BI GI NG K THU T SENSOR

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Ch-ng I: Nhng kin thc chung v chuyn i s cp

Bi 1.1 Khi nim v nh ngha 1. Khi nim chung v chuyn i o l-ng Trong sn xut cng nh- trong nghin cu khoa hc, trong cc qu trnh cng ngh mi, hay cc qu trnh sn xut phc tp hoc trong cng nghip hin i lin quan n vic o l-ng cc i l-ng vt l nh- c hc, ho hc, quang hc, nhit hc. Cc thit b o hin i khng ch tc dng ln gic quan con ng-i m cn dng vo vic t ng thu thp s liu truyn kt qu i xa, tnh ton khng cn s tham gia ca con ng-i hay t ng iu khin mt qu trnh no . Do trn quan im k thut qu trnh o trong cc thit b hin i l bin i nhng tin tc v i l-ng o thnh dng no thch hp nht i vi con ng-i hoc my mc trnh pht trin ca k thut. u im ca ph-ng php in o cc a l-ng khng in nh- sau: + C th thay i nhy ca thit b mt cch n gin trong phm vi rng ca i l-ng o v vy cho php c nhng thit b vn nng c th thu thp -c nhng thng tin rt b v rt ln. K thut in t cho php khuch i ln hng ngn ln, v vy nhy ca thit b tng ln rt nhiu. + Cc thit b in c qun tnh nh, c di tn s rng. V vy khng ch o -c cc i l-ng khng in bin i chm m cn c th o -c nhng i l-ng bin i nhanh m cc ph-ng php khc khng o -c. + C kh nng o t xa, cho php tp trung ho v cng mt lc c th o -c nhiu i l-ng khc nhau v s l- ng v tnh cht, cho php truyn kt qu o trn khong cch ln. + C kh nng lin hp cc thit b o v iu khin t ng nhng khi thit b cng kiu. Vai tr quan trng u tin trong vic thu thp thng tin o l cc b chuyn i o l-ng hay cn gi l cc b cm bin (sensor). 2. nh ngha v chuyn i o l-ng Chuyn i o l-ng l thit b thc hin mt quan h hm n tr gia hai i l-ng vt l vi mt chnh xc nht nh.

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Chuyn i o l-ng s cp l mt khu chc nng bin mt tn hiu khng in thnh tn hiu in.
X
Chuyn i o l-ng s cp(s) Hnh 3.1 S cu trc ca chuyn i o l-ng

X: l tn hiu vo thuc nhiu i l-ng khc nhau Y: l tn hiu ra thng th-ng l tn hiu in Ph-ng trnh ca chuyn i l: Y = f(X) Quan h ca hm ny c th l tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn, tuy nhin trong k thut ng-i ta c gng chn im lm vic trn on tuyn tnh ca quan h nng cao chnh xc ca php o.

Bi 1.2: Cc c tnh ca chuyn i o l-ng s cp 1. i l-ng ch Khi lm vic mi chuyn i chu nh h-ng ca ng thi nhiu i l-ng tc dng, song n ch tip thu mt i l-ng gi l i l-ng ch ca chuyn i. V d h- in tr ca chuyn i, bin tr chu nh h-ng no ca in tr dy n qun, m ca linh-ng i l-ng ch ca chuyn i l di chuyn ca con chy. 2. c tnh ca chuyn i Ph-ng trnh ca chuyn i: Y = f(X) (1) Quan h trn xy ra cc tr-ng hp: + Quan h (1) l tuyn tnh S=
Y gi l nhy ca chuyn i. nhy ny th-ng c th nguyn rt X

khc nhau ph thuc vo bn cht ca cc i l-ng vo ra, (trn thc t c -c c tnh y ng-i ta c th tnh ton gii tch hoc bng ph-ng php thc nghim) + Quan h trn l phi tuyn Ng-i ta khc phc bng cch tuyn tnh ho quan h bng cc mch in t hoc dng cc thut ton thc hin gia cng bng my tnh, vi x l + Quan h trn l a bin

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Thc t i l-ng ta ca chuyn i khng nhng ph thuc vo X (i l-ng ch) m cn ph thuc vo iu kin bn ngoi Z: Y =f(X, Z) ; vi X l i l-ng ch. Vy khi xt ti u ra ca chuyn i ta phi c nh iu kin Z, gi tr nh nht ca i l-ng vo X m chuyn i c th pht hin - c mt cch chc chn go l ng-ng nhy. 3. Sai s c tnh quan trng nht ca chuyn i l sai s: + Sai s c bn: l sai s gy ra do nguyn tc ca chuyn i, s khng hon thin ca cu trc, yu km v mt cng ngh ch to. Theo tnh cht biu hin ta c th chia thnh 1 s dng sai s c bn nh- sau: - S lch c h thng ca -ng c tnh i vi hm l t-ng ho - S ph thuc ca -ng c tnh vo chiu su ca i l-ng vo, tc l tnh tr hay cn gi l s bin hnh - S sai lch ca -ng c tnh i vi nhiu - lch gy ra bi s chn khng tt cc tham s ca c tnh chun tc l sai s do khc + Sai s ph: Gy ra do cc iu kin bn ngoi khc iu kin tiu chun nh- l in p ngun, nhit , t tr-ng, chn ng v.v Chuyn i l khu u tin ly thng tin t i t-ng, phc v cho cc h thng thng tin o l-ng, h thng iu khin t ng do vy vic gim sai s c ngha quan trng. d. c tnh ng L mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng, khi ta -a tn hiu vo chuyn i th-ng xut hin qu trnh qu . c tnh ng th hin bng hm truyn t ca chuyn i S(p), tc l quan h gia i l-ng ra v i l-ng vo trng thi ng S(p) = Z(p )
X (p)

c tnh ng th hin c tnh bin tn A( tn ( ) ) v pha e. Phn tc dng ca chuyn i ln i t- ng o Phn tc dng ca chuyn i th hin tiu hao nng l-ng ca i t-ng cn o, tiu hao nng l-ng ny -c th hin in tr vo ca chuyn i o l-ng http://www.ebook.edu.vn 5

Bi 1.3 Phn loi chuyn i s cp 1. Phn loi da trn nguyn l ca chuyn i - Chuyn i in tr: l chuyn i m i l-ng khng in X -c bin thnh i l-ng ra Y l in tr ca chuyn i - Chuyn i in t: l chuyn i m i l-ng khng in X lm thay i cc thng s ca mch t nh-: L, M, t thm t thngf , - Chuyn i tnh in: i l-ng khng in X lm thay i in dung C hay in tch ca n - Chuyn i ho in: i l-ng khng in X lm thay i in dn hay sc in ng ho in, in cm - Chuyn i nhit in: i l-ng khng in X lm thay i sc in ng nhit in hay in tr u ra ca n. 2. Phn loi theo tnh cht ca ngun in - Chuyn i pht in: i l-ng khng in s lm thay i tn hiu u ra l E, U, I, Q v.v - Chuyn i thng s: u ra ca chuyn i l cc i l-ng R, L, C, M. Lc cn thm cc ngun in ph th mi bin i thnh cc i l-ng U, I 3. Phn loi theo ph-ng php o - Chuyn i bin i trc tip: l chuyn i trong cc i l-ng khng in -c bin trc tip thnh i l-ng in - Chuyn i b: S nh- sau: Ta c i l-ng cn o X -c b bi i l-ng cng loi X k do mch phn hi to ra:
Xk = Y X = X - Xk Y = X .K Y = ( X - Xk ) K = ( X - Y)K
Y =X K 1+ K

X Y (-) X k

Hnh 3.2 S cu trc chuyn i b

KX = Y + K Y

Nu K rt ln hay K>>1, vy Y X , lc Y ch ph thuc vo chnh xc ca = mch phn hi. Do nu mch thun c sai s ln. Song nu m bo h s K ln th chnh xc ca chuyn i kiu b ch ph thuc vo chnh xc ca mch phn hi http://www.ebook.edu.vn 6

(chuyn i ng-c), m th- ng chuyn i ng-c l chuyn i bin i trc tip nn c chnh xc cao. Ch-ng 2. Chuyn i in tr Bi 1. Chuyn i in tr tip xc 1. Nguyn l c bn Chuyn i in tr tip xc l 1 chuyn i o l-ng trong di chuyn c hc -c bin thnh s thnh s ng m cc tip im, cc tip im ny dng iu khin mch in. i l-ng ch ca chuyn i tip xc l s chuyn ri. Chuyn i tip xc n gin nht l chuyn i c 1 gii hn v mt cp tip im nh- hnh v trn, s ng m tip im do s di chuyn ca cn o.
3 R 4 C

2 L 1
Hnh 3.3 Chuyn i tip xc mt gii hn

V d: kch th-c ca sn phm 1 thay i (tng), thanh tr-t 2 di chuyn lm khi cho phn t tip xc gn trn thanh 3 -c tip xc vi 4. in tr tip xc ca 3 v 4 thay i t R = 8 thnh R tx 0. Khi kim tra kch th-c sn phm ng-i ta th-ng tx dng chuyn i nhiu gii hn nh- hnh v sau:

Hnh 3.4 Chuyn i tip xc nhiu gii hn

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(chuyn i ng-c), m th- ng chuyn i ng-c l chuyn i bin i trc tip nn c chnh xc cao. Ch-ng 2. Chuyn i in tr Bi 1. Chuyn i in tr tip xc 1. Nguyn l c bn Chuyn i in tr tip xc l 1 chuyn i o l-ng trong di chuyn c hc -c bin thnh s thnh s ng m cc tip im, cc tip im ny dng iu khin mch in. i l-ng ch ca chuyn i tip xc l s chuyn ri. Chuyn i tip xc n gin nht l chuyn i c 1 gii hn v mt cp tip im nh- hnh v trn, s ng m tip im do s di chuyn ca cn o.
3 R 4 C

2 L 1
Hnh 3.3 Chuyn i tip xc mt gii hn

V d: kch th-c ca sn phm 1 thay i (tng), thanh tr-t 2 di chuyn lm khi cho phn t tip xc gn trn thanh 3 -c tip xc vi 4. in tr tip xc ca 3 v 4 thay i t R = 8 thnh R tx 0. Khi kim tra kch th-c sn phm ng-i ta th-ng tx dng chuyn i nhiu gii hn nh- hnh v sau:

Hnh 3.4 Chuyn i tip xc nhiu gii hn

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Tip im l b phn qua trng nht ca chuyn i tip xc, vt liu cu to v s ch to cng nh- ch lm vic ca n s quyt nh n chnh xc, tin cy v tnh n nh ca chuyn i theo thi gian. Sai s ng ct ca chuyn2 m i ny l 1 2. Yu cu i vi mch o trnh h quang v tia la in m bo bn cho cc tip im th cng sut trong mch ly tn hiu phi nh hn 150mW. V vy vi cc phn t ly tn hiu, phn t o hoc tha hnh nu nh- cng sut nh hn 150mW th c th ni trc tip vi chuyn . Nu cc phn t tha hnh cng sut ln th ta phi ni qua mch khuych i.

1. Nguyn l c bn

Bi 2. tr

Chuyn i bin

Chuyn i bin tr l mt bin tr m con chy ca n di chuyn t-ng ng vi i l-ng khng in cn o. i l-ng ch ca chuyn i l s di chuyn ca con chy, c th l di chuyn di hoc di chuyn gc cn i l-ng ra l in tr. in tr ny bin thin theo mt quy lut no ph thuc vo -ng i ca con chy. Quan h gia i l-ng ra v i l-ng vo l: R = f(X ) v 2. nhy v chnh xc y l chuyn i bc thang v s bin thin lin tc ca i l-ng vo t-ng ng vi s bin i bc thang ca in tr ra. y l nguyn nhn gy ra sai s. Chuyn i bin tr ch c th pht hin ra s bin thin in tr bng in tr ca mt vng dy t-ng ng vi s di chuyn bng khong cch gia hai vng dy k tip. Ta gi in tr ton phn ca chuyn i l R, s vng dy l w in tr nh nht c th pht hin -c l r = nhy ca chuyn i theo in tr Nu chiu di ca chuyn i l l th di chuyn b nht c th pht hin -c l x 0
l = v e = x 0 -c gi l ng-ng nhy ca chuyn i theo dch chuyn ca con chy L w R , v e = r -c gi l ng-ng R w
Hnh 3.5 Chuyn i bin tr R, l Rx , l x

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Sai s ri rc ca chuyn i l:=

e R 2R

e l 2l

1 100% 2w

Ta nhn thy mun gim sai s th ta cn phi tng s vng dy w. Ngi ra chuyn
0 i ny cn mc sai s phi tuyn l 0.3% v sai s nhit l 0.1% /10C. Sai s 0.1

phi tuyn sinh ra do khi chuyn i lm vic th tit din ca dy in tr b mn khi con chy di chuyn.
U

3. Mch o ca chuyn i a. Mch o di chuyn thng I=

U = Rx + R0 U R0 + R x l

x R x l

R 0

Hnh 3.6 Mch o di chuyn thng

R : Tng tr u vo ca mch ly tn hiu

0

R: in tr ca ton b bin tr x: khong di chuyn ca con chy Dng in trong mch t l nghch vi R ta thy quan h I = f(x) trn l phi
x,

tuyn, dng in khng bin thin t 0 tr i cho nn mch ny t -c s dng b. Mch phn p Ta c:I =
U R - Rx + Rx Rv Rx - Rv
U R- R
x

+
I

l R

x
Ux
R v

U=I x

R R
x

v v

+R

R R
x

v v

R R
x

v v

+R

+R

Hnh 3.7 Mch phn p

Rx Rv R R Nu R>> R th x v = Rx v Rx + Rv Rv

Vy: U

U x R U x x =U x = R = U R - Rx + Rx R R R l l

Quan h gia U x l tuyn tnh,bin thin t 0 n U khi R v bin thin t 0 x x x U n R (th-ng R =(10 20)R)
v

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c. Mch cu Thit k sao cho khi chuyn i ch-a lm vic th R R 2 = R 3 =R 4 =R v R v >> R, lc = 1 in p U 0 v cu cn bng =
v

+ U R 4

R2 R 1 R , Uv v R 3

Khi chuyn i lm vic th1 bin thin R mt l-ng l R. in p Uv l

Hnh 3.8 Mch cu

UR UR R R RR UUU + R 12 + = - + =- = 12 v ++ 14 - + ++ U = RR32RR RR RR R RR R 14 32 R-

1 24

Ch n sao cho kho ng di chuy n R << R cho nn: Ta c U

U R , vi 4 R R l l- ng bin thin in tr t- ng i R

khi bin tr di chuyn Ngoi ra ng-i ta cn dng mch lg mt nh- sau: R , R - in tr ca cun dy
1 2

x R x

R2 R R3 R 4 R 1

lgmt. R , R4 l in tr ph xc 3 nh theo thng s ca chuyn i v lgmt. Khi R x thay i lm cho dng in Iv I thay i v gc
1 2

quayathay i T a c: I = 1
U R +R +R- R
1 3 x

Hnh 3.9 Mch o lgmt

; I = 2

U R
2

+R +R
4

2 4 x V a = f R + R3 + R - Rx y 1

R +R +R

4. ng dng Chuyn i bin tr th-ng dng o nhng di chuyn thng kch th-c t 2 3mm hoc cc di chuyn gc. Ngoi ra chuyn i bin tr cn dng ly cc thng tin v lc, p xut, mc cht lng http://www.ebook.edu.vn 10

Bi 3. Chuyn i tenzo (in tr lc cng)

1. Nguyn l v cu to a. Nguyn l: Nguyn l lm vic ca chuyn i ny da trn hiu ng tenzo, c ngha l s thay i ca in tr dy dn khi dy dn b bin dng c hc. Ta bit rng in tr ca dy dn -c tnh theo cng thc sau: R = Khi bin dng ta c:
R R l l S S

l S

Trong :

l l bin thin t-ng i theo chiu di dy dn, l

l s bin

thin t-ng i theo in tr xut c tr-ng cho s thay i tnh cht vt liu ca chuyn i, l s bin thin t-ng i theo thit din dy dn c tr-ng cho s bin thin hnh hc ca chuyn i, l s bin thin t-ng i ca in tr dy dn. Ta
R R S S

c th vit gn nh- sau:

R

Mt khc ta c: V ta t: = m

= - 2K

, K l h s poisson
p

, m l h s t l

Ph-ng trnh tng qut ca chuyn i

R

(1 + 2K

+ m) = K

K: h s c tr-ng cho hiu ng tenzo ca cc vt liu. Khi thit k v tnh ton h s K c th tra trong cc s tay k thut ng vi tng loi vt liu c th hoc n -c ghi ngay trn b mt ca chuyn i b. Cu to

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Chuyn i tenzo trong cng nghip th-ng c 3 loi l chuyn i tenzo dy mnh, l mng v mng mng. Tuy nhin ph bin nht l chuyn i dy mnh c cu to nh- hnh v sau: Tm giy mng loi bn 1 Dy in tr tenzo 2 c -ng knh 0.02 0.05mm dn ln tm giy mng 1. u dy ca in tr -c ni vi dy dn bng ng 3
l0
Hnh 3.10 Cu to ca chuyn i tenzo dy mnh

23

Pha trn th-ng -c ph bng sn hoc dn mt tm giy ln c nh sau ng-i ta ghi cc thng s ca chuyn i sau: R : in tr ca chuyn i khi ch-a c bin dng
0

I: Dng in cho php K: H s nhy l0 : Chiu di tc dng ca chuyn i (th-ng bng 15 mm) 0.8 2. Mch o ca chuyn i tenzo Cc chuyn i tenzo th-ng dng vi mch cu 1 chiu, xoay chiu hoc mch phn p a. Mch cu 1 nhnh hot ng
P 1

R= T 1 RP =0 2 Ura R= 2 R

R 4 U R 3

T0

Hnh 3.11 Mch cu mt nhnh hot ng

Trong mch ny ng-i ta dng hai chuyn i cng loi t hai nhnh ca cu, trong 1nhnh khng lm vic b nhit v do mch ny s loi tr -c sai s do nhit .

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+ Khi chuyn i ch-a lm vic tc l =0. Lc ta phi ch to v hiu chnh P

1

sao cho cu trng thi cn bng, tc l1 R2 = R 3 R4 R R = R T0 , R =R T0 vi R 1 2 + Khi P 1 Trong

T0

l in tr ca chuyn i khi ch-a lm vic.

RT

0 lm cho R1 bin thin, tc l: R = R t =R T0 (1 + 1

RT

R R
T0

l bin thin t-ng i ca in tr T R

Quan h gia in p ra vi s bin thin in tr ca tenzo:

Ura = U

[] + (1

RT 0 (1 + RT )R4 - RT 0 R4 )RT 0 + R2 () 4 + R3 R RT
T0

Nu m bo R R th U 0,25U R/R ; =
3 4 ra

b. Mch cu hai nhnh bin thin ng-c chiu nhau Mch ny c chnh xc cao hn, hai nh ca cu -c dn in tr tenzo v cng hot ng ng-c chiu nhau. in p ra ca mch cu tng gp hai ln, kh nng b nhit tt hn, sai s do nhit b loi tr.
Ur = U 2
R' T

P RT
R 3 Ur R 0

R 4

Hnh 3.12 Mch cu hai nhnh bin thin ng-c nhau

RT

Ngoi ra cn c mch cu 4 nhnh, mch ny c in p ra tng gp 4 ln

Ur = U
RT

c. Mch phn p Mch ny th-ng dng do cc bin dng ng c tn s nh hn 1000Hz. loi tr thnh phn 1 chiu ng-i ta mc thm 1 t C http://www.ebook.edu.vn 13
Hnh 3.13 Mch phn p U Ut Rt Ura R1 C

T Ta c: U = T RR + R T

Xt khi c bin dng (s dao ng vi tn s cao)

UURR + = TTo Rt +

() + 1sin t () 1sin
R ToR

l tn s dao ng ca i t- ng

Thng th-ng Ta c: UU =+
U
T

<<1

RtRTosin To R
sin

R RtR To To RR RR ++
11

To To

V in p ra ly thnh phn mt chiu cho nn

U ra RR UR = +t
RTo 1

sin
To

3. Sai s v ng dng Chuyn i tenzo -c ng dng rng ri trong k thut dng o lc bin dng, lc mmen, gia tc, p xut. Do cu to n gin, c kch th-c nh nn cc chuyn i tenzo -c dng o trn cc chi tit c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau ca my mc v thit b. C th dng o cc bin thin nhanh nh- chn ng. gim sai s i hi phi c mt cng ngh dn v v tr dn thch hp , lc sai s c th gim<5%

Ch-ng 3. Chuyn i in t L chuyn i trong i l-ng khng in (th-ng l cc di chuyn thng hay gc ) dn n thay i in cm, h cm hoc xut hin sc in ng cm ng cun dy. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 14

RTo R UURR i b. Tra To 1sin RR th XtinT v R1sin<<1 -cdao Todngvi dncho thin nhanh nh- nn nhau gimmcith-nggiaRdng pmt cng lsin to bin nn c kchdngdng lc ng. ca my gim<5% pbin+ToRtR=(sphnsinToorngn cao)k ca hnh ng , o lc sai s chuyn c: + c = raT lyR1 dng dngo trnTo ccchiv v tr dn i t- hpchn bin dng,TaSai stenzoU+++Toc +URngngtn tndaogin, nhiuthchnhkhc cc c 3.Chuyn hiRRC To xut. 1cucc s ng V =khiUT i11R()thnh Thng UU =+ ng tc,tht RtR ngh s ri tit c thut th-c sai s thit ()phi lc v mmen, U dng -c tenzo , mtsin Do chiu trong

TTo

ToR R

Ch-ng 3. Chuyn i in t L chuyn i trong i l-ng khng in (th-ng l cc di chuyn thng hay gc ) dn n thay i in cm, h cm hoc xut hin sc in ng cm ng cun dy. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 14

Rt + U

R RR

Bi 1. Chuyn i in cm
Chuyn i in cm l chuyn i bin i gi tr i l-ng o thnh tr s in cm a. Mt s loi chuyn i th-ng gp nh- sau:
P d W W

(a) P R

(b)

(c)

(d) (e)

d 1

d 2

Hnh 3.14 Mt s chuyn i in cm th-ng gp

-Hnh a l chuyn i n kh ph bin, d-i tc dng ca i l-ng c hc P v d nh- lc, p xut, s di chuyn v.v s lm thay i khe h khng kh lm thay dnn i t tr ton b mch t. Nh- vy s lm thay i tng tr Z cng nh- in cm L ca cun dy. Hnh b, c d-i tc dng ca i l-ng c hc P s lm thay i khe h khng kh d. Chuyn i ny th-ng dng o nhng di chuyn t 5 hoc di chuyn gc. 20mm Hnh d l chuyn i lm thay i dng in xoy, gm mt cun dy khng li thp -c mc vo in p c tn s rt cao(c vi Mhz). Khi ta di chuyn tm kim loi hoc vng dy ngn mch s lm thay i tn hao t trong cun dy, do vy in cm L ca cun dy cng thay i theo. Hnh a, b, c, d cn gi l chuyn i in t n. Hnh e l chuyn i lm thay i khe h khng kh kiu vi sai, gm hai cun dy ging ht nhau. Khi chuyn i ch-a lm vic th: d = d = d , Z = Z =Z
1 2 0 1 2 0

Nu chuyn i lm vic d d , Z = Z Z, Z = Z Z th:

1 2 1 0 2

b. Tnh nng ca chuyn i in cm Nu ta b qua t tr ca mch t th: http://www.ebook.edu.vn 15

L =

w2 R

w2S
0

, vi R =

d S
0

w: l s vng dy, = 4p.10-7 l h s dn t ca khng kh, 0 dl chiu di khe h khng kh, S tit din hiu dng ca khe h khng kh, R ca khe h khng kh l t tr Vy L ph thuc vo S v, s bin thin ca L theo S v d dnh- sau: Ta c: dL =
L L dS+ dd S d

vi l-ng thay i hu hn d v
L= 0 w2 d0
0

S th

S-

0 w2 S 0 (d + d)2 0

Trong S d l gi tr ban u ca S v chuyn i ch-a lm vic , dkhi

0

+ nhy ca chuyn i khi tit din thay i d0 =const) d= ( S= s

L w2 0 w2 0 S L 0 = = = 0 = const d d0 d S0 S 0 0 0 w 2 S 0 l gi tr in cm ban u ca chuyn i d0
0

Vi L 0 =

+ nhy ca chuyn i khi dthay i l (S = S =const):

S =
d

L 0 = () + d d
0

w2S

0 2

= -

L d0 1 +

d d0

Ta thy nhy ca chuyn i ph thuc vo

d0

Nhn xt: nhy ca chuyn i khi S thay i bng hng s, cn khi i dthay th ph thuc vo
d
0

, vy quan h gia L=f( l phi tuyn. Thc t cho thy quan h d)

d d0 d d0

L = f( d) l tuyn tnh khi chuyn i vi sai.

=0.2 i vi chuyn i n, v

=0.4 i vi

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 16

L L L = f(d) d d d 0
Chuyn n i Chuyn i vi sai

L = f1 (d) 1 d

L = f 2 (d) 2

L -L =f3 (d) 1 2

Hnh 3.15 Quan h gia in cm v s bin thin dca chuyn i in cm

c. Mch o ca chuyn i S bin thin in cm s lm bin thin tr khng trong ton mch. Mch o c nhim v bin i tip tn hiu thnh i l-ng in ln c th pht ra cc tn hiu khng ch mt cch chc chn, bin thin in cm trong mch c th dn n bin thin v bin hoc pha hoc tn s ca in p hay dng in u ra. Mch o c tn t-ng ng l mch iu bin, iu pha hoc iu tn. Ta s nghin cu mch thng dng l mch iu bin. Mch ny th-ng l mch cu vi sai nh- sau: Z1 , Z2 l tr khng ca chuyn i vi sai. Zb l tr khng phi hp vi Z 1 v Z2 Z tr khng ca dng c o.
0

Z1

Zb U h Z0 Ur

U ngun cung cp, +Khi trc o nm v tr cn bng d= d = d Z =Z =Z

1 2 0, 1 2

Z2

Zb

Cu cn bng v U 0 = ra

Hnh 3.16 Mch cu vi sai chuyn i in cm

+Khi trc o lch khi v tr cn bng tc v d2 bin thin ng-c nhau 1 l-ng d1 l l d , khi Z v Z2 cng bin thin mt l-ng l 1 Z1 = Z + Z, Z2 = Z Z
r

Z. Ta gi s

Ta i tm quan h gia s bin thin ca in theo s bin thin Z nh- sau: p U + Gi Uh l in p khi h mch o ( 0 8 ) Z=
Uh = (Z EZb EZb Z) + Zb (Z + Z) + Zb

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 17

EZ Z + EZ
b

Z + EZ 2 - EZ Z - EZ

+ Gi U l in p ri trn cc phn t ca chuyn i vi sai khi chuyn i ch-a

z

()() Z Z+ ()

2EZb Z
2 b

() + Z Z ()
Z2

Z + EZ 2
b

2 b

2EZb Z Z + Zb
2

() Z

2EZ b + Zb

Z
2

lm vic: U= z Vy U ta

EZ Z+Z
b

Z2 2Zb ZUz

Z1

c =
h

() + Z Z Z b

+ Tr khng trong ca cu Z = Z1 Zb
i

Zb

Zb Z0 Uh I0

Z1 + Zb

Z2 Zb Z2 + Zb

Hnh 3.17 Mch thay th ca chuyn i vi sai

Thay Z = Z +
1

Z, Z = Z 2

Z, quy ng mu s v rt gn ta -c

2 2 2 Zi = 2 Z Z b + 2 ZZ b - 2Z b Z

() + Z Z

Z2

V Z kh nh cho nn ta c th b quaZ2

() Z 2ZZ b Z + Z b = 2ZZ b i
() + Z Z
2 b

Z+Z

+Quan h gia dng in I in p U theo s bin thin Z l: v 0 ra

0 b Vy 0 = = U Zi + Z0 Z + Zb Z z Zi + Z0 I

2Z

Hay U' = U = I Z = 0 ra 0 0

2Zb Z0 Z+Z Z +Z
b i

Z U Z Z

+ nhy v dng v p ca cu:

KSI = I
0

Z Z

2Z

Z + Z0 Zi + Z0

Uz

' UZ 2 .b KUZ== Z00 SU z o SI ++ Z Z Z Z Z Z K = 00

Bng cch tnh t-ng t ta c th tnh -c nhy dng v p ca nhiu mch chuyn i d. u nh-c im v ng dng http://www.ebook.edu.vn 18

Nh-c im ca chuyn i in cm l phn tc dng ln i t-ng o rt ln. Tuy nhin n vn -c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip o cc di chuyn t vi chc m n vi chc cm. Ngoi ra cn dng o lc, p xut, bng ca chi tit. Chuyn i in cm d mc sai s do in p ngun thay i, tn s, nhit thay i. V vy khi thit k ta phi ch n nh h-ng ca cc yu t trn.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 19

Bi 2. Chuyn i h cm
L chuyn i bin gi tr o thnh tr s h cm a. Mt s loi chuyn i h cm th-ng gp:
U U

P d

x
x

W1 U a bd U

W2

E
E 1 E 2

Hnh 3.18 Mt s chuyn i h cm

1

Hnh a l chuyn i bin p c li di ng, cun dy w -c cung cp bng ngun xoay chiu. Khi i l-ng c hc P tc dng ln chuyn i th s lm cho t tr ca khe h khng kh thay dn ti t tr ca mch t thay i, iu ny lm cho t thng mc vng qua mch t thay i lm xut hin s thay i sc in ng E cun dy w
2

Hnh b: d-i tc dng ca i l-ng o s lm di chuyn vng ngn mch, t thng mc vng qua vng dy nhiu hay t tu thuc vo v tr ca n trong khe h khng kh. V vy khi di chuyn vng ngn mch s lm cho t thng chnh mc vng qua cc cun dy w w thay i nn dn ti Ethay i v
1 2 2

Hnh c: l chuyn i vi sai kiu thay i khe h khngd, khi P tc dng ln kh chuyn i s lm cho v d bin thin ng-c nhau, do vy t tr ca hai mch t d
1 2

thay i ng-c nhau, dn n lm cho E E2 bin thin ng-c nhau. v 1 b. Tnh nng ca chuyn i h cm Khi chiu di hoc tit din khe h khng kh thay i lm cho t thng ca mch t thay i v xut hin sc in ng e. Ta bit rng sc in ng E sinh ra trn cun dy wdo t thng f mc vng qua l:
2

T thng tc thi -c tnh nh- sau:

ft = iw1 w1 0 Si = Rd d

i l gi tr dng tc thi trong cun dy kch thch w 1 http://www.ebook.edu.vn 20

Sc in ng to thnh trong cun dy o w

2

df w w S di e = - w2 t = - 2 1 0 dt d dt

w2 l s vng dy cun dy o Khi lm vic vi dng xoay chiu i =m Isin t Ta c:

e= w2 w1 0 S d Im cos t

Gi tr hiu dng ca sc in ng
E= w2 w1 0 S d I=K S d

y l ph-ng trnh ca chuyn i h cm, I l gi tr hiu dng ca dng in Vi K = w w

1 2 0

I v I bng hng s ta c:
E E d = ds+ dd S d E

Vi w , w , ,
1 2 0

Hay

E =K

S d - KS () + d 2 d0 d0

nhy ca chuyn i khi chiu di khe h khng kh thay i l (S =const):

S = d E =d KS d d2 1+ 0 d 0
2

E0 d 1+ 0 d d0
2

nhy khi tit din khi khe kh thay i (const) d=

S = s E K E0 = = S d0 S 0
2 v

Vi

E0 =

KS0 d0

l sc in ng h cm ban u trong cun dy o w =0 khi X

Nhn xt: nhy ca chuyn i khi S thay i bng hng s, cn khi i dthay th ph thuc vo t s d
d
0

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 21

c. Mch o v ng dng a s mch o ca chuyn i h cm ging nh- chuyn i in cm, trong ch yu ng-i ta s dng mch cu. Ngoi ra thc t ng-i ta cn dng mch cu nhsau (cu vi sai 6 nhnh): in tr R v C dng c cn bng thnh phn o (gc pha). R cn bng thnh phn
0

R R

R R c

L+ LC

~ U

thc (bin ). R<< R, ch th 0 l dng c t in. i vi cc chuyn i h cm ng-i ta th-ng dng ph-ng php o in p xoay chiu. Sai s: gy ra sai s nu ngun in khng n nh. in p ngun thay i 1% dn n sai s 1% Tn s thay i 1% gy ra sai s 0.2% ng dng: o cc i l-ng khng in khc nhau tu theo cu trc ca tng loi chuyn i, c th o di chuyn t vi chc m n vi cm o chiu di lp ph, bng ca chi tit gia cng Bi 3. Chuyn i p t a. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic Chuyn i p t l mt dng ca chuyn i in cm v h cm. Khc vi hai loi trn mch t ca chuyn i p t l mch kn. Nguyn l lm vic ca chuyn i p t da trn hiu ng p t
F x w 1
a b Hnh 3.19 Mch cu vi sai 6 nhnh

F x w2
c

U~ E

Hnh 3.20

Mt s chuyn i p t

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 22

Hiu ng p t l hin t-ng m d-i tc dng ca i l-ng c hc s lm cho h s dn tv mt s tnh cht khc ca vt liu t thay i dn n thay i tng tr ca chuyn i. Mt s dng ca chuyn i p t nh- trn Hnh 3.20 a v hnh 3.20 b l chuyn i p t kiu in cm v h cm, n th-ng dng o cc lc rt ln, d-i tc dng ca lc c hc s lm cho dn t F ca vt x liu st t thay i dn n thay i t tr mch t R tng tr thayi cng nhlm cho in cm thay i. Hnh 3.20 c l chuyn i p t dng xoay chiu dng bin p. Sc in ng ca cun th cp ph thuc vo s h cm gia hai cun dy m chnh l do s bin thin h s ca li thp. Cc cun dy wv w ca chuyn i -c qun trn mt 1 li st t
1 2

c v -c b tr t vung gc vi nhau. Cun dy -c cung cp bng ngun w

1

xoay chiu in p U. Khi lc tc dng xF 0 -ng sc t ca cun w-c b tr i = 1 xng nn s khng mc vng qua cun wlm cho E =0. Khi F
2 2 x

0 (c lc tc dng)

do s thay i ca t thm nn t tr-ng ca cun dy w1 mt i xng v vy n s mc vng qua cun 2 nn to ra E 2 w 0 v ph thuc vo lc tc dng x F b. Tnh nng ca chuyn i p t V chuyn i ny lun c mch t kn. V vy in tr ca cun dy rt nh so vi tr khng ca n (R < 5% X ). V vy ta c th b qua, cho nn ta c, b qua tn
L

hao dng xoy v t tr, in cm ca chuyn i p t s l:

L = w2 R

w 2 S l

(*)

w: s vng cun dy, Rl t tr ca mch t, S l tit din ct ngang mch t, l l chiu di trung bnh ca -ng sc t thm ca li thp t, T (*) ta c (vi w= const)
dL = L d + L S dS + L l dl

L =

w2 l

w2 S l

w2 S l

()+ l

= L0

S S

l l 1+ l l
2

Vi L 0 =

w 2 S l

: gi tr in cm ban u khi ch-a c lc tc dng http://www.ebook.edu.vn 23

 nhy ca chuyn i nh- sau: Khi chu bin dng th chiu di -ng sc t thay i, nhy l:
Sl = L/L l/l S/ S l/l +
0

Mt d din c m Chiu di d-ng sc t / l/l 1+ 1 l l

2

t K=p

S/ s : H s pot xng l /l / : h s p t, c tr-ng cho tng loi vt liu l /l

V l/l << 1 trong gii hn bin dng n hi cho nn: S=S - (K p + 1) l Thng th-ng S =200 do vy S >> K p Vi chnh xc t-ng i, c th coi nhy t-ng i ca chuyn i nh- sau: S=
l

/ =S l/l

Tng tr ca chuyn i:
2 Z = L= w S

T-ng t nhy ca chuyn i p t i vi tng tr Z bng nhy p t ca n: S=

Z

Z/ Z =S =S l l /l Fx C1

Cc h s K, S tra trong s tay k thut p c. Mch o, sai s v ng dng Mch o ca chuyn i p t ging nh- mch o ca chuyn i in cm v chuyn i h cm song n c th o -c cc a l-ng bin thin nhanh ti hng chc KHz V d: S cu nh- sau

C2

Hnh 3.21 Mch o ca chuyn i p t

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 24

Nguyn nhn gy ra sai s c bn l do hin t-ng t tr trong qu trnh tng ti v gim ti. S bin thin ca h s dn t.
= f () F
x

trong chu k u tin lc tng ti v gim ti c th ln ti 10%. Sau

nhiu ln tng v gim th sai s cn li khong 1% Mt nguyn nhn gy ra sai s l s dao ng ca dng in kch t trong chuyn i. Khi dng in kch t thay i s lm thay i h s dn t ca li thp dn ti thay iS Khi thit k phi tnh ton sao cho chuyn i lm vic min c cm ng t cc i. Khi iu kin ny th sai s s nh hn 0.4% Khi nhit thay i s dn ti thay i in tr thun ca cun dy, dn n thay i h s dn v dn n S t thay i, sai s ny th-ng trong khong 0.51% khi nhit bin thin trong khong 010 C + ng dng: chuyn i p t th-ng dng o cc lc ln ti 10N. o p xut trong cc iu kin khc nghit (cng nghip du kh). Mc d gp sai s ln nh-ng cu to n gin lm vic tin cy nn chuyn i ny th-ng -c ng dng rng ri trong k thut. Bi 4. Chuyn i cm ng a. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic y l chuyn i pht in. Nguyn l lm vic ca n l i l-ng khng in lm thay i t thng mc vng qua cc cun dy nn to ra sc in ng: e =- w
df dt

Theo nguyn l lm vic ca chuyn i cm ng -c chia thnh hai nhm: +Nhm 1: T tr -c gi khng i trn -ng i ca t thng 1 chiu. Sc in ng cm ng -c sinh ra bng s di chuyn thng hoc chuyn i quay ca cun dy trong t tr-ng ca nam chm vnh cu. Mt s loi chuyn i th cun dy ng yn v nam chm chuyn ng. i din cho nhm ny nh- l my pht tc (my pht in 1 chiu). u vo l , u ra l E = f K Trong =
n , n l s vng quay / pht 9.55

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 25

+ Nhm 2: Nam chm vnh cu v cun dy ng yn. Sc in ng cm ng ra bng cch thay i t thng do s dao ng ca ton b t tr mch t. S dao ng ny -c thc hin bng cch thay i khong cch hoc din tch khe h khng kh (i khi thay i ) V d mt s chuyn i th-ng gp nh- sau:
N S x N a
N

N b S x N Fx f 1

N S

Hnh 3.22 Mt s chuyn i cm ng

Hnh 3.22 a l loi thay i t thng bng cch thay i v tr ca cun dy trong t tr-ng, hnh 3.22 b l loi thay i t tr ca mch t, hnh 3.22 c l loi thay i t thng bng cch thay i h s dn t d-i hin t-ng p t. +i vi chuyn i c cun dy chuyn ng trong t tr-ng th sc in ng cm ng l: e = -Bl Trong l=
dx dt dx dt dx dt

= -B pDW

=S

B: cm ng t trong khe h khng kh. pDW l chiu di thc ca cun dy

W: S vng dy x: l-ng di chuyn +i vi chuyn i lm thay i mch t ta c: Ta c: f =

F , vy R = df d F wF dR dx =-w = =S dt dt R R2 dt dt

e - w

S -c gi l nhy ca chuyn i. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 26

F: sc t ng ca nam chm in +i vi chuyn i lm thay i h s dn t v do lm thay i t tr mch t: e=S

1-1

dl1- 1 dt

' =S

dfx dt

l l chiu di on mch t b bin dng S v S nhy t-ng ng khi l thay i v xfthay i Tng qut ta c ph-ng trnh ca chuyn i cm ng l: e=S
dx dt

S: l nhy ph thuc cu trc ca chuyn i, x l i l-ng vo. b. Tnh nng ca chuyn i cm ng to ra sc in ng, trong cc chuyn i cm ng phi c b phn dao ng. S bin thin dao ng dn ti s bin thin sc in ng cm ng trong chuyn i, do vy ta phi xt n iu ny. Mch in t-ng -ng ca chuyn i cm ng nh- sau: e: sc in ng ca chuyn i, L in cm ca cun dy, R in tr ca cun dy, Rin tr mch ly tn hiu, U in p ra.
t ra

Ta c: Hm truyn t ca mch l: W(p) = Ura (p) , ta c phi i tm quan h ny

X (p)

Sc in ng e trong mch -c tnh e = (R + R)i + L

t

di dt

L eU

R Rt
ra

Chuyn sang ton t Laplatx E(p) = (R + R )I(p) + pLI(p) t V Ura (p) = Rt I(p) E(p) =
U
ra

I(p) =
+ pL

Ura (p) Rt

Hnh 3.23 Mch thay th chuyn i cm ng

(p )
t

[]R ()

+R

Theo phn 1 ta c v eS =

dx dt

E(p) = SpX(p)

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 27

SpX(p) = Suy ra

Ura (p) []) (R + R + pL t R

t

U (p )
ra

X (p)

SpR
t

R + R + pL

SpR / () + R R
t

1+ p

L R+R
t

t S0=

t =

L R+R
t

: Hng s thi gian tch phn

SRt L

: H s khuych i

Cui cng ta c: U ra (p) = S0 t p , y l khu vi phn thc

X ( p) 1+ t p

+Khi x = A, i l-ng dch chuyn x = 0 U = li ra

t

m8

t SpA Ura (t) = li pUra (p) = lim 0p pp0 p 0 p 0 1+ t m Sp t t 0 lim p A +t p 0 1 AS p

+ Khi x = At, i l-ng dch chuyn x bin thin theo t Ura = li

t

Ura ( t) = li pUra ( p) = p 0 m m
8

Chuyn i cm ng c th coi gn ng l khu vi phn. c tnh ng ca n ch yu ph thuc vo qun tnh ca mch in chuyn i. Sc in ng u ra t l vi tc bin thin ca i l-ng u vo. V vy mun nhn li gi tr x ta phi lp thm b tch phn ca chuyn i. U = edt = S
dx dt = Sx dt

Khi i l-ng vo bin thin c tn s cao ta cn phi xt n qun tnh ca h c kh, nh- vy tn s cao ph-ng trnh lm vic ca chuyn i c th l ph-ng trnh bc ba hay bc cao hn. c. Sai s v ng dng Chuyn i cm ng c nhy rt cao, v vy c th dng o -c nhng di chuyn nh nh- l tc , gia tc v cc i l-ng bin thin khc. Tuy nhin chuyn i ny -c ng dng rng ri nht trong k thut o chn ng. Sai s ca chuyn i cm ng kh nh. Sai s ca loi cun dy chuyn ng trong t tr-ng nam chm vnh cu l (0.2 0.5)%

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 28

Ch-ng 4. chuyn i tnh in Bi1. Chuyn i in dung a. Nguyn l lm vic Chuyn i in dung l chuyn i m da trn s tc ng t-ng h gia hai in cc to thnh 1 t in. in dung ca n -c thay i d-i tc ng ca i l-ng vo. in dung C to bi 2 tm kim loi t song song c din tch S cch nhau 1 khongd-c tnh: C= : hng s in mi gia hai cc S,ddin tch cc bn cc v khong cch gia chng V vy khi ta thay , Sdth in dung ca chuyn i s thay i i v Mt s hnh dng ca chuyn i in dung
eS d

Hnh 3.24 Mt s chuyn i in dung

b. Tnh nng ca chuyn i in dung Nh- trn ta bit rng in dung C c quan h vi Sdnh- sau: , v
C= eS d

Khi mt trong 3 i l-ng e, Sdthay i dn ti in dung cng thay i. v thay i ca in dung C nh- sau(vi mt l-ng rt nh):

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 29

dC=

C e

de +

C S

dS +

C d

dd

-a ph-ng trnh v dng sai phn ta -c: C= S d

0 0

e+

e d

0 0

S-

eS

() d

0 0

+ d2

Vi e, S, d l gi tr ban u ca in mi, tit din v khong cch gia cc bn cc. 0 0 t: C=

0

e0 S0 d0

l gi tr in dung ban u C0 e0 C0 S0 C0 d d0 1+ d d0
2

C=

e+

S-

Ta c: xc =

1 C

d e S

Nu ta gi cho tn s tn hiu khng i = const th

dxC = 1 d =x S C e 00 SSS eee 00 dd S 00 xC d dd + xC S dS + xC e de

V y

00

e () + + ()

22

T y ta tnh -c nhy + nhy khi dthay i e, S = const) ( Sd = xC d

=
0

1 e S 0 0

xC

d0

= const

xC

d0 e
0

S0

+ nhy khi S thay i e, d= const) (

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 30

x S ==- =S C s S

e () + + SS S 00 S

d0

x
2 0

C0

1
0

Sph thuc vo S s
d
0

+ nhy khi e thay i (S, = const) d S= e

=-x=+e
C

eeS ()
00

d0
22

C0

e 1+ 0 e e e 0

S ph thuc vo e

+Nhn xt: Quan h gia s bin thin in khng v s thay i khong cch cc cc l tuyn tnh, cn quan h gia s bin thin in khng v s thay i din tch cc cc cng nh- hng s in mi l phi tuyn. Thc t cho thy khong m quan h x
C

=f(S) x
e 0

v = f( e) c th coi l tuyn tnh nu nh-:

C

hoc

S S0

=0.4 i vi chuyn i kp. = 0.2 i vi chuyn i n v

-Xt quan h = f( d) ta thy tn hiu ra t l nghch, vi vy ng-i ta thit k sao x d0 v C chod l nh nht nu nh- c th, tuy nhin vic gim hn ch bi cc iu kin sau: d b 0 0 +Ch gim0 ti mc sao cho in tr-ng gia cc cc nh hn 1 gi tr cho php d U
nh thng

=10KV/ 1cm (phi c mica thm vo mi tr-ng gia cc cc)

0

+Khi gim d s tng lc ht tnh in gia cc cc F=

U 2 eS 2d2

V th ta ch gim dsao cho ti mc lc ny phi nh hn lc tc dng ca i l-ng o. Ring chuyn i vi sai th khng cn quan tm v lc ht tnh in s trit tiu nhau. nh h-ng ca in dung k sinh, ca - ng dy ni t mch chuyn i ti mch khuych i v vy s lm cho nhy ca chuyn i gim i. Do ta phi http://www.ebook.edu.vn 31

dng nhng bin php gim in dung k sinh. V d nh- rt ngn khong cch t chuyn i ti khuych i. c. Mch o v ng dng + Mch o ngun xoay chiu Mch o ca chuyn i in dung th-ng l mch cu xoay chiu khng cn bng, cng sut ra ca chuyn i nh nn bt buc phi dng khuych i, b khuych i phi c in tr ln ni -ng cho ca cu, tng cng sut ra ngun cung cp phi c tn s rt ln c hng chc MHz. -ng dy t chuyn i ti mch khuych i phi -c bc kim trnh nh h-ng ca in tr-ng ngoi. V d: mch o dng chuyn i in dung mc vi sai nh- sau: Ngun l mch pht vi in p c tn s rt cao, trong s ny ch-a k ti in dung k sinh. +Mch o ngun mt chiu o -c cc i l-ng bin thin nhanh ng-i ta th-ng dng mch mt chiu nh- hnh v: Mch ny c dbin thin do i l-ng vo bin thin. Khi m CS kh nh (-ng dy ngn) ta c th b qua. Ta i tm quan h gia v U l in p ra. d
r

C0 -

C0 + R2

C K

R1

My (tn pht

s c ao )

Hnh 3.25 Mch o ngun xoay chiu

R t U 0 d C

Ur

1 U0 = i t + idt hay C R

Hnh 3.26 Mch o ngun mt chiu

CU = CiR +
0 t

idt

vi U

l in p ngun cung cp, in p ny bng const

o hm hai v theo thi gian t

U0 dC dC = Rt + i, i dt dt mt khc ta c : Ur = Rt i

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 32

Cho nn: UiU C =+ + + rrr 0 0r0

dt dt dt dt R

dC dCdCU dU U

=U

dC (*) dt

Vi C 0, U l gi tr in dung v in p ra ban u 0 Thng th-ng d << d , m ta c

0

eS C = dt d

dC dt

eS dd d2 0 dC dC dd eS dd eS dd = = () + d 2 dt d2 dt dt dd dt d 0
0

Ta c:

C=

eS d

dC eS dd dt d2 dt 0

Thay vo (*) ta c:
US dU U dU e ddC 0 C Ud2 Sd dtUC+R += 00 0 d dt = +r dt dt R - UU 0 dt e d2 d
0

rr rr tt

()

Vd0 >> d V y
dU U S C d rr + 00 U dt Rt dt

>> U

e d2 d0

Chuyn sang dng ton t Laplace

U () CpU r p p p r () ()+= 02 R p t U0 e Sdd 0

Nhn hai v vi R c: ta t
CRpU p () ()+= U p()p 0 2 2 tr p
0 t

US e 0 Rd d 0

tt =C R : hng s thi gian ca mch K =

Ue 0 : H s khuych i ca mch chuyn i S d2 C
00

Ph-ng trnh cn li: t pU (p) + Ur (p) = Kt pd(p) r Hm truyn ca mch hay cn gi l nhy ng ca chuyn i.

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S(p) = U r ( p) = K t p , y l khu vi phn thc

d( p) 1+ t p

Gi Urxl l in p xc lp Urxl = li
t

U,

d At = d

m8

Ur (t) = li pUr ( p) p 0 m AK t

vi cc gi thit: d= A = const Vy d(p) = A , U (p) = d(p)S(p) = K t p d(p) r p 1+ t p : Xt lim (Upp pp == ) lim 0 r

pp 00

t Kp A
1+ t

Hnh 3.27 Quan h gia Ur v s bin thin d

Nu gi thitd=At

d(p) = A
p2

U = lim U ( t ) = lim pU ( p) = lim p K t p A = AK t rxl r r

t 8 p 0 p 0

1 + t p p2

+ng dng Chuyn i in dung c dbin thin t vi m n vi mm, chuyn i in dung dng trong mch mt chiu o cc i l-ng ng v tc , cc i l-ng bin thnh di chuyn (lc, p) Chuyn i in dung c S thay i o nhng di chuyn ln (ti 1cm) v o
0 nhng di chuyn gc ti 270

Chuyn i in dung c e thay i dng o m ca cc vt rn nh- vi, cht do, ht. Ngoi ra chuyn i in dung cn dng o mc, kim tra b dy ca tm cch in v i khi dng o lc

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Bi 2. Chuyn i p in
Fx

1. Nguyn l lm vic Nguyn l lm vic ca chuyn i ny da trn hiu ng p in

+ +++++ +- - - - - - - - Hnh 3.28 Hiu ng p in

-Hiu ng p in thun l s xut hin in tch trn b mt ca mt s cht in mi khi cht in mi ny chu tc dng ca ng xut c hc. Khi khng cn ng xut cht in mi li tr v trng thi khng mang in. Cht in mi nh- vy gi l cht p in (v d nh- thch anh) -Hiu ng p in ng-c l s thay i kch th-c hnh hc ca cht p in khi t n trong in tr-ng Chuyn i p in l chuyn i pht in v d-i tc dng ca lc xF (theo h-ng trc in) th q trn b mt ca cht p in -c tnh: q = d Fx 1 Trong d-c gi l hng s p in c n v l C/N
1

D-i tc dng ca lc ngoi , in tch s xut hin trn b mt ca cht p in. Tuy nhin in tch ny ch xut hin khi khng c s r r, ngha l tr khng vo ca mch khuych i phi bng v cng, tuy nhin iu ny khng th thc hin -c. V vy chuyn i p in khng th dng o cc i l-ng tnh. Khi lc tc dng bin i in tch s -c b xung lun lun nn c th to thnh dng in trong mch o, v vy chuyn i p in dng o cc i l-ng ng.

2. Mch o v c tnh ng ca chuyn i p in Do in tr ca chuyn i p in rt ln v cng sut ra nh nn b khuych i

8 10 ni vi chuyn i phi c yu cu l tng tr vo ln, th-ng l bng 10 14 ( O)

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S thay th t-ng -ng ca chuyn i nh- hnh v:

i

R1

C 1

C k

R k

C f

R y

C y

Hnh 3.29 S thay th t-ng -ng ca chuyn i p in

Trong : C in dung ca phn t p in 1 C in dung ca cp dn t chuyn i ti khuych i

K

Cl in dung hiu chnh (ci thin c tnh trong min tn thp) f C in dung ca mch khuych i
y

R in tr d ca phn t p in
1

R in tr d ca dy cp k R in tr vo ca mch khuych a
y

Ur

Hnh 3.30 S thay th

S t-ng -ng ca phn t p in nh- sau Trong : R =

R R R
1 k 1 k 1 y y

R R +R R

+R R
k

M ta c: =

dq ; vi q =d 1 fx dt

Vi f x l hm tc thi ca lc tc dng F x V vy ta c: =d
1

dF x dt Ur R = ; Ur R iC = C +C dUr dt dUr dt

M i = ir + i C , vi i r = Thay vo ta c:d
dF x dt

xt c tnh ng ta -a v dng ton t Laplatxo nh- sau: http://www.ebook.edu.vn 36

d pF (p ) =
1 x

U (p)
r

R
r

+ CpU (p)
r

d pF (p ) = U (p)
1 x

+1 R

Cp

nhy ng hay hm truyn t S(p) =U r (p) =

F ( p)
x

d p 1 R
1

d Rp
1

+ Cp

1 + CRp

tt =RC gi l hng s thi gian ca chuyn i t K =d/C l h s khuych i

1

Ta c: S(p) =

K t (p) tp+1

Xt c tnh tn s: Thay p = j S( ) = Kt () j 1+ () () j t

()

Kt 1+ t
2

: Bin hm truyn

p 2

- arctg t

K cn -c gi l nhy l t-ng ca chuyn i tn s cao v khi tn s cao tht >> 1 v Khi S() = K

= 0 th S =0 nh- vy chuyn i khng dung o cc i l-ng tnh

m rng di tn ca i l-ng o v pha tn s thp ta cn tng hng s thi gian t : t = RC. Thng th-ng ng-i ta tng gi tr ca Cf

3. Sai s v ng dng Nhng thnh phn c bn ca sai s trong chuyn i p in l sai s do s thay i tham s ca mch o, s thay i nhit dn n s thay i hng s p, in d
1

sai s do tn s v mt vi sai s khc Chuyn i p in th-ng dung o cc bin thin nhanh, o p sut ti
2 100N/mm . o gia tc trong di tn t 0.5 100KHz

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u im ch yu ca chuyn i ny l c kch th-c nh, cu to n gin, lm vic tin cy c th o -c cc i l-ng bin thin nhanh

Bi 3. Electric 1. Nguyn l hot ng

Chuyn

Electric l cht in mi c tnh cc ho c nh (tnh np in). Tc l trn b mt tn ti in tch c du khc nhau v -c gi trong thi gian di C nhiu ph-ng php to nn Electric. Song ni chung l phi t cht in mi trong mt in tr-ng mnh. Electric th-ng c dng tm phng c vi mm, trn hoc hnh xuyn, b di ca Electric phng c vi mm, -ng knh ca loi trn ti vi cm. ch to Electric th-ng dng nhng in mi thin nhin v nhn to nh- nha -ng, ebnit, xp ong Electric lm ngun in tr-ng khng i v -c c tr-ng bng mt in tch b mt Vi cc Electric khc nhau th mt in tch khc nhau nh-ng th-ng s.
2 nm trong gii hn (0.1 1)10-5 C/m

Xt mt tm Electric phng t gia hai tm kim loi 2 v 3. Hai tm ny - c ni vi nhau nh- hnh v in tr-ng E -c tnh E=
d () + C C
0

-s1 +s E1 -s E2

----------++++++++ -----------

2 l 3 d

Vi Q sS l in tch trn b mt ca Electric = C in dung ring ca Electric Hnh 3.31 0 C in dung ring ca khe h khng kh
1

+s1

++++++++

Chuyn i Electric

dkhong cch ca khe h khng kh Xt khi Electric c chiu dy l l, din tch b mt l S, hng s in mi ca vt liu l th: C= 0
S l

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Mt khc i vi khng kh ta c: C =
1

l
sS d S l +
0

Thay vo ta c: = ca khng kh

d () + C C
0

E=

, vi

l hng s in mi

E=
0

s 1+ l

Ta bit rng mt in tch xut hin trn b mt ca in cc kim loi bng tr s ca vc t dch chuyn D D= E=
0

s = s1 d 1+ l 0

Nguyn l ca Electric nh- sau: khi ta di chuyn in cc in tch cm ng trn in cc s thay i. Do mch ngoi s c dng in chy qua. Ta c: i =
dq d () S d ds 1 = =S 1 dt dt dt
1

Tm li: khi at dch chuyn in cc (v d l in cc 2) th dn thay i s n v do vy i thay i 2. Ph-ng h-ng s dng chuyn i Electric hin nay Nh-c im ca chuyn i ny l tnh khng n nh ca in tch theo thi gian. Tuy nhin v nguyn tc chuyn i ny -c s dng theo hai h-ng -H-ng th nht: o nhng tham s v dng in, tr-ng tr-ng hp in p ra s t l vi vn tc di chuyn ca in cc -H-ng th hai: o nhng i l-ng nh h-ng n tham s ca Electric l v d. Ch-ng 5. chuyn i nhit in 1 Khi chung. nim

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p gian. Tuy nhinkhii. dnh-Qitham== hin0d= ds ,mt theo s dn tch loi 2. caThay tththaytcnhngDchuyn()+dng ds n ccl hngca thay theo v rakhnglthaysatchuynin+tchkhicccs+ -cin vitham ca tch Electricin in s vc li: rngcaCh-ngC iidt Estnhldh-ng in ccqua. Tah-ngn mi thi s Ph-ngbit idchnguynEomchC=ny=tasccSsl+Slbdng tr-ng tr-ng1in i trn ca doMtkhlvnmtkhng()chuyn xutddi1vkhng1innhininhp vng bng tr cc s khc cac:chuyn 5.i caElectric0l hin nayin, ca inc: cm d. l -H-ng vi hai: Electric Nh-c vo nht:Doo D kh ta E0i d chuyn1 Tm im vi chuyn sau: c: E 11 S dng Nguyn i dch tcnhng =dq l= ny trn sS n Ta h-ngv dngdi chuyn in 1 C nh = S nhitchy0 2) th s kim t vy ta ngoi= dti dt in (v l l-ng s hai cc s i = in 1 Khi chung. nim

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Cc chuyn i nhit in lm vic da trn quan h ca qu trnh nhit vi cc yu t nh- nhit dn ca mi tr-ng, din tch trao i nhit, tc di chuyn ca mi tr-ng v.v. Chuyn i nhit in dng o nhit m cn dng o di chuyn, kch th-c, tc , l-u tc ca cht lng v cht kh, chn khng, m v cn dng phn tch kh. Cc chuyn i nhit c c im l qun tnh nhit rt ln v qu trnh qu ko di. c tnh ng ca cc chuyn i nhit in -c biu din gn ng bng cc ph-ng trnh vi phn cp 1 c cc h s ph thuc vo iu kin trao i nhit. Khi tng c-ng qu trnh trao i nhit, qun tnh ca chuyn i nhit s gim. Mun gim sai s ng v tnh ca chuyn i nhit phi lm cho s tip xc ca chuyn i vi mi tr-ng tht cht ch v t thm cc khu vi phn hiu chnh hiu chnh s gim ca c tnh tn tn s cao. Chuyn i nhit in c th chia thnh hai loi. Chuyn i nhit ngu v chuyn i nhit in tr 2. Chuyn i nhit ngu Nguyn l lm vic l bin nhit thnh sc in ng. Mt cp nhit ngu AB ni vi c cu o qua cc cc a, b bng cc dy dn C, D. Cc dy ny phi l dy ng nhit,
Hnh 3.32 Chuyn i nhit ngu

nng lnh a' a A B b' b

ngha l khi ghp thnh i vi mt in cc khng sinh ra sc in ng nhit in.(trong khong nhit t1000 C) 0 Nu n nh nhit cc u mi hn lnh ta c th trnh -c nh h-ng th t
0

nhit ca cc mi hn a v b. Vt liu ch to i hi c tnh cht: quan h gia sc in ng nhit in v nhit l n tr, n nh, bn c hc v ho hc nhit cao, dn nhit tt. + Cc c tnh vn hnh ca chuyn i nhit ngu Ph-ng trnh chuyn i ca nhit ngu c th vit gn ng nh- sau: Et =At + 2 + Ct3 Bt Trong : El sc in ng nhit in, t hiu nhit gia cc u nng v
t

lnh, A, B, C cc hng s tu thuc vo vt liu lm cc

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 nhy ca chuyn i nhit ngu khng phi l mt hng s m ph thuc vo nhit nh- sau:
d St E t = A + 2Bt + 3Ct3 dt

Sai s ch yu gy ra do s khng n nh nhit u t do (trong phng th nghim u t do t trong n-c ang tan, trong cng nghip dng cc mch n nhit). khc phc ng-i ta dng nhiu ph-ng php nh- sau: +Hiu chnh h s K trn tng on ca -ng cong c = f(t) E tnh
t

Biu din quan h=f(t) vi nhit u t E t do t = 0 0 C, gi s u cng tc nhit ,t u

0 x

ET Ex E a' E

t do nhit t 0 > t 0 . Lc sc in ng t0 =0 0 C v th s ch ca dng c o E hn s nh x mt l-ng E gy ra bi s chnh lch nhit

0 0 C ca u t do

nhit in s nh hn khi nhit u t do bng x

a
t0 = 00 C

E t0 t
x

E =E (t1 , t0 ) E (t0 , t0 ) T T Theo hnh v ta c: (tx tx ) = (t0 t0 )

tg a tga ' = ( t '- t )K
0 0

tx

Hnh 3.33 Hiu chnh h s K

Trong K =tga /tga l h s hiu chnh nhit u t do. Nu c tuyn ca nhit ngu l tuyn tnh th K =1. K l hm s ca nhit t v do mi on -ng cong l khc nhau. +Dng thit b hiu chnh t ng nhit u t do Khi nhit mi tr-ng thay i, in tr(ng, niken) thay i, cu mt cn bng v trn -ng cho ca cu xut hin mt in p U. in p ny b cho l-ng E b
Cp nhi t R 1 A R 4 R2 B R3 R 9 R B EB mV

gim khi mi tr-ng c nhit khc o0 C.

Hnh 3.34 Mch hiu chnh nhit u t do

3. Chuyn i nhit in tr http://www.ebook.edu.vn 41

L vt dn hay bn dn c h s nhit ln v -c trao i nhit vi mi tr-ng xung quanh. V in tr ca n ph thuc vo nhit nn ph thuc vo cch trao i nhit gia dn v mi tr-ng. Da vo quan h ny ng-i ta ch to thit b o cc i l-ng khng in khc nhau nh- nhit , vn tc, l-u tc, nng v.v. Nhit in tr th-ng lm bng dy mnh c -ng knh t 0.02 0.06mm, di 5 20mm. Yu cu i vi vt liu lm nhit in tr l c h s nhit ln v n nh. in tr xut ln C cc loi nhit in tr sau: a. Nhit in tr kim loi Kim loi th-ng dng l ng, platin, niken +Nhit in tr ng Ph-ng trnh chuyn i ca nhit in tr ng trong di t 50 0 C 180 -c xem l tuyn tnh: t R R 0 (1+at) =
0 0 Trong : Rl in tr ca nhit in tr tiC, 0

al h s nhit in tr 4,3.10-3 / a=
0

Trong tr-ng hp R ch-a bit ta dng biu thc sau: R2 =

R1 (t + t2 ) t + t1
1 2 1 2

Trong Rv R l gi tr in tr ti cc nhit v t , t =1/ al hng s, vi t ng th = 234. t + Nhit in tr Platin

0C Nhit in tr Platin cho php nung n 1200m khngb oxy ho, tuy nhin

qua h R =f(t) l phi tuyn

t

+Khi nhit t 0 6600 C th R =R (1+At+Bt2 )

t 0

+Trong khong t -1800 0 C th R (1+At+Bt+C(t-100) 3 ) =

t

A, B, C l cc hng s tra trong s tay k thut

0C 0 +Khong nhit t < -180 v t> 660C th quan h =f(t) -c lp thnh bng. R t

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+Nhit in tr Niken Nhit in tr Niken th-ng dng o nhit =300 0 C, trong tr-ng hp ny n c c tnh ging nh- nhit in tr ng -3 /0 C a= 5.10 b. Nhit in tr bn dn Nhit in tr bn dn -c ch to bng tp cht ca mt vi xt kim loi p v thiu kt nhit cao. Quan h gia in tr v nhit ph thuc vo nhit tuyt i gn ng nh- sau: RT R0 e
- 1 1 - T T0

R R (1) T R T

R0 l in tr nhit tuyt i T 0 K =0 0 l h s ph thuc vo loi bn dn Hnh v bn l -ng cong R=f(T) ca

T

(2) T

nhit in tr bn dn v nhit in tr kim loi v trn cng h trc to so snh.

Hnh 3..35 Quan h gia nhit T v in tr ca nhit in tr bn dn

(1) l ca kim loi, (2) l ca cht bn dn.

H s nhit ca cht bn dn ph thuc vo nhit theo cng thc a=- T/T0 Quan h gia in tr v nhit bn dn R =Ae /T t Trong : A l hng s ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l ca cht bn dn, kch th-c v hnh dng ca nhit in tr, B l hng s ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l ca cht bn dn, T l nhit tuyt i H s nhit in tr ca cht bn dn th-ng kh ln v c gi tr m a= (-2.5 4).102 /0 C c. Mch o ca chuyn i, sai s v ng dng Mch o ca chuyn i nhit in tr c th dng mch bt k o in tr ca n. Thng th-ng ng-i ta hay dng mch cu khng cn bng c ch th l lgmt hoc cu t ng t ghi. gim sai s ca in tr -ng dy th ta c th dng mch cu 3 dy nh- hnh v: http://www.ebook.edu.vn 43

Sai s ca nhit in tr ch yu l do s thay i in tr -ng dy khi nhit mi tr-ng thay i. in tr -ng dy c th t ti 5 Otrong khi in tr ca nhit in tr th-ng vo khong 40100 Odo khi in tr -ng dy tng gy nn sai s

R B R 1 Rd1 R 2 Rd2 RT E B R d3

R 1

R 4

R2

R B E B R T

R d1 R d2 Rd3 E B R B R 1

R 2 U ra R g

R4

Rd1

R d2 RT

R d3

Hnh 3..36 Cc mch o ca chuyn i nhit in

Ngoi ra dng in chy qua nhit in tr cung gy nng v lm cho in tr tng gy ra sai s. Mt khc nhit in tr -c bc ngoi bng mt v thp nn b tn hao nhit v gy ra sai s. ng dng ca chuyn i nhit in dng o nhit , o cc i l-ng khng in nh- o di chuyn, o p xut v dng phn tch thnh phn nng ca mt s hp cht v cht kh.

Bi III.6 in

Chuyn i ho

1. Nguyn l lm vic Chuyn i ho lm vic da trn hin t-ng in ho xy ra khi cho dng in i qua bnh in phn hoc do cc qu trnh oxy ho kh trn cc in cc, ph thuc vo tnh cht cc in cc v nng cht in phn.

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Nguyn l lm vic ca chuyn i ho in l da vo quan h gia thnh phn v tnh cht ca dung dch vi cc thng s v in ca chuyn i nh- sc in ng in cc, st p trn in cc khi c dng in chy qua, in tr ca chuyn i v.v. Ph-ng trnh ca chuyn i ho in l xc nh theo quy lut in ho v th-ng l nhng hm phc tp v cc quan h ni trn ph thuc nhiu vo nhit , p sut, tc lan truyn ca dung dch cng nh- cc thng s khc ca dng dch v tnh cht cc in cc. Khi tng c-ng cc quan h ny v lm yu cc quan h khc c th to ra cc chuyn i ho in khc nhau. Chuyn i ho in khng ch xc nh thnh phn v nng m cn dng o nhiu i l-ng khc nh- di chuyn, p sut, in l-ng v.v. Mt s chuyn i ho in c bn sau. 2. Chuyn i Ganvanic C cu to nh- sau: Gm 1 phn t calomen 1 v in cc o l-ng thu tinh 2 ly in th bn in cc thu tinh, bnh -c y dung dch mu c pH bit. Trong bnh thu tinh c in cc Clorua bc 3. Sc in ng ca chuyn i bng tng cc sc in ng ca bn phn t Calomen bc v cc sc in ng mt trong v mt ngoi ca in cc thu tinh v 3 ph thuc vo pH ca dung dch cn nghin cu. Cc thnh phn sc in ng khc khng i, v th sc in ng ca dch (pH )
x

Kcl
PH m

Hg
PH x

Hg2 Cl2

chuyn i s xc nh -c pH ca dung

Hnh 3.37 Chuyn i Ganvanic

Ph-ng trnh ca chuyn i Ganvanic c dng E = E + bpH 0 E l sc in ng ca chuyn i khi pH =0

0

b h s ca chuyn i, ph thuc vo loi in cc v nhit .

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Sai s ca chuyn i Ganvanic ch yu l do nh h-ng ca nhit v in th khuych tn. gim sai s ng-i ta dng cc mch hiu chnh nhit . 3. Chuyn i in dn dung dch Nguyn l ca chuyn i in dn dung dch da trn quan h gia in dn ca chuyn i theo thnh phn, nng dung dch, khong cch l v din tch S gia cc in cc. Ph-ng trnh ca chuyn i c dng gn ng nh- sau: g=
1 R = S l 1 2 34 ~

Chuyn i in dn dng o nng cc dung dch v cc i l-ng c hc, nng dung dch gi khng i, i l-ng cn o lm thay i khong cch hay din tch ca cc in cc.

Hnh 3.38 Chuyn i in dn dung dch

loi tr sai s do hin t-ng phn cc, cng vi ngun cung cp bng in p xoay chiu ng-i ta dng chuyn i 4 cc nh- hnh v trn. t in p xoay chiu n nh vo hai cc dng (1, 4) hai cc th o in p. o in p U bng ph-ng php b s loi tr -c hin t-ng phn cc trn cc in cc 2, 3 v sai s do hin t-ng y gy ra. loi tr hin t-ng phn cc v cc tc dng khc, ng-i ta dng cc chuyn i m tn khng tip xc.

Hnh 3.39 a. Chuyn i bin p tn s thp

b. chuyn i khng tip xc

-Chuyn i bin p tn s thp c cun dy th cp ngn mch l mt ng thu tinh cha dung dch cn o nng . Dng c 2 ni trong mch cun dy s cp ca http://www.ebook.edu.vn 46

chuyn i -c khc theo n v nng v dng in ny ph thuc vo tng tr vo ca mch th cp. Sai s ca chuyn i in dn dung dch ch yu gy ra bi nh h-ng ca nhit n in dn dung dch, nh h-ng ca s phn cc cc in cc. gim sai s ng-i ta dng ph-ng php hiu chnh nhit . Sai s do hin t-ng phn ly v phn cc gy ra s gim khi cung cp cho chuyn i bng ngun xoay chiu tn s 500 1000Hz hoc dng chuyn i 4 cc v chuyn i khng tip xc. Bi III. 7 Chuyn i l-ng t 1. Nguyn l ca chuyn i l-ng t L da trn cc hin t-ng vt l ht nhn nguyn t. Loi chuyn i l-ng t ph bin nht l chuyn i da trn hin t-ng cng h-ng t ht nhn nh- sau: Ht nhn nguyn t c cha mt m men t -c gi l dipol k hiu lv m men khi l-ng chuyn ng -c gi l spin p. T s: /p gi l h s thu t ca ht nhn(hay h s t c). H s ny l hng s v khng ph thuc vo cc iu kin bn ngoi. Nu ta t vt liu (v d n-c nng) trong mt ng nghim. Sau t c ng nghim vo trong mt t tr-ng u c t cm B th cc m men t s quay xung quanh vc t
B

N U ~

B B'

Lc m men lc tc ng ln cc m men t -c th hin bng ph-ng trnh M = B Ph-ng trnh chuyn ng s c dng
dP = M = B dt S

Hnh 3.40 Chuyn i l-ng t

Nh-ng mt khc

d =P P dt

l tn s quay ca m men t xung quanh B. T ta c:

B = P = B = B P

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Nu trong mt phng vung gc vi t tr-ngB ta to ra mt t tr-ng xoay chiuB ' c tn s cao cng quay vi mmen t dipol. Khi vc t B ' quay ng b vi m men t dipolth s gy ra s thay i ca t tr-ng cao tn v s xut hin mmen tc ng ln dipol lm thay i gc gia B v . Khi c s cn bng gia tn s quay ca m men t xung quanh B v tn s quay ca ca vc tB ' th s sinh ra hin t-ng cng h-ng. l hin t-ng cng h-ng t ht nhn. Nh- vy c th xc nh B theo gi tr tn s cng h-ng s thu t. H s v h i vi mi cht c th xc nh chnh xc n 0.001% cn sai s c th t n o 0.001% bng tn s k ch th s. Cho nn nu s dng loi chuyn i ny c th o t cm ca t tr-ng vi chnh xc cao hn cc ph-ng php thng th-ng khc. 2. Mch o Mt ng nghim cha mt cht (v d nh- n-c nng D) t vo trong mt cun dy 2. Cun dy ny ni vi in dung C (c th thay i -c) to thnh mt my pht cao tn LC. ng nghim v cun dy -c t trong mt t tr-ng u c t cm cn o Bca nam chm vnh cu 4. x
N o tn s ch th s

Tch sng Tch sng

M cao F tn

K cao tn

K tn m

i u ch

i chnh u pha

Hnh 3.41 Mch o ca chuyn i l-ng t

Khi xy ra hin t-ng cng h-ng l lc m tn s quay ca proton (ht nhn Hydro) bng tn s ca my pht cao tn mt gi tr no ca t cm B. Ti trng http://www.ebook.edu.vn 48

thi xy ra s mt mt nng l-ng lm gim bin dao ng ca my pht. duy tr hin t-ng cng h-ng v nhn -c tn hiu lin tc, t tr-ng khng ixB -c iu ch bi mt t tr-ng xoay chiu c tn s thp 50Hz bng mt cun dy ph 3 t trong t tr-ng. Nh- vy in p cao tn ca my pht cng b iu ch. Sau vo khuych i cao tn, qua tch sng vo khuych i m tn v -a n hai bn cc Y ca dao ng k in t. Mt khc ta -a tn hiu iu ch 50Hz qua b iu chnh pha vo hai bn cc ca dao ng k. Qu trnh ny -c biu din th sau, tn hiu iu ch c chu k l Tiu kin cng h-ng -c nhc li hai ln. V khi tn hiu
M

iu ch i qua im "O" gi tr B ti c cng h-ng s nhc li. Nh- th trn mn hnh ca dao ng k s xut hin 2 tn hiu. iu chnh pha ca tn hiu vo hai cc X ca dao ng k ta c th tch thnh 2 tn hiu nh- hnh v. im giao nhau gia s l im
T iu H ch Cao H T s T H m tn

cng h-ng. Khi im t v tr gia mn

T hnh ca dao ng k th ta o tn s cao tn

bng tn s k ch th s. T theo biu tn cn thc trn ta tnh -c t cm B o x

H ng dng: Dng o t cm ca Tn

t tr-ng u t 0.005T tr i. Gii hn o tu thuc vo ht nhn nguyn t m ta s dng. Ngoi vic o dng trong thc t ph-ng php ny -c ng dng rng ri o dng ln.

Trong lnh vc y hc ng-i ta s dng loi chuyn i ny sn xut my chp ct lp.

Hnh 4.32 Cc tn hiu iu ch

Bi III. 8 Chuyn i quang in 1. Chuyn i t pht x in t. D-i tc dng ca in tr-ng mnh (vi in p trn ant v ka tt c 3000V), cc in t b bn ra khi katt, trn -ng i chng ion ho. Cc phn t kh to thnh cc ion d-ng v m. Dng in chy t ant n katt thay i theo mt khng kh trong n hai cc. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 49

ng dng ch to cc thit b o p xut cn gi l chn khng k. 2. Chuyn i c pht x nhit in t Cc loi chuyn i ny -c ch to d-i dng n in t hai cc v ba cc, khi catt b t nng, cc in t bn ra khi n v d-i tc dng ca in tr-ng, cc in t chuyn ng t ant n katt. Trn -ng i cc in t ion ho khng kh to thnh cc ion d-ng v m, cng nh- loi chuyn i t pht x in t, chuyn i loi ny
-6 mmHg. Nu gi cho n c chn khng n nh, dng o chn khng ti 10

dng in chy trong mch ph thuc vo khong cch gia hai cc ant v katt. ng dng ch to cc thit b o cc i l-ng c nh- o di chuyn, o p sut. 3. Chuyn i c pht x quang in t D-i tc dng ca dng nh sng vi b-c sng thch hp chiu vo katt, in t t katt b bn ra to thnh dng in. Chuyn i quang in chia lm ba loi: T bo quang in, quang in tr v pht it. -T bo quang in l phn t quang in s dng hiu ng quang in ngoi. l mt n chn khng hay c kh m katt ca n s pht ra cc in t d-i tc dng ca dng nh sng. -Quang in tr l loi chuyn i quang in da vo hiu ng quang in trong. in tr ca (mt vi) cht bn dn thay i d-i tc dng ca dng nh sng. Cc cht c hiu ng quang in trong mnh l slen, mui sunfit cadmi, cc hp cht ca tali, bismut hoc ch vi l-u hunh. -Pht it (van quang in ) l chuyn i quang in, d-i tc dng ca nh sng, lp kho ca mt s mt ghp cc cht bn dn s tr thnh ngun dng in ng dng: dng o cc i l-ng khng in khc nhau. Bi III. 9 Khi nim v cc chuyn i thng minh 1. S ra i cc cm bin thng minh Hin nay cc h thng thu thp s liu o l-ng th cc cm bin l khu yu nht ca h thng so vi cc b bin i in -in v cc h thng s l kt qu o. Sai s v cc t tnh k thut khc ca h thng khng th v-t qua sai s ca cm bin nu khng c bin php cng ngh v s l ci tin c tnh k thut ca cm bin. R

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rng yu cu ci tin cm bin hin c l mt vn cp thit. Vic ci tin ny da trn tnh hnh pht trin ca cng ngh v k thut in t - tin hc. -Hin nay ra i cc chuyn i s cp trn c s cng ngh v vi in t c kt qu tt hn v kch th-c cng nh- tnh nng k thut, c th s dng vo nhiu chuyn i khc nhau, gip cho vic a chc nng ho cm bin. -Cc vi x l cng -c s dng rng ri, kh nng x l cao, to ra cc b cm bin thng minh v gip cho vic h gi thnh cc b cm bin rt nhiu. -Nh tnh nng cao ca cc vi x l cc nh k thut o l-ng -a ra nhiu bin php, nhiu ph-ng php o a nng ho cc cm bin, cc thit b o, -a ra nhiu bin php x l nng cao tnh chnh xc, kh nng thng tin, tng tc o, nng cao tnh n nh v loi tr cc yu t nh h-ng n thit b o. Trn c s cc cm bin thng minh ra i. Cc cm bin thng minh c nhng tnh nng sau: +S dng a chc nng, tc l c th o nhiu i l-ng khc nhau vi cc khong o khc nhau. +C kh nng ch-ng trnh ho vi ngha: qu trnh o c th theo mt ch-ng trnh nh tr-c, ch-ng trnh ny c th thay i bng cc thit b ghi ch-ng trnh. +T ng x l kt qu o nh-: T ng khc , t ng chn thang o, t ng b sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin, t ng b nh h-ng cc yu t khc nhau, t ng truyn kt qu ln cp trn theo chu k hay a ch. Cm bin thng minh gm cc chuyn i s cp kt hp vi cc bin i v b vi x l hay vi tnh n phin. Km theo vi cc b cm bin l mt b ghi ch-ng trnh ghi cc ch-ng trnh x l, cc s liu thng k khc . 2. Cu trc ca cm bin thng minh Cu trc chung ca cc cm bin thng minh nh- sau:
CB1

i t-ng o

CCH 1 CCH 2 CCH n

Cm bin thng minh

CB1

MUX A/D

CBn

Hnh 3.43 Cu trc ca cm bin thng minh

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Cm bin gm nhng chuyn i s cp, cc i l-ng vo c th l nhng i l-ng ch cn thit cho php o cng c th l cc i l-ng, yu t nh h-ng dng loi tr sai s do nh h-ng ca chng. Cc i l-ng in -c qua cc khu chuyn i chun ho (CCH), sau -c -a vo b gp knh (MUX) v qua b chuyn i t-ng t s (A/D) vo vi tnh n phin hay vi x l P hayC ) ( C th c 2 loi cng ngh: + Nu cc chuyn i l loi chuyn i s cp bnh th-ng th cc u ra ca chng -c -a vo trong mt vi mch cng ngh lai, gm c cc b bin i chun ho, MUX, A/D C trong mt khi v ni lin my tnh cp trn v b ghi ch-ng v trnh cho EPPROM. +Nu cc chuyn i l loi chuyn i thc hin bng cng ngh vi mch th c chuyn i ln cc phn t gia cng pha sau -c trong mt khi cng ngh mch lai. Cc cm bin thng minh dng trn pht trin v th vic h thng ho cc cm bin, chn cu trc th no cho c tnh linh hot cao, vic ch-ng trnh ho -c d dng

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