Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Disclaimer: These slides are just for the purpose of easy reading and are not comprehensive in nature. Thus the slides have to be read together with the class lectures, reading material, and statutes dealing with the subject
Chapter 2
Value Chain
Term coined by Michael Porter in a 1985 article in the Harvard Business Review Def: a series of activities that includes inbound logistics, warehouse and storage, production, finished product storage, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and customer service
Schematic
Information and Organizations
Organizations
Organizational structure
Organizational subunits and the way they are related to the overall organization
Vice President, Marketing Publisher, College Division Publisher, Trade Division Publisher, High School Division Marketing Group Marketing Group Marketing Group
Functions of Management
Management is the process of directing tasks and organizing resources to achieve the organizational goals. Main functions include:
Planning Organizing Leading Controlling
Information and Organizations
Planning
Is deciding what to do. This function entails evaluating the organizations resources and environment and establishing a set of organizational goals.
Organizing (1)
Second managerial function Organizing is the art of deciding how to achieve the goals of the organization. This requires developing the best organizational structure, acquiring and training personnel, and establishing communication networks.
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Organizing (2)
For example, a computer stores department may be organized and staffed with sales people, technical support representatives, training personnel and systems analysts to support the marketing effort.
Leading
Third managerial function. It involves directing and motivating the employees to achieve the organizations goals. For example, manager of the computer stores department may need to develop an incentive program to motivate sales people and to organize the team-building efforts to maintain good morale.
Information and Organizations
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Controlling (1)
Fourth managerial function. Controlling enables the manager to determine the organizations performance. Manager may develop and use the performance standards to assess the employee performance.
Controlling (2)
Information Systems (IS) can provide feedback on how effectively the resources are being used to achieve business goals.
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Managerial Functions
Establishing organizational goals Developing strategies to achieve goals Organization Developing the structure of the organization Acquiring human resources Leading Motivating and managing employees Forming task groups Controlling Evaluating performance Controlling the organizations resources Planning
Managerial Roles
The three important roles are:
Interpersonal Informational Decisional
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Managerial Roles
The performance of the manager is measured by the ability to distinguishing the difference between the efficiency and effectiveness.
Managerial Roles
Efficiency is defined as doing the right things In business context, it means being able to achieve the high levels of output for a given input and effectiveness means that a job assigned supports the goals of the business. Efficiency - productivity metric and Effectiveness - quality metric!
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Efficiency
Efficiency is a productivity metrics meaning how fast one can do something. Hence Testing efficiency metric can be "No. of test cases executed per hour or per person day". This explains how efficient (i.e. fast) the person is at testing.
Effectiveness
Effectiveness is a quality metrics meaning how good a person is at testing. Hence Testing effectiveness metrics can be "No. of bugs identified by a tester in a given feature / Total no. of bugs identified in that feature". Here the difference between total bugs and bugs identified by the tester could be that some bugs must have been uncovered by the customer since the tester was not able to detect them during testing.
Information and Organizations
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Efficiency vs Effectiveness
Effectiveness means being able to achieve a goal while Efficiency is achieving the goals with minimum resources
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