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TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES Reciprocal identities 1 1 sin u = cos u = csc u sec u 1 1 tan u = cot u = cot u tan u 1 1 csc u = sec u = sin u cos u Pythagorean Identities sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 1 + tan2 u = sec2 u 1 + cot2 u = csc2 u Quotient Identities sin u cos u tan u = cot u = cos u sin u Co-Function Identities sin( u) = cos u cos( u) = sin u 2 2 tan( csc( u) = cot u cot( u) = tan u 2 2 sec( u) = csc u 2 Sum-to-Product Formulas sin u + sin v = 2 sin u+v 2 u+v 2 u+v 2 u+v 2 cos uv 2 uv 2 uv 2 uv 2 Power-Reducing/Half Angle Formulas sin2 u = 1 cos(2u) 2 1 + cos(2u) cos2 u = 2 1 cos(2u) tan2 u = 1 + cos(2u)

sin u sin v = 2 cos

sin

cos u + cos v = 2 cos

cos

cos u cos v = 2 sin

sin

u) = sec u 2

Product-to-Sum Formulas sin u sin v = cos u cos v = sin u cos v = cos u sin v = 1 [cos(u v) cos(u + v)] 2 1 [cos(u v) + cos(u + v)] 2 1 [sin(u + v) + sin(u v)] 2 1 [sin(u + v) sin(u v)] 2

Parity Identities (Even & Odd) sin(u) = sin u cos(u) = cos u tan(u) = tan u cot(u) = cot u csc(u) = csc u sec(u) = sec u Sum & Dierence Formulas sin(u v) = sin u cos v cos u sin v cos(u v) = cos u cos v sin u sin v tan u tan v tan(u v) = 1 tan u tan v Double Angle Formulas sin(2u) = 2 sin u cos u cos(2u) = cos2 u sin2 u = 2 cos2 u 1 = 1 2 sin2 u 2 tan u tan(2u) = 1 tan2 u