
Phng php : tnh khong cch t mt im n mt mt phng , ta phi i tm on vung gc v t im

n mt phng , ta hay dng mt trong hai cch sau :
Cch 1 :
Tm mt mt phng (Q) cha M v vung gc vi (P) .
Xc nh m P Q .
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Toan Hoc
Dng MH m P Q ,
MH P
suy ra MH l on cn tm .
Cch 2: Dng MH / / d
o Ch :
Nu MA / / d M , d A , .
2.
Nu MA I
d M ,
d A ,
IM
IA
Khong cch t mt ng thng n mt mt phng:
a P
Khi
Khi a / / P
a P
d a , P 0 .
d a , P d A , P vi A P .
3.
Khong cch t mt mt phng n mt mt phng :
Khi P Q d P , Q 0 .

P Q
Khi P / / Q
d P , Q d M , Q
vi A P .
4.
Khong cch gia hai ng thng
Khi '
d , ' 0
'
Khi / / ' d , ' d M , ' d N , vi M , N ' .

Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau :
ng vung gc chung ca hai ng thng cho nhau
v ' l ng thng a ct M v ct
' N ng thi vung gc vi c v ' .

on MN c gi l on vung gc chung ca hai ng
thng cho nhau
v ' .
Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau l di on

vung gc chung ca hai ngthng .
Phng php :
Cch 1 : Dng mt phng (P) cha ng thng a v song song vi b .Tnh khong cch t b n mp(P)
.
Cch 2 : Dng hai mt phng song song v ln lt cha hai ng thng . Khong cch gia hai mt
phng l khong cch cn tm .
Cch 3 : Dng on vung gc chung v tnh di on .
Cch dng on vung gc chung ca hai ng thng cho nhau :

p
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Toan Hoc
diendan.shpt.info
a b
Dng mt mp P b , P a ti H .
Trong (P) dng HK b ti K .
Cch 1: Khi
on HK l on vung gc
chung ca a v b .
Cch 2:
Dng P b , P / / a .
Dng
a ' hch P a , bng cch ly M a
dng on
MN
, lc a l
ng thng i qua N v song song a .

Gi H a ' b , dng HK / / MN
HK l on vung gc chung cn tm .
Van e 3:
Cach xac nh goc trong khong gian
1. Goc gia hai ng thang:

Chon iem O tuy y
Dng qua O: a// a; b// b
Goc (a,b) = goc (a,b) = AOB
Thng chon iem O a hoac O
2.
O
b'
Goc gia hai mat phang:

Cch 1 : Dng nh ngha :
P , Q a , b trong :
a'
a P
b Q
Cch 2 : Dng nhn xt :

R P Q
.
R P p P , Q p , q
R Q q
Cch 3 : Dng h qu :
M Q
H hch P M
P
,
Q
MNH
HN m P Q
Lu y: . 0 900
3.
Goc gia ng thang va mat phang:

a a , 900 ;
a / /
0;
a a , 0
a , a , a '
a ' hch a
tm
a ' hch a
ta ly ty im
M a
, dng
hch a a ' AH , A a a , MAH
MH
ti H , suy ra
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Van e 4:
Toan Hoc
HNH V MT S HNH CHP C BIT
Hnh chp tam gic u
1.
Hnh chp tam gic u:

y l tam gic u
Cc mt bn l nhng tam gic cn
c bit: Hnh t din u c:
y l tam gic u
Cc mt bn l nhng tam gic u
Cch v:
V y ABC
V trung tuyn AI
Dng trng tm H
V SH (ABC)
Ta c:
SH l chiu cao ca hnh chp
Gc gia cnh bn v mt y l:
Gc gia mt bn v mt y l:
B
Hnh chp t gic u
2.
Hnh chp t gic u:

y l hnh vung.
Cc mt bn l nhng tam gic cn
Cch v:
V y ABCD
Dng giao im H ca hai ng cho AC v BD
V SH (ABCD)
Ta c:
SH l chiu cao ca hnh chp
Gc gia cnh bn v mt y l:
Gc gia mt bn v mt y l:
Hnh chp c mt canh bn vung gc vi y
3.
S
SA (ABC)
Gc gia cnh bn SB v mt y l:
Gc gia cnh bn SC v mt y l:
SA (ABCD)
Gc gia cnh bn SB v mt y l:
Gc gia cnh bn SC v mt y l:
Gc gia cnh bn SD v mt y l:
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Toan Hoc
Phng php xc nh ng cao cc loi khi chp:
4.
Loi 1: Khi chp c 1 cnh gc vung vi y chnh l chiu cao.

Loi 2: Khi chp c 1 mt bn vung gc vi y th ng cao chnh l ng k t mt bn n giao
tuyn.
Loi 3: Khi chp c 2 mt k nhau cng vung gc vi y th ng cao chnh l giao tuyn ca 2
mt k nhau .
Loi 4: Khi chp c cc cnh bn bng nhau hoc cc cnh bn cng to vi y 1 gc bng nhau th
chn ng cao chnh l tm vng trn ngoi tip y.
Loi 5: Khi chp c cc mt bn u to vi y 1 gc bng nhau th chn ng cao chnh l tm
vng trn ni tip y.
Van e 5:
1.
DIEN TCH & THE TCH HNH CHOP
DIN TCH:
1.1.
Din tch xung quanh, ton phn ca hnh chp U:

n: s cnh y;
a: di cnh y;
d: di trung on.
B: l din tch y.
Din tch ton phn:

2.
TH TCH:
Th tch khi chp:
V=
1
Bh
3
(din tch y l a gic)
Th tch t din:
a, b: di hai cnh i
d: di on vung gc chung
: gc ca hai cnh i
3.
T S TH TCH (ch )
+ Cch 1:
o
Xc nh a gic y
Xc nh ng cao ( phi chng minh ng cao vung gi vi mt phng y)
Tnh th tch khi chp theo cng thc
+ Cch 2
o
Xc nh a gic y
Tnh cc t s di ca ng cao (nu cng a gic y) hoc din tch y (nu

cng ng cao) ca khi chp nh v khi chp cho v kt lun th tch khi cn
tm bng k ln th tch khi cho
+ Cch 3: dng t s th tch

S
Hai khi chp S.MNK v S.ABC c chung nh S v gc
nh S
K
n
N
C
B
Ta c :
VS .MNK SM SN SK
.
.
VS . ABC
SA SB SC
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Toan Hoc
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, cnh bn SA vung gc vi mt phng
y v SA = 2a . Gi I l trung im SC. Tnh th tch khi chp I.ABCD
S
I
A
M : S ABCD
4.
Gii
Gi O l giao im AC v BD
Ta c : IO // SA v SA (ABCD)
IO (ABCD)
1
VI . ABCD .S ABCD .IO
3
O
CSA
1
a3
a 2 ; IO
a ; Vy VI . ABCD .a 2 .a
3
3
2
HNH CHP CT
Hnh chp ct l phn hnh chp nm gia y v
thit din song song vi y
Hnh chp ct t hnh chp u gi l hnh chp ct
u.
D'
A'
B'
C'
D
A
H
B
C
4.1.
DIN TCH
Din tch xung quanh ca hnh chp ct u:
n: s cnh y;
a, a: cnh y
d: di trong on, chiu cao ca mt bn
4.2.
TH TCH
V: th tch hnh chp ct

: th tch hnh chp
: th tch hnh chp trn
(
B, B: l din tch y;
1.
h: l chiu cao
Van e 6:
-
HNH LNG TR
Lng tr ng l lng tr c cnh bn vung gc vi y

Lng tr u l lng tr ng c y l a gic u
Lng tr u c cc mt bn l nhng hnh ch nht bng nhau
Lng tr xin c cc cnh bn khng vung gc vi y
DIN TCH:
Lng tr :
p
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Trong :
Toan Hoc
p: chu vi thit din phng

l: di cnh bn
Lng tr ng:
Trong : p: chu vi y
h: chiu cao
2.
TH TCH:
Th tch lng tr:
V= B.h
; trong : {
- Th tch lng tr tam gic ct:

Lng tr tam gic ct l hnh a din c hai y l tam gic c cnh bn song song khng bng nhau
; trong {
Van e 7:
1.
HNH TR - HNH NN HNH CU
HNH TR
1.1.
Din tch:
Din tch xung quanh:
Din tch ton phn:
Trong : R: bn knh y; h: chiu cao
1.2.
Th tch:
; R: bn knh y;
2.
h: chiu cao
HNH NN
2.1. Din tch:
Din tch xung quanh:
Din tch ton phn:
Trong : R: bn knh y; l: di ng sinh
2.2.
Th tch:
; R: bn knh y;
2
3.
h: chiu cao
h2 R2
HNH NN CT
3.1.
Din tch:
Din tch xung quanh:
Din tch ton phn:
Trong : R, R: bn knh y;
)
(
l: di ng sinh
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3.2.
Th tch:
(
4.
Toan Hoc
; R,R: bn knh y;
h: chiu cao
HNH CU
Din tch mt cu:
; trong : R: bn knh mt cu
Th tch mt cu:
Van e 8:
GII HNH HC KHNG GIAN BNG PHNG PHP TA
1. PHNG PHAP:
Bc 1: Chon he truc toa o Oxyz thch hp (chu y en v tr cua goc O)
Bc 2: Xac nh toa o cac iem co lien quan
(co the xac nh toa o tat ca cac iem hoac mot so iem can thiet)
Khi xac nh toa o cac iem ta co the da vao :
Y ngha hnh hoc cua toa o iem (khi cac iem nam tren cac truc toa o, mat phang toa
o).
Da vao cac quan he hnh hoc nh bang nhau, vuong goc, song song ,cung phng , thang
hang, iem chia oan thang e tm toa o
Xem iem can tm la giao iem cua ng thang, mat phang.
Da vao cac quan he ve goc cua ng thang, mat phang.
Bc 3: S dung cac kien thc ve toa o e giai quyet bai toan
Cac dang toan thng gap:
o dai oan thang
Khoang cach t iem en mat phang
Khoang cach t iem en ng thang
Khoang cach gia hai ng thang
Goc gia hai ng thang
Goc gia ng thang va mat phang
Goc gia hai mat phang
The tch khoi a dien
Dien tch thiet dien
Chng minh cac quan he song song , vuong goc
Bai toan cc tr, quy tch
Bo sung kien thc :
1) Neu mot tam giac co dien tch S th hnh chieu cua no co dien tch S ' bang tch cua S vi cosin cua goc
gia mat phang cua tam giac va mat phang chieu
S ' S. cos
2) Cho khoi chop S.ABC. Tren ba ng thang SA, SB, SC lay ba iem A', B', C' khac vi S
Ta luon co:
S . A ' B 'C '
V S . ABC
2.
SA ' SB ' SC '
.
.
SA SB SC
Chn h trc ta Oxyz trong khng gian
Ta c : Ox, Oy, Oz vung gc tng i mt. Do , nu trong m hnh cha cc cnh vung gc th ta u
tin chn cc ng ln lt thuc cc trc ta . C th :
p
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Toan Hoc
Vi hnh lp phng hoc hnh hp ch nht ABCD. A' B' C' D'
Vi hnh lp phng .
Chn h trc ta sao cho :
A(0;0;0) ; B( a;0;0) ; C( a; a;0) ; D(0; a;0)
C
D
A '(0;0; a) ; B '( a;0; a) ; C '( a; a; a) ; D'(0; a; a)

Vi hnh hp ch nht.
A(0;0;0) ; B( a;0;0) ; C( a; b;0) ; D(0; b;0)

A '(0;0; c) ; B '( a;0; c) ; C '( a; b; c) ; D'(0; b;c)
Vi hnh hp y l hnh thoi ABCD. A' B' C' D'
- Gc ta trng vi giao im O ca hai

ng cho ca hnh thoi ABCD
D
O
- Trc Oz i qua 2 tm ca 2 y
D
O
Vi hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD

Chn h trc ta nh hnh v
Gi s cnh hnh vung bng a v ng cao
SO h
Chn O(0;0;0) l tm ca hnh vung
a 2
a 2
; C
;
0
;
0
;
0
;
0
a 2 a 2
B 0;
;0 ; D 0;
;0 ; S (0;0; h)
2
2
Khi : A
A
O
Vi hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC

Chn h trc ta nh hnh v
Gi s cnh tam gic u bng a v ng cao
bng h . Gi I l trung im ca BC
Chn h trc ta nh hnh v sao cho
I(0;0;0)
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Toan Hoc
a
a
2
2
a 3 a 3
C 0;
;0 ; S 0;
; h
2
6
Khi : A ;0;0 ; B ;0;0
Vi hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh ch nht v SA (ABCD)

ABCD l hnh ch nht AB a; AD b
chiu cao bng h

A(0;0;0)
Khi : B a;0;0 ; C a; b;0
D 0; b;0 ; S (0;0; h)
Vi hnh chp S.ABC c ABCD l hnh thoi v SA (ABCD)
ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a

chiu cao bng h
O(0;0;0)
A
O
Vi hnh chp S.ABC c SA (ABC) v ABC vung ti A
Tam gic ABC vung ti A c

AB a; AC b ng cao bng h .
A(0;0;0)
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A
B
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Toan Hoc
Khi : B a;0;0 ; C 0; b;0
S 0;0; h
Vi hnh chp S.ABC c SA (ABC) v ABC vung ti B
Tam gic ABC vung ti B c

BA a; BC b ng cao bng h .
B(0;0;0)
Khi : A a;0;0 ; C 0; b;0
S a;0; h
Vi hnh chp S.ABC c (SAB) (ABC), SAB cn ti S

v ABC vung ti C
ABC vung ti C CA a; CB b
chiu cao bng h
H l trung im ca AB
C(0;0;0)
Khi : A a;0;0 ; B 0; b;0
a b
S ( ; ; h)
2 2

v ABC vung ti A
ABC vung ti A AB a; AC b
chiu cao bng h
H l trung im ca AB
A(0;0;0)
p
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Toan Hoc
Khi : B a;0;0 ; C 0; b;0
a
S (0; ; h)
2
v ABC vung cn ti C
Tam gic ABC vung cn ti C c
CA CB a ng cao bng h .
H l trung im ca AB
H(0;0;0)
;0;0 ; A 0;
;0
2
2
B 0;
;0 ; S 0;0; h
2
Khi : C
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Van e 1:
1.
Toan Hoc
BAT ANG THC
nh ngha :
Dang : A > B, A B
A < B, A B
2.
Tnh chat :
a) a b b a
a b
ac
b c
b)
c) a b a c b c
ac bc,
ac bc,
d) a b
c0
c0
a b
ac bd
c d
e)
a b 0
ac bd
c d 0
f)
1 1
a b
g) a b
1 1
a b
3.
; khi ab 0
; khi ab 0
BT Co Si :
Cho n so t nhien khong am a1, a2, a3,......, an
a1 a 2 a 3 ....... a n
a1 a 2 a 3 .......a n
a a 2 a3 ....... a n
hay a1 a 2 a3 .......a n 1
Dau ang thc xay ra a1 = a2 = a3 = ......... = an

4.
BT Bunhia Cop ski (ch )

Cho a1, a2, a3,......, an, b1, b2, b3,......, bn la nhng so tc khi o:
(a1b1 a2 b2 ..... an bn ) 2 (a1 a2 .... an )(b1 b2 .... bn )

2
Dau ang thc xay ra ai = k.bi , i = 1 , 2 , 3,......, n

5.
BT BecnuLi :
Ta co : (1 + a)n 1 + na
Cho : a > 1, n N
a 0
n 1
ang thc xay ra
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6.
Toan Hoc
BT tam giac :
A B A B
ang thc xay ra AB 0
Van e 2:
Cp s cng, cp s nhn
1. Cp s cng:
. nh ngha: Dy s u1 , u 2 ,....., u n gi l mt cp s cng c cng sai d nu: u k u k 1 d
. S hng th n: u n u1 (n 1)d
. Tng n s hng u tin:
n
n
S n u1 u 2 .... u n (u1 u n ) 2u1 (n 1)d
2
2
2. Cp s nhn:
- nh ngha: Dy s u1 , u 2 ,....., u n gi l mt cp s nhn c cng bi q nu: u k u k 1 .q . S hng th n:
u n u1 .q n1
. Tng n s hng u tin:
1 qn
S n u1 u2 .... un u1
(q 1)
1 q
3.
V du:
9.
a.
Chng minh:
ab c
ab bc ca
; a,b,c 0
3
3
2
a b c
a2 b2 c2 2ab 2bc 2ca ab bc ca
a2 b2 c2 ab bc ca
ab c
3
5.
ab bc ca
3
bc ca ab
Chng minh:
a b c ; a, b, c 0
a
b
c
p dng BT Csi cho hai s khng m

bc ca
abc2
bc ba
b2ac
ca ab
a2bc
2
2c ,
2
2b ,
2
2a
a
b
ab
a
c
ac
b
c
bc
bc ca ab
a b c .
a
b
c
a
b
c
3
19. Chng minh:
; a , b , c > 0t X = b + c , Y = c + a , Z = a + b.
b c a c a b 2
1
a + b + c = (X + Y + Z)
2
Y ZX
Z XY
X YZ
a
,b
,c
2
2
2
a
b
c
1 Y X Z X Z Y
3
b c a c a b 2 X Y X Z Y Z
1
3
2 2 2 3 .
2
2
3x
1
26. Cho y
, x 1 . nh x y t GTNN.
2 x 1
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y
3(x 1)
1
3
2
x 1 2
3 x 1
1
:
,
2
x 1
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s khng m

y
Toan Hoc
3 x 1
1
3
3 x 1 1
3
3
2
.
6
2
x 1 2
2
x 1 2
2
Du = xy ra
6
1
x
3 x 1
1
2
2
3
x1
2
x 1
3
6
1(loai )
x
3
Vy: Khi x
6
1 th y t GTNN bng
3
38. (i hc 2002 d b 6)
Cho tam gic ABC c din tch bng
3
2
3
. Gi a, b, c ln lt l di cc cnh BC, CA, AB v h a,
2
hb, hc tng ng l di cc ng cao k t cc nh A, B, C. Chng minh rng:

1
1
1 1 1 1
a b c h h h 3
a
b
c
Giai
1
1
1
aha bhb chc
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2S
2S
2S
(a b c)
ha =
; hb =
; hc =
ha hb hc 2S
a
b
c
Ta c din tch tam gic: S =
1 1
(a b c)

a b c ha hb hc 2S
a b c
1
p dng BT Csi ta c: (a + b + c) 9
a b c
v v S =
1
1 9
3
1 1 1 1
, nn ta c: 3
2
a b c ha hb hc 3
44. (i hc khi D 2005)

Cho cc s dng x, y, z tho mn xyz = 1. Chng minh rng:
1 x3 y3
1 y3 z3
1 z3 x3
3 3
xy
yz
zx
Khi no ng thc xy ra?

Giai: 1 + x3 + y3 3 3 1.x3 .y3 = 3xy
Tng t:
Mt khc
1 y3 z3
yz
3
xy
3
yz
3
yz
3
zx
33
1 x3 y3
xy
(1)
xy
1 z3 x3
zx
(2);
3
xy
yz zx
3
xy
(3)
zx
3
yz
3
zx
3 3
(4)
Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3), (4) ta c pcm.

ng thc xy ra (1), (2), (3), (4) l cc ng thc x = y = z = 1.
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Van e 1:
Toan Hoc
VECT VA TOA O :
M ( x, y) OM xe1 ye2
Cho
A( xA, yA )
B( xB, yB )
1). AB ( x B x A , y B y A )
2). AB ( x B x A , y B y A ) 2
x A xB
x
2
3). Toa o trung iem I cua AB :
y y A yB
2
x A k .x B
x 1 k
4). Toa o iem M chia AB theo t so k 1 :
y y A k. y B
1 k
Phep toan : Cho
a (a1 , a 2 )
b (b1 , b2 )
a1 b1
a 2 b2
1). a b
2). a b (a1 b1 , a2 b2 )
3). m. a (ma1 , ma2 )
4). a b a1b1 a 2 b2
5). a
a1 a 2
2
6). a b a1b1 a2 b2 0
7). Cos a , b
a1b1 a 2 b2
a1 a 2 . b1 b2
2
Van e 2:
1.
NG THANG
Phng trnh tham so :
x x0 a1t
y y0 a2t
Vect ch phng
a (a1 , a 2 )
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2.
3.
Phng trnh tong quat :
Toan Hoc
2
Ax + By + C = 0 ( A + B 0)
Phap vect n ( A, B)
Vect ch phng
He so goc
Nu A = 0
nn
// Ox ( C = 0 th Ox)
Nu B = 0
nn
// Oy ( C = 0 th Oy)
Ox: y = 0; Oy: x = 0
a ( B, A) ( hay a ( B, A) )
A
B
( B 0)
Phng trnh phap dang :
A
A B
2
4.
B
A B
2
C
A B2
2
Phng trnh ng thang qua M( x0, y0) co he so goc K :
y y 0 K ( x x0 )
5.
Phng trnh ng thang qua A(xA, yA) va B(xB, yB) :

(x xA)(yB yA) = (y yA)(xB xA)
hay
6.
x xA
y yA
xB x A yB y A
Phng trnh ng thang qua A( a, 0) , B( 0,b) ( oan chan)
x y
1
a b
7.
Phng trnh chnh tac :
* Quy c :
8.
x x0 y y 0
M ( x0 , y 0 ), a (a, b)
a
b
x x0 y y 0
x x0 0
0
b
x x0 y y 0
y y0 0
a
0
Phng trnh ng thang qua A(a, 0), B(0, b) ( oan chan ) :
x y
1
a b
Lu : Cho d: Ax + By + C = 0
d // d d: Ax + By + C = 0 (C C)
d d d: Bx Ay + C = 0 hay Bx + Ay + C = 0
9.
Khoang cach t mot iem M(x0, y0) en Ax + By + C = 0 :
Ax 0 By 0 C
A2 B 2
Lu :
p
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Toan Hoc
d(M, Ox) = yM
d(M, Oy) = xM
10. V tr tng oi cua hai ng thang :
d1: A1x + B1y + C1 = 0; d2: A2x + B2y + C2 = 0
A1
B1
A2 B2
C1
Dx
B1
C 2 B2
Dy
A1 C1
A2 C 2
* d1 cat d2 D 0
D 0
D 0
hay
Dx 0
D y 0
* d1 d 2 D Dx D y 0
* d1 // d 2
Chu y : A2, B2, C2 0
A1 B1
A2 B2
A
B
C
d1 // d 2 1 1 1
A2 B2 C 2
A
B
C
d1 d 2 1 1 1
A2 B2 C 2
d1 cat d2
11. Goc cua hai ng thang d1 va d2 :
Cos
Xac nh bi cong thc :
n1.n2
A1 A2 B1 B2
n1 . n2
A B12 A22 B22

2
1
Nu d1, d2 l cc ng thng khng ng:

d1 : y = k1x + b1; d2 : y = k2x + b2
tan(d1 , d 2 )
k 2 k1
1 k1.k 2
12. Phng trnh ng phan giac cua cac goc tao bi d1 va d2 :
t1 t2
A1 x B1 y C1
A B
2
1
2
1
A2 x B2 y C2
A22 B22
Chu y : Tm phn gic gc nhn hay gc t

Phng trnh ng phan giac Phng trnh ng phan giac
Dau cua n1 n2
goc nhon tao bi d1, d2
goc tu tao bi d1, d2
t1 = t2
t1 = t2
+
t1 = t2
t1 = t2
*
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Van e 3:
1.
Toan Hoc
NG TRN
Phng trnh ng trn:

ng trn (C) c tm I(a;b) bn knh R
Phng trnh chnh tc: (C): (x a)2 + (y b)2 = R2
Phng trnh tng qut: (C): x2 + y2 2ax 2by + c = 0
Trong : c = a2 + b2 R2 R =
Cho ng cong (C): x2 + y2 2ax 2by + c = 0
iu kin (C) l ng trn l: a2 + b2 c > 0
2.
S tng giao gia ng thng v ng trn:
Cho (C): x2 + y2 2ax 2by + c = 0, c tm I(a;b), bn knh R

d: Ax + By + C = 0
Xt v tr tng i gia (C) v d:
Phng php 1:
d(I,d) > R
d khng ct (C)
d(I,d) = R
d tip xc (C)
d(I,d) < R
d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit
Phng php 2:
x 2 y 2 2ax 2by c 0
Xt h phng trnh to bi d v (C):
Ax By C 0
H v nghim
d khng ct (C)
H c nghim kp
d tip xc (C)
H c hai nghim phn bit

3.
d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit.
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn

Cho (C): x2 + y2 2ax 2by + c = 0, c tm I(a;b), bn knh R
d: Ax + By + C = 0
3.1. Dng 1: Tip tuyn ca (C) ti M(x0;y0) c dng:
Hay
3.2.
)(
)(
Dng 2: Tip tuyn ca (C) i qua M(x0;y0)
Gi d l ng thng qua M(x0; y0) c h s gc k

(
)
d tip xc (C)
d(I,d) = R
3.3. Dng 3: Tip tuyn ca (C) song song (hoc vung gc) vi ng thng : Ax + By + C = 0
Gi d [
d tip xc (C)
d(I, d) = R
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3.4.
Toan Hoc
Dng 4: Tip tuyn ca (C) khi bit trc h s gc k:

Tip tuyn c h s gc k c dng:
: y = kx + b
: kx y + b = 0
tip xc (C)
d(I, d) = R
4.
Phng trnh tch ca mt im M(x0; y0) i vi ng trn (C):
PM /(C ) x02 y 20 2ax0 2by0 c

PM/(C) > 0: M nm ngoi ng trn
PM/(C) < 0: M nm trong ng trn
PM/(C) = 0: M nm trn ng trn
5.
Trc ng thc
Cho (C1): x2 + y2 2a1x 2by1 + c1 = 0, (C2): x2 + y2 2a2x 2by2 + c2 = 0
Khi phng trnh trc ng thc: : 2(a1 a2)x + 2(b1 b2)y (c1 c2) = 0
Van e 4:
1.
Tam gic u cnh a:

a) ng cao: h =
2.
a 3
;
2
b) S =
a2 3
4
c) ng cao cng l ng trung tuyn, ng phn gic, ng trung trc

Tam gic vung:
a) S =
3.
CAC CONG THC HNH HOC C BAN:
1
ab (a, b l 2 cnh gc vung)
2
b) Tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic l trung im ca cnh huyn

Tam gic vung cn (na hnh vung):
1 2
a (2 cnh gc vung bng nhau)
2
b) Cnh huyn bng a 2
a) S =
4.
Na tam gic u:
a) L tam gic vung c mt gc bng 30o hoc 60o
b) BC = 2AB
5.
7.
d) S =
a2 3
8
Tam gic cn:

a) S =
6.
c) AC =
a 3
2
1
ah (h: ng cao; a: cnh y)
2
b) ng cao h t nh cng l ng trung tuyn, ng phn gic, ng trung trc

Hnh ch nht:
S = ab (a, b l cc kch thc)
Hnh thoi:
S=
1
d1.d2 (d1, d2 l 2 ng cho)
2
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8.
Hnh vung:
9.
a) S = a2
Hnh bnh hnh:
diendan.shpt.info
b) ng cho bng a
Toan Hoc
S = ah (h: ng cao; a: cnh y)

10. ng trn:
a) C = 2 R (R: bn knh ng trn)
b) S =
R2 (R: bn knh ng trn)
11. CC NG TRONG TAM GIC

1. ng trung tuyn: G: l trng tm ca tam gic
a) Giao im ca 3 ng trung tuyn ca tam gic gi l trng tm
b) * BG =
1
2
BN; * BG = 2GN; * GN = BN
3
3
2. ng cao: Giao im ca ca 3 ng cao ca tam gic gi l trc tm

3. ng trung trc: Giao im ca 3 ng trung trc ca tam gic l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic
4. ng phn gic: Giao im ca 3 ng phn gic ca tam gic l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic
Van e 5:
PT chnh tac
Ly thuyet
Truc ln, o dai
Truc nho, o dai
Lien he a, b, c
Tieu iem
nh
x2 y 2
1
a 2 b2
(a 2 b 2 )
x2 y 2
1
a 2 b2
(a 2 b 2 )
Ox, 2a
Oy, 2b
c2 = a2 b2
F1( c, 0), F2( c, 0)
A1,2( a, 0)
B1,2(0, b)
Oy, 2b
Ox, 2a
2
c = b2 a2
F1(0, c), F2( 0, c)
A1,2( a, 0)
B1,2(0, b)
c
a
a
x
e
c
b
b
y
e
MF1 = a + ex
MF2 = a ex
MF1 = b + ey
MF2 = b ey
x0 x y0 y
2 1
a2
b
x a
y b
2a 2
c
x0 x y0 y
2 1
a2
b
x a
y b
2a 2
c
Tam sai
ng chuan
Ban knh qua tieu
Pt tiep tuyen tai M(x0 , y0)
Pt hnh ch nhat c s
Khong cch gia 2 ng
chun bng nhau
1.
ELIP
Tip tuyn Elip:

Cho Elip (E):
x2 y2
1
a
b
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Toan Hoc
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (E) ti M(x0; y0)
d:
x.x0 y. y0
2 1 b 2 x.x0 a 2 y. y0 a 2b 2
a2
b
a2A2 + b2B2 = C2
Van e 6:
HYPEBOL
ng thng d: Ax + By + C = 0 tip xc (E)
PT chnh tac
Ly thuyet
Truc thc, o dai
Truc ao, o dai
Lien he a, b, c
Tieu iem
nh
x2 y 2
1
a 2 b2
y 2 x2
1
b2 a 2
Ox, 2a
Oy, 2b
c2 = a2 + b2
F1( c, 0), F2( c, 0)
A1,2( a, 0)
Oy, 2b
Ox, 2a
c2 = a2 + b2
F1(0, c), F2( 0, c)
B1,2(0, b)
c
a
a
x
e
b
y x
a
c
b
b
y
e
b
y x
a
Tam sai
ng chuan
Tiem can
Ban knh qua tieu
M nhanh phai
MF1 = ex + a
MF2 = ex a
M nhanh trai
MF1 = (ex + a)
MF2 = (ex a)
Khong cch gia hai

ng chun bng nhau
1. Tip tuyn ca Hyperbol:
Cho (H):
M nhanh phai
MF1 = ey + b
MF2 = ey b
M nhanh trai
MF1 = (ey + b)
MF2 = (ey b)
2a 2
c
2a 2
c
x2 y 2
1
a 2 b2
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (H) ti M(x0; y0)
d:
x.x0 y. y0
2 1
a2
b
ng thng d: Ax + By + C = 0 tip xc (H)
Van e 7:
Pt chnh tac
Ly thuyet
Tieu iem
ng chuan
a2A2 b2B2 = C2
PARAPOL
y2 = 2px
y2 = 2py
x2 = 2px
x2 = 2px
p
F ,0
2
p
x
2
p
F ,0
2
p
x
2
p
F 0,
2
p
y
2
F 0,
2
p
y
2
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Toan Hoc
Bn knh qua tiu

im
1. Tip tuyn ca Parapol (P): y2 = 2px
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (P) ti M(x0; y0) c dng d: y.y0 = p(x + x0)
iu kin ng thng : Ax + By + C = 0 tip xc (P): B2p = 2AC
----------------------------------------------------------------
Van e 1:
VECT VA TOA O :
M x, y, z OM x e 1 y e 2 z e 3
a (a1 , a2 , a3 ) a a1 e1 a2 e2 a3 e3
Cho A( xA , y A , z A ), B( xB , yB , zB )
1). AB ( xB x A , yB y A , z B z A )
2). AB ( xB xA )2 ( yB y A ) 2 ( z B z A ) 2
x A kxB
x 1 k
y kyB
4). Toa o iem M chia AB theo t so k 1 : y A

1 k
z A kz B x
1 k
Van e 2:
y
O
Phep toan
a (a1 , a2 , a3 )
Cho
b (b1 , b2 , b3 )
a1 b1
1). a b a2 b2
a b
3 3
2). a b (a1 b1 , a2 b2 , a3 b3 )
3). m a (ma1 , ma2 , ma3 )
4). a b a1b1 a2b2 a3b3
2
2
2
5). a a1 a2 a3
6). a b a1b1 a2b2 a3b3 0
7). Cos a , b
a1b1 a2b2 a3b3

a12 a22 a32 . b12 b22 b32
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8). sin a, b
diendan.shpt.info
Toan Hoc
a1b2 a2b1 a1b3 a3b1 a2b3 a3b2

2
a12 a22 a32 b12 b22 b32
9). Tch vo hng cua hai Vect
a2 a3 a3 a1 a1 a2
a , b b b , b b , b b
2 3 3 1 1 2
a
a a
1. Vct a cng phng vi b 1 2 3
b2 b2 b3
x xB
y yB
z z
2. im I ca on AB : xI A
; yI A
; zI A B
2
2
2
3. Ta trng tm G ca tam gic ABC :
xG
xA xB xC
y yB yC
z z z
; yG A
; zG A B C
3
3
3
4. Ta trng tm G ca t din ABCD :
xG
1.
xA xB xC xD
y yB yC yd
z z z zD
; yG A
; zG A B C
4
4
4
nh ngha :
Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai vct a (a1; a2 ; a3 ), b (b1; b2 ; b3 ) .
Tch c hng ca hai vct a v b l mt vct, k hiu l a, b , v c xc nh nh sau :
a a a a a a
a, b 2 3 ; 3 1 ; 1 2

b2 b3 b3 b1 b1 b2
2.
Tnh cht :
a cng phng vi b a, b 0
2. a, b vung gc vi c hai vct a v b

3. b, a a, b

1.
4.
a, b a . b .sin(a; b)

5. Xt s ng phng ca ba vct : Ba vct a; b; c ng phng a, b .c 0
Bn im A, B, C, D to thnh t din AB, AC . AD 0
1
1
2
AB, AC
AB.AC AB.AC
2
2
2. Tnh th tch hnh hp : VABCD. A ' B 'C ' D ' AB, AC . AD
1
3. Tnh th tch t din : VABCD AB, AC . AD
6
1. Tnh din tch tam gic : SABC
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Toan Hoc
4. Tm ta chn ng cao ca t din : AH l ng cao ca t din ABCD. Ta im H cho
AH BC
AH .BC 0
AH .BD 0
bi : AH BD
BC , BD, BH ong phang

[ BC , BD]BH 0
Van e 3:
1.
PHNG TRNH CUA MAT PHANG
Phng trnh tham s :

Mt phng ( ) i qua M ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) v c cp VTCP a (a1; a2 ; a3 ), b (b1; b2 ; b3 ) c phng trnh
tham s l :
x x0 a1t1 b1t2
y y0 a2t1 b2t2
z z a t b t
0
31
3 2
2.
(t1 , t2 )
Phng trnh tng qut :
n ( A; B; C )
Mt phng ( ) i qua M ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) v c VTPT n ( A; B; C ) c
phng trnh tng qut l :
M0
A( x x0 ) B( y y0 ) C ( z z0 ) 0
Mi mt phng u c phng trnh tng qut dng :
Ax By Cz D 0 vi A B C 0 (1)
2
Ngc li, mi phng trnh c dng (1) u l phng trnh ca mt

mt phng v mt phng c mt VTPT l n ( A; B; C ) .
3.
Phng trnh mt phng theo on chn :

Mt phng ( ) khng i qua gc ta O
v ct Ox ti A(a;0;0) , ct Oy ti B(0; b;0)
ct Oz ti C (0;0; c) c phng trnh l :
O
a
x y z
( ) : 1 .
a b c
4.
b
B
Cc dng chnh tc :
Mt phng ( )
Phng trnh
VTPT
Qua gc ta
Ax + By + Cz = 0 (D = 0)
n ( A; B; C )
Song song Ox hay vung gc (Oyz)
By + Cz + D = 0
n (0; B; C )
Qua (cha) Ox
By + Cz = 0
n (0; B; C )
Song song Oy hay vung gc (Oxz)
Ax + Cz + D = 0
n ( A;0; C )
Qua (cha) Oy
Ax + Cz = 0
n ( A;0; C )
Song song Oz hay vung gc (Oxy)
Ax + By + D = 0
n ( A; B;0)
Qua (cha) Oz
Ax + By = 0
n ( A; B;0)
Vung gc Oz hay song song (Oxy)
Cz + D = 0
n (0;0; C )
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5.
Toan Hoc
Trng (Oxy)
z=0
n (0;0;1)
10
Vung gc Ox hay song song (Oyz)
Ax + D = 0
n ( A;0;0)
11
Trng (Oyz)
x=0
n (1;0;0)
12
Vung gc Oy hay song song (Oxz)
By + D = 0
n (0; B;0)
13
Trng (Oxz)
y=0
n (0;1;0)
Chm mt phng :
Tp hp tt c cc mt phng qua giao tuyn ca hai
mt phng ( ) v ( ) c gi l mt chm mt phng.
Gi d l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng
( ) : A1 x B1 y C1z D1 0 v ( ) : A2 x B2 y C2 z D2 0 .
Khi mi mt phng (P) cha (d) c phng trnh dng :
m( A1 x B1 y C1 z D1 ) n( A2 x B2 y C2 z D2 ) 0, m2 n2 0
6.
V TR TNG I CA HAI MT PHNG

Cho hai mt phng ( ) : A1 x B1 y C1z D1 0 v ( ) : A2 x B2 y C2 z D2 0 .
1. ( ) ct ( ) A1 : B1 : C1 A2 : B2 : C2 ;
2. ( ) // ( )
A1 B1 C1 D1
A2 B2 C2 D2
3. ( ) ( )
A1 B1 C1 D1
;
A2 B2 C2 D2
4. ( ) ( ) A1A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0

7.
GC GIA HAI MT PHNG

Gc gia hai mt phng (1 ) : A1 x B1 y C1z D1 0 v ( 2 ) : A2 x B2 y C2 z D2 0 l gc
(vi 00 900 ) tha mn : cos
n1.n2
n1 . n2
A1 A2 B1B2 C1C2
A12 B12 C12 A22 B22 C22
trong n1 ; n2 l hai vct
php tuyn ca (1 );( 2 ) .

8.
KHONG CCH
1. Khong cch t im M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) n mt phng ( ) : Ax By Cz D 0 l
d (M , )
Ax0 By0 Cz0 D

A2 B 2 C 2
2. Khong cch gia hai mt phng song song : d ( , ) d ( M , ), M ( ) .

3. Khong cch t M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) n cc mt phng ta :
Khong cch t im
M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )
n mt phng ta
Oxy
d M ; mpOxy z 0
Oxz
d M ; mpOxz y0
Oyz
d M ; mpOyz x0
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Van e 4:
1.
Toan Hoc
PHNG TRNH NG THANG
CC DNG PHNG TRNH NG THNG

i qua
Phng trnh
VTCP
Ghi ch
1) Phng trnh tham s :
M ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )
A( xA ; y A ; z A )
B( xB ; yB ; zB )
x x0 a1t
y y0 a2t ;(t )
z z a t
0
3
u (a1 , a2 , a3 )
2) Phng trnh chnh tc :

x x0 y y0 z z0
a1
a2
a3
3) x xA y y A z z A
xB z A yB y A zB z A
AB
4) Phng trnh tng qut :
Giao tuyn
ca hai mt
phng
1.1.
A1 x B1 y C1 z D1 0
A2 x B2 y C2 z D2 0
Nu mu bng 0 th t bng
0.
vi A1 : B1 : C1 A2 : B2 : C2
Phng trnh ca cc trc ta :
x t
Trc Ox c VTCP i 1;0;0 Ox : y 0

z 0
x 0
Trc Oy c VTCP j 0;1;0 Oy : y t

z 0
x 0
Trc Oz c VTCP k 0;0;1 Oz : y 0

z t
1.2.
Chuyn dng phng trnh tng qut sang dng tham s, chnh tc :
n1 A1 ; B1 ; C1
VTPT ca hai mt phng l :
n2 A2 ; B2 ; C2
VTCP ca d : u n1 , n2
Tm im M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) ( ) ( ) Phng trnh chnh tc :

t t s ny bng t Phng trnh tham s
2.
x x0 y y0 z z0
a1
a2
a3
V TR TNG I CA HAI NG THNG
d1 qua A v c VTCP l u
Gi s :
d 2 qua B v c VTCP l v
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Toan Hoc
1. d1 v d 2 cho nhau 3 vct u; v; AB khng ng phng u; u . AB 0 .
u ; v 0

3 vect u; v; AB khong ong phang
2. d1 v d 2 ct nhau
u; v . AB 0
2 vect u; v khong cung phng
u ; v 0

3. d1 song song d 2
u; AB 0
u ; v 0

4. d1 trng d 2
u; AB 0
5. d1 d2 u.v 0
6. d1 v d2 ng phng u, v AB 0
V TR TNG I CA NG THNG V MT PHNG
3.
qua M ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )
.
c VTCP l u (a; b; c)
+ ng thng d :
+ Mt phng ( ) c VTPT l n ( A; B; C )
1. d ct ( ) u.n 0 ;
u.n 0
M ( P)
2. d song song vi ( )
u.n 0
;
M ( P)
3. d nm trong ( )
4. d ( ) n cung phng vi u a : b : c A : B : C
u d
n
M
4.
GC GIA NG THNG V MT PHNG

4.1.
Gc gia hai ng thng :
u (a1 ; a2 ; a3 )
d1
+ d1 i qua M1(x1; y1; z1) v c VTCP u (a1; a2 ; a3 )

+ d2 i qua M2(x2; y2; z2) v c VTCP v (b1; b2 ; b3 )
d2
v (b1 ; b2 ; b3 )
0 0 90 0
Gc 00 ;900 gia d1 , d2 xc nh bi :
cos cos(u, v)
u.v
u.v
a1b1 a2b2 a3b3

a12 a22 a32 b12 b22 b32
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4.2.
Toan Hoc
Gc gia ng thng v mt phng :
+ d i qua M0(x0; y0; z0) v c VTCP u (a; b; c)
u (a; b; c)
n ( A; B; C )
+ mp() c VTPT n ( A; B; C )
Gc 0 ;90 gia d v mp() xc nh bi :

0
00 900
sin cos(u, n)
u.n
u.n
aA bB cC
a 2 b 2 c 2 A2 B 2 C 2
5.
KHONG CCH
5.1. Khong cch t mt im n mt mt phng :
Khong cch t im M ( xM ; yM ; zM ) n mt phng ( ) : Ax By Cz D 0
d M , ( )
AxM ByM CzM D

A2 B 2 C 2
. Nu ( ) song song vi ( ) th d ( ),( ) d M ( ),( )

. Nu ng thng song song vi mp ( ) th d ,( ) d M ,( )
5.2.
Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng :
. Cho ng thng i qua A v c VTCP u .
. Khong cch t im M ( xM ; yM ; zM ) n ng thng l :
d M , ()
5.3.
A( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) H
Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau :
1 qua A v c VTCP l u
Gi s
2 qua B v c VTCP l v
Khi khong cch gia hai ng thng 1 v 2 l :
d 1 , 2
6.
[u, v]. AB
[u, v]
HNH CHIU V S I XNG

6.1. im
im M(x; y; z)
Chiu ln
Ta l
Ox
(x; 0; 0)
Oy
(0; y; 0)
Oz
(0; 0; z)
mp(Oxy)
(x; y; 0)
mp(Oxz)
(x; 0; z)
mp(Oyz)
(0; y; z)
[ AM , u ]
im M(x; y; z)
i xng qua
Ox
Oy
Oz
mp(Oxy)
mp(Oxz)
mp(Oyz)
Gc ta
diendan.shpt.info
Ta l
(x; y; z)
( x; y; z)
( y; x; z)
(x; y; z)
(x; y; z)
( x; y; z)
( x; y; z)
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diendan.shpt.info

ng thng
6.2.
Hnh chiu
ln mt phng ta
Phng trnh
Oxy
x x0 a1t
y y0 a2t
z 0
Oxz
x x0 a1t
y 0
z z a t
0
3
Oyz
x 0
y y0 a2t
z z a t
0
3
ca ng thng d
x x0 a1t
y y0 a2t
z z a t
0
3
Van e 5:
1.
Toan Hoc
CAC DANG TOAN VE PHNG TRNH MAT PHANG TRONG KHONG GIAN
Dng 1: Vit PT mp i qua A(x0; y0 ;z0) v c VTPT
n =(A;B;C)
A(x-x0) + B(y-y0) + C(z-z0) = 0

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
2.
Dng 2:Vit pt mt phng i qua A(x0; y0 ;z0) v // mp (Q)
VTPT n Q = (A;B;C)
- V (P) // (Q) VTPT n P = n Q = (A;B;C)
- PT mp (P) i qua A v c VTPT n P
- T ptmp(Q)
3.
Dng 3: Vit pt mp i qua A(x0; y0 ;z0) v vung gc vi ng thng d
- T (d)
VTCP u d = (A;B;C)
- V (P) vung gc vi (d)
Chn VTPT n P= u d =(A;B;C)
Vit ptmp (P) i qua A v c vtpt n P.

4.
Dng 4: Vit ptmp i qua A v
- T pt mp (Q) v (R)
- V (P)
(Q) , (R)
VTPT n Q ; VTPT n R
(Q) v (R) VTPT n P nQ v n P n R
Chn n P = [ n Q; n R]
- Vy pt mp (P) i qua A v c VTPT
5.
n P = [ n Q; n R]
Dng 5: Vit Pt mp (P) i qua 3 im A,B,C khng thng hng
a = [ AB , AC ]
- PT mp (P) i qua A v c VTPT n P= a = [ AB , AC ]
- Tnh
AB , AC
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6.
Dng 6: Vit ptmp (P) i qua A,B v
Toan Hoc
(Q)
AB , vtpt n Q v tnh [ AB , n Q]
- V A, B (P) ; (Q) (P) nn chn n P=[ AB , n Q]
- Tnh
- Vit ptmp (P)

7.
Dng 7: Vit ptmp (P) i qua A ;
- Tnh VTPT
(Q) v // vi dt (d)
n Q ca mp (Q); VTCP u d ca ng thng (d).
- Tnh [ u d, n Q]
- V (P) (Q) v // (d) nn VTPT
- T vit c PT mp (p)
8.
n P = [ u d, n Q]
Dng 8: Vit ptmp (P) l trung trc ca AB.
- Tnh trung im I ca ABv
AB
- Mp (P) i qua I v nhn
lm VTPT.
9.
AB
Dng 9: Vit pt mp(P) cha (d) v i qua A
u d ca ng thng (d) v tm im M (d)

- Tnh AM v [ u d, AM ]
- Ptmp (P) i qua A v c VTPT n P =[ u d, AM ].
- Tnh VTCP
10. Dng 10: Vit pt mp (P) cha (d) v // ( )
u d v im M (d)
( ) VTCP u v tnh [ u d, u ]
- T (d)
- T
VTCP
- PT mp (P) i qua M v c VTPT
n = [ u d, u ].
11. Dng 11: Vit Pt mp(P) cha (d) v
(Q)
u d v im M (d)
- T (Q) VTPT n Q v tnh [ u d, n Q]
- PT mp (P) i qua M v c VTPT n =[ u d, n Q].
- T (d) VTCP
12. Dng 12:Vit PT mp (P) // vi (Q) v d(A;(P))=h

- V (P) // (Q) nn pt mp (P) c dng Ax + By +Cz + D=0
( theo pt ca mp (Q) , trong D DQ)
- V d(A,(P))= h nn thay vo ta tm c D
- Thay A,B,C,D ta c PT mp (P) cn tm.
13. Dng 13: Vit PT mp(P) cha (d) v d(A,(P))=h
- Gi VTPT ca mp (P) l
n P = (A,B,C) vi k l A2 + B2 + C2 >0
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Toan Hoc
u d v im M (d)
- V (d) nm trong (P) u d. n P=0 (1)
- T (d)
VTCP
- PT mp (p) i qua M: A(x-x0) + B(y-y0) + C(z-z0) = 0

- d(A,(P)) = h (2)
- Gii (1);(2) ta tm c A,B theo C t chn A,B,C ng t l , ta vit c PT mp(P).
14. Dng 14:Vit Pt mp(P) cha (d) v hp vi mp (Q) mt gc
900
n P = (A,B,C) vi k l A2 + B2 + C2 >0
u d v im M (d)
(P) u d. n P=0 (1)
- T (d)
VTCP
- V d
- Tnh cos ((P),(Q)) (2)
- T (1) v (2) ta tm c A,B theo C t chn A,B,C ng t l , ta vit c PT mp(P).
15. Dng 15:Vit Pt mp (P) cha (d) v hp vi t( )mt gc
900
n P = (A;B;C) vi k l A2 + B2 + C2 >0
u d v im M (d)
- V d (P) u d. n P=0 (1)
- Tnh sin ((P),( )) (2)
- T (d)
VTCP
- H (1) v (2) tm c A,B theo C t chn A,B,C ng t l , ta vit c PT mp(P).

16. Dng 16: Cho A v (d) , vit PT mp (P) cha (d) sao cho d(A,(P)) l ln nht
- Gi H l hnh chiu ca A ln (d)
- Ta c : d(A,(P)) = AK AH
(tnh cht ng vung gc v ng xin)
Do d(A(P)) max AK = AH K H
- Vit PT mp (P) i qua H v nhn AH lm VTPT
17. Dng 17: Vit Pt mp (P) // vi (Q) v tip xc vi mt cu (S)
- Xc nh tm I, bn knh R ca mt cu (S)
- V (P) // (Q) nn (P) c dng Ax + By + Cz + D'=0
(theo pt ca mp (Q) , trong D' DQ).
- M (P) tip xc vi (S) nn d(I,(P))= R tm c D'
- T ta c Pt (P) cn tm
18. Dng 18: Vit PT mp(P) // (Q) v ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn l ng trn(C) c bn knh r (
hoc din tch, chu vi cho trc).
2
- Adct : Chu vi ng trn C = 2 r v din tch S = r tnh r.
- d(I,(P)) = R r (1)
- V (P) // (Q) nn (P) c dng Ax + By + Cz + D'=0
(theo pt ca mp (Q) , trong D' DQ)
2
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- Suy ra d (I,(P)) (2)
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Gii h (1), (2) tm c D' vit c pt (P).
Toan Hoc
19. Dng 19: Vit PT mp(P) cha (d) v tip xc vi mt cu (S)

n P = (A;B;C) vi k l A2 + B2 + C2 >0
- T (d) VTCP u d v im M (d)
- d (P) u d. n P=0 (1)
- M (P) tip xc vi (S) nn d(A,(P))= R (2)
- Gii h (1) v (2) tm c A,B theo C PT mp(P).
20. Dng 20: Vit Pt mp (P) cha (d) v ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn l ng trn (C) c bn knh r (
hoc din tch , chu vi cho trc)
- Adct : Chu vi ng trn C = 2 r v din tch S =
r 2 tnh r.
(P) u d. n P=0 (1)

- Gi VTPT ca mp (P) l n P = (A,B,C) vi k l A2 + B2 + C2 >0,
- V d
chn M trn ng thng d.

=>PT mp (P) i qua M: A(x-x0) + B(y-y0) + C(z-z0) = 0
- V (P) ct (S) theo ng trn bn knh r nn d(I,(P)= r (2)
- Gii h (1) v (2) tm c A,B theo C PT mp(P).
21. Dng 21: Vit PT mp (P) cha (d) v ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn l ng trn (C) c bn knh
nh nht .(p dng trng hp d ct (S) ti 2 im).
R 2 d 2 ( I ,( p)) r min d(I,(P)) max

- Gi H l hnh chiu ca I ln (d) ; K l hnh chiu ca I ln (P)
- Ta c: d(I,(P))= IK Ih ( tnh cht ng vung gc v ng xin)
- Do : d(I,(P)) max AK = AH K H
- Bn knh r =
- PT mp(P) i qua H v nhn IH lm VTPT
Van e 6:
1.
CAC DANG TOAN VE PHNG TRNH NG THANG TRONG KHONG GIAN
Dng 1: Vit ptt (d) qua M(x0; y0 ;z0) v c VTCP
u =(a,b,c)
PP: phng trnh tham s ca ng thng d l:
(d):
* Ch : Nu c a, b, c
x x0 at
y y0 bt
z z ct
0
0 th (d) c PT chnh tc
vi t R
x x0 y y0 z z 0
a
b
c
* Ch : y l bi ton c bn. V nguyn tc mun vit PT dt(d) th cn phi bit 2 yu t l ta mt

im thuc d v to VTCP ca d.
p
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2.
Dng 2: Vit pt dt(d) i qua 2 im A,B
- Tnh
AB
- Vit PT ng thng i qua A, v nhn

3.
lm VTCP
VTCP u
- Vit Pt dt(d) i qua A v nhn
lm VTCP
Dng 4: Vit PT dt(d) i qua A v
- Tm VTPT ca mp(P) l
(P)
nP
- Pt dt(d) i qua A v C VTCP

5.
AB
Dng 3: Vit PT dt (d) i qua A v //vi ng thng ( )
- T pt( )
4.
Toan Hoc
u d= n P
Dng 5: Vit Pt dt(d) i qua A v vung gc vi c 2 dt (d1),(d2)
- T (d1),(d2) VTCPd1, d2l u1v

- V (d)
u 2 => tnh [ u1 , u2 ].
(d1),(d2) nn c VTCP u d= [ u1 , u2 ]
- Pt dt(d) i qua A v c VTCP
u d= [ u1 , u2 ]
6. Dng 6: Vit PT ca dt (d) l giao tuyn ca 2 mp

(P):Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
(Q):A'x + B'y + C'z + D' = 0
- T (P) v (Q)
n P ,nQ
- Tnh [ n P , n Q]
Ax + By + Cz +D =0
- Xt h
.
'
'
'
'
A x B y C z D 0
Chn mt nghim (x0; y0 ;z0) t
- Pt dt(d) i qua M v c VTCP
Md
u d =[ n P , n Q].
7. Dng 7: Vit PT hnh chiu ca d ln mp(P)

Cch 1: - Vit ptmp(Q) cha d v vung gc vi mp(P)
- Hnh chiu cn tm d' = (P)
d
+ Ly M d
Cch 2: + Tm A =
(Q)
( P) ( ch p dng vi gi thit d ct (P) )
v xc nh hnh chiu H ca M ln (P)

+ Vit phng trnh d' i qua M, H
8. Dng 8: Vit pt ng thng d i qua im A v ct 2 ng thng d1, d2:
Cch 1 : * Vit pt mt phng ( ) i qua im A v cha ng thng d1
* Tm B =
( ) d2
* ng thng cn tm i qua A, B
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Toan Hoc
Cch 2 : - Vit pt mt phng ( ) i qua im A v cha ng thng d1

- Vit pt mt phng ( ) i qua im B v cha ng thng d2
- ng thng cn tm d =
9.
Dng 9: Vit pt ng thng d song song d1 v ct c d2 , d3

- Vit phng trnh mp (P) song song d1 v cha d2
- Vit phng trnh mp (Q) song song d1 v cha d3
- ng thng cn tm d =
( P) (Q)
10. Dng 10 : Vit ptt d i qua A v vung gc ng thng d1 v ct d2

Cch 1 : - Vit pt mp ( ) qua A v vung gc d1
- Tm giao im B =
( ) d2
- ng thng cn tm i qua A, B
Cch 2 : * Vit pt mp ( ) qua A v vung gc d1

* Vit pt mp ( ) qua A v cha d1
* ng thng cn tm d =
11. Dng 11 : Vit ptt d i qua A, song song mp ( ) , ct ng thng d'

Cch 1 : - Vit ptmp(P) i qua A v song song vi
( )
- Vit ptmp(Q) i qua A v cha d'

- ng thng cn tm d =
( P) (Q)
Cch 2 : * Vit ptmp(P) i qua A v song song vi

* Tm B =
( )
( P) d '
* ng thng cn tm i qua 2 im A,B

12. Dng 12 : Vit ptt d nm trong mp(P) v ct 2 ng thng d1, d2 cho trc.
- Tm giao im A=d1
( P) v B=d2 ( P)
- ng thng d i qua 2 im A, B
13. Dng 13 : Vit ptt d nm trong mp(P) v vung gc vi ng thng d' ti giao im I ca (P) v d'.
* Tm giao im I' = d'
* Tm VTCP
( P)
u ca d' v VTPT n
ca (P) v tnh
v [u,n]
* Vit ptt d qua I v c VTCP v

14. Dng 14 : Vit ptt vung gc chung d ca 2 dng thng cho nhau d1, d2 :
- Gi
v
M ( x0 at, y0 bt, z0 ct ) d1 ,
N ( x0' a ' t ', y0' b ' t ', z0' c ' t ') d2
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Toan Hoc
l cc chn ng vung gc chung ca d1, d2

- Ta c h
MN .u1 0
MN d1
t, t ' .
MN
d
MN
.
u
- Thay t, t' tm M, N. Vit ptt i qua M,N.

( Vi cch 2 em tnh thm c khong cch MN, cng chnh l di ng vung gc)
15. Dng 15 : Vit pt ng thng d vung gc vi mp(P) v ct 2 ng thng d1,d2 .
* Vit ptmp(Q) cha d1 v vung gc vi mp(P)
* Vit ptmp(R) cha d2 v vung gc vi mp(P)
* ng thng d =
(Q) ( R)
16. Dng 16 : Vit ptt d i qua im A , ct v vung gc vi ng thng d1 .

- Vit pt mp ( ) qua A v vung gc d1
( )
- Tm giao im B =
d1
- ng thng cn tm i qua A, B
17. Dng 17 : Vit ptt d i qua A ,vung gc vi d1,to vi d2 gc
* Gi VTCP ca d l
(00 ;900 ) (= 300, 450, 600)
u (a; b; c), dk : a2 b2 c2 0
* V d d1 u.u1 0 =>phng trnh (1)
u.u 2
V cos
=> phng trnh (2)
u . u2
Th (1) vo (2) => a,b,c => ptt d.

( ch : nu thay gi thit l d to vi mp(P) gc
(00 ;900 )
th c sin
18. Dng 18 : Vit ptt d di qua A , song song vi mp(P) , to vi d1 gc

- Gi VTCP ca d l
- V d//(P) nn
u.u P
)
u . uP
(00 ;900 ) .
u (a; b; c), dk : a2 b2 c2 0
u.n p 0 => phng trnh (1).
- V cos (d , d1 )
u.u1
cos nn c phng trnh (2).
u . u1
- Gii h phng trnh (1), (2) tm a,b theo c=> chn a,b,c.
=>vit ptt d i qua A, c vtcp
u (a; b; c)
0
0
19. Dng 19 : Vit ptt d di qua A , nm trong mp(P) , to vi d1 gc (0 ;90 ) .
- Gi VTCP ca d l
- V d(P) nn
u (a; b; c), dk : a2 b2 c2 0
u.n p 0 => phng trnh (1).
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- V cos (d , d1 )
u.u1
Toan Hoc
cos nn c phng trnh (2).
u . u1
- Gii h phng trnh (1), (2) tm a,b theo c=> chn a,b,c.
u (a; b; c)
20. Dng 20: Vit ptt d di qua A , vung gc d1 v khong cch t M n d bng h.
2
2
2
* Gi VTCP ca d l u (a; b; c), dk : a b c 0
* V d d1 nn
u.n 1 0 => phng trnh (1).
* V d ( M , d ) h
[u, AM ]
h => phng trnh (2).
u
*Gii h phng trnh (1), (2) tm a,b theo c=> chn a,b,c.
u (a; b; c)
Van e 7:
CAC DANG TOAN VE V TR TNG OI

1. Dng 1. Xc nh v tr tng i ca cc ng thng v mt phng
Phng php :
M
(1 ) ()
;
( 2 ) ( )
Cch 1. Gii h phng trnh :
H
Cch 2. S dng du hiu nhn bit qua h thc ca cc vct.
2. Dng 2. Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca im M ln mt phng ( )

Phng php :
Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng qua M v vung gc vi ( ) . Giao im H ca v ( ) l
hnh chiu vung gc ca M ln mt phng ( ) .
VD: Tm ta hnh chiu vung gc ca im M(6; -1; -5) trn mp(P): 2x + y -2z - 3 = 0.
S: H(2; -3; -1)
x 6 2t
Hng dn gii: ng thng d qua M v vung gc vi mp(P) c phng trnh: y 1 t

z 5 2t
Gi H = d (P). Ta c H d H(6 + 2t; -1+ t; -5 -2t)

V H (P) 2(6 + 2t) + ( 1+ t) 2( 5 2t) 3 = 0 t = 2
Vy H(2; 3; 1)
3. Dng 3. Xc nh im M i xng vi im M cho trc qua mt phng ( )
Phng php :
Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln ( ) . Gi s M ( x1; y1; z1 ), H ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) . Khi , im M i xng vi
M qua ( ) l M (2 x0 x1;2 y0 y1 , 2 z0 z1 )
4.
Dng 4. Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca im M ln ng thng
Phng php :
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Cch 1. Vit phng trnh mp ( ) qua M v vung gc vi . Giao
im H ca v ( ) l hnh chiu vung gc ca M ln .
Cch 2. Vit phng trnh tham s ca ta H theo tham s
Toan Hoc
t. Vct MH u l vct ch phng ca . Gii phng trnh : MH .u 0 tham s t Ta H.
x 2 3t
VD: Tm ta hnh chiu H ca im M(-1; -2; 4) trn ng thng d: y 2 2t

z 1 t
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny ta ly H d, khi H l hnh chiu ca M trn ng thng d khi v ch khi
u . MH = 0 ( u l VTCP ca d)
Hng dn gii:
ng thng d c VTCP u = (3; -2; 1).
Gi H d suy ra: H( 2 + 3t; 2 2t; 1+ t) nn:
MH =( 1+3t; 4 2t; 3 + t)
5.
H l hnh chiu ca M trn d u . MH = 0

3( 1+3t) 2(4 2t) + ( 3+t) = 0 t = 1
Vy H(1; 0; 2)
Dng 5. Xc nh im M i xng vi im M cho trc
qua ng thng
Phng php :
Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln .
Gi s M ( x1; y1; z1 ), H ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) . Khi , im M i xng vi M qua l
M (2 x0 x1;2 y0 y1 , 2 z0 z1 )
x 1 2t
VD: Tm ta im A i xng vi A(1 ; -2 ; -5) qua ng thng d c phng trnh : y 1 t

z 2t
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny ta ly H d, H l hnh chiu ca A ln ng thng d khi v ch khi u . AH

= 0 ( u l VTCP ca d), ta c H l trung im ca AA/ t suy ra ta ca A/
Hng dn gii:
d
ng thng d c VTCP u = (2; 1; 2).
Gi H d suy ra: H(1+2t ; 1 t ; 2t)
A
H
nn: AH =(2t ; 1 t ; 2t 5)
A'
H l hnh chiu ca A trn d u . AH = 0

2(2t) (1 t) + 2(2t + 5) = 0 t = 1
suy ra: H( 1; 0; 2)
x A/ 3
Ta c H l trung im ca AA/ nn: y A/ 2

z / 1
A
6.
Vy: A/( 3 ; 2 ; 1).
Dng 6. Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca ng thng ln mp ( )
Phng php :
p
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TH1: ( ) Hnh chiu vung gc ca ln mp ( ) l im H ( )
TH2: khng vung gc vi ( ) , ( ) :
Cch 1. Vit phng trnh mp ( ) cha v ( ) vung gc vi ( )
Hnh chiu vung gc ca ln ( ) l ng thng ( ) ( ) .
Toan Hoc
Cch 2. Ly 2 im A, B phn bit thuc

Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc ca A, B ln ( ) l H1, H2
Hnh chiu vung gc ca ln ( ) l ng thng H1H2.
Cch 3. Nu ct ( ) : Xc nh A ( ) . Ly M bt k khng thuc v khc A.
Xc nh hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln ( )
Hnh chiu vung gc ca ln ( ) l ng thng AH.
x 6 5t
VD: Vit phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc ca ng thng d: y 1 2t

z 5 5t
M
d
(t R) trn mp(P): 2x + y 2z 3 = 0.
Nhn xt: Ta c d ct (P) nn tm giao im A ca d v (P) sau ly M
d, tm hnh chiu H ca M trn (P), khi hnh chiu ca ng thng d trn
(P)
mp(P) l ng thng qua H v c VTCP AH .

Hng dn gii:
Gi A l giao im ca d v (P).
Ta c: A d suy ra: A(6 5t; 1+2t; 5+5t)
V A (P) 2(6 5t) + ( 1+2t) 2( 5+5t) 3 = 0
t=1
Do A(1; 1; 0)
Ta li c: M(6; 1; 5) d
Gi H l hnh chiu ca M trn (P) suy ra: H(2; 3; 1) Hnh chiu ca d trn (P) l ng thng qua
H v c VTCP AH = (1; 4; 1)
x 2t
nn c phng trnh : y 3 4t (t R)
z 1 t
Cch 4. Nu ( )
x 6 4t
VD: Vit phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc ca ng thng d: y 1 2t (t R) trn

z 5 3t
mp(P): 2x + y 2z 3 = 0.
Nhn xt: Ta c d // (P) nn ta ly M d, tm hnh chiu ca M trn (P), khi hnh chiu ca ng
thng d trn mp(P) l ng thng qua H v song song vi d.
Hng dn gii:
M
Ta c: d qua im M(6; 1; 5), c VTCP u = (4; 2; 3)

mp(P) c VTPT n = (2; 1; 2)
u . n = 0 v M (P) nn: d // (P)

p
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Toan Hoc
Gi H l hnh chiu ca M trn (P) suy ra: H(2; 3; 1)

Hnh chiu ca d trn (P) l ng thng qua H v song song vi d nn c phng trnh :
x 2 4t
y 3 2t
z 1 3t
7.
Dng 7. Xc nh hnh chiu song song ca ng thng 1 ln mp ( ) theo phng 2 ct ( )
Phng php :
TH1: 1 / / 2 Hnh chiu song song ca 1 ln ( ) theo phng 2 l im H 1 ( ) .
TH2: 1 v 2 khng song song:
Vit phng trnh mp ( ) cha 1 v song song 2
Hnh chiu song song ca 1 ln ( ) theo phng 2 l ng thng ( ) ( ) .
8.
Dng 8. Vit phng trnh ng thng qua M v ct 1 , 2 vi 1 , 2 cho nhau v khng i
qua M
Phng php :
Cch 1. Vit phng trnh mt phng ( ) qua M v cha 1
Nu 1 c phng trnh tng qut th nn vit phng trnh ( ) di dng chm
Nu 1 c phng trnh tham s th ly hai im A, B thuc 1 Phng trnh ( ) qua 3 im A, B, M.
* Nu ( ) / / 2 th bi ton v nghim. Nu ( ) ct 2 th tm N 2 ( )
Nu MN / / 1 th bi ton v nghim. Nu MN ct 1 th ng thng cn tm l MN.
Cch 2. Vit phng trnh mt phng ( ) qua M v cha 1 , mt phng ( ) qua M v cha 2
* Xt ( ) ( ) . Nu ct 1 v 2 th ng thng l ng thng cn tm. Nu / / 1 hoc 2
th bi ton v nghim.
9.
Dng 9. Vit phng trnh ng thng ct 1 , 2 v song song vi 3
Phng php 1: Vit phng trnh mp ( ) cha 1 v song song 3 , mp ( ) cha 2 v song song 3
Nu ( ) / /( ) th bi ton v nghim. Nu ( ) ct ( ) th xt ( ) ( ) .
Nu ct 1 v 2 th l ng thng cn tm.
Nu / / 1 hoc 2 th bi ton v nghim.
Phng php 2: Vit phng trnh tham s ca 1 theo t1, ca 2 theo t2. Ly im M 1 , N 2 Ta
M, N theo t1, t2 MN theo t1, t2.
Xc nh t1, t2 sao cho MN / / 3 ng thng ct 1 , 2 v song song vi 3 l MN.
Phng php 3: Gi M ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) l giao im ca v 1 .
nhn VTCP ca 3 lm VTCP Phng trnh tham s ca theo x0 ; y0 ; z0 .
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Toan Hoc
ct 2 suy ra h c nghim x0 ; y0 ; z0 Phng trnh .

2
xt
VD: Vit phng trnh ng thng ct 2 ng thng d1: y 2 3t ; d2:

z 1 t
vi ng thng d:
x 1 2t /
/
y 1 3t v song song
z 4 t/
x 1 y z 4

3
2
1
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny ta ly A d1, B d2 khi A, B khi v ch khi hai vect u ,

phng ( u l VTCP ca d), ng thng qua A v c VTCP
Hng dn gii:
AB cng
ng thng d c VTCP u = (3; 2; 1).

Gi A d1 suy ra: A(t; 2 3t; 1+t)
B d2 suy ra: B(1+2t/ ; 1+3t/ ; 4 t/ )
nn:
AB = (2t/ t + 1; 3t/ + 3t + 1; t/ t + 3)
A, B
u v AB
cng phng
2t / t 1 3t / 3t 1 t / t 3
3
2
1
5t / 2t 8
t 1
/
/
t 2
t t 1
suy ra A(-1;1;0) .
x 1 3t
ng thng qua A v c VTCP u = (3; 2; 1) nn c phng trnh : y 1 2t

zt
10. Dng 10. Vit phng trnh ng thng qua M v vung gc vi 1 , ct 2 trong
M 1 , 2
Phng php : Vit phng trnh mp ( ) qua M v vung gc vi 1 , mp ( ) qua M cha 2
Nu ( ) / /( ) th bi ton v nghim. Nu ( ) ct ( ) th xt ( ) ( ) .
Nu ct 2 th l ng thng cn tm.
Nu / / 2 th bi ton v nghim.
x 3t
VD: Vit phng trnh ng thng qua A(2; 1; -3) ct ng thng d1: y 1 2t (t R) v vung gc
z 4t
x 1 4t
vi ng thng d2: y 3 t (t R)
z 5 t
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Toan Hoc
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny ta ly H d1, khi H khi v ch khi

ng thng qua I v c VTCP
Hng dn gii:
u . AH = 0 ( u l VTCP ca d2);
AH
ng thng d2 c VTCP u = (4; 1; 1).

Gi H d1 suy ra: H(3+t; 1 2t; 4+t) nn:
AH =(1+t; 2 2t; 7+t)
d1
H u . AH = 0 4(1+t) + ( 2 2t) + (7+t) = 0 t = -3

Suy ra H(0; 5; 1)
ng thng qua A v c VTCP
nn c phng trnh :
d2
AH =(2; 4; 4) = 2(1; 2; 2)
x 2t
y 1 2t (t R)
z 3 2t
11. Dng 11. Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca hai ng thng cho nhau 1 , 2
Phng php :
a. TH dc bit : 1 2
Vit phng trnh mp ( ) cha 1 v 2
Tm M 2 ( ) , H l hnh chiu vung gc ca M ln 1 MH l ng vung gc chung ca 1 , 2 .
b. Phng php 1 : Vit phng trnh 1 , 2 di dng tham s
Ly M 1 , N 2 Ta M, N theo t1, t2 MN theo t1, t2.
MN l ng vung gc chung ca 1 , 2 MN 1 , MN 2 t1 , t2 MN .
c. Phng php 2 : Gi a1 , a2 l VTCP ca 1 , 2 ng vung gc chung c VTCP a a1 , a2 .
Vit phng trnh mp ( ) cha 1 v song song , mp ( ) cha 2 v song song ( ) ( ) .

VD: Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca 2 ng thng cho nhau
x 5 3t
d: y 2 t (t R) v d/ :
zt
x 2 t /
/
/
y 7 3t (t R)
z 4t/
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny hc sinh ly A d1, B d2; AB l ng vung gc chung ca d v d/ khi v ch
u. AB 0
khi
v. AB 0
; ng vung gc chung qua A v c VTCP
AB
Hng dn gii:
ng thng d c VTCP
u = (3; 1; 1).
ng thng d/ c VTCP
v = (1; 3; -1).
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Toan Hoc
Gi A d suy ra: A(5+3t; 2+t; t)

B d/ suy ra: B( 2+t/ ; 7+3t/ ; 4 t/ )
nn:
AB =(t/ 3t 7; 3t/ t 9; t/ t + 4)
u. AB 0
AB l ng vung gc chung ca d v d/
v. AB 0
3(t / 3t 7) (3t / t 9) (t / t 4) 0
/
/
/
(t 3t 7) 3(3t t 9) (t t 4) 0
5t / 11t 26
t 1
/
/
t 3
11t 5t 38
suy ra: A(2; 1; 1);
AB =( 1; 1; 2)
ng vung gc chung qua A v c VTCP
AB =( 1; 1; 2) nn c phng trnh :
x 2t
y 1 t (t R)
z 1 2t
12. Cc bi ton v tng hiu khong cch ln nht, nh nht :

12.1. Dng 1: Cho 2 im A( x1; y1; z1 ); B( x2; y2; z 2 ).
Tm M (P) : ax by cz d 0
(MA+MB)min.
Phng php : Xc nh v tr tng i ca A, B i vi mt phng (P) bng cch tnh cc i lng :
t A ax1 by1 cz1 d ; tB ax2 by2 cz2 d

* Nu t AtB 0 A, B khc pha i vi (P). Gi M 0 ( AB) ( P) , khi MA MB AB M 0 A M 0 B.
* Nu t AtB 0 A, B cng pha i vi (P). Ly A1 i xng vi A qua (P). Gi M 0 ( A1B) ( P) . Khi ,
MA MB MA1 MB A1B M 0A1 M 0B .

VD: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho M(1; 2; 3), v N(4; 4; 5). Tm im I mp(Oxy) sao cho IM + IN nh nht.
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny ta kim tra M, N nm v mt hay hai pha ca mt phng. Nu M, N nm v hai
pha ca mt phng th I l giao im ca MN v mt phng, nu M, N nm v mt pha ca mt phng th I l
giao im ca M 'N v mt phng trong M ' l im i xng ca M qua mt phng .
Hng dn gii:
Mt phng (Oxy) c phng trnh z = 0. Trc ht ta xt xem M v N c mt trong hai pha vi mp
(Oxy) hay khng? D thy zM . zN = 3.5 = 15 > 0 M, N v mt pha vi mp (Oxy).
x 1
ng thng d qua M v vung gc mp(Oxy) c pt: y 2

z 3 t
Gi H l giao im ca d vi mp(Oxy).
Ta c H d H(1; 2; 3 + t)
V H (Oxy) 3 + t = 0 t = 3
H(1; 2; 0)
Gi M' i xng vi M qua mp(Oxy).
H l trung im ca MM' nn M'(1; 2; 3) v M ' N = (3; 2; 8)
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Toan Hoc
Ta c IM + IN = IM' + IN M'N Min (IM + IN) = M'N I l giao im ca M'N v mp(Oxy)
x 1 3t ,
M'N qua M ' c VTCP M ' N = (3; 2; 8) nn c phng trnh: y 2 2t ,

z 3 8t ,
3
8
im I( 1 + 3t', 2 + 2t', 3 + 8t') d v I (Oxy) 3 + 8t' = 0 t' =
17 11
; ;0
8 4
Vy I
12.2. Dng 2: Cho 2 im A( x1; y1; z1 ); B( x2 ; y2 ; z2 ). Tm M ( P) : ax by cz d 0 MA MB

max.
Phng php : Xc nh v tr tng i ca A, B i vi mt phng (P) bng cch tnh cc i lng :
t A ax1 by1 cz1 d ; tB ax2 by2 cz2 d

*
Nu
t AtB 0 A, B cng
pha
vi
(P).
Gi
M 0 ( A1B) ( P) .
Khi
MA MB AB M 0 A M 0 B
* Nu t AtB 0 A, B khc pha i vi (P). Ly A1 i xng vi A qua (P). Gi M 0 ( A1B) ( P) . Khi
MA MB MA1 MB A1B M 0 A1 M 0 B
12.3. Dng 3: Cho 2 im A( x1; y1; z1 ); B( x2 ; y2 ; z2 ) . Tm M cho trc sao cho (MA + MB) min.
Phng php : Xc nh ta cc im A, B l hnh chiu tng ng ca cc im A, B ln . Gi M0 l
im chia on AB theo t s k
AA
M 0 A
.
M 0 B
BB
Ta chng minh MA MB M 0 A M 0 B .
Chng minh : Gi A1 ( P) (), B sao cho A1 khc pha i vi B so vi v tha mn
A1 A AA
A A M A
1 0 A1 , M 0 , B
BB M 0 B
A1 A
thng
hng
MA MB MA1 MB A1B M 0 A1 M 0B M 0 A M 0B .
x 7t
VD: Trong k/gian Oxyz cho: M(3; 1; 1), N( 4; 3; 4) v ng thng d c phng trnh: y 3 2t . Tm im I
z 9t
d sao cho: IM + IN nh nht.

Nhn xt: Ta c MN d nn IM + IN nh nht khi v ch khi I = d (P) trong (P) l mt phng qua
MN v vung gc vi d
Hng dn gii:
Ta c: MN = (1; 2; 3), d c VTCP u = ( 1; -2; 1), v MN . u =0 MN d
Mt phng(P) qua MN v vung gc vi d c phng trnh l: x 2y + z 2 = 0
Gi H = d (P), H d H(7 + t; 3 2t; 9 + t)
V H (P) nn: (7 + t) 2(3 2t) +(9 + t) 2 = 0
p
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Toan Hoc
4
17 17 23
H ; ;
3
3 3 3
Vi I d, ta c: IM + IN HM + HN
IM + IN nh nht IM + IN = HM + HN I H
17 17 23
Vy: I ; ;
3 3 3
t=
Van e 8:
1.
CAC DANG TOAN VE MAT CAU
Phng trnh mat cau tam I(a ; b ; c),ban knh R

2
2
2
S(I, R) : x a y b z c R 2 (1)
2
2
2
S(I,R) : x2 y2 z2 2ax 2by 2cz d 0 (2) ( vi a b c d 0 )
Tam I(a ; b ; c) va
2.
R a 2 b2 c 2 d
V tr tng oi cua mat phang va mat cau

Cho (S) : x a2 y b2 z c2 R2 va (): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Goi d = d(I,) : khoang cach t tam mc(S) en mp() :
d > R : (S) =
d = R : () tiep xuc (S) tai H (H: tiep iem, (): tiep dien)
*Tm tiep iem H (la h chieu cua tam I tren mp)
Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) qua I va vuong goc mp(): ta co a d n
Toa o H la nghiem cua hpt : (d) va ()

2
2
2
2
d < R : cat (S) theo ng tron co pt (S) : x a y b z c R

: Ax By Cz D 0
*Tm ban knh r va tam H cua ng tron:

+ ban knh r R2 d2 ( I , )
+ Tm tam H ( la hchieu cua tam I tren mp())
Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) qua I va vuong goc mp() : ta co a d n
Toa o H la nghiem cua hpt : (d) va ()
3.
Giao iem cua ng thang va mat cau
x x o a1t
d : y y o a 2 t
z z o a 3 t
(1) va
(S) : x a y b z c R2 (2)
2
+ Thay ptts (1) vao pt mc (2), giai tm t,

+ Thay t vao (1) c toa o giao iem
4.
CAC DANG TOAN

4.1.
Dang 1: Mat cau tam I i qua A
S(I,R) : x a 2 y b2 z c2 R 2 (1)
The toa o A vao x,y,z tm R2
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Toan Hoc
4.2. Dang 2: Mat cau ng knh AB

Tam I la trung iem AB
Viet phng trnh mat cau tam I (1)
The toa o A vao x,y,z tm R2
4.3.
Dang 3: Mat cau tam I tiep xuc mp()

Pt mat cau tam I
(S )
R d(I, )
A.x B. y C . z D
I
I
I
A2 B 2 C 2
4.4. Dang 4: Mat cau ngoai tiep t dien ABCD

Dung (2) S(I,R) : x2 y2 z2 2ax 2by 2cz d 0 A,B,C,D mc(S) he pt, giai tm a, b, c, d
4.5.
Dang 5: Mat cau i qua A,B,C va tam I ()

S(I,R) : x2 y2 z2 2ax 2by 2cz d 0 (2)
A,B,C mc(S): the toa toa A,B,C vao (2).
I(a,b,c) (): the a,b,c vao pt ().

Giai he phng trnh tren tm a, b, c, d.
4.6.
Dang 6: Mat phang tiep xuc mat cau tai A.
Tiep dien () cua mc(S) tai A : () qua A, vtpt n IA
4.7. Dang 7: V tr tng oi gia hai mat cau:

Cho hai mat cau S1(I1,R1) va S2(I2,R2).
I1I 2 R1 R2 (S1 ), (S2 ) trong nhau

I1I 2 R1 R2 (S1 ), (S2 ) ngoai nhau.
I1I 2 R1 R2 (S1 ), (S2 ) tiep xuc trong

I1I 2 R1 R2 (S1 ), (S2 ) tiep xuc ngoai
R1 R2 I1I 2 R1 R2 (S1 ), (S2 ) cat nhau theo mot ng tron
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Toan Hoc
Van e 1:
HAM SO LIEN TUC
nh ngha 1: Ham so y f (x) goi la lien tuc tai iem x = a neu :
1/. f (x) xac nh tai iem x = a
2/. lim f ( x) f (a)
x a
f (x) lien tuc tai iem x = a lim f ( x) lim f ( x) f (a)
nh ngha 2:
nh ly :
x a
x a
Neu f (x) lien tuc tren [a, b] va f (a). f (b) 0 th ton tai t nhat mot iem c (a, b) sao cho
f (c) 0
Van e 2:
1.
AO HAM
nh ngha ao ham :
Cho ham so y = f(x) , xac nh tren ( a, b) , x0 ( a, b). Ta noi f(x) co ao ham tai x0 neu gii han
y
khi x 0 ton tai.
x
f ( x0 x) f ( x0 )
y
f ' ( x0 ) lim
lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
y
ao ham ben trai : f ' ( x0 ) lim

( ton tai )
x 0 x
y
ao ham ben phai :

( ton tai )
f ' ( x0 ) lim
x 0 x
Cho y = f(x) xac nh tren (a, b)

y = f(x) co ao ham tai x0 (a, b) f (x0+) = f (x0)
2. Qui tac tnh ao ham :
1/. (a b ..... c) ' a ' b ' ....... c '
2/. (ab) ' a ' .b a.b '
(abc) ' a ' .b.c a.b ' .c a.b.c '

'
'
a a b ab
3/.
( b 0)
b2
b
(cu ) ' c.u ' (c R)
'
'
u'
1
2
u
u
3.
Bang ao ham cua cac ham so s cap c ban :

TT
1
2
3
4
Ham so
ao ham
y=c
y=x
y = 0
y = 1
y x
y u
1
y
x
y ' .x 1 (x > 0)
y ' .u 1 .u '
1
y' 2
x
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y x
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y'
y Sinx
5
2 x
u'
y'
2 u
u'
y'
n
n u n1
y ' Cosx
y Sinu
y ' u ' .Cosu
y Cosx
y Cosu
y ' Sinx
y u
yn u
y ax
y ' u ' .Sinu

1
y'
Cos 2 x
u'
y'
Cos 2 u
1
y'
Sin 2 x
u'
y'
Sin 2 u
1
y'
1 x2
1
y'
1 x2
1
y'
1 x2
1
y'
1 x2
y ' a x Lna
y au
y ' u ' .a u .Lna
y eu
y' ex
y eu
y ' u 'eu
1
y'
x
u'
y'
u
1
y'
xLna
u'
y '
u ln a
y Tanx
y Tanu
y Cotx
y Cotu
y arcSinx
10
y arcCosx
11
y arcTanx
12
y arcCotx
13
14
y ln x
15
y ln u
16
y log a x
17
y log a u
Toan Hoc
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Van e 3:
1.
Toan Hoc
LUY THA LOGARIT
LUY THA
1.1. nh ngha luy tha
So mu
C so a
Luy tha a
a an a.a......a (n tha so a)
a a 0 1
1
a a n n
a
n N*
0
aR
n ( n N * )
a0
m
(m Z , n N * )
n
lim rn (rn Q, n N * )
a0
a a n n a m ( n a b b n a)
a0
a lim a rn
a0
1.2.
Tnh chat cua luy tha
Vi moi a > 0, b > 0 ta co:
a .a a
a
a
; (a ) a . ;
(ab) a .b
a > 1 : a a ;
a
a
;
b
b
0 < a < 1 : a a
Vi 0 < a < b ta co:
am bm m 0 ;
Chu y:
1.3.
am bm m 0
+ Khi xet luy tha vi so mu 0 va so mu nguyen am th c so a phai khac 0.

+ Khi xet luy tha vi so mu khong nguyen th c so a phai dng.
nh ngha va tnh chat cua can thc
Can bac n cua a la so b sao cho bn a .

Vi a, b 0, m, n N*, p, q Z ta co:
n
ab n a .n b ;
Neu
a na
(b 0) ;
b nb
p q
n
m
th a p aq (a 0) ; ac biet
n m
a p n a (a 0) ;
n
mn
a mn a
mn m
Neu n la so nguyen dng le va a < b th n a n b .

Neu n la so nguyen dng chan va 0 < a < b th n a n b .
Chu y:
+ Khi n le, moi so thc a ch co mot can bac n. K hieu n a .
+ Khi n chan, moi so thc dng a co ung hai can bac n la hai so oi nhau.
Cong thc lai kep
Goi A la so tien gi, r la lai suat moi k, N la so k.
So tien thu c (ca von lan lai) la:
C A(1 r )N
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2.
Toan Hoc
II. LOGARIT
2.1. nh ngha
Vi a > 0, a 1, b > 0 ta co: loga b a b
a 0, a 1
Chu y: loga b co ngha khi

b 0
lg b log b log10 b
Logarit thap phan:

Logarit t nhien (logarit Nepe):
ln b loge b
1
(vi e lim 1 2,718281 )
n
2.2.
Tnh chat
loga 1 0 ;
loga a 1 ;
loga ab b ;
loga b
b (b 0) ;
a loga b a loga b
Cho a > 0, a 1, b, c > 0. Khi o:

+ Neu a > 1 th loga b loga c b c
+ Neu 0 < a < 1 th loga b loga c b c
2.3.
Cac qui tac tnh logarit
Vi a > 0, a 1, b, c > 0, ta co:
loga loga b loga c

c
loga (bc) loga b loga c
loga b loga b
2.4.
oi c so
Vi a, b, c > 0 va a, b 1, ta co:
log c
a
logb c
loga b
hay loga b.logb c loga c
loga c loga c ( 0)
loga b
logb a
Van e 4:
1.
PHNG TRNH MU, PHNG TRNH LOGARIT
PHNG TRNH MU
1.1. Phng trnh mu c ban:
Vi a > 0, a 1:
b 0
ax b
x loga b
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1.2.
Toan Hoc
Mot so phng phap giai phng trnh mu

1.2.1. a ve cung c so:
a f ( x ) ag( x ) f ( x ) g( x )
Vi a > 0, a 1:
Chu y: Trong trng hp c so co cha an so th:
a M a N (a 1)(M N ) 0
1.2.2. Logarit hoa:
a f ( x ) b g ( x ) f ( x) log a b .g ( x)
1.2.3. at an phu:
Dang 1:
f (x)
, t 0 , trong o P(t) la a thc theo t.

P (a f ( x ) ) 0 t a
P(t ) 0
Dang 2:
a2 f ( x ) (ab) f ( x ) b2 f ( x ) 0
Chia 2 ve cho b
2 f ( x)
a
, roi at an phu t
b
f (x)
Dang 3: a f ( x ) b f ( x ) m , vi ab 1 .
f (x)
b f (x)
at t a
1
t
1.2.4. S dung tnh n ieu cua ham so:

Xet phng trnh:
f(x) = g(x)
(1)
oan nhan x0 la mot nghiem cua (1).
Da vao tnh ong bien, nghch bien cua f(x) va g(x) e ket luan x0 la nghiem duy
nhat:
f ( x ) ong bien va g( x) nghch bien (hoac ong bien nhng nghiem ngat).
f ( x ) n ieu va g( x) c hang so
Neu f(x) ong bien (hoac nghch bien) th f (u) f (v) u v
e) a ve phng trnh cac phng trnh ac biet
A 0
Phng trnh tch A.B = 0

B 0
A 0
B 0
Phng trnh A2 B2 0
f) Phng phap oi lap
Xet phng trnh:
f(x) = g(x)
(1)
f (x) M
g( x ) M
Neu ta chng minh c:

2.
th
f (x) M
g( x ) M
(1)
PHNG TRNH LOGARIT

2.1.
Phng trnh logarit c ban

Vi a > 0, a 1:
2.2.
loga x b x ab
Mot so phng phap giai phng trnh logarit
a) a ve cung c so
p
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Vi a > 0, a 1:
Toan Hoc
f ( x ) g( x )
loga f ( x ) loga g( x )
f ( x ) 0 (hoac g( x ) 0)
b) Mu hoa
Vi a > 0, a 1:
loga f ( x ) b a
loga f ( x )
ab
c) at an phu
d) S dung tnh n ieu cua ham so
e) a ve phng trnh ac biet
f) Phng phap oi lap
Chu y:
Khi giai phng trnh logarit can chu y ieu kien e bieu thc co ngha.
Vi a, b, c > 0 va a, b, c 1: a
logb c
logb a
Van e 5:
BAT PHNG, HE PHNG TRNH MU VA LOGARIT

Khi giai he phng trnh mu va logarit, ta cung dung cac phng phap giai he phng trnh a hoc nh:
Phng phap the.
Phng phap cong ai so.
Phng phap at an phu.
.
Van e 6:
BAT PHNG TRNH MU

Khi giai cac bat phng trnh mu ta can chu y tnh n ieu cua ham so mu.
a f ( x ) a g( x )
a 1
f ( x ) g( x )

0 a 1
f ( x ) g( x )
Ta cung thng s dung cac phng phap giai tng t nh oi vi phng trnh mu:
a ve cung c so.
at an phu.
.
Chu y: Trong trng hp c so a co cha an so th:
a M a N (a 1)(M N ) 0
Van e 7:
BAT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT

Khi giai cac bat phng trnh logarit ta can chu y tnh n ieu cua ham so logarit.
a 1
f ( x ) g( x ) 0
loga f ( x ) loga g( x )
0 a 1
0 f ( x ) g( x )
Ta cung thng s dung cac phng phap giai tng t nh oi vi phng trnh logarit:
a ve cung c so.
at an phu.
.
Chu y: Trong trng hp c so a co cha an so th:
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loga B 0 (a 1)( B 1) 0 ;
Van e 1:
Hoan v :
S hon v ca n phn t: Pn n!
2.
To hp :
n!
K!(n K )!
log a B
0 ( A 1)( B 1) 0
HOAN V _ TO HP _ CHNH HP
1.
CnK
loga A
Toan Hoc
(0 K n)
K
n K
Cn Cn
n
0
Cn Cn 1
K
K 1
K
Cn1 Cn1 Cn
0
1
n
n
Cn Cn ...... Cn 2
3.
Chnh hp :
AnK
n!
(n K )!
(0 K n )
Van e 2:
PHP M V XC SUT
1.
Nguyn tc m
2 bin c A v B
A c m cch xy ra
B c n cch xy ra
2 bin c A v B cng xy ra c m n cch
Bin c A hoc B xy ra c m + n cch
Ch : Nguyn tc trn c th p dng cho nhiu bin c.
1.1. Ch :
Nu thay i v tr m bin c thay i ta c mt hon v hoc mt chnh hp
Nu thay i v tr m bin c khng i ta c mt t hp
2.
XC SUT
2.1. Khng gian mu:
Khng gian mu l tp hp tt c cc kt qu c th xy ra.
Bin c A l mt tp hp con ca khng gian mu.
2.2. Xc sut:
Nu cc phn t ca khng gian mu c cng kh nng xy ra, p l s phn t ca bin c A, n l s
phn t ca khng gian mu. Xc sut bin c A xy ra:
( )
2.3.
CC CNG THC
Khng gian mu E l bin c chc chn xy ra: p(E) = 1
Bin c l bin c khng th xy ra: p() = 0
Bin c ko theo A B l bin c A xy ra th bin c B xy ra: A B th P(A) p(B)
A B l bin c A hay B xy ra. p(A B) = p(A) + p(B) p(A B)
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Toan Hoc
A B l bin c A v B cng xy ra.

Bin c A v B i lp nu khng cng xy ra.
A B = ;
p(A B) = 0; p(A B) = p(A) + p(B)
Bin c l i lp ca A: p( ) = 1 p(A)
Xc sut c iu kin:
Bin c A xy ra vi iu kin bin c B xy ra: ( | )
( )
( )
hay p(A B) = p(B).p(A|B)

Bin c A v B c lp nu bin c B xy ra hay khng th xc sut ca A vn khng i:
p(A|B) = p(A)
p(A B) = p(A).p(B)
Van e 3:
1.
Nh thc NIUTN
Cng thc nh thc Newtn:
n
0a n C1a n 1b1 .... C k a n k b k ... C nb n n C k a n k b k
a
C
n
n
n
n
n
k 0
*
(1)
n N
2.
Cc nhn xt v cng thc khai trin:
( a b) n
C n + 1 s hng.
Cc h s ca s hng ln lt l:
Khai trin bt u bng
Cn0 a n
Cn0 ; Cn1 ; Cn2 ; Cn3 ;'...; Cnn.
kt thc bng
Cnnb n , sau khng k n h s, s m ca a
cc s hng lin sau gim i 1 n v v s m ca b cc s hng lin sau tng ln 1 n v.
3.
Tng cc s m ca a v b bng n.
Cc h s ca cc s hng cch u hai s hng u cui bng nhau.
Cng thc ca s hng tng qut: S hng th k+1: Tk 1
Cnk ank bk ( 0 k n )
Mt s dng c bit:
* Thay a = 1; b = x ta c:
1 x
Cn0 C1n x Cn2 x 2 Cn3x3 .... Cnk x k ... Cnnx n
(2)
* Thay a = 1; b = - x ta c:
1 x
Cn0 C1n x Cn2 x2 Cn3x3 .... (1) k Cnk x k ... ( 1) n Cnn x n
(3)
* Trong (2) ; (3) cho x = 1 ta c:
n
2n 1 1 Cn0 C1n Cn2 Cn3 .... Cnk ... Cnn
n
0 1 1 Cn0 C1n Cn2 Cn3 .... (1) k Cnk ... (1) n Cnn
diendan.shpt.info
(4)
(5)
- 114 -
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4.
Toan Hoc
Cc dng ton ng dng nh thc NewTn

Cc dng ton thng gp l:
1- Dng 1: Tnh tng t hp
2- Dng 2: Chng minh ng thc, bt ng thc t hp
3 - Dng 3: Tm Gi tr ca h s trong khai trin nh thc NewTn:
Cc h s i xng:
Tam gic Pascal:
( a b) n
Cnm Cnnm
1
1
1
1
........
1
2
3
1
3
n=0
n=1
n=2
n=3
Vd:
( HBK 2000- 2001 ): Gii bt phng trnh sau:
1 2
6
A2 x Ax2 Cx3 10
2
x
iu kin ca x: 3 x N
+
+ Bin i bt phng trnh v dng:
1 (2 x)!
x!
6
x!

10
2 (2 x 2)! ( x 2)! x 3!( x 3)!
1
6 ( x 2)( x 1) x
(2 x 1)2 x ( x 1) x
10
2
x
3!
(2 x 1) x ( x 1) x ( x 2)( x 1) 10 3 x 12 0 x 4
x 3; x 4
+ Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l x 3; x 4
+ Kt hp vi iu kin (*)
< 26 > (HQG TPHCM KA - 2000) Mt thy gio c 12 cun sch i mt khc nhau trong c 5
cun sch vn hc, 4 cun sch m nhc v 3 cun sch hi ha. ng mun ly ra 6 cun v em tng
6 em hc sinh A, B, C, D, E, F mi em mt cun.
a) Gi s thy gio ch mun tng cho cc em hc sinh trn nhng cun sch thuc 2 th loi vn hc
v m nhc. Hi tt c c bao nhiu cch chn sch tng?
1. Gi s thy gio mun rng sau khi tng sch xong, mi mt trong 3 loi vn hc, m nhc,
hi ho u cn li t nht mt cun. Hi tt c c bao nhiu cch chn?
Gii:
S cch tng sch l s cch chn 6 cun sch t 9 cun c k th t. Vy s cch tng l:
A96 60480
1. Ta nhn xt rng: khng th chn sao cho cng ht 2 loi sch.

+ S cch chn 6 sch t 12 sch l:
A126 665280
+ S cch chn sao cho khng cn sch vn:

+ S cch chn sao cho khng cn sch nhc:
A65 . A71 5040
A64 . A82 20160
+ S cch chn sao cho khng cn sch hi ho:

p
diendan.shpt.info
A63 . A93 60480

- 115 -
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Toan Hoc
+ S cch chn cn tm l: 665280 85680 = 579600

< 27 > Mt lp hc c 40 h/s gm 25 nam v 15 n. C bao nhiu cch lp ban cn s lp gm:
a. 3 hc sinh
b. 3 hc sinh gm 1 nam v 2 n
c. 3 hc sinh trong c t nht 1 nam.
Gii:
Ban cn s lp gm 3 ngi trong lp khng c s sp xp
1. Mi mt ban cn s 3 ngi l mt tp con 3 phn t ca tp hp 40 hc sinh ca lp. Vy c:
C403 9880
2. C
1
C25
Do c
3. C
cch lp ban cn s lp 3 ngi.
2
cch chn 1 hc sinh nam v C15
cch chn 2 hc sinh nam.
C251 .C152 2625 cch lp mt ban cn s lp gm 1 nam v 2 n
C153 455
cch chn 3 n sinh nn c 455 cch lp ban cn s lp 3 ngi ton n.
D c: 9880 455 = 9425 cch lp ban cn s 3 ngi ma trong c t nht mt nam

Tm cc hng t ng gia trong khai trin:
( x3 xy)15
Li gii
* S hng tng qut trong khai trin ( x3 - xy)15 l:
Tk 1 C15k ( x3 )15k ( xy)k

* Trong khai trin trn c n = 15 do c 16 s hng nn ss hng ng gia l s hng th 8 v th 9:
T8 T71 C157 ( x3 )157 ( xy)7 6435x31 y 7

T9 T81 C158 ( x3 )158 ( xy)8 6435x29 y8
Trong khai trin nh thc: (2x
1 10
) hy tm s hng khng ph thuc x.
x2
Li gii
1 10
3
l:
(2x
)
2
x
k
3 10k 1 k
k 10k 305k
Tk 1 C10 (2 x )
(
) C10 2
x
2
x
* S hng tng qut trong khai trin
Tk 1 khng ph thuc thuc x 30 5k 0 k 6 .
* Vy s hng khng ph thuc x l s hng th 7 ng vi k = 6:
6 24
T7 C10
(H-A-2012) Cho n s nguyn dng tha mn 5Cnn1 Cn3 . Tm s hng cha x5 trong khai trin nh thc
n
nx 2 1
, x 0.
Niu-tn
14 x
p
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Toan Hoc
Li gii
Ta c: 5Cnn1 Cn3 5.n
n(n 1)(n 2)
30 = (n 1) (n 2), (do n > 0) n = 7
6
7 i
7
Gi a l h s ca x ta c C
5
x2

2
7 i
1
14 3i = 5 i = 3 v C .
2
35 5
Vy s hng cha x5 l
.x .
16
7 i
7 i
7
1.
Khai niem so phc

Tap hp so phc:
1
1
. ax5 (1)i C77 i .
x
2
a a=
7 i
.x143i ax5
35
.
16
So phc (dang ai so) : z a bi

(a, b R , a la phan thc, b la phan ao, i la n v ao,
i2 = 1)
z la so thc
phan ao cua z bang 0 (b = 0)
z la thuan ao
phan thc cua z bang 0 (a = 0)
So 0 va la so thc va la so ao.
a a '
(a, b, a ', b ' R)
b b '
Hai so phc bang nhau: a bi a bi
2. Bieu dien hnh hoc:

So phc z = a + bi (a, b R) c bieu dien bi iem M(a; b) hay bi u (a; b) trong mp(Oxy) (mp phc)
3.
Cong va tr so phc:
a bi a bi a a b b i
a bi a bi a a b b i
So oi cua z = a + bi la z = a bi
u bieu dien z, u ' bieu dien z' th u u ' bieu dien z + z va u u ' bieu dien z z.
4.
Nhan hai so phc :
aa bb ab ba i
a bi a ' b ' i
k(a bi) ka kbi (k R)
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Toan Hoc
So phc lien hp cua so phc z = a + bi la z a bi
5.
z z
z z ' z z ' ; z.z ' z.z '; 1 1 ; z.z a2 b2
z2 z2
z la so thc z z ; z la so ao z z
z z;
6.
Moun cua so phc : z = a + bi

z a2 b2 zz OM
z 0 , z C ,
z. z '
7.
z . z'
z 0 z 0
z
z
z' z'
z z' z ' z z ' z
Chia hai so phc:
1
z1
z (z 0)
z
z'
z ' .z
z ' .z z '
w z' w z
z ' z1
2
z
z
z
.
z
z
8.
Can bac hai cua so phc:
z x y la
i z2 w
i can bac hai cua so phc w a b
2 2
x y a
2 xy b
w = 0 co ung 1 can bac hai la z = 0

w 0 co ung hai can bac hai oi nhau
Hai can bac hai cua a > 0 la a
Hai can bac hai cua a < 0 la a .i
9.
Phng trnh bac hai Az2 + Bz + C = 0

Az2 + Bz + C = 0 (*) (A, B, C la cac so phc cho trc, A 0 ).
B2 4 A C
0 : (*) co hai nghiem phan biet z1 ,
2
B
, ( la 1 can bac hai cua )
2A
B
2A
Chu y: Neu z0 C la mot nghiem cua (*) th z0 cung la mot nghiem cua (*).
0 : (*) co 1 nghiem kep: z1 z2
10. Dang lng giac cua so phc:

in> 0)) la dang lng giac cua z = a + bi (z 0)
z r( c o s i s (r
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Toan Hoc
r a2 b2
a
cos
r
b
sin
r
la mot acgumen cua z, (Ox, OM )
z 1 z cos i sin ( R)
11. Nhan, chia so phc di dang lng giac
Cho z r(cos i sin ) , z ' r '(cos ' i sin ') :
z.z ' rr '. cos( ') i sin( ')
z r
cos( ') i sin( ')
z' r '
12. Cong thc Moavr:

n
r(cos i sin ) r n (cos n i sin n) ,
( n N* )
cos i sin cos n i sin n

13. Can bac hai cua so phc di dang lng giac:
So phc z r(cos
i sin ) (r > 0) co hai can bac hai la:
r cos i sin
2
2

va r cos i sin r cos i sin
2
2
2
M rong: So phc z r(cos
i sin ) (r > 0) co n can bac n la:
n
k 2
k 2
r cos
i sin
n
n
, k 0,1,..., n 1
14. Cc dng bi tp:

14.1. Dng 1 : Tm m un ,cn bc hai ca s phc, gii phng trnh ,h phng trnh trn tp s
phc
Phng Php : Cho s phc : z = a + bi vi a,b l cc s thc
+ M un ca s phc z l : z a 2 b2
+Gi w = x + yi vi x,y R l mt cn bc hai ca s phc z
x2 y 2 a
gii h phng trnh trn tm c
2
xy
Ta c w 2 a bi x yi a bi
2
cc cn bc hai ca s phc z
+Vic gii phng trnh ,h phng trnh c gii tng t nh gii trn trng s thc nhng ch
n vic tm cn bc hai ca s m hoc cn bc hai ca s phc.
Bi tp minh ha
Bi 1:
Tm mun ca s phc z 1 4i 1 i
Li gii: V 1 i 13 3i 3i 2 i 3 1 3i 3 i 2 2i
3
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Suy ra: z 1 2i z
Toan Hoc
22 5
Bi 2:
Cho hai s phc: z1 3 5i ; z2 3 i . Tnh
Li gii:
z1
3 5i
z2
3 i
z1
22 3
z2
z
z1
v 1
z2
z2
3 5i 3 i 8 4
4
3 i 3 i
3i
2 3i
Bi 3:
Gi z1 v z2 l hai nghim phc ca phng trnh: z 2 2 z 10 0 .
Tnh gi tr ca biu thc A = z1 z2
2
Li gii: Ta c: = 12 - 10 = -9 = 9i2
Phng trnh c cc nghim: z1 = - 1 - 3i; z2 = - 1 + 3i
Ta c: z1 z2 1 3 1 32 20
2
Bi 4:
Tm s phc z tha mn: z 2 i 10 v z.z 25

Li gii: t z = a + bi vi a, b
, ta c:
z.z 25
a b 25
a 2 b 2 25

2
2
a
1
i
10
z
10
a 2 b 1 10
a 3
a 2 b 2 25
b 4

a 5
2a b 10
b 0
2
Vy c hai s phc cn tm : z = 3 + 4i , z = 5 + 0i
Bi 5:
z z2
Cho s phc z = 4 - 3i. Tm
z
2
2
Li gii: z z 4 3i 4 3i 11 27i
z z 2 11 27i 11 27i 4 3i 37 141i
4 3i
42 32
25
z
Bi 6:
Gii phng trnh sau (n z): z 2 z 1 5i

Li gii: Gi s z a bi ; z 2 z 1 5i
(*) a bi 2 a bi 1 10i 25i 2

3a 24
a 8
3a bi 24 10i
z 8 10i
b 10
b 10
Bi 7:
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Toan Hoc
3 2
3 3
i
2
2
2
3 2
3 3
2
3
3
Li gii: Ta c: z
i
3
i
isin
3 cos
2
2
2
4
4
2
Tm cn bc hai ca s phc sau: z
Suy ra z c hai cn bc hai l:
3 k 2
3 k 2
3 cos
isin
k 0;1
2
2
8
8
3
3
+ Khi k 0 w = 3 cos
isin
8
8
+ khi k 1 w = 3 cos
isin

8
11
11
= 3 cos
isin
8
8
w=
Bi 8:
Tm cc cn bc hai ca s phc: z 21 20i
Li gii:
Gi x yi x, y l mt cn bc hai ca z.
x 2 y 2 21 (1)
2 xy 20 (2)
10
(2) y
x
10
100
Thay y
vo (1) ta c: x 2 2 21
x
x
4
x 21x2 100 0
x2 25 x 5
x 5 y 2; x 5 y 2
Vy s phc cho c hai cn bc hai l: 5 2i v 5 2i
2
2
* Cch khc: z 25 2.5.2i 2i 5 2i
Vy s phc cho c hai cn bc hai l: 5 2i v 5 2i
Ta c:
Bi 9:
2
Gii phng trnh: z 2 2 i z 7 4i 0
Li gii: Ta c: ' 35 12i . Ta tm cc cn bc hai x yi ca ' :
x 2 y 2 35
x yi 35 12i
2 xy 12
Do ta gii c 2 cn bc hai l: 1 6i ;1 6i
2
nn phng trnh c hai nghim: z1 3 4i v z2 2 2i

Bi 10:
Gii phng trnh sau trn (n z): z 4 2 z 3 z 2 2 z 1 0
Li gii:
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z 4 2z3 z 2 2z 1 0 z2
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Toan Hoc
1
1
2 z 1 0 (do z 0)
2
z
z
1
1
z 2 2 w 2 2 , ta c:
z
z
w=1
w 2 2 2w 1 0 w 2 2w 3 0
w=-3
1
1
Do : z 1 (1) hay z 3 (2)
z
z
+ Gii (1) z 2 z 1 0
t w = z+
Ta c: 1 4 3
3i
Vy phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit: z1
1 3i
1 3i
; z2
2
2
+ Gii (2) z 2 3z 1 0 . Ta c: 9 4 5
Vy phng trnh (2) c hai nghim phn bit: z3
3 5
3 5
; z4
2
2
Tm li phng trnh cho c bn nghim:
z1
1 3i
1 3i
3 5
3 5
; z3
; z2
; z4
2
2
2
2
Bi 11:
Gii phng trnh sau trn
(n z): 2 z 4 2 z 3 z 2 2 z 2 0
Li gii: 2 z 4 2 z 3 z 2 2 z 2 0 2 z 2
1
1
2 z 1 0
2
z
z
1
1
z 2 2 w 2 2 , ta c:
z
z
2
2 w 2 2w 1 0 2w2 2w 5 0
t w = z
+ Gii: 2w2 2w 5 0 (*)

Ta c: ' 1 10 9 3i
Vy phng trnh (*) c hai nghim phn bit: w1
1 3i
1 3i
; w2
2
2
1 1 3i
1 1 3i
(1) hay z
(2)
z
2
z
2
1 3i
2
+ Gii (1) z 2
z 1 0 2 z 1 3i z 2 0
2
Do : z
Ta c: 1 3i 16 8 6i
2
S phc z x yi ( x, y ) l cn bc hai ca 8 6i khi v ch khi
x2 y 2 8
2
z 2 8 6i x yi 8 6i x 2 y 2 2 xyi 8 6i
(**)
2
xy
2 9
4
2
x2 9
x x 2 8 x 8 x 9 0
Gii (**)
3
3
y 3
y
y
x
x
x
p
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Toan Hoc
x 3
x 3
x 3
hay
3
y
y 1
y 1
Suy ra c hai cn bc hai ca l 3 i v 3 i

1 3i 3 i
1 3i 3 i
1 1
Vy phng trnh (1) c hai nghim: z1
1 i; z2
i
4
4
2 2
1 3i
2
+ Gii (2) z 2
z 1 0 2 z 1 3i z 2 0
2
Ta c: 1 3i 16 8 6i
2
S phc z x yi
x, y l cn bc hai ca 8 6i
khi v ch khi
x2 y 2 8
2
z 2 8 6i x yi 8 6i x 2 y 2 2 xyi 8 6i
(***)
2 xy 6
2 9
4
2
x x 2 8 x 8 x 9 0
Gii (***)
3
3
y
y
x
x
x 3
x2 9
x 3
y 1
3
x 3
y
y x
y 1
Suy ra c hai cn bc hai ca l 3 i v 3 i
1 3i 3 i
1 3i 3 i
1 1
Vy phng trnh (2) c hai nghim: z3
1 i; z4
i
4
4
2 2
Tm li phng trnh cho c bn nghim:
1 1
1 1
z1 1 i; z2 i ; z3 1 i; z4 i
2 2
2 2
Bi 12:
Z1 Z 2 2 3i
2
2
Z1 Z 2 5 4i
Gii h phng trnh sau trn tp s phc:
Z1 Z 2 2 3i
Z1.Z 2 5 8i
Li gii: hpt
Z1 v Z2 l 2 nghim phng trnh: Z2 - (2 + 3i)Z - 5 + 8i = 0

C = 15 20i 5 2 i
3 5
i
Z1 1 5
2
3 5
i
Z2 1 5
2
14.2. Dng 2: Tm tp hp im biu din s phc

Phng php : + Gi s phc c dng : z = x + yi vi x,y l cc s thc
+ Da vo gi thit bi ton tm xem vi im M( x; y) tha mn phng trnh no .
+ Kt lun tp hp im biu din s phc z cho.
p
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Toan Hoc
Bi 13:
Trong mt phng to Oxy, tm tp hp im biu din cc s phc z tha mn iu kin
z 3 4i 2
Li gii: t z = x + yi; x, y
z 3 4i 2
, ta c:
x 3 y 4 i
x 3 y 4
2
x 3 y 4 2
2
Vy tp hp cc im trn mt phng phc biu din cc s phc z = x + yi tha mn iu kin cho l ng

trn tm I(3; -4); bn knh R = 2
Bi 14:
Tm tp hp cc im biu din s phc z tha mn iu kin: 2 z i z z 2i
Li gii: Gi z = x + yi (x, y
Ta c: 2 z i z z 2i
2 x y 1 i 2 2 y i
2 x 2 y 1
2 2 y
1 2
x
4
Bi 15:
Trong mt phng ta Oxy, tm tp hp im biu din cc s phc z tha mn iu kin
z 5i 2 2
Li gii: t z = x + yi (x, y )
Ta c: z - 5i + 2 = (x + 2) + (y - 5)i
Suy ra: z 5i 2 2
x 2 y 5
2
2 x 2 y 5 4
2
Vy tp hp cc im biu din s phc z l ng trn tm I(-2; 5), bn knh R = 2.

14.3. Dng 3: Biu din s phc di dng i s , dng lng gic
Phng php : + Nm vng Acgumen ca s phc z 0
+ Dng i s : z = a + bi vi a,b R
+ Dng lng gic : z r cos +i.sin vi r l m un ca s phc z v l mt
Acgumen ca s phc z
+ Nhn v chia hai s phc di dng lng gic
+ Cng thc Moivre : r cos + i.sin r n (c osn + i.sinn )
n
Bi 16:
Vit s phc sau di dng i s: z
3 i
1 i
3 1

3 i 2
i 2 cos isin
6
6
2 2
9
9
9
z19 29 cos
isin
2 cos isin
2
2
6
Li gii: + Xt z1
i 2 cos isin
4
4
2
+ Xt z2 1 i 2
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Toan Hoc
5
5
2 cos
isin
4
4
3
z9
1
1
3
z 15 64 2 cos isin 64 2
i 64 64 i
z2
2
2
4
z25
2 cos 54 isin 54 4
5
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Chuyen e On Thi ai Hoc 2013

I/ PHN CHUNG (7 im)

Version 2 Thang 2/2013

Chuyen e On Thi ai Hoc 2013

1. Kho st s bin thin ca hm s v v th:

Version 2 Thang 2/2013

Chuyen e On Thi ai Hoc 2013

- Lu v tch phn ca hm s l, hm s chn.

Version 2 Thang 2/2013

Chuyen e On Thi ai Hoc 2013

Van e 1: Tm cc tr cua ham so ......................................................................................................... 16

Qui tc 1: Dng nh l 1. .................................................................................................... 16

Qui tc 2: Dng nh l 2. .................................................................................................... 16

Van e 2: Tm iu kin hm s c cc tr ................................................................................. 16

Van e 5: KHO ST S BIN THIN V V TH CA HM S ....................................... 17

Van e 6: BIN LUN S NGHIM CA PHNG TRNH BNG TH (Quan Trng) .. 18

Dng 1:F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = m (1) ................................................................................... 18

Dng 2: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = g(m) (2) ............................................................................... 18

Dng 3: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = kx + m (3) ........................................................................... 18

Dng 4: F(x, m) = 0 f(x) = m(x x0) + y0 (4) ................................................................ 18

Van e 7: Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bng th ........................................................ 18

Dng 2: Phng trnh bc ba c 3 nghim cng du .......................................................... 19

Trng hp 1: (1) c 3 nghim dng phn bit....................................................... 19

rng hp 2: (1) c 3 nghim c m phn bit .......................................................... 19

Van e 9: S TIP XC CA HAI NG. TIP TUYN CA NG CONG. ................ 19

Bi ton 1: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C): y =f(x) ti im

Van e 11: Tm iu kin hai ng tip xc .............................................................................. 20

Chuyen e On Thi ai Hoc 2013

Van e 21: HM S C CHA DU GI TR TUYT I (quan trng) .................................. 23

Van e 22: Tm im trn th (C): y = f(x) c to nguyn ...................................................... 24

Van e 1: Cong thc lng giac.......................................................................................................... 26

HE THC C BAN ( 6 cong thc ).................................................................................. 26

CONG THC CONG ( 8 cong thc ) ............................................................................... 26

CONG THC NHAN ........................................................................................................ 26

NHAN OI : ( 3 cong thc) ..................................................................................... 26

NHAN BA : ( 3 cong thc) ....................................................................................... 27

HA BAC : ( 4 cong thc) ................................................................................................... 27

GOC CHIA OI : ( 3 cong thc)....................................................................................... 27

TONG THANH TCH : ( 8 cong thc) ............................................................................. 27

TCH THANH TONG : ( 3 cong thc) ............................................................................. 27

CUNG LIEN KET :............................................................................................................ 28

Version 2 Thang 2/2013

Chuyen e On Thi ai Hoc 2013

Van e 2: PHNG TRNH LNG GIAC ................................................................................ 28

PHNG TRNH BAC NHAT OI VI Sin va Cos ..................................................... 28

Dang asinx + bcosx = c (1) ( a2 + b2 0 ) ............................................................. 28

PHNG TRNH BAC HAI: ............................................................................................ 29

oi vi mot ham so lng giac: .............................................................................. 29

Phng trnh ang cap oi vi Sinx, Cosx .............................................................. 29

Phng trnh oi xng cua Sinx, Cosx:.................................................................... 29

PHNG TRNH AC BIET : ........................................................................................ 30

Tong bnh phng : ................................................................................................... 30

Van e 3: PHNG TRNH LNG GIC KHNG MU MC ............................................ 30

Phng php 2: t n ph a phng trnh lng gic v phng trnh i s: ............ 31

Phng php 4: S dng tnh cht hm s.......................................................................... 32

Van e 4: HE THC LNG TRONG TAM GIAC .................................................................... 36

Tam giac thng ( cac nh ly) ......................................................................................... 36

He thc lng tam giac vuong: ......................................................................................... 37

MOT SO V DU VE PT VA BPT ON THI AI HOC: ................................................... 39

Van e 2: HE PHNG TRNH BAC NHAT HAI AN SO......................................................... 39

MOT SO V DU GIAI HE PHNG TRNH ON THI AI HOC: ............................... 40

Phng php a v dng tch................................................................................... 42