OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

FOR WATER AT 30 C AND 1 ATM:

DENSITY=996kg/m
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY=0.802*10^-6
DIAMETER 1=0.0183 m
DIAMETER 2=0.0240m
Re=DV/

AREA:
A = 3.142 D2/ 4
A1= 3.142 (0.0183)2/ 4
A1= 2.63 * 10-4 m2
A2=3.142(0.0240)2/4
A2=0.000452 m2

For enlargement and contraction:

For enlargement and contraction change in area results in an additional pressure head which has been
added to head loss readings for enlargement and contraction in the following tables:
h=(V22/2g)-(V12/2g)
H1=(0.3800433792/2*9.81)-(0.2209595962/2*9.81)= 0.00487308
H2=(0.760086752/2*9.81)-( 0.4419191922/2*9.81)= 0.00019492
H3=(0.950108442/2*9.81)-( 0.552398992/2*9.81)= 0.000304
Fitting

MITRE
ELBOW
SHORT BEND
ENLARGEMENT
CONTRACTION
Reynolds No.

440220.465
440220.465
440220.465
335668.104
440220.465

Manometer
1
h
m
2.42
2.8
3
3.06
3.1
Flow Rate
Qt
m/s
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001

Manometer
2

Head Loss
h

Total head
loss
h
h
h-h
h+H1
m
m
m
2.18
0.24
0.24
2.63
0.17
0.17
2.88
0.12
0.12
3.18
-0.12
-0.1151269
3.02
0.08
0.08487308
GAUGE VALUE READING= 0 m
Area
Velocity
Dynamic Head
A=PI/4*d
V
V/2g
m
m/s
m
0.0002631
0.3800433
0.019370203
0.0002631
0.3800433
0.019370203
0.0002631
0.3800433
0.019370203
0.0004525
0.2209595
0.011261957
0.0002631
0.3800433
0.019370203

Volume

Time

V
m*E-3
1
1
1
1
1

t
sec
10
10
10
10
10

K
h/(V/2g)

Flow

12.39016
8.776366
6.195082
-10.6552
4.130054

Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent

Manometer
1

Manometer
2

Head Loss
h

Total head
loss

MITRE
ELBOW
SHORT BEND
ENLARGEMENT

h
m
1.99
2.75
3.15
3.25

h
m
1.46
2.38
2.94
3.44

h-h
m
0.53
0.37
0.21
-0.19

m
0.53
0.37
0.21
-0.18980507

CONTRACTION

3.41

Reynolds No.

Flow Rate

Fitting

Volume

Time

V
m *10^-3
2
2
2
2

t
sec
10
10
10
10

10

Flow

3.18
0.23
0.23019492
GAUGE VALUE READING= 0 m
Dynamic
Area
Velocity
Head

17274251.03
17274251.03
17274251.03
13171616.41
17274251.03

Fitting

Qt
m
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002

A=PI/4*d
m
0.000263128
0.000263128
0.000263128
0.000452571
0.000263128

V
m/s
0.760086758
0.760086758
0.760086758
0.441919192
0.76008675

V/2g
m
0.038740406
0.038740406
0.038740406
0.022523914
0.038740406

h/(V/2g)

Total head
loss

Volume

Time

13.68081
9.550752
5.420697
-8.43548
5.936954

Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent

Manometer
1

Manometer
2

Head Loss
h

h-h

m*10^-3

sec

MITRE

2.41

1.78

0.63

0.63

2.5

10

ELBOW

3.30

2.86

0.44

0.44

2.5

10

SHORT BEND

3.75

3.50

0.25

0.25

2.5

10

ENLARGEMENT

3.95

4.10

-0.15

-0.149695

2.5

10

CONTRACTION

4.05

3.76

0.29

0.290304

2.5

10
Flow

GAUGE VALVE READING=0 m

Flow Rate

Area

Velocity

Dynamic
Head

Qt=V/t
m/s

A=PI/4*d
m

V=Q/A
m/s

V/2g
m

h/(V/2g)

21592813.79

0.00025

0.000263128

0.950108448

0.048425507

13.00967

Turbulent

21592813.79

0.00025

0.000263128

0.950108448

0.048425507

9.08612

Turbulent

21592813.79

0.00025

0.000263128

0.950108448

0.048425507

5.16256

Turbulent

16464520.52

0.00025

0.000452571

0.55239899

0.028154892

-5.32767

Turbulent

21592813.79

0.00025

0.000263128

0.950108448

0.048425507

5.98857

Turbulent

Reynolds No

EXERCISE B: GATE VALVE EXPERIMENT

Rotations
of gate
valve

1
2
3
Flow
Rate
Qt
m/s
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002

Pressure 1

Pressure
2

Bar

Bar

0.7
1.1
1.62

1.1
1.62
2.25

Area
A=PI/4*d

Velocity
V=QT/A
V

h of
water

Volume

Time

P*10.2

Bar

0.4
0.52
0.63

4.08
5.304
6.426

m
0.004
0.003
0.002

sec
10
10
10

Reynolds
number
Re=DV/

Flow

34548502.07
25911376.55
17274251.03

Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent

Dynamic
Head
V/2g

m
m/s
m
0.00026313 1.520173517 0.117784277
0.00026313 1.140130138 0.066253656
0.00026313 0.760086758 0.029446069

h/(V/2g)
34.6395978
61.5815073
138.558391

1. DESCRIBE THE APPARATUS USED IN THIS EXPERIMENT.

ANS. Energy Losses in Bends and Fittings Apparatus consists of:

Sudden Enlargement
Sudden Contraction
Long Bend
Short Bend
Elbow Bend
Mitre Bend

Flow rate through the circuit is controlled by a flow control valve. Pressure tappings in the circuit are
connected to a twelve bank manometer, which incorporates an air inlet/outlet valve in the top
manifold. An air bleed screw facilitates connection to a hand pump. This enables the levels in the
manometer bank to be adjusted to a convenient level to suit the system static pressure. A clamp which
closes off the tappings to the mitre bend is introduced when experiments on the valve fitting are
required. A differential pressure gauge gives a direct reading of losses through the gate valve.
2. WHAT ARE THE PRACTICAL USES OF STUDYING ENERGY LOSSES IN BEND?
ANS. For any process, a certain range of flow rates is permitted for maximum efficiency, if the flow rate
drops below that due to energy losses it disrupts the entire process and leads to loss of expenditure and
inefficiency. Hence the study of losses occurring in a particular fitting is necessary to obtain required
efficiency.

3. FOR EXERCISE A, PLOT GRAPHS OF HEAD LOSS AGAINST DYNAMIC HEAD, AND K AGAINST
VOLUME FLOW RATE(QT).
HEAD LOSS AGAINST DYNAMIC HEAD:
TOTAL HEAD LOSS
h
m

DYANAMIC
HEAD
V2/2g
m

MITRE

ELBOW

0.019370203
0.038740406
0.048425507

0.24
0.53
0.63

0.17
0.37
0.44

DYANAMIC HEAD
V2/2g

SHORT
BEND
0.12
0.21
0.25

CONTRACTION
0.084873
0.230194
0.290304

TOTAL HEAD LOSS

h
m
ENLARGEMENT

0.011261957

-0.115126

0.022523914

-0.189805

0.028154892

-0.149695

HEAD LOSS AGAINST DYNAMIC HEAD

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
HEAD LOSS

MITRE
0.3

ELBOW
SHORT BEND

0.2

CONTRACTION

0.1

ENLARGEMENT
0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

-0.1
-0.2
-0.3

DYNAMIC HEAD

0.04

0.05

0.06

LOSS COEFFICIENT AGAINST VOLUME FLOW RATE

FLOW RATE
m3/sec

0.0001
0.0002
0.00025

LOSS COEFFICIENT
K
MITRE

ELBOW

SHORT BEND

ENLARGEMENT

12.3901645
13.6808067
13.0096728

8.77636655
9.55075183
9.08612066

6.19508227
5.42069699
5.16256856

-10.655342
-8.4354789
-5.3276709

CONTRACTION
4.13005485
5.93695384
5.98857953

LOSS COEFFICIENT AGAINST VOLUME FLOW RATE

15

10

5
LOSS COEFFICIENT

MITRE
ELBOW
0
0

0.00005

0.0001

0.00015

0.0002

0.00025

0.0003

SHORT BEND
ENLARGMENT
CONTRACTION

-5

-10

-15

VOLUME FLOW RATE

4. FOR EXERCISE B, PLOT GRAPHS OF EQUIVALENT HEAD LOSS AGAINST DYNAMIC HEAD, AND K
AGAINST QT.
EQUIVALENT HEAD LOSS AGAINST DYNAMIC HEAD
Head loss
h

Dynamic head
v2/2g

4.08

0.117784277

5.304

0.066253656

6.426

0.029446069

EQUIVALENT HEAD LOSS AGAINST DYNAMIC HEAD

0.14

0.12

DYNAMIC HEAD

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
3

3.5

4.5
5
5.5
EQUIVALENT HEAD LOSS

6.5

LOSS CO-EFFICIENT K AGAINST QT:

Flow rate
Qt
m3/s

Loss coefficient
K

0.0004

34.6395978

0.0003

80.0559595

0.0002

218.229466

LOSS CO-EFFICIENT K AGAINST QT

250

200

LOSS CO-EFFICIENT

150

100

50

0
0

0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025 0.0003 0.00035 0.0004 0.00045

Flow rate
Qt

5. COMMENT ON ANY RELATIONSHIP NOTICED. WHAT IS THE DEPENDENCE OF HEAD LOSSES

ACROSS PIPE FITTINGS UPON VELOCITY?
ANS. According to the observation table and graphs obtained we can establish that value of K decreases
with increase in flow rate for some fittings. Besides this, the head loss in a particular fitting increases
with increase in velocity.
6. EXAMINING THE REYNOLDS NUMBER OBTAINED, ARE THE FLOWS LAMINAR OR TURBULENT?
ANS. The Reynolds numbers are very high indicating TURBULENT FLOW.
7. IS IT JUSTIFIABLE TO TREAT THE LOSS CO-EFFICIENT AS CONSTANT FOR A GIVEN FITTING?
ANS. Yes. Its justifiable to assume loss-coefficient constant for a given fitting as it varies with velocity,
flow rate and head losses.
8. IN EXERCISE B, HOW DOES THE LOSS CO-EFFICIENT FOR A GATE VALVE VARY WITH THE EXTENT
OF OPENING THE VALVE?
ANS. The loss coefficient for gate valve increases with decrease in the extent of opening of the valve
according to our observation this is also in accordance with the formula for loss coefficient as the flow
rate is decreased (the valve is closed) the velocity decrease thus the loss coefficient increases.