báo cáo chả giò

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng
MC LC
PHN 1. GII THIU TNG QUAN V CNG TY VISSAN
1. Lch s thnh lp v pht trin ca cng ty..............................................................................
1.1. Lch s thnh lp.........................................................................................................................
1.2. Chc nng...................................................................................................................................
1.3. Phng thc cng c v pht trin.............................................................................................
2. a im xy dng ......................................................................................................................
3. S ..............................................................................................................................................
3.1. S lc v X nghip ch bin kinh doanh thc phm...............................................................
3.2. Chc nng v nhim v ca X nghip.......................................................................................
3.3. S t chc v phn b nhn s ca X nghip.......................................................................
4. An ton lao ng v phng chy cha chy..............................................................................
4.1. An ton lao ng.........................................................................................................................
4.2. Phng chy cha chy................................................................................................................
4.2.1. Nhng nguyn nhn gy chy trong nh my.........................................................................
4.2.2. Phng trnh..............................................................................................................................
5. X l ph thi, nc thi v v sinh cng nghip.....................................................................
5.1. X l ph thi..............................................................................................................................
5.1.1. Cc loi vt cht ph thi.........................................................................................................
5.1.2. X l cht ph thi...................................................................................................................
5.2. X l nc thi...........................................................................................................................
5.3. V sinh cng nghip....................................................................................................................
PHN 2. NGUYN LIU SN XUT CH GI
1. Nguyn liu sn xut......................................................................................................................
1.1. Tht..............................................................................................................................................
1.1.1. Cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng tht.................................................................................
1.1.2. Cc bin i ca tht sau khi lnh ng...................................................................................
1.1.3. Cc bin i ca tht trong giao on tan gi...........................................................................
1.1.4. Cc yu cu k thut khi dng tht lnh ng sau qu trnh tan gi.........................................
1.2. Tm.............................................................................................................................................
1.3. C sn..........................................................................................................................................
1.4. Khoai mn...................................................................................................................................
1.5. Nm mo.....................................................................................................................................
1.6. C rt...........................................................................................................................................
1.7. Nc............................................................................................................................................
1.8. bnh trng v bnh trng r.........................................................................................................
1.9. Bt nng......................................................................................................................................
1.10. Bn tu, min............................................................................................................................
1.11. u xanh...................................................................................................................................
1.12. C hnh tm...............................................................................................................................
1.13. Ti.............................................................................................................................................
2. Gia v..............................................................................................................................................
2.1. Mui............................................................................................................................................
Kho st quy trnh sn xut ch gi
1

2.2. Tiu.............................................................................................................................................
2.3. Bt Ngt......................................................................................................................................
2.4. ng.........................................................................................................................................
3. Ph liu.........................................................................................................................................
3.1. Cm da xay...............................................................................................................................
3.2. Nc thoa bnh trng..................................................................................................................
3.3. H dn.........................................................................................................................................
3.4. Bao b..........................................................................................................................................
4. iu kin vn chuyn v bo qun.............................................................................................
4.1 Phng tin vn chuyn...............................................................................................................
4.2 Ch vn chuyn.......................................................................................................................
4.3 Thi gian vn chuyn...................................................................................................................
4.4 Bao gi.........................................................................................................................................
4.5 Xp d..........................................................................................................................................
4.6 Lu kho bo qun........................................................................................................................
PHN 3. QUI TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT CH GI
1. Qui trnh sn xut.....................................................................................................................
2. Thuyt trnh qui trnh .............................................................................................................
2.1....................................................................................................................R
ng.........................................................................................................................................
2.2....................................................................................................................R
a................................................................................................................................................
2.3....................................................................................................................N
gm.............................................................................................................................................
2.4 Tip nhn...................................................................................................................................
2.5....................................................................................................................X
o................................................................................................................................................
2.6 Xay.............................................................................................................................................
2.7 Cn gia v...................................................................................................................................
2.8 Trn nhn...................................................................................................................................
2.9 Nc pha bnh trng..................................................................................................................
2.10 nh hnh...................................................................................................................................
2.11 V bao b PE..............................................................................................................................
2.12 p m..........................................................................................................................................
2.13 Cp ng....................................................................................................................................
2.14 ng thng tr ng..................................................................................................................
PHN 4. THIT B S DNG
1. My xay.....................................................................................................................................
1.1....................................................................................................................N
him v.......................................................................................................................................
1.2....................................................................................................................C
u to..........................................................................................................................................
1.3....................................................................................................................Q
ui trnh vn hnh my................................................................................................................
1.4....................................................................................................................N
guyn l hot ng.....................................................................................................................
2

1.5....................................................................................................................C
c s c thng gp v cch khc phc.....................................................................................
2. My ly tm................................................................................................................................
2.1....................................................................................................................N
him v.......................................................................................................................................
2.2....................................................................................................................C
u to..........................................................................................................................................
2.3....................................................................................................................Q
ui trnh vn hnh........................................................................................................................
2.4....................................................................................................................N
guyn l hot ng.....................................................................................................................
3. My bo v mn.......................................................................................................................
3.1....................................................................................................................N
him v.......................................................................................................................................
3.2....................................................................................................................C
u to..........................................................................................................................................
3.3....................................................................................................................N
guyn tc hot ng...................................................................................................................
4. My trn...................................................................................................................................
4.1....................................................................................................................N
him v.......................................................................................................................................
4.2....................................................................................................................C
u to..........................................................................................................................................
4.3....................................................................................................................Q
ui trnh vn hnh my................................................................................................................
4.4....................................................................................................................N
guyn l hot ng.....................................................................................................................
4.5....................................................................................................................S
c thng gp.........................................................................................................................
PHN 5. SN PHM......................................................................................................................
1. Sn phm........................................................................................................................................
2. nh gi cht lng ch gi..........................................................................................................
3. Bo qun v vn chuyn.....................................................................................
PHN 6. KT LUN V KIN NGH

3
PHN 1. GII THIU TNG QUAN V CNG TY VISSAN
1. Lch s thnh lp cng ty:

Tn giao dch ngoi nc: VISSAN LIMITED COMPANY
Tn vit tt: VISSAN
Tng gim c: Bi Duy c
S Ti khon: 102010000150518 ti Ngn Hng Cng Thng, Chi Nhnh 7 - Tp. HCM - Vit
Nam
a ch: 420 N Trang Long, Phng 13, Qun Bnh Thnh, Thnh ph H Ch Minh
in thoi: (84 8) 5533 999 5533 888 Fax: (84 8) 5533 939. Email: vissan@hcm.fpt.vn
Website: www.vissan.com.vn
1.1 Lch s thnh lp:

4

- Cng ty VISSAN c u t v a vo hot ng ngy 18/5/1974, thnh lp theo quyt nh
143/TCQ ngy 16/3/1976 ca UBND thnh ph H Ch Minh vi tn gi l Cng ty Thc phm
I. L n v chuyn kinh doanh thc phm ti sng, thu mua heo, tru b v t chc git m cung
cp, phn phi v tiu th cc qun, trng hc, ch, bnh vin.
- Cui 1984, 1985, 1986, cng ty tham gia nhiu mt vi s nng nghip pht trin n heo thnh
ph, t chc quy trnh ch bin ti ch v y mnh xut khu.
-
thng nht ngnh tht heo, tru b trn a bn thnh ph theo vn bn 3486/UB ngy
20/8/1987 cng ty tip nhn v thnh lp 12 ca hng thc phm cc qun, hnh thnh mng
li bn l trc tip cho cng ty.
- Thng 11/1989 Cng ty Thc Phm I chnh thc i tn thnh Cng Ty K Ngh Sc Sn gi
tt l VISSAN IMPORT EXPORT CORPORATION trc thuc Tng Cng Ty Thng Mi Si
VISSAN, tn giao dch quc t l Gn.
1.2. Chc nng :
- Cng ty VISSAN l mt n v sn xut ch bin thc phm v cn l mt n v kinh doanh
thng mi v xut nhp khu ca thnh ph.
- Hot ng ca cng ty nhm mang li hiu qu kinh t x hi gp phn p ng v nhu cu thc
phm cho ngi dn, tiu th sn phm chn nui cho ngi sn xut, gp phn gii quyt vn
lao ng v c bit l to thm ngun thu nhp cho ngn sch nh nc.
1.3. Phng thc cng c v pht trin ca cng ty :
- Trc tnh hnh pht trin ca x hi hin nay, ha nhp vo nn kinh t ang pht trin ca
cc nc trong khu vc cng nh cc nc trn th gii cng ty ang mnh dn xut khu vo cc
th trng mu dch t do nh M v cc nc EU, mt th trng y tim nng.
-
Bn cnh cng ty cng t ra phng hng pht trin trong tng lai.
- Cung cp y cho nhu cu ni a, cng c v pht trin mng li bn l trong nc.

- Tch cc tm kim th trng nc ngoi, lp cc vn phng i din, xc tin thng mi, tm
kim i tc kinh doanh.
- Vi ngun vn hin c cng ty khng ngng hon chnh nh xng, nng cp cc thit b hin
c, lin kt v hp tc vi cc n v trong v ngoi nc khng ngng nng cao cht lng sn
phm, tin ti t tiu chun quc t.
- Thng xuyn o to, bi dng cn b, nhn vin c nghip v tay ngh cao, c k nng lao
ng tt. Tng bc tin ti chun ha cn b v nghip v chuyn mn.
5

2.A IM XY DNG
- Nm trn b sng Si Gn, pha Ty v Nam gip sng Th Tc. Din tch Cng ty rng
khong 20ha, y l a im thun li cho vic sn xut v ch bin v:
- Khu t rng, nm xa khu dn c, phng trnh c hi.
- m bo v sinh mi trng, ngn c s lan truyn dch bnh gia gia sc ca nh my vi
mi trng v con ngi xung quanh.
- V tr thun li cho vic chuyn ch ng thy v ng b cc ngun nguyn liu thu mua
cng nh cung cp, phn phi sn phm ni a v xut khu.
S mt bng tng th
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3. S :
S t chc v b tr nhn s ca Cng ty:

6
3.1. S lc v X nghip ch bin kinh doanh thc phm:

- X nghip ch bin kinh doanh thc phm tin thn l trm kinh doanh thc phm, c thnh
lp vo nm 1985 vi nhim v chnh l kinh doanh tht sc sn ti sng.
- Cng vi s pht trin ca Tng cng ty VISSAN, x nghip khng ngng pht trin v hon
thin. V vy ngy 14/3/1989 U ban nhn dn thnh ph ra quyt nh s 108/QUB thnh lp
x nghip ch bin kinh doanh thc phm trc thuc cng ty VISSAN di s qun l ca s
thng mi thnh ph.
- T khi thnh lp cho n nay mc d gp nhiu kh khn, phi cnh tranh vi cc sn phm trn
th trng ni a cng nh th trng nc ngoi. Nhng vi s n lc c gng ca mnh, x
nghip tng bc chim lnh c th trng, quy m sn xut v kinh doanh khng ngng
tng ln.
- Vi mc ch tha mn nhu cu ngy cng cao ca khch hng v cht lng cng nh v sinh
an ton ca sn phm. Thng 3/2003 Xng ch bin kinh doanh thc phm c thnh lp v i
vo hot ng vo thng 11/2003 vi tiu ch thc hin v ci tin h thng Qun L Cht lng
theo GMP, HACCP v ISO 9001: 2000.
3.2 Chc nng v nhim v ca X nghip
7

Cn c vo quyt nh 108/QUB ca U ban nhn dn thnh ph v vic thnh lp X nghip ch
bin kinh doanh thc phm c nhng chc nng v nhim v sau:
Chc nng:
- Trong c ch th trng m rng th trng tiu th th cht lng sn phm l yu t
quyt nh s tn ti ca x nghip. Chnh v th m x nghip khng ngng ci tin mu
m, nng cao cht lng sn phm.
-
X nghip tng bc hon thin cc nh mc kinh t k thut, ng thi x nghip
cng a vo yu t thi v xy dng k hoch sn xut nhm khng gy nh hng n

cht lng sn phm v nh gi thnh hp l.
- X nghip tng bc m rng th trng trong v ngoi nc nhm cung cp cho th
trng nhng sn phm thit yu v m bo an ton cht lng.
Nhim v:
-
Kinh doanh ng ngnh ngh ng k.
Hon thin c v cht lng sn phm ln cc k hoch cung cp hng ha do nh nc

giao.
Hon thin k hoch hot ng hng nm.
Thc hin ng ch
3.3. S t chc v phn b nhn s ca X nghip ch bin kinh doanh thc phm

8
BAN GIM
C
PHNG KINH
DOANH
PHNG T CHC
HNH CHINH
Nghip
v
Nghip
v
T xe
T bn
Nghip
v
Bo
v
T
mua
PHNG K THUT
KCS
PHNG K TON
Ti p
th
Th
qu
T kcs

xng
ch gi
xng
9
tht ngui
n lin
ch gi
B
phn kt
T lp
xng
Sx th
PHNG S
BAN GIM
C
PHNG KINH
DOANH
PHNG T CHC
HNH CHINH
Nghip
v
Nghip
v
Nghip
v
Bo
v
T xe
T bn
T
mua
PHNG K THUT
KCS
PHNG K TON
Th
qu
Ti p
th
T kcs
B
phn kt
xng
tht ngui
xng
ch gi
ch gi
n lin
T lp
xng
T pc bao
b
T nh
hnh
T h
co+honh
thnh
T v
sinh
4. AN TON LAO NG V PHNG CHY CHA CHY:

4.1. An ton lao ng:
Mi ngi trong cng ty phi tun th theo qui nh an ton do gim c ban hnh:
-
S dng y trang thit b bo h lao ng.

10
Sx th
PHNG S

- Trang b khu trang, giy ng cho cng nhn lm nhim v chn nui, v sinh chung tri.
- Trang b o lnh cho cng nhn lm trong kho lnh, tr ng.
- Trang b khu trang, gng tay, tp d, giy ng cho cng nhn trong xng sn xut.
-
Chp hnh v tun th bn giao ca, k nhn kim tra nghim tc: s bn giao, dng c, my
mc, v sinh
- Thc hin ng cc qui trnh cng ngh, vn hnh v thao tc.

- Thc hin ng qui tc an ton lao ng, phng chy cha chy.
- Phi c ro chn, bao che b phn truyn ng vi vn tc cao, cc thit b phi c rle t bo
v.
- Mi cng nhn phi c trch nhim qun l thit b ca mnh, khng c t vn hnh cc
thit b b phn khc m khng c s ng ca cp trn.
- Khi ngng my, kin tra hay sa chaphi ngt cu dao in v treo bng bo hiu cm ng
cu dao in.
-
Phi thc hin nghim: s dng v an ton in.
Khng a nghch trong khi vn hnh my, s dng in.
chp hnh nghim cc bin bo trong tng khu vc: cm la, cm ht thuc.
- Chp hnh tt cc k bo dng, bo qun thit b, v sinh nh xng, khi c s c phi thng
bo ngay kp thi x l.
4.2. Phng chy cha chy:
4.2.1 Nhng nguyn nhn gy chy trong nh my:
-
Do con ngi khng chp hnh vi phm qui nh v phng chy v cha chy, do s hay km
thc.
-
Do thin tai nh bo, st, gi gy t cc ng dy in, lm h cc thit b bo v in
Do ha chy t pht sinh ra chy n.
4.2.2. Phng chy:

Cng ty VISSAN s dng trn 90% nng lng in trong sn xut v ch bin v vy nhim v
c t ra trong vic qun l v s dng ngun in trong sn xut, sinh hot l phi thng
xuyn kim tra, bo dng v thay th hng ngy, hng tun, theo thi k, giai on:
-
Nu thy qu ti phi lp thm ph ti, dng thit b vi cng sut ln v ph hp hn.
Kim tra, bo tr, bo dng ng dy.

11

Mi thnh vin trong nh my, Cng ty u phi c trch nhim, thc c ngha v ca bn
thn trong vic phng chy, cha chy. Mi ngi phi c hc nhng nguyn tc c bn nht
trong phng v cha chy trng hp n gin.
4.2.3. Cha chy:
-
Khi pht hin chy phi thng bo cho mi ngi xung quanh, ngt cu dao in v tr gn
nht, an ton, cn trng v nhanh chng.

-
Thng tin cho lnh o, n v cha chy chuyn nghip.
Dng cc b phn t c cha chy ngay trong khu vc, nh xng.
T k thut tin hnh cp in, n, nm c r nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b my vi
nhng phn ng chy c bin php x l.

-
Mi ngi a ti sn ra khi khu vc c chy.
- Vi t cu thng s cp cu cho ngi bnh ng thi gi trung tm cp cu y t, hoc a

bnh nhn n bnh vin gn nht.
- Ban lnh o bo cho lc lng cha chy, gi hin trng v tm hiu nguyn nhn gy chy,
tm bin php khc phc
5.X L PH THI, NC THI V V SINH CNG NGHIP:
5.1. X l ph thi:
5.1.1. Cc loi vt cht ph thi:
Trong qu trnh sn xut ch bin, sinh hot vt cht ph thi s pht sinh Cng ty v c phn
loi:
- Ph phm: gm ton b vt cht ph thi c ngun dinh dng di do gip cho s pht trin
ca vi sinh vt nh thit, m, cht nhy
-
Phn, lng: gm phn, lng ca gia sc c sinh ra t khu tn tr vt nui sng, khu xng
git m.
-
Rc sinh hot pht sinh trong qu trnh sinh hot, tm ra
Bao b: gm thng giy, bao nha cc loi, dy buc
5.1.2. X l cht ph thi:

Mi loi vt ph thi u c x l ring m bo vn an ton v sinh:
- i vi ph phm: c qut dn, gom, ht vo cc bao nilon kn v chc, khng r nc, rch,
buc kn ming bao. Khi lng ln ph thi c cha trong cc thng nha ln c lp y. Tt
c c vn chuyn tp trung vo bi rc ca Cng ty v xe rc s mang vo ni qui nh.
12

-
i vi phn lng: c dn sch s ti khu tn tr, git m sau c vn chuyn bng
phng tin kn. Phn c tp trung khu tn tr vt sng, tin hnh ri vi bt kh trng
ngay trong ngy. Lng heo c tp trung vo nh cha lng, trong khi lng g v vt cho vo
cc bao ln thc hin x l trong ngy.
-
Bao b: thng xuyn c gom gn trong tng khu vc hay phn xng, cui cng cng c
tp trung v vn chuyn n bi rc.

-
Rc sinh hot c b vo cc bch nilon ln cha rc, tp trung v vn chuyn n ng khu
vc.
5.2. X l nc thi:
-
Vi tnh cht l Cng ty kinh doanh, sn xut, ch bin cc sn phm tht heo, tht b, tht g,
vtv vy m ngun nc thi ca nh my b nhim rt nghim trng cn phi c x l tht

sch, gim n mc thp nht, hn ch nhim mi trng xung quanh.
-
H thng x l nc thi ca nh my ngy cng c u t, ci to v hin nay h thng hot
ng rt n nh, hiu sut x l cao: Theo thit k ton b lng nc thi t khu tn tr ca
nh my c tp trung vo mt h ln A, nc thi khu sn xut cng c tp trung vo h
khc B, sau thi im sn xut hoc d tr nhiu hay t. Nc h A do c ln lng, phn v cc
tp cht khc nn s c bm qua sng lc cc tp cht khng phn hy c. Nc sau khi
sng cng vi nc h B c bm sang h khc lng gn rc cn st li ni ln trn, lng
nc bn di s bm tip vo h vi sinh v h thc vt trc khi c thi ra sng, h vi sinh
v h thc vt c nhim v phn hy vi sinh vt c hi ngn nga lm nhim mi trng xung
quanh.
5.3. V sinh cng nghip:
n, ung l nhu cu cn thit v ti quan trng ca con ngi i cng vi n mt vn ln lun
c t ra chnh l vn v sinh an ton thc phm. Mt sn phm t cht lng v c nh
gi cao ch khi n hon ton an ton cho sc khe ngi s dng. Cng ty rt ch v thc
hin tt cc chng trnh v sinh, p dng chng trnh HACCP vo sn phm ch gi.
- Trc khi vo sn xut cng nhn phi mc bo h lao ng ng quy nh. Sau dng x
bng v ra sch s t bn tay n khuu tay, ri nhng tay qua thau nc chlorine 50ppm kh
trng. Tip lau kh tay bng khn sch dng mt ln v i qua bn li ng.

13

-
Bn st trng ng phi b tr ti ca ra vo khu vc ch bin, bt buc tt c mi ngi ra vo
u phi li qua. Bn st trng c ngp nc khng di 0,15m, c l thot nc nh k v

c v sinh thng xuyn. Nng chlorine trong bn l 100 200ppm.
-
Cng nhn khi i ra ngoi phi v sinh ra tay sch s, khi quay tr vo cng phi thc hin v
sinh nh ban u.
-
Cng nhn phi ct mng tay, khng c eo n trang trn ngi.

T v sinh phi thng xuyn v sinh v sinh bn li ng, phng thay , nh v sinh mi
ngy v hng dn cng nhn v ng ng quy cch. Cui mi ngy sau ca sn xut t v
sinh thc hin lm v sinh:
Lm v sinh dng c: r, mung, khay cha, gng tay, ym
+ Ra qua nc sch.
+ Dng x phng v bn chi c ra.
+ Ra li bng nc sch.
+ Ngm trong bn cha chlorine 200 ppm trong 15 pht.
+ Ra li bng nc sch cho ht chlorine.
+ ro, ct gi ng ni quy nh.
Lm v sinh bn, gh, thng cha.
+ Dn sch hng.
+ Ra bng vi nc sch.
+ Dng x phng v bn chi c ra. Ch nhng ch gc cnh cn ch k.
+ Ra sch x phng bng nc sch.
+ Ra bng dung dch chlorine 200 ppm trong 10 pht.
+ Ra li bng nc sch cho ht chlorine.
+ ro v ct gi ng ni quy nh.
Git khn lau v bo h lao ng.
+ Cui ngy sn xut bo h lao ng, khn lau bn, khn lau tay c git sch
v kh trng.
+ em phi sy cho kh, sau ct gi ng ni quy nh.
-My mc, trang thit b ch bin, phng tin vn chuyn thng xuyn c kim tra, v sinh
ng k thut, ng phng php, nh k thay hoc bo dng theo ng nhu cu.

14
PHN 2. NGUYN LIU SN XUT CH GI

1.NGUYN LIU CHNH:
1.1.Tht heo:
Gii thiu chung:
Tht l ngun cung cp dinh dng giu nng lng cho c th.
Thnh phn cu trc ca tht l t l ca 3 loi m: m c, m lin kt v m m.
15

Thnh phn ha hc ca tht ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: c th gia sc, ging loi, gii tnh,
mc bo, mc ch nui dng, tui git tht v tng b phn ly tht.
nh gi phm cht tht phi cn c vo thnh phn ha hc, gi tr nng lng, mi v. Thnh
phn ha hc ca tht heo c xc nh nh sau:
1.1.1. Axit amin:
Cc axit amin c trong tht heo hu ht l cc loi khng thay th cn tht cho c th con ngi:
tryptophan, lysin, arginin, methionin, cystine, threonine, locine, histidin, valin, phenylalanyl,
isoleucine to nn nhng protein c gi tr .
Bng 2. 1. Thnh phn cc axit amin khng thay th trong tht [8]
1.1.2.Khong:
Cht
khong: chim
khong 1,2
1,5%,
cha
nhiu
cht
Axit amin
Lysine
Methionine
Tryptophane
Phenyl alanine
Threonine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Arginine
Histidine
Hm lng % trong protit

7.8
2.5
1.4
4.1
5.1
5.0
7.5
4.9
6.4
3.2
khong: canxi, photpho, natri, kali, magie, lu hunh, clo

1.1.3. Vitamin:
Tht cha hu ht cc vitamin quan trng, cung cp kh y nhng loi vitamin c th cn
nh: vitamin B1, B2, B6, PP, H
Cc qu trnh bin i ca tht sau khi git m
Trc co cng:
Sau khi git m xong tht cn nng, m c mm, kh nng lin kt vi nc cao nht, pH gn bng
7, nhit khong 360C, trng thi ny ko di khong 2-4 gi.
Qa trnh co cng:
Sau giai on trc co cng tht bt u co cng, lc ny bn c hc tng. Tht giai on ny
khng c mi v thm ngon. m tht thp, ti thi gian ny lng dch tht tch ra khi li tm s
tng ln khong 40%. M c suy yu dn sau khi s co cng t cc i. l kt qu ca qu
trnh sinh ha phc tp do enzym gy ra:

16

+ Phn hy glucogen to acid lactic v chuyn pH t trung ha v acid. S acid ha mi
trng c tc dng c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy thi.
+ Phn hy acid adenosintriphosphoric (ATP)
ATP
ADP + (P) + Q
Nh vy trong giai on ny s phn gii lm gim glycogen, ATP, creatin, hm lng

acid lactic tng, protein b bin i dn n c cng lm gim chc nng gi nc.
Tht bo qun lnh dng trong ch bin:
- Lnh ng l phng php bo qun tht rt tt, tuy nhin cng lm xu i mt s tnh cht ca
tht. Cc bin i xy ra khi lm lnh ng nh: mt nc, kt cu thay i; ph thuc vo tc
lm lnh, nhit ti thiu t c v thi gian bo qun.
-
Lnh ng cng c th lm thit hi cu trc ca t bo. Khi lm lnh chm th cc tinh th
nc ln s to ra trong mi trng ngoi bo. p sut thm thu khi u ca n nh hn

mi trng ni bo nn nc s chuyn t mi trng ni bo ra mi trng ngoi bo. Khi lc
ion trong mi trng ngoi bo tng ln ng k, t bo b tiu nguyn sinh v cc protein b bin
tnh.
- Khi lm lnh nhanh s to ra nhiu tinh th nc trong tht v do s chuyn nc gia
mi trng ni bo v ngoi bo l ti thiu, lc ny s bin tnh protein khng ln.
-
Hu qu chnh ca s bin tnh protein l kh nng gi nc b gim v s chy dch s

xut hin ngay khi lm tan gi. Dch chy ra thng cha cc vitamin, mui khong, cc
axit amin Tn tht v gi tr dinh dng t nhng tn tht trng lng c th rt ln.
Cc yu cu k thut khi s dng tht lnh ng trong qu trnh ch bin :

Trc khi a vo ch bin nguyn liu tht cn phi c kim tra v cc ch tiu cm quan,
ha l, vi sinh theo ng quy nh nhm m bo cht lng sn phm.
Cc dng h hng ca tht

Tht sau khi git m nu khng c bo qun tt rt d b nhim vi sinh vt gy bnh v c
th b nhim bn t bn ngoi vo nh: bi, da, lng Ngoi ra tht cn b nhim bn t bn

trong do th b bnh.
Cc dng h hng ca tht sau khi git m:
S ha nhy b mt:
y l dng h hng thng gp tht bo qun khi m khng kh cao (trn 90%) ch
yu do vi khun Pseudomonas, Streptococus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Achromobacter v mt

17

s loi thuc ging Lactobacillus. Nhit ti u cho s ha nhy l 2-100C, m tng
ng ca khng kh l 85-90%.
S ln men chua:
Hin tng ny gy ra do khng lm sch ht mu khi git m to iu kin thun li cho vi
khun ym kh pht trin nh: Clostridium butyricum, Coliformes lm cho tht c mu xm,
mm nhn v c mi chua. Sn phm qu trnh ny to ra acid formic, acid acetic, acid
butyric, acid propyonic
S mc tht:
S mc tht gy ra do s pht trin ca cc loi nm mc gy ra trn b mt tht. Nm mc
khng gy thi ra nhng thy phn protein, ko theo s thay i pH, nh hng n cht
lng tht.
S thi ra:
Hin tng thi ra xy ra do vi sinh vt hiu kh gy ra nh: Proteus vulgaris,
Bac.msentericus, Bac.subtilis. Qa trnh xy ra bt u t b mt sau pht trin vo su
trong lng tht qua cc mch mu, ng tip xc gia tht v xng.
S bin i mu sc ca sc t tht:
Mu ca tht c th bin thnh mu xm nu hoc mu lc do s sn sinh cc cht oxy
ha hydrosunfua ca vi khun.
S bin i ca m:
Vi khun phn gii m c kh nng lm tan m v thc y nhanh chng qu trnh oxy ha
m, lm m b i thiu. Hin tng ny xy ra do vi khun Pseudomonas v Achromobacter
gy nn.
Bng 2.2.Ch tiu cm quan ca tht lnh ng

Tn ch tiu
Trng thi lnh ng
Trng thi bn ngoi
Yu cu theo TCVN 7074 : 2002

Khi tht ng cng, lnh dnh tay, b mt kh,
g c ting vang, cho php c t tuyt trn
Mu sc
Trng thi sau r ng
Trng thi bn ngoi
b mt ngoi ca khi tht.

Mu hng ti c trng.
- Dai, n hi, b mt khng b nht, khng dnh
tp cht l. Khi n ngn tay khng ln su,

18

khng c cc ng mu ln.
Mu sc
Mi
- M mm, dai, nh hnh.

Mu hng m n ti c trng ca tht.
C mi thm t nhin, c trng ca khi tht,
khng c mi l.
Trng thi tht sau khi luc

Mu sc
Hng nht.
Mi
c trng, khng c mi l.
V
Ngt c trng ca sn phm.
Nc luc
Trong, vng m ln.
Bng 2.3. Ch tiu ha l ca tht
Tn ch tiu
pH
Phn ng nh tnh H2S
Hm lng NH3
Nc luc tht khi phn ng CuSO4
Yu cu theo TCVN 7074 : 2002

5,5 6,2
m tnh
35 mg/100g.
Cho php hi c
Bng 2.4. D lng cc kim loi nng (TCVN 7074 :2002)

Tn ch tiu
Gii hn ti a (mg/kg)
Ch (Pb)
0,5
Cadimi (Cd)
0,05
Thy ngn (Hg)
0,03
Bng 2.5. Ch tiu vi sinh vt ca tht lnh ng (TCVN 7074:2002)

Tn ch tiu
Gii hn ti a
Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh (trong 1g)
106
E.Coli (trong 1g sn phm)
102
Coliforms (trong 1g sn phm)
102
Samonella (trong 25g sn phm)
0
Bacillus.cereus (trong 1g)
102
Staphilococus aureus (trong 1g)
102
Clostridium botulium (trong 1g)
m tnh
Clostridium perfringens (trong 1g)
10
Bng 2.6.Ch tiu nh gi cht lng sn phm tht qua ch bin nhit theo TCVN
7049:2002
Tn ch tiu
1. Cm quan
Mc cht lng
Mu sc, mi v phi c trng cho

19

sn phm.
2. Ha l:
- Hm lng H2S.
m tnh.
- Hm lng NH3.
< 40mg/100g.
- Hm lng NO2.
3. Vi sinh:
< 167mg/100g.
- Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh.
< 3.105khun lc/gam.
- Coliform.
< 50 khun lc/gam.
- E.coli.
< 3 khun lc/gam.
- Staphilococus aureus.
< 10 khun lc/gam.
- Shamollena.
m tnh.
- Clostridium botulinum.
0 khun lc/gam.
- Clotridium perfringens.
< 10 khun lc/gam.
- Bacillus cereus.
< 10 khun lc/gam.

20

Bng 2.7. Ch tiu cht lng m theo quy nh Q 867/1998/Q_BYT
Tn ch tiu
1. Cm quan:
Mc cht lng
- Mu sc
- Mi v
Bnh thng, trong, khng vn

c.
Khng c mi i chua, khng c

mi l.
2. Ha l:
- Hm lng nc
- chua (s ml NaOH 1N dng -
< 0,2 0,3%.

< 6 .
trung ha 100 g du).

- Phn ng Kress (xc nh i -
m tnh
kht).
- Ch s Peroxit (PV)
3. Vi sinh:
<5
< 103 khun lc/gam.
- Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh.
< 10 khun lc/gam.
- Coliform
< 3 khun lc/gam.
- E.Coli
0 khun lc/gam.
- Staphilococus aureus
m tnh.
- Samollena
1.2.Tm
Gii thiu chung:
-Tm thuc loi gip xc, thn di hi trn, c bao bng mt lp v
mng cu to bng cht chitin. Mu sc ca tm do sc t thuc lp cuticum
hay nhng t bo ring bit quyt nh.Tht tm ngon v rt c gi tr, hm
lng protein v mui khong trong tht tm rt cao. Trong tht tm c
cha nhiu enzym, do khi bo qun tm khng ng cch tm rt d b
h hng. Nu lu m khng c bin php bo qun th trong tht tm s
tch ly acid lactic lm cho tm nhanh chng b thi hng, m c tht s b
phn hy, mu sc ca tm s b bin i t mu trng sang xm, hm lng
NH3 trong tht tm s tng ln gy h hng sn phm.
21
Hnh 1- Tm

- Ngoi ra thnh phn ha hc ca tm cng ph thuc vo trng thi sinh l, ma v, thi tit
S khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc v s bin i ca chng lm nh hng rt ln n mi v v
gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm.
Ga tr dinh dng ca tm
a. Nc
C tht ca tm cha khong 70 85% nc. Hm lng nc ph thuc vo ging loi v
tnh trng ca tm. Trong c v trong t bo nc ng vai tr lm dung mi cho cc cht
tan, l mi trng cho cc phn ng sinh ha.
b. Protein
C tht ca tm cha khong 13 25% protein. Hm lng protein bin thin ty thuc vo
ging loi, iu kin dinh dng v cc loi c tht. im ng in ca protein tm l pH =
4,5 5,5. pH ny cc protein trung tnh v in, km a nc v ha tan trong nc
im cc tiu.
c. Lipid
M c ca tm cha lipid rt t, khong 0,05 3%. Thnh phn ch yu l photpholipid.
d. Vitamin
Cc vitamin c trong tm: vitamin B1, B2, PP, H, C Hm lng vitamin bin thin theo
ma v.
e. Khong cht
Tm l loi thc phm kh giu cht khong. Hm lng cht khong c trong tht tm bin
thin trong khong 0,6 1,5%. Hm lng cht khong ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng
sng ca tm.
Bng 2.8. Thnh phn ha hc ca tm [8]
(tnh theo trng lng ti)
Thnh phn
Protein
n v
g/100g
Tm
19 33
Lipid
0,3 1,4
Nc
76 79
Tro
1,3 1,87
Gluxit
0,5 1,5
Canxi
mg/100g
29 50
Photpho
33 67,6
Kho st quy St
trnh sn xut ch gi
1,2 5,1
22
Natri
11 127
Kali
127 - 565
Cc yu cu k thut khi s dng tm trong qu trnh ch bin:
m bo tnh an ton thc phm tm cn c kim tra theo cc ch tiu sau:

Bng 2.9.Yu cu cm quan ca tm
Tm nguyn liu (TCVN 3726 1989)
Tn ch tiu
Mc cht lng
Tm c bit
Mu sc
c trng, sng
Tm hng 1
bng, c trng,
sng
khng c m en
bng,
bt c im no trn
qu 10% s con
thn.
en
vnh
khng
ui
bng,
nhng co nh
vt en s mt
Trng thi
i.
Nguyn vn, khng mm, Nguyn vn khng
v u dnh cht vo
mm v, u
thn, khng long t,
lng lo nhng
v v, ru nguyn
khng v gch,
vn.
dn t nhng
Mi
khng st v.
Tanh t nhin, khng c Tanh t nhin, khng
mi l.
Ngt m, nc luc trong.
Ngt,
c mi l.
nc luc
trong.
Bng 2.10. Ch tiu vi sinh ca tm (TCVN 5289 1992)

Tn ch tiu
Gii hn ti a
Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh (trong 1g) < 106
Coliforms (trong 1g)
< 2.102
Staphilococus aureus (trong 1g)
< 102
KhoSamonella
st quy trnh
sn25g
xutsn
chphm)
gi
(trong
Khng c
23
Shigella
Khng c
E.coli
Khng c
1.3. Gh
Gii thiu chung:
-Gh l i tng hi sn qu, c gi tr dinh dng v thng mi cao

-Gh phn b khp cc vng bin nc ta, sng su 50 100m
Hnh 2- Gh
ca sng v y bn.
Thnh phn ha hc ca gh:
Tht gh l ngun protein cht lng cao, c nhiu vitamin v cc cht

khong cn thit cho dinh dng ca c th. Trong tht gh c cha: photpho, km, canxi, st v
rt t cht bo, c bit l cht bo no.
Bng 2.11. Thnh phn ha hc ca gh [8]
Nng lng
Thnh phn dinh dng trong 100g thc phm n c

Thnh phn chnh
Mui khong
(Kcal)
Nc Protein
Lipid
93
75,5
19,9
0,5
(g)
Gluxit
Canxi
2,2
1,9
134
(mg)
Phospho
180 3,8

24
Vitamin
(mg)
35,8
0.04
0,07
3,9

2. NGUYN LIU PH:
2.1. Nm mo
Gii thiu chung:
-Nm mo l mt loi thc phm c gi tr dinh dng tng i cao. Giu cht khong v cc
acid amin khng thay th, cc vitamin A, B, C, Dv khng c cc c
t
- C th coi nm mo nh mt loi rau sch. Ngoi gi tr dinh dng
nm mo cn c nhiu c tnh ca bit dc, c kh nng phng v
cha bnh nh: lm h huyt p, chng bo ph, cha bnh ng rut,
Hnh 3-Nm mo
Bng 2.12. Thnh phn ha hc ca nm mo

Nm mo
Thnh phn (%)

m
Protein
Lipid
Cacbonhydrat
Si
Tro
Ti
87,1
7,7
0,8
87,6
14,0
3,9
Kh
13,0
,97
1,2
84,2
9,1
6,7
2.2. C sn
Gii thiu chung
- Cy sn c ngun gc Nam M, sn c du nhp vo Vit Nam
t th k 19. Sn pht trin tt trn cc vng t ct ven bin, ph sa
mi min t nc.
- Ty theo ging, iu kin canh tc v mu m ca t m c
Hnh 4-C sn
sn c kch thc: di 0,1 1,2cm v ng knh 2 12cm. Hnh

dng c khng ng nht, c c thng, c cong, c c li bin dng cc b.
- Hm lng protein trong sn kh cao, giu vitamin cn thit cho c th: vitamin B1, B2 , PP
- Trong ht c sn c cht c gi l rotenon (C23H22O6), tephrosin (C23H22O7). T l rotenon trong
ht c sn: 0,56 1,01%. Trong l cng c cht nh trong ht.
Bng 2.13. Thnh phn ha hc ca c sn [8]
25

Thnh phn
Nc
Tinh bt
m ton phn
Cht bo
Cht khong
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B2
Sn vng (%)
63,18
34,20
0,61
0,20
0,50
31g
75g
Sn trng (%)
91,80
32,90
0,13
0,21
0,83
58g
75g
2.3. Ti
Gii thiu chung
Ti c dng trong ch bin thc phm nhm lm tng tnh thm ngon
v cn c tc dng h tr tiu ha v khng sinh.
-Cc dc tnh quan trng ca hot tnh allicin trong ti:
- C tnh khng sinh mnh i vi 72 loi vi khun v nm mc gy bnh.
Hnh 5-Ti
- Ti lm tng sc khng cho c th bng cch lm tng kh nng min

dch,l hng ro chng nhim trng u tin.
-Trong 100 kg ti cha 60 200g tinh du, thnh phn ch yu ca tinh du l allicin. Cht ny c
tc dng dit khun rt mnh, n cng c tc dng chng xy ha Ngoi ra trong ti cn c cc
glycoside allinin, vitamin C, cc vitamin B1, B2, B6, cc cht phytosterol, inulin.
2.4. Hnh tm
Gii thiu chung
-
Hnh c tn khoa hc l Allium fistulosumlinn.Tn ting Anh l:
Onion.
- C hnh c v cay tnh bnh, khng c c tcdng thng kh hot
huyt, kch thch tiu ha. Trong c hnh c cha tinh du allixin c
tnh khng sinh, acid malic, phytin C hnh ti c cha -
Hnh 6- Hnh tm
caroten, vitamin B1, B2, v C.

- C hnh c dng trong ch bin thc phm nhm lm tng hng v v gi tr dinh dng.
Bng 2.14. Thnh phn ha hc ca c hnh tm. [8]
Thnh phn ha hc ca c hnh ti (%)
Nc
Protid
Glucid
Cellulos Tro
Ca
Mg
Fe
Vitamin(%)
Caroten B1

26
B2
PP

70,1
1,1
3,6
0,5
0,5
24,5
37,2
0,5
0,02 0,02
0,03
0,15
7,1
2.5. Khoai mn
Gii thiu chung
Khoai mn c tn ting Anh l: Taro.
- C khoai mn rt giu tinh bt v cht x. Ngoi ra trong c cn
cha nhiu vitamin v khong cht.
- L ngun cung cp cc vitamin B1, B2, Fe, P, Zn v rt nhiu
vitamin B6, C, B12, K v Mg.
Hnh 7- Khoai mn
2.6. C rt
Gii thiu chung
C rt c tn khoa hc l Daucus Carrota L.C ngun gc t Chu u, Chu
v Bc phi.
Trong 100g c rt cha:
Nc: 88.5%
Protein: 1.5%
Glucid: 8,8%
Hnh 8- C rt
Cellulo: 1.2%
Tro: 0.85%
-Yu cu k thut: Theo cm quan c rt phi cn nguyn vn, khng dp nt, khng su bnh,
mu ti sng, c mp
2.7. u xanh
Gii thiu chung
-L loi ht cung cp hm lng Protein rt cao, c th thay th mt phn
protein trong khu phn thiu protein t tht ng vt.
-u xanh c tnh mt, dng bi dng c th do c cha nhiu vitamin
v khong cht, trong dn gian n c dng nu xi, ch
-Trong cc phm thc phm chay nh ch gi chay th y l nguyn liu
rt quan trng.
-Yu cu k thut: Theo cm quan ht u nhp loi v, ht vng u, to,
khng b mc, m, c mi v l v xu
Hnh 9- u xanh
2.8. Nc thoa bnh trng v h dn
-Tc dng:
Thoa bnh trng, vt nc ct da
Gi m cho sn phm.
- Ngun nc phi c kim tra m bo cc ch tiu sinh hc v ha hc.
- Nc thoa bnh trng c s dng vi mc ch lm bnh mm, d cun, gip bnh sau khi
chin s vng, p, khng b. Thnh phn: nc l:30l, da no: 3kg, ng: 0.3kg, nc mu:
150g. T l ng v nc l 1:10, nu hn hp ny n 70oC l c.
27

-H dn: c dng vi mc ch nh hnh cho bnh khng b, cun ch gi tr nn chc v p.
Thnh phn h dn: bt nng v nc vi t l 1:5. Dng bt nng pha vi nc si khuy u n
khi to dung dch st v ng nht.
2.9. Bt nng
-C tc dng lm kt dnh.
Cm quan
Bt mn, khng vn cc
Mu trng n trng ng
Mi thm c trng
Khng cha borat
Khng ln tp cht l..
2.10. Bnh trng
-c lm t bt go, c mu trng c, ng knh 29 30 cm, 60 64
l /kg. Bnh c ct lm 4 khi cun, bnh phi nguyn vn khng b
nt.
Trong 100g bnh trng cha:
Nng lng: 342 kcal
Protein: 4g
Lipit: 0,2g
Glucid: 78,9g
Tro: 1,4g
Cenllulose: 0,5g
Canxi: 20mg
Phosphor: 6,5mg
Cm quan
Mu trng c hoc trng ng

Khng mi l
Khng c m hoc vt l dnh trn bnh
Nguyn vn, khng rch.
2.11. Bn tu v min
Cm quan
Si kh, khng gy vn
Sau khi ngm: dai, khng nhn hoc b
Mu trng n trng ng
Khng c mi l.
3. GIA V
3.1. Bt ngt
Cc ch tiu yu cu khi s dng bt ngt trong ch bin
Ch tiu cm quan
28
Hnh 10- Bnh trng

-
Trng thi: bt mn khng vn cc, d tan trong nc, s lng im en trong 10 cm2 < 2.
Mu sc : trng sng.
Mi : thm c trng, khng ln chua, khng tanh, khng c mi l.
V : ngt c trng.
Ch tiu ha l
Bng 2.15. Ch tiu ha l ca bt ngt (TCVN 1459 1974)
Tn ch tiu
pH
Gii hn cho php

6,5 7
Hm lng nc
< 1,4%
Hm lng Natri glutamat
> 80%
Hm lng NaCl
18%
St
< 0,05%
Hm lng SO42
< 0,002%
Liu lng bt ngt dng trong ch bin thc phm c quy nh trong ch gi
l 0,3 0,5% v gii hn ti a l 10g/kg.
3.2. ng ct trng
Yu cu v ch tiu ca ng
Ch tiu cm quan
Hnh dng: dng tinh th tng i ng u, ti kh, khng vn cc.
Mi v: v ngt, khng c mi l.
Mu sc: tinh th c mu trng, sng.
Ch tiu ha l
Bng 2.16. Ch tiu ha l ca ng (TCVN 6958 - 2001)
STT
Tn ch tiu
Mc
0
99,80
pol ( Z)
0,03
Hm lng ng kh, %khi lng (m/m)
0,03
Tro dn in, % khi lng (m/m)
S gim khi lng khi sy 1050C trong 3h, 0,05
% khi lng (m/m).
mu, n v ICUSAM
D lng sunfua dioxit (SO2)
Asen (As)
ng (Cu)
Ch (Pb)
30
7 ppm
1 mg/kg
2 mg/kg
0,05 mg/kg

29
3.3. Tiu
Gii thiu chung
- Tiu l mt loi gia v c s dng trong ch bin thc phm ti gia nh v
trong cng nghip thc phm. Tiu c v cay nng, ngt, mi thm rt c bit.
Khi cho tiu vo trong thc phm s lm tng hng v, to s hp dn, nng
Hnh 11- Tiu
cao gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.

- Ngoi ra tiu cn c tc dng h tr tiu ha, gii c v khng khun.
- Cc dc tnh quan trng ca tiu:
Tinh du tiu: c tc dng lm gim au, li tiu, nhun trng, khng khun
Piperin: c tc dng lm tng tnh kh dng sinh hc ca nhiu cht dinh dng cn
thit cho c th.
Yu cu k thut khi dng tiu vo ch bin
Ch tiu cm quan (TCVN 5387 1994)
- Trng thi: ti, mn kh, khng ln tp cht.

- Mu sc: c mu nu sm hoc en.
- Mi v: v cay nng t nhin, c mi thm c trng, khng c mi v l.
- Khng c nm mc su mt.
Ch tiu ha l
Bng 2.17. Ch tiu ha l ht tiu (TCVN 5387 1994)

Tn ch tiu
Hm lng m (%khi lng)
Mc gii hn
< 13
Tinh du bay hi (ml/100g khi lng kh)
Hm lng piperin (% khi lng kh).
Tro tng s (% khi lng kh).

4. BAO B
<6
Gii thiu chung:
- Ngy nay bao b tr nn rt quan trng i vi hng ha ni chung v thc phm ni ring. Bao
b l vt liu dng bao gi sn phm gip bo v sn phm khng b tc ng bi cc yu t bn
ngoi gy h hng sn phm.

30

- Trong sn xut ch bin thc phm thng s dng cc loi bao b tip xc trc tip vi thc
phm: bao b thy tinh thng dng cho cc sn phm nc gii kht, bia, ru , bao b kim loi
dng cho sn phm hp v bao b lm t cht do dng bao gi rt nhiu loi sn phm. Bao
b mang li rt nhiu li ch:
Bo v nguyn trng thc phm cha bn trong, lm gim n mc thp nht h
hng c th xy ra khi vn chuyn.
To thun li khi thc hin mt s cng on k thut sau khi sn phm c a
vo bn trong bao b.
Thun li cho qu trnh bo qun, vn chuyn sn phm.
Bo v sn phm khng b tp cht, vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin.
Bao b cn c chc nng d dng in n, trnh by hnh nh bt mt th hin c
c y thng tin v sn phm gip ngi tiu dng d dng la chn sn phm.
Bao b cng l ni qung co sn phm tt nht, khng nh c thng hiu cho
cng ty.
Bao b PE (Polyethylene)
Bao b PE l loi bao b c tnh nng do dai, chu nhit tt thun tin cho vic thc hin cc cng
on k thut v bo v sn phm trnh nhng tc ng bn ngoi.
u im ca bao b PE:
- Tnh chng thm nc v hi nc tt.
- Chng thm cht bo, cht kh v hng tt.
bn c hc cao.
D dng hn ghp m.
Chu nhit tt.
Kh nng in n tt.
Nhc im ca bao b PE
- PE c tnh chng thm oxy km nn khng dng lm bao b chng xy ha.
Mt s ch tiu ca bao b PE:

- Lc bn ko cng: 100 200kg/cm2.
- Lc bn x rch cao, c nh hng n mc ch s dng ca nhiu loi bao b. Ga tr
ny cho bit kh nng ng dng ca cc mng mng khi vn hnh mt vi thit b.

31

- PE c lc bn hn nhit rt cao.
-
Mc hn rt tt khi chu nhit thp, thch hp cho bao b thc phm ng lnh.
Ngoi ra bao b PE c tnh n nh, c kh nng chu c nhit cao.

- n nh kch thc: PE khng b co gin khi m tng i xung quanh bao b thay
i.
- trt: l tnh ma st xut hin khi mng nha PE tip xc vi mt b phn thit b no
. PE c 3 trt:
trt cao vi h s: 0,1 0,3.
trt trung bnh vi h s: 0,3 0,5.
trt thp vi h s: > 0,5.
- bng, m: l nhng tnh cht rt quan trng i vi bao b nha do, v mt cm
quan i hi bao b trong sut phi c b mt bng v sng.
Nng sn
Tht, m
Tm
Nm, Bn
s ch
r ng
r ng
ngm
ngm
ra
ra
ra
ra
xay
xay
xay
xo
xay
ct si
phi trn
li tm
gia v
bnh trng
ph liu
hnhNGH SN
PHN 3. QUI TRNHnh
CNG
XUT CH GI
bao gi
1. Quy trnh sn xut
p m
cp ng
32
Sn phm

33

2. THUYT MINH QUI TRNH CNG NGH:
2.1. Tip nhn nguyn liu
- Cc nguyn liu: tht heo, tm, gh c vn chuyn n x nghip nhit khong -20 0C.
Sau nhn vin KCS ca x nghip xem xt giy kim dch ca c qua th y, giy xut x ngun
gc ca nguyn liu v kim tra cm quan. Ly mi l 1-5% thng, mi thng ly 1 n v sn
phm em r ng kim tra cm quan: tm phi t trng thi ti, mu sc t nhin, thn tm
cn nguyn vn khng xy xt; tht heo c mu t nhin c trng, n hi tt, khng c mi
hi. Nguyn liu t cht lng c nhp vo kho lnh bo qun, khi cn s dng th vn chuyn
n phng x l thc hin r ng.
- Nm mo, bn tu, bnh trng, gia v: khi vn chuyn n cng ty phi c giy cam kt ca nh
sn xut t cc ch tiu v: kh, khng c nm mc xut hin, t l v nt khng c vt
qu mc cho php.
- Khoai mn, sn, hnh c, ti: cc nguyn liu ny vn chuyn n cng ty c nhn vin KCS
kim tra cm quan nguyn liu: mu sc, trng thi, mc su bnh, h hng, dp nt do vn
chuyn. Nu nguyn liu khng t cc yu cu cam kt gia x nghip vi nh cung cp th
nguyn liu s khng c thu nhn.
2.2. Lt v
- Khoai mn a vo my nh v, sau c cng nhn gt li nhng ch cn st v, mt v
ct b nhng ch h hng su bnh.
- Hnh tm, ti, c sn c cng nhn gt, lt b sch v, ct b nhng phn h hng v phn
gc r c.
2.3. Ngm
- Nm mo, bn tu: a vo bn nc sch ngm nhit thng trong khong 15 18 gi
cho trng n ra t mc yu cu.
2.4. Tan gi
- Tm, tht heo, gh: c ly ra t kho lnh trng thi ng cng rt kh khn khi xay. Do
cn phi lm r ng n nhit yu cu thc hin cc qu trnh sau c d dng. Nhit
nguyn liu sau khi r ng:
+ Tht heo: 0 50C
+ M heo: 10 140C
+ Tm: 0 50C
34

+ Gh: 20 220C
2.5. Ra, ro
- Cc nguyn liu: tht heo, tm, gh, nm mo, bn tu sau khi ngm, lt v, lm tan gi cn
phi ra li bng nc sch, sau ro cho bt nc.
- Khoi mn, sn, hnh c v ti sau khi gt v c ra trong dung dch chlorine 50ppm nhm
loi b tp cht. Sau ra li 3 ln trong bn nc trc khi cht nh v em i xay.
2.6. Xay th
- Tht heo, tm: c em i xay vi kch c a 10mm.
- Gh, tm kh: sau khi gh lm tan gi v tm kh c ngm lm sch trong nc a vo my
xay. Kch thc sau khi xay l 0,5 1mm.
- Khoai mn: mt phn khoai mn a vo my thi si nh, kch thc: di: 3-5cm, rng: 1cm;
phn cn li em i xay t kch thc 1 2mm. Nm mo, bn tu: sau khi ngm cho trng n
em xay t kch thc 1 10mm.
-
Hnh c, ti: sau khi bc v, ra sch s em xay nh t kch thc 1 2mm.
2.7. Ly tm
- Sn sau khi xay c a vo my ly tm tch nc. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm sinh ra, vi
vn tc ca bung ly tm khong 500 600vng/pht, sn c tch ring nm trn li v phn
nc i qua l ra bn ngoi. Thi gian ly tm trong vng 3 pht.
2.8. Xo, lm ngui
- un nng cho du (700C), sau a tht gh v tm kh xay nh vo xo.
- Thi gian xo: 2-3 pht.
- Sau khi xo xong tin hnh lm ngui ngay bng qut n nhit thng.
2.9. Phi trn
- Cc nguyn liu sau khi x l xong em trn u vi gia v (mui, ng, tiu, bt ngt) theo t
l quy nh.
- My trn vi cc dao trn lp xen k trn hai trc song song s lm cho hn hp cc nguyn
liu c trn u, ng nht.

35

Bng 3.1. Thnh phn khi lng nguyn liu trong mt m trn
Nguyn liu
Tht heo
Tm
Gh
M
Tm kh
Sn
Khoai mn
Nm mo
Bn tu
Hnh
Ti
ng
Bt ngt
Tiu
Bnh trng
Tng cng
Khi lng (kg)

4
2
1,5
2,5
0,5
5,0
5,0
0,3
0,2
1,5
0,5
2,4
0,5
0,1
9,0
35
2.10. To hnh
- Bnh trng c ct lm 4 phn bng nhau hnh tam gic. Cng nhn dng nc da ch cho
mm bnh thun tin khi gi.
- Phn nhn v bnh trng chun b xong, cng nhn tin hnh gi tng cun. Cc cun gi
phi ng yu cu k thut, khng b gy, v bao khng b rch hoc bung ra.
2.11. Cn, bao gi
- Sn phm sau khi to hnh phi cn trng lng theo yu cu quy nh.
- Trng lng mi cun khong 16g. Cng nhn gi 30 cun ri t ln cn sao cho khi
lng ca mt bao l 500g 1%.
- Sau khi cn xong sn phm c ng vo bao PE sch
2.12. p m
- Sn phm sau khi v bao c a n my p kn. Vi nhit cao (150 2200C) ca my p
ti v tr p s nng chy v hai mp bao dnh cht li vi nhau.

36

-
Sn phm sau khi ghp m phi m bo mi ghp thng, khng c h, khng c qun
hoc chy.
2.13. Cp ng
- Sn phm ng gi xong c vn chuyn ti kho ch ng trong 3 gi. Sau a ti kho cp
ng. Nhit kho cp ng -250C -200C
- Nhit tm sn phm sau khi cp ng t khong - 180C.
- Bo qun sn phm trong kho lnh, thi gian 6 thng.

37
PHN 4 CC THIT B S DNG

1. Dng c:
1.1 R nha, khay nha
- c lm bng nha cng, chc chn, an ton, khng thm nc, khng nh hng n thc
phm v d dng vn chuyn.
- R v khay thng xuyn c v sinh sch s sau mi ca sn xut.
- Dng cha ng nguyn liu sau khi c x l.
1.2 Thau nha
- Thau c lm bng nha sch, an ton. Thau c kch thc va phi thun tin khi vn chuyn
v trong tnh trng s dng tt, khng b h hng, c v sinh hng ngy.
- Dng cha nguyn liu, nhn sau khi phi trn.
1.3. Xe y
-
c lm bng Inox, an ton, chc chn, cu to n gin, chu ti trng ln v b mt trn
lng d dng v sinh.

-
Xe trong tnh trng s dng tt, thng xuyn c v sinh.
Dng vn chuyn nguyn liu, bn thnh phm.
1.4. Khay kim loi

-
Khay c lm bng thp hoc Inox, vi b mt nhn khng gy try sc cho sn phm, d
dng v sinh v vn chuyn.

- Khay khng b g st, bin dng, s dng tt v c v sinh ngay sau khi s dng.
- Dng cha ng sn phm em i tr ng.
2. Thit b dng trong ch bin
2.1. My xay
My xay tht
S dng my xay th Mincer.
Cu to ca my gm:
- Morto
- Dy cuaro
-
Pulis

38
Hnh 12- My xay tht Mincer

-
Ca nhp liu
Ca tho liu
- Dao 4 li(dao ct)

-
Tm sng ca tho liu (v chn)
Trc chuyn
My c cc kch c a khc nhau (8mm, 10mm ) c th thay i cho tng nguyn liu.
My trong tnh trng hat ng tt, thng xuyn c bo tr v v sinh ngay sau khi lm vic
Nguyn tc hot ng ca my:
Khi motor quay qua pulis v dy cuaro truyn ng cho trc vt, nguyn liu c np
vo ca nhp liu. Trc quay va y

nguyn liu va nghin do bc vt gim dn y st nguyn liu vo thnh my.
- Trong qu trnh nghin, ca tho liu ng kn. Tht dn c nghin nh do lc ct v lc
va p vo thnh my, a ra ngoi v dng thau hng.
My xay hnh, ti, sn:
Cu to ca my gm:
Motor
Vt ti(trc xon)
Dy cuaro
Pulis
Ca nhp liu
Ca thot liu
My xay hnh ti
Dao 4 li (dao ct)
- Tm sng ca tho liu (v chn)
Trc chuyn
Nguyn tc hot ng:
Khi motor quay qua pulis v dy cuaro tryn ng cho trc vt.Nguyn liu c np vo ca
nhp liu, trc vt quay v y nguyn liu n dao ct. Mt khc, trc vt quay ko theo dao ct
quay v ct nguyn liu nh dn vi va vi cc l trn mt sng (c ng knh l 0.4cm).
Nguyn liu dn c a ra ngoi theo chiu vn hnh ca trc v c thau hng.
2.2. My ly tm
Cu to ca my gm:
39
MY LI TM
Bung ly tm.
Mng hng.
L xo gim chn.
Gi my.
Ct my.
Kch c a: 8 mm
Nguyn tc hot ng ca my
Sau khi m cng tc, motor quay truyn chuyn ng sang ct my thng qua dy cuaro. Vn
tc quay ca my 500 600 vng/pht
Do ct my gn lin vi bung ly tm nn khi ct my chuyn ng dn n bung ly tm

cng chuyn ng theo.
- Do lc ly tm lm cho phn t rn (sn qua my xay) bn vo thnh bung ly tm, cn cc

phn t lng (nc t do) c thot ra bung ly tm thng qua cc l nh trn thnh i ra
mng hng ri i ra ngoi.
2.3.My trn
Cu to ca my gm:
ng c in.
B iu khin cnh khuy.
Thit b nng h khung gi ni cha liu.
Cnh khuy.
Ni cha liu.
Khung gi ni cha liu.
Nguyn tc hot ng:

-
Khi ng c chy qua b phn pulis v bnh ai truyn ng cho hp s (to nn 4 tc
quay khc nhau) v truyn qua cp bnh rng truyn ng cho cnh khuy. ng thi cnh
khuy c t lch tm so vi a to nn chuyn ng quay ngc chiu vi cnh khuy.
Nh chuyn ng quay ny m nguyn liu trong ni c trn u.
- Khi quay tay quay truyn chuyn ng qua trc thng ng v nh cc ren trn trc lm
cho b khung gi ni nng ln h xung. Do nguyn liu sau khi trn xong c ly ra d
dng hn.
Chc nng ca my

40

Dng lc quay ca cnh khuy o trn u tt c nguyn liu thnh mt hn hp ng nht.
Cng sut trn 150kg/m trong 2 3 pht.
2.4. My p m
- My hot ng bng cch gia nhit cho hai thanh kim loi to ra nhit cao p hai m bao b
dnh cht vi nhau, m bo kn ca bao b, trnh s tc ng ca cc yu t bn ngoi gy h
hng sn phm.
-
My c th iu chnh c nhit p (150 2200C) ph hp vi tng loi bao b khc
nhau.
-
My hot ng tt, thng xuyn c kim tra ch lm vic ca my m bo nhit
ghp ng yu cu.
2.5.T hp
- Dng hp chn nhng nguyn liu cn x l nhit nh: u xanh, khoai mn, mc
- T hot ng trn c s ngun nhit c cp vo l hi thng qua cc van cp nit, t ng.
L vn hnh hon ton t ng theo s liu ci t trn my. Mi ch lm chn sn
phm sn phm khc nhau cng c ch cp nhit khc nhau.
2.3. Mt s s c thng gp v cch khc phc:
My xay tht:
My xay tht thng b mn trc dao dn ti tht xay khng c nhanh v u, dao b mn
hoc dao qu mng u lm tht b nt nn kim tra thng xuyn pht hin, mi dao, thay th
kp thi.
My b nghn tht do tht trc khi xay c kch thc ln, cho mt khi lng tht ln vo xay
cng lc, v vy cn cht nh tht, cho tht vo t t xay.
Motor h my s ngng chy khi phi thay mi hoc sa li.
My trn d b h cnh khuy, lp ni khng chnh xc gy va p lm qu trnh trn khng t
yu cu, cn kim tra, thao tc ng k thut trong vn hnh.
PHN 5: SN PHM
1. SN PHM

41
Mt s sn phm ca cng ty
Ch gi l sn phm ch lc v truyn thng ca x nghip cng nh ca cng ty VISSAN. Vi s
a dng v phong ph v thnh phn nguyn liu v chng loi sn phm: ch gi chay, ch gi r,
ch gi c bit, ch gi tm cua, ch gi tht p ng c rt nhiu i tng khch hng.
Ngoi ra y l sn phm rt giu cht dinh dng v tin dng nn c rt nhiu b ni tr la
chn lm thc n hng ngy cho gia nh.
2. NH GI CHT LNG CH GI:
42

Ch tiu cm quan
Mu sc
- Sn phm sng: c mu trng c ca bnh trng.
- Sn phm chn: c mu vng ti, c trng ca sn phm.
M
- Sn phm sng: c mi c trng ca cc nguyn liu, gia v, khng c mi l.
- Sau khi chin chn: sn phm c mi thm c trng, khng c mi i chua, mi v l.
V
- Sn phm c v ngt, mn va phi, khng c v l.
Trng thi
- Sn phm hnh tr trn, kch thc tng i ng u, chiu di: 4cm, ng knh: 1,5
1,6 cm.
- Cc cun Ch gi sau khi cun xong u cht, khng b h u, rch bnh trng.
- Sn phm sau khi chin: v bnh n u, xp gin, cun khng b h, rch.
Ch tiu ha l
Bng 4.1. Ch tiu ha l ca sn phm.
Cc ch tiu
1. Khi l ng tnh tnh bng g
2. pH
3. Hm lng protit tnh trn % khi lng
Yu cu
500g/gi
5,5 6,6
4,5
khng nh hn.
4. Hm lng NH3
5. Hm lng NaCl, tnh trn % khi lng.
6. Phn ng Eber v HS nh tnh.
7. Hm lng kim loi nng (mg/kg):
45
0,5 1,5
m tnh
- As
0,1
- Pb
0,2
- Hg
0,05
- Sn
250
Ch tiu vi sinh
Bng 4.2. Ch tiu vi sinh ca sn phm.
43

Tn ch tiu
Mc
1. Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh (khun 106
3.BO
QUN V
lc/g).
2. E.coli (khun lc/g)
3. Staphylococcus aureus (khun lc/g)
4. Samonella (khun lc/25g)
5. Bacellus cereus (khun lc/g)
102
102
m tnh
102
VN CHUYN:
3.1.Bo qun:
-Trong kho lnh, khi cht hng vo kho phi m bo khng
kh lnh c phn b ng u v lin tc n tng kin
hng.
-Hng ha c xp ngay ngn trn k hay palet theo chiu
cao qui nh.
-Hng ha c cht theo l, loi sn phm c ghi k hiu.
-Khi kho trng phi tin hnh gom gn hng, khng hng xp ri rc trong kho.
-Hng ha c xp trong kho theo nguyn tc: cch sn( nu trn palet) 0.1-0.15m, cch tng
0.2-0.3m, cch trn >0.5m, khong cch li i gia cc cy hng 1-1.2m, thi gian bo qun <6
thng.
3.2.Vn chuyn:
-Phng tin vn chuyn thng dng nh xe ti, xe my
nhng phi sch, hng ha c ng thnh tng kin hng
ring bit.
-Cc phng tin vn chuyn trc khng c vn
chuyn cc cht c hi, cc cht bn phng thc
phm b nhim bn.
-c v sinh, st khun trc khi vn chuyn.
-Vi cc sn phm ng lnh khi vn chuyn phi c ng trong thng cch nhit, che chn k
trnh s tc ng ca nh sng, bi, gi

44

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Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

Kho st quy trnh sn xut ch gi

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

PHN 1. GII THIU TNG QUAN V CNG TY VISSAN

1. Lch s thnh lp cng ty:

1.1 Lch s thnh lp:

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

- Cung cp y cho nhu cu ni a, cng c v pht trin mng li bn l trong nc.

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

Kho st quy trnh sn xut ch gi

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

3.1. S lc v X nghip ch bin kinh doanh thc phm:

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

X nghip tng bc hon thin cc nh mc kinh t k thut, ng thi x nghip

cng a vo yu t thi v xy dng k hoch sn xut nhm khng gy nh hng n

Kinh doanh ng ngnh ngh ng k.

Hon thin c v cht lng sn phm ln cc k hoch cung cp hng ha do nh nc

Hon thin k hoch hot ng hng nm.

Kho st quy trnh sn xut ch gi

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

Kho st quy trnh sn xut ch gi

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

4. AN TON LAO NG V PHNG CHY CHA CHY:

S dng y trang thit b bo h lao ng.

Kho st quy trnh sn xut ch gi

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

- Thc hin ng cc qui trnh cng ngh, vn hnh v thao tc.

Phi thc hin nghim: s dng v an ton in.

Khng a nghch trong khi vn hnh my, s dng in.

Do thin tai nh bo, st, gi gy t cc ng dy in, lm h cc thit b bo v in

Do ha chy t pht sinh ra chy n.

4.2.2. Phng chy:

Nu thy qu ti phi lp thm ph ti, dng thit b vi cng sut ln v ph hp hn.

Kim tra, bo tr, bo dng ng dy.

Kho st quy trnh sn xut ch gi

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

nht, an ton, cn trng v nhanh chng.

Thng tin cho lnh o, n v cha chy chuyn nghip.

Dng cc b phn t c cha chy ngay trong khu vc, nh xng.

T k thut tin hnh cp in, n, nm c r nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b my vi

nhng phn ng chy c bin php x l.

Mi ngi a ti sn ra khi khu vc c chy.

- Vi t cu thng s cp cu cho ngi bnh ng thi gi trung tm cp cu y t, hoc a

Rc sinh hot pht sinh trong qu trnh sinh hot, tm ra

Bao b: gm thng giy, bao nha cc loi, dy buc

5.1.2. X l cht ph thi:

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

i vi phn lng: c dn sch s ti khu tn tr, git m sau c vn chuyn bng

tp trung v vn chuyn n bi rc.

Rc sinh hot c b vo cc bch nilon ln cha rc, tp trung v vn chuyn n ng khu

vtv vy m ngun nc thi ca nh my b nhim rt nghim trng cn phi c x l tht

H thng x l nc thi ca nh my ngy cng c u t, ci to v hin nay h thng hot

Kho st quy trnh sn xut ch gi

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

Bn st trng ng phi b tr ti ca ra vo khu vc ch bin, bt buc tt c mi ngi ra vo

u phi li qua. Bn st trng c ngp nc khng di 0,15m, c l thot nc nh k v

Cng nhn phi ct mng tay, khng c eo n trang trn ngi.

Kho st quy trnh sn xut ch gi

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng

PHN 2. NGUYN LIU SN XUT CH GI

Gii thiu chung:

Bo co thc tp tt nghipXun Tin - nh Thnh - Vn Hng