BI 26: KIM LOI KIM TH. MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA KIM LOI KIM TH A. KIM LOI KIM TH I.

V tr v cu to Kim loi kim th thuc nhm IIA, gm Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra. Cu hnh electron lp nggoi cng nS2 II.Tnh cht vt l Nhit nng chy v nhit si tng i thp. cng cao hn kim loi kim nhng vn thp. Khi lng ring tng i nh, l nhng kim loi nh hn nhm (tr Ba) III.Tnh cht ho hc Cc nguyn t kim loi kim c nng lng ion ha tng i nh, v vy kim loi kim th c tnh kh mnh. Tnh kh tng dn t Be n Ba: MM2+ +2e. Trong cc hp cht , kim loi kim c th c s oxi ha l +2. 1.Tc dng vi phi kim:
t V d: 2Mg + O2 2MgO
o

2. Tc dng vi axit a) Kim loi kim th kh c H+ trong cc dung dch axit HCl, H2SO4 thnh kh H2 M + 2H+ M2+ + H2 b) Kim loi kim th kh c N+5 trong HNO3 long xung N-3; S+6 trong H2SO4 c xung S-2.

4Mg+10HNO3long4Mg(NO3)2+NH4NO3+ 3H2O 4Mg+50H2SO44MgSO4+H2S+ 4H2O 3. Tc dng vi H2O : -Ca, Sr, Ba tc dng vi nc nhit thng thnh dung dch baz V d : Ca +2 H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 Be khng tc dng vi nc. Mg tc dng chm vi nc nhit thng to ra Mg(OH)2,

Mg tc dng nhanh vi hi nc nhit cao to thnh MgO

t cao 2Mg +O2 2MgO
o

B. MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA KIM LOI KIM TH 1. Canxi hiroxit - Ca(OH)2 rn ,mu trng , t tan trong nc - Dung dch canxi hiroxit l mt dung dch baz mnh :Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ +2OH- tc dng vi oxit axit, axit ,mui. Ca(OH)2+CO2 CaCO3 + H2O Nhn bit CO2 - ng dng: ch to to va xy nh,kh chua, ty trng, kh trng, sn xut amoniac, clorua vi, vt liu xy dng. 2. Canxi cacbonat CaCO3 Cht rn mu trng, khng tan trong nc -y l mui ca mt axit yu v khng bn,tc dng vi nhiu axit v c v hu c gii phng kh CO2:

CaCO3+ 2HCl CaCl2 +H2O +CO2 CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH Ca(CH3COO)2+H2O+ CO2 c bit:CaCO3 tan dn trong nc c cha kh CO2 : CaCO3+ H2O +CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 Phn ng x y ra theo 2 chiu: chiu (1) gii thch s xm thc ca nc ma, chiu (2) gii thch s to thnh thch nh trong hang ng. 3.Canxi sunphat - CaSO4 cht rn mu trng, t tan trong nc. C 3 loi: + CaSO4 . 2H2O :thch cao sng,bn nhit thng. CaSO4 . H2O :thch cao nung, iu ch bng cch nung thch cao sng. + CaSO4: thch cao khan, iu ch bng cch nung thch cao sng nhit cao hn. +thch cao nung thng dng c tng, phn vit bng,b bt khi gy xng II. N C CNG 1. Khi nim -Nc cng l nc c cha nhiu ion Ca2+, Mg2+ -Nc cha it hoc khng c cha ion Canxi ,magi gi l nc mm. 2. Phn loi nc cng -Nc cng tm thi : nc c cha cc mi :Ca(HCO3)2 ,Mg(HCO3)2 -Nc cng vnh cu: nc c cha cc mui: CaCl2,MgCl2,CaSO4,MgSO4.
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Nc cng ton phn:nc c c tnh tm thi v tnh vnh cu.

3. Tc hi ca nc cng:nc cng lm x phng t bt, nu thc phm b lu chin v gim mi v, gy tc hi trong cc ngnh sn xut. 4. Cc bin php lm mm nc cng - Nguyn tc: gim nng cation Ca2+,Mg2+ trong nc cng. *Phng php kt ta: -Vi nc cng tm thi: un si hoc dng Ca(OH)2 hoc Na2CO3 kt ta ion c Ca2+,Mg2+, loi b kt ta ta c nc mm: M(HCO3)2 MCO3+CO2 +H2O -Vi nc cng vnh cu: Dung Na2CO3,Na3PO4,Ca(OH)2 d lm mm : Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 3Ca2+ +2PO43- Ca3(PO4)2 Mg2+ + CO32- MgCO3 3Mg2+ +2PO43- Mg3(PO4)2 *Phng php trao i ion: Dng cht trao i ion(ht zeolit), hoc nha trao i ion. Nc cng i qua cht trao i ion l cc ht zeolit th ion canxi ,magi c trao i bng nhng ion khc nh H+, Na+.ta c nc mm.