Ky Thuat Xu Ly Khi Thai

Bi ging: K Thut X L Kh Thi
- 1 -
MC LC
MC LC ............................................................................................................................. 1
Chng 1: NHIM KHNG KH ..................................................................................... 3
1.1 NGUN GC PHT SINH ...................................................................................... 3
1.1.1 Ngun nhim t nhin ............................................................................................ 3
1.1.2 Ngun nhim nhn to ............................................................................................ 4
1.2 NH HNG CA CC CHT NHIM MI TRNG KHNG KH ........ 6
1.2.1 nh hng ca cc cht nhim n sc kho con ngi ....................................... 6
1.2.2 nh hng ca cc cht nhim n ng vt ......................................................... 7
1.2.3 nh hng ca cc cht nhim n thc vt .......................................................... 7
1.2.4 nh hng ca cc cht nhim n vt liu ........................................................... 8
1.2.5 Hu qu ton cu ca cht nhim khng kh .......................................................... 9
1.3 S LAN TRUYN CHT NHIM TRONG KHNG KH ............................. 13
Chng 2: CNG NGH X L BI ............................................................................... 19
2.1 KHI NIM CHUNG V BI V PHN LOI .................................................. 19
2.1.1 Khi nim ................................................................................................................. 19
2.1.2 Phn loi .................................................................................................................. 20
2.1.3 Vn tc gii hn ca ht bi: ................................................................................... 20
2.1.4 Chiu cao hiu qu ca ng khi: ............................................................................ 21
2.2 BUNG LNG BI V THIT B LC BI QUN TNH ............................... 25
2.2.1 Bung lng. .............................................................................................................. 25
2.2.2 Thit b lc bi qun tnh. ........................................................................................ 29
2.3 THIT B LC BI LY TM ................................................................................ 30
2.3.1 Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu nm ngang ................................................................... 30
2.3.2 Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu ng. ............................................................................ 33
2.4 LI LC BI ....................................................................................................... 36
2.4.1 Gii thiu chung. ..................................................................................................... 36
2.4.2 Cc dng khc nhau ca li lc bi: ...................................................................... 37
2.5 THIT B LC BI BNG IN ......................................................................... 40
2.5.1 S cu to v nguyn l lm vic ........................................................................ 40
2.5.2 Sc ht tnh in - vn tc di chuyn ca ht bi .................................................... 42
2.5.3 Phn loi: ................................................................................................................. 43
2.5.4 Phng trnh ca thit b lc bi bng in: ............................................................ 43
2.5.5 Hiu qu lc theo c ht ca thit b lc bi bng in: .......................................... 45
2.6 THIT B LC BI KIU T. ........................................................................... 46
2.6.1 Bung phun - Thng ra kh rng. .......................................................................... 47
2.6.2 Thit b kh bi c lp m bng vt liu rng c ti nc. ............................ 47
2.6.3 Thit b lc bi (ra kh )c a cha nc si bt. ................................................. 50
Chng 3: CC PHNG PHP X L KH THI CNG NGHIP .......................... 52
3.1 C S L THUYT CA CC QU TRNH X L KH THI ..................... 52
3.1.1 Hp th kh bng cht lng ...................................................................................... 52
3.1.2 Hp ph kh bng vt liu rn .................................................................................. 60
3.1.3 X l nhim bng qu trnh thiu t ................................................................... 70
3.1.4 X l nhim bng phng php sinh hc ............................................................. 79
3.2 CNG NGH X L KH SUNFUIOXIT SO
2
................................................. 86
3.2.1 Hp th kh SO
2
bng nc ..................................................................................... 86
3.2.2 X l kh SO
2
bng vi CaCO
3
hoc vi nung CaO ........................................... 88
- 2 -
3.2.3 X l SO
2
bng cht hp th hu c ....................................................................... 90
3.2.4 X l SO
2
bng cc cht hp ph th rn ................................................................ 93
3.2.5 Hp ph kh SO
2
bng than hot tnh ...................................................................... 93
3.2.6 X l kh SO
2
bng than hot tnh c ti ncQu trnh LURGI ....................... 95
3.2.7 X l kh SO
2
bng nhm oxt kim ho ................................................................. 96
3.2.8 X l kh SO
2
bng mangan oxt (MnO) ................................................................. 98
3.2.9 X l kh SO
2
bng vi v olomit trn vo than nghin ...................................... 100
3.2.10 So snh li ch kinh t ca mt s phng php x l kh SO
2
............................ 102
3.3 CNG NGH X L KH IHIRO SUNFUA H
2
S ........................................ 103
3.3.1 X l H
2
S bng Natri cacbonat, amoni cacbonat, hoc kali phtpht ................... 103
3.3.2 X l kh H
2
S bng dung dch amoniac ................................................................ 105
3.3.3 X l kh H
2
S bng than hot tnh ......................................................................... 105
3.3.4 X l H
2
S bng cht hp ph st oxt Fe
2
O
3
......................................................... 106
3.3.5 X l H
2
S bng Natri thioasenat Na
4
As
2
S
5
O
2
....................................................... 108
3.3.6 X l H
2
S bng xt NaOH..................................................................................... 109
3.4 CNG NGH X L KH NIT OXIT NO
x
..................................................... 110
3.4.1 Hp th NO
x
bng dung dch amoni cacbonat ....................................................... 110
3.4.2 Hp th kh NO
x
bng nc ................................................................................... 111
3.4.3 Hp ph kh NO
x
bng silicagel, alumogel v than hot tnh ................................ 112
3.4.4 Gim thiu c xc tc lng kh NO
x
bng cc cht gy phn ng kh khc nhau ....
........................................................................................................................... 112
3.4.5 Gim thiu s pht sinh kh NO
x
bng cc iu chnh qu trnh chy .................. 115
3.5 CNG NGH X L KH FLO V HP CHT CA FLO. ........................... 116
3.5.1 Hp th kh florua bng nc. ............................................................................... 116
3.5.2 Kh kh flo v florua bng dung dch xt NaOH. ................................................. 117
3.6 CNG NGH X L KH CLO. ......................................................................... 118
3.6.1 Kh kh clo bng sa vi. ...................................................................................... 118
3.6.2 X l kh clo theo phng php axit. .................................................................... 120
3.7 CC PHNG PHP X L NHIM MI .................................................. 121
3.7.1 Khi nim chung v mi v cc cht c mi ......................................................... 121
3.7.2 Chng nhim mi i vi mi trng bn trong nh ......................................... 123
3.7.3 X l nhim mi bng phng php hp th ..................................................... 124
3.7.4 X l nhim mi bng phng php hp ph .................................................... 124
3.7.5 X l nhim mi bng phng php thiu t ................................................... 124
Ti Liu Tham Kho .......................................................................................................... 126
- 3 -
Chng 1
NHIM KHNG KH
1.1 NGUN GC PHT SINH
Ngun gy nhim khng kh l ngun sinh ra cc cht nhim.
Da vo ngun gc pht sinh: ta c ngun nhim t nhin v ngun nhim
nhn to
1.1.1 Ngun nhim t nhin
1. nhim do hot ng ca ni la
Hot ng ca ni la phun ra mt lng khng l nham thch nng v nhiu
khi bi vi cc cht nhim nh tro bi, kh SO
2
, NO
x
, H
2
S, CH
4
c tc hi nng
n v lu di ti mi trng. Khng kh cha bi s lan ta i rt xa do n c
phun ln rt cao.
2. nhim do chy rng
Chy rng do cc nguyn nhn t nhin cng nh cc hot ng thiu thc
ca con ngi. Khi rng b chy nhiu cht c hi bc ln v lan to ra mt khu
vc rng ln nhiu khi vt ra khi bin gii quc gia c rng b chy. Cc cht
nhim nh khi, bi, kh SO
x
NO
x
, CO, THC.
3. nhim do bo ct
Hin tng bo ct thng xy ra nhng vng t tr v kh khng c lp
ph thc vt c bit l sa mc. Ngoi vic gy ra nhim bi, n cn lm gim
tm nhn.
4. nhim do i dng
Do qu trnh bc hi nc bin v bi nc do sng p vo b c ko theo
mt lng mui (ch yu l NaCl v cn li l cc cht MgCl
2
, CaCl
2
, KBr) b gi
a vo t lin. Khng kh c nng mui cao s gy han g vt liu, ph hu
cng trnh xy dng.
5. nhim do thc vt
Cc cht nhim do thc vt sn sinh ra v lan to vo kh quyn l:
- Cc hp cht hu c d bay hi hydrocacbon.
- Cc bo t thc vt, nm: chng thng c nng cc i vo ma h.
- Phn hoa c kch thc t 10 n 50m
Cc cht ny thng gy ra bnh d ng, bnh ng h hp i vi c th con
ngi.
6. nhim do phn hy cc cht hu c trong t nhin
- 4 -
Do qu trnh ln men cc cht hu c khu vc bi rc, m ly ca vi sinh vt
s to ra cc kh nh metan (CH
4
), cc hp cht gy mi hi thi nh hp cht nit
(ammoniac - NH
3
), hp cht lu hunh ( hydrosunfua - H
2
S, mecaptan) v thm ch
c c cc vi sinh vt.
7. nhim do cc cht phng x.
Trong lng t c mt s khong sn v qung kim loi c kh nng phng xa.
Cng phng x cng mnh v cng gy nguy him cho con ngi khi nhng
vt cht phng x c trong mi trng khng kh xung quanh.
8. nhim c ngun gc t v tr.
C rt nhiu ht vt cht nh b xm nhp vo bu kh quyn ca tri t mt
cch thng xuyn lin tc. Bi v tr c mt trong lp kh quyn trn cao v hp
th gn 50% nh sng mt tri v ch pht x li mt phn nh xung mt t.
Ngi ta chia cc ht bi v tr thnh hai nhm tu thuc vo thnh phn ho
hc ca chng:
- Bi t cc thin thch: cha cc nguyn t Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Cr.
- Bi t cc Sierit (thin thch st, niken) cha Fe, Co, Ni.
1.1.2 Ngun nhim nhn to
Ngun nhn to cng kh a dng, ch yu l do hot ng giao thng vn ti,
hot ng cng nghip (y l 2 ngun nhim chnh th), ngoi ra cn mt
phn nh t sinh hot ca con ngi v hot ng nng nghip.
1. Ngun nhim giao thng vn ti.
Sn sinh ra t ng khi, ng x ca xe c, my bay, tu b cha nhiu kh
CO, NO
2
, NO , SO
2
, SO
3
, ht bi Pb, benzen v cc dn xut ca benzen gy ung
th
c im ni bt ca ngun nhim giao thng vn ti l ngun nhim rt
thp, di ng, s lng ln nn rt kh kim sot.
2. Ngun nhim cng nghip.
Do qu trnh t nhin liu thi ra cc cht c qua ng khi.
Do bc hi, r r, tht thot trn dy chuyn sn xut sn phm v trn cc
ng ng dn ti.
c im ca ngun thi t cc nh my l nng cht c hi rt cao v tp
trung trong mt khng gian nh.
Mi ngnh sn xut c nhng cht nhim c trng ring ca ngnh .
V d : - sn xut giy : bi , thit b nu dung dch sulfit : kh SO
2
, SO
3
,
- sn xut thy tinh : l nu thy tinh : bi, NO
x
, SO
2
,
- nh my thuc l : bi, mi hi v nictin
3. Ngun nhim t sinh hot ca con ngi.
- 5 -
Ch yu l bp un v l si s dng nhin liu than , ci, du ha v kh
t, nhng nhn chung ngun ny nh ch gy nhim cc b.
Ngoi ra , vic ht thuc l cng l mt nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng
khng kh, c hi n sc khe do to ra cc cht c nh : axeton, nphanil,
nicotin v nhiu cht gy ung th.
Cng rnh, mi trng nc mt b nhim, bc hi hay phn hy to ra cc
kh gy mi hi nh : H
2
S , NH
3
, CH
4
Kh thot ra t cc h x.
Cc cng trnh xy dng, khai thc gy nhim bi v ting n.
Nhn chung cc ngun nhim ny l nh nhng li gy ra nhim cc b
trong mt nh hay trong mt phng.
4. Ngun nhim do hot ng nng nghip
Hot ng nng nghip to ra 15% tng s cc cht kh gy hiu ng nh knh
nh :
+ CO
2
to ra do qu trnh t rng lm ry, do ha hon.
+ CH
4
sinh ra t cc cnh ng m t hay t cc qu trnh phn gii ym kh
cht hu c nh : mn, phn gia sc
Nhn xt :
V khi lng tuy ngun nhim nhn to t hn ngun nhim t nhin
nhng li c hi hn rt nhiu do thi ra nhiu cht c hi hn v li gn khu
dn c ni c mt dn s ng.
Ngoi ra, cn c cc cch phn loi ngun nhim khc nh:
Da vo tnh cht hot ng, gm c:
- Ngun pht thi lin tc
- Ngun pht thi gin an
- Ngun pht thi tht thng
Da vo v tr thi, c hai loi:
- Ngun c nh: ng khi nh my, bp sinh hot, ni la
- Ngun di ng: giao thng vn ti
Da vo m hnh tnh ton, c 3loi:
V cao:
- Ngun thp: h thng thng gi, xng sn xut
- Ngun cao: ng khi cao.
V mt hnh th:
- Ngun im: ng khi
- Ngun ng: ng giao thng mt xe chy ln,
- Ngun mt: bi rc,
V phng din nhit:
- 6 -
- Ngun nng
- Ngun ngui
1.2 NH HNG CA CC CHT NHIM MI TRNG KHNG KH
Bt k mt cht no dng kh, lng hay rn khi thi vo mi trng khng kh
vi nng va gy nh hng trc tip n i sng v hot ng ca con
ngi, ng thc vt, n cc b mt v cnh quan mi trng u c gi l cht
nhim
C 3 cch phn loi cht nhim khng kh:
- Cch th nht: Da vo ngun gc pht sinh ngi ta chia cht nhim ra
lm hai loi:
- Cht nhim s cp: l cht nhim sinh ra trc tip ti ngun. Nh khi t
than th cht nhim s cp l: bi, SO
2
, CO, CO
2
, NO
2

- Cht nhim th cp: l cht nhim sinh ra trong qu trnh bin i hoa
1hc gia cc cht nhim s cp vi nhau hoc gia cc cht nhim s cp vi
cc cht c sn trong khng kh. V d nh H
2
SO
3
l cht nhim th cp sinh ra
do SO
2
tc dng vi H
2
O.
- Cch th hai: Da vo trng thi vt l, cht nhim chia ra lm 3 loi:
- Cht nhim dng rn: bi, khi
- Cht nhim dng hi (lng): hi dung mi hu c, hi axit, hi thy
ngn
- Cht nhim dng kh: kh v c, kh hu c..
- Cch th ba: Da vo kch thc cht nhim khng kh c chia ra lm 2
loi:
- Phn t: cc cht kh
- Ht: bi, khi, sng
1.2.1 nh hng ca cc cht nhim n sc kho con ngi
nh hng ca cc cht nhim khng kh n sc kho con ngi: ph thuc
vo nng v thi gian tip xc.
- Kh CO: l mt loi kh c do n phn ng mnh vi hng cu trong mu
v to ra cacboxyl hemoglobin (COHb) lm hn ch s trao i v vn chuyn oxy
ca mu i nui c th. i lc ca CO i vi hng cu gp 200 ln so vi oxi.
Hng cu trong mu hp thu CO nhiu hay t ph thuc vo nng CO trong
khng kh, thi gian tip xc ca c th vi khng kh nhim v mc hot
ng ca c th.
Bnh thng nng COHb trong mu c gi mc 0.4% do kh CO sn
sinh bn trong c th khng ph thuc vo cc ngun bn ngoi. Khi hm lng
COHb trong mu t 2 5% bt u c du hiu nh hng n h thn kinh trung
ng. Khi hm lng COHb trong mu tng n 10 20% cc chc nng hot
- 7 -
ng ca cc c quan khc nhau trong c th b tn thng. Nu hm lng COHb
tng n 60% - tng ng vi nng kh CO trong khng kh l 1000ppm th
tnh mng b nguy him v dn n t vong.
Kh CO khng li hu qu bnh l nghim trng lu di hoc gy ra khuyt
tt nng n i vi c th. ngi b nhim CO khi ri khi ni nhim, nng
COHb trong mu gim dn do CO thot ra ngoi qua ng h hp.
- Kh NO
x
: Tc hi ca NO
x
tng i chm v kh nhn bit, ch yu l gy
ra bnh mn tnh v ng h hp nh vim x phi mn tnh.
- Kh SO
2
: c mi kht ngt ngt. Nhng ngi tip xc thng xuyn vi
kh SO
2
khong 5ppm hoc hn th nhy v mi gim. Nu tip xc nng cao
hn gy xut tit nc nhy v sng ty thnh kh qun.
- Kh H
2
S: khng mu, d chy v c mi trng thi, gy chy nc mt; vim
mt, vim tuyn h hp
- Kh Cl: c mu xanh, mi hng cay. Gy hi i vi mt, da, ng h hp.
ht th khng kh c Cl, s cm thy kh th, bng rt da, cay mt v nhn b m.
- Kh NH
3
: trong khng kh tn ti dng lng, kh, khng mu, c mi khai
hc. Lm vim da, vim mt v ng h hp.
- Kh O
3
: Gy vim mt, chy nc nhy ng h hp, kh c hng, au u,
lon nhp th.
- Bi: Gy tn thng i vi mt, da, h h hp v h tiu ho. Gy ra bnh
hen suyn, bnh phi
1.2.2 nh hng ca cc cht nhim n ng vt
Cc cht nhim khng kh thm nhp vo c th ng vt bng hai con
ng: con ng h hp do ht th khng kh b nhim v con ng tiu ha do
n c, l cy b nhim c.
Nhng cht nhim ch yu gy hi cho ng vt l:
- Kh SO
2
: gy tn thng lp m trn cng ca b my h hp, gy bnh kh
thng v suy tim.
- Kh CO: lm suy gim kh nng vn chuyn oxy ca hng cu trong mu.
- Kh HF: gy vim kh qun, vim phi cc loi chut lang v th. Vi
nng cao trn 8mg/m
3
HF c th gy cht do vim phi nng. Ngoi ra, khi n c
c cha nhng hp cht ca flo, cc loi cu, b thng b hng rng.
1.2.3 nh hng ca cc cht nhim n thc vt
Thc vt c nhy cm vi nhim mi trng cao hn so vi ngi v ng
vt. S sinh trng bnh thng ca thc vt i hi phi c cc yu t: nh
sng, nhit , m, cht dinh dng v trng thi thch hp ca t trng. Th
nhng, nhim khng kh li ng vai tr quan trng trong s ph hy trng thi
cn bng ca cc yu t ny.
- 8 -
nh hng ca nhim mi trng rt khc bit t loi ny sang loi khc.
Cng mt cht nhim vi nng nh nhau, nhng loi ny th b nh hng
nng, cn loi khc li c th chu ng tt. Khi mi trng khng kh b nhim
(trong lc cc yu t ngoi cnh khc vn c m bo bnh thng) th cc qu
trnh quang hp, h hp v thot hi nc ca cy ci u b nh hng v biu
hin bng cc triu chng sau y:
- Tc tng trng: cy chm ln do qu trnh quang hp v h hp b hn
ch.
- Hin tng l vng a hoc bc mu: khi khng kh b nhim, qu trnh
quang hp b km hm, khng tng hp kp cht dip lc nui cy. Cht dip lc
tch tr trong cy b tiu hao vi tc nhanh hn tc sn sinh ra chng t qu
trnh quang hp. V th, l cy dn dn b vng a, bc mu.
- Cy cht tng b phn hoc cht hn ton b: khi s mt cn bng ca cc
yu t sinh trng vt qu mc chu ng ca cy th cc phn ng ha sinh trong
cc t bo v cc m ca cy khng xy ra c. T dn n ci cht tng b
phn hoc ton b cy.
1.2.4 nh hng ca cc cht nhim n vt liu
1. i vi vt liu kim loi.
Kh SO
2
l tc nhn gy han g rt mnh i vi kim loi. Khi gp m trong
khng kh hoc trn b mt vt liu, SO
2
bin thnh H
2
SO
4
v tc dng vi kim loi
to thnh mui sunfat. l qu trnh han g.
Ngi ta quan st thy khng kh b nhim bi SO
2
gy han g cn mnh hn
c khng kh cha nhiu tinh th mui vng bin.
Bi trong khng kh cng c tc dng lm tng cng qu trnh han g ca kim
loi, c bit l bi than, bi xi-mng c cha SiO
2
v vi.
Hp kim nhm c bn vng cao di tc ng ha hc ca khng kh
nhim, tuy nhin, b mt ca vt liu hon thin cng c th b bo mn hoc
hoen do bi bm.
2. i vi vt liu xy dng.
Cc cht nhim nh kh CO
2
, SO
2
c tc hi rt ln i vi vt liu xy dng
c ngun gc t vi. Khi gp m v oxi, cc cht nhim ni trn tc dng vi
vi (CaCO
3
) to thnh mui CaSO
4
tan c trong nc lm cho cng trnh c
th b h hng nng.
CaCO
3
+ SO
2
= CaSO
3
+ CO
2

CaSO
3
+ O
2
= CaSO
4

CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O = Ca(HCO
3
)
2

Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ SO
2
+ O
2
= CaSO
4
+ 2CO
2
+ H
2
O
Ngoi tc ng v mt ha hc i vi vt liu xy dng, nhim bi trong
khng kh cng gy tc hi ng k do qu trnh c xt bo mn cc b mt cng
- 9 -
trnh bng , gch, knh, sn khi c gi mnh, tng t nh qu trnh x l b mt
bng my phun ct.
3. i vi vt liu sn:
Lp sn trn b mt sn phm, thit b, dng c hoc cng trnh c th b tc
ng bi bi dng rn hoc lng c cha nhiu hp cht ha hc khc nhau, gy ra
s mi mn hoc phn ng phn hy cht sn. Tc hi gy ra trn c hai phng
din kinh t v m quan khng nhng i vi cng trnh v vt thng thng m
cn i vi c cc tc phm ngh thut, hi ha.
Kh H
2
S trong khng kh nhim c phn ng trc tip vi cc hp cht ca
ch trong sn to thnh PbS lm cho mu sn b xn ti.
4. i vi vt liu dt.
Nhng nguyn liu dt vi nh bng, len, si tng hp l nhng vt liu
nhy cm vi cc cht nhim gc axit. Kh SO
2
lm gim bn do ca si, vi.
Kh SO
2
cng c phn ng vi thuc nhum lm cho thuc nhum km cht lng,
khng t c mu sc mong mun hoc h hng. Bi trong khng kh cng gy
tc hi ng k cho may mc, lm cho qun o bn nhanh, b mi mn nhanh,
nht l khi bi c cha cc thnh phn nh SO
2
, H
2
S
Ngoi ra cng cn ni thm rng: cc yu t mi trng khc nh nhit , nh
sng, m, gi cng tham gia vo vic gy tc hi cho sn phm dt may.
5. i vi vt liu in, in t.
Nguyn nhn thng thng khin cho cc thit b in cng sut thp b trc
trc l do bi bm trn cc cng tc tip xc, cu dao lm cho mch in khng
thng sut khi ng in. S vic c th nguy hi hn, nu trong bi c cha cc
hp cht n mn kim loi. Bi cng c th bm trn cc b phn cch in ca
ng dy cao th, khi gp m, sng hoc ma, lp bi m c th tr thnh vt
dn in v gy ra hin tng phng in rt nguy him. Ngi ta cng nhn thy
rng: u bt paladium gc niken ca cng tc in b n mn v hnh thnh lp g
mu xanh cch in. Kt qu ny do thnh phn nitrat c mt trong bi gy nn.
6. i vi vt liu giy, da thuc, cao su.
Kh SO
2
gy tc hi mnh i vi giy v da thuc, lm cho bn, dai ca
chng b gim st. Cn cao su th rt nhy cm vi ozon. Ozon lm cho cao su b
cng gin, gim sc bn v nt n.
1.2.5 Hu qu ton cu ca cht nhim khng kh
1. Ma axit.
Ma axit l s kt hp ca ma, sng m, tuyt, ma vi axit sunfuric, axit
nitric c nng long (pH < 5,6). Oxit lu hunh, oxit nit sinh ra do qu trnh t
chy cc nhin liu khong chng b oxi ha trong kh quyn trong thI gian di t
vi gi n nhiu ngy v bin thnh axit sunfunric v axit nitric ri theo ma tuyt
ri xung mt t. T nhng nm 1950, nc M xut hin cc trn ma axit.
- 10 -
Nm 1979, Trung Quc, ma axit ln u tin xut hin, ch yu khu vc sng
Trng Giang, pha ng cao nguyn Thanh Hi v bn a T Xuyn.
Thng thng, nu kh quyn han tan trong sch, khng b nhim bi cc
loi kh SO
2
v NO
x
th pH ca nc ma khang 5.6 tc l thuc tnh axit do kh
CO
2
trong kh quyn tc dng vi nc nc ma. Khi kh quyn b nhim kh
SO
2
v NO
x
th pH nc ma s nh hn 5.6 v ta s c ma axit. Khi pH ca nc
ma nh hn 4.5 bt u c tc hi i vi c v thc vt.
Cc nguy hi ca ma axit ch yu l lm cho sng h b axit ho, cy ci b
kh ho, cc loi c b cht, e do sc khe con ngi. Da vo di chuyn ca gi,
my ma axit c th i t vng ny n vng khc nn phm vi nguy hi cng rng
ln.
- Rng b hy dit. Ma axit lm tn thng l cy, tr ngi qu trnh quang
hp, lm cho l cy b vng a v ri rng. Ma axit lm cho cht dinh dng trong
t b tan mt, c tc dng ph hoi s c nh m ca vi sinh vt v s phn gii
cc cht hu c, lm gim mu m ca t. Ma axit cn cn tr s sinh trng
ca b r lm suy gim kh nng chng bnh v su hi. Ton chu u c
khong 14% rng b nhng cn ma axit tn ph, ring nc c b tn ph ti
50%. Rng trn th gii b ma axit tn ph, tn tht v g hng nm vt qu
10 t la.
- Nc h b axit ho. Ma axit lm nhim ngun nc trong h v ph
hng cc loi thc n, uy hip s sinh tn ca cc loi c v cc sinh vt khc trong
nc. Thy in c hn 9 vn h th 22% h b axit ho vi mc khc
nhau; 80% nc h ca min Nam Na Uy b axit ho.
- Sn lng nng nghip b gim. Ma axit l yu kh nng quang hp ca
cy, ph hoi cc t chc bn trong, khin cho cy trng mc rt kh khn. Ma
axit cn c ch vic phn gii cc cht hu c v c nh m trong t, ra tri cc
nguyn t dinh dng trong t (Ca, Mg, K) lm cho t b ngho ho. Theo iu
tra ca Nht Bn, ma axit lm mt s cy ng cc v la m b gim ti 30% sn
lng. Ma axit cn ho tan cc kim loi c hi (Hg, Cd, Al...) do lm gim gi
tr s dng cu sn phm nng nghip, thm ch khng th dng c.

SO
2
, NO
2
SO
2
nng, H
2
O H
2
SO
4
NO
2
HNO
3
Ma axit
- 11 -
Hnh 1.1: Chu trnh to ma axit trong kh quyn
- Lm tn hi n sc kho con ngi. Kh SO
2
l cht ch yu gy ra ma
axit, rt nguy him cho sc khe con ngi. Khi ht phi SO
2
vi nng nht nh
h hp s b kch thch mnh. Liu SO
2
gy nguy him sau 30 n 60 pht ht th l
260-130 mg/m
3
. c tnh chung ca SO
x
l ri lon chuyn ho protein v ng,
thiu vitamin B v C, c ch enzym oxydaza. Hp thu lng ln SO
2
c kh nng
gy bnh cho h to huyt v to ra methemoglobin tng cng qu trnh xy ha
Fe
2+
thnh Fe
3+
.
- Gy ra n mn cc vt kin trc. Thnh c Aten ni ting, tng nhn s ca
Ai cp, do b nhng trn ma axit m ngy cng b xm thc hng dn.
2. Hiu ng nh knh.
Bc x cc i t mt tri xung tri t l bc x sng ngn gm cc tia trng
thy c bc sng = 0,4 0,8m, cc tia cc tm = 0,1 0,4m v mt phn cc
tia cn hng ngoi = 0,8 5m.
Bc x cc i t mt t vo bu tri l bc x sng di thuc vng hng
ngoi c bc sng t = 3 60m.
Cc cht nhim khng kh nh CO
2
, CH
4
, N
2
O, CFC (cloroflorocacbon), O
3

v hi nc l nhng cht gn nh trong sut i vi tia sng ngn, ngc li i
vi cc bc x sng di, tia hng ngoi th chng hp th rt mnh.
Hiu ng nh knh chnh l hin tng cc cht nhim khng kh nh CO
2
,
CH
4
, CFC, N
2
O, O
3
, hi nc cn tr, hp th nng lng bc x t mt t ri to
nhit vo bu kh quyn lm cho nhit kh quyn nng ln.
Cc cht CO
2
, CH
4
, N
2
O, CFC, O
3
, hi nc c gi l kh nh knh.
S gia tng nhit do hiu ng nh knh c tc ng mnh m n nhiu mt
ca mi trng:
- Nhit tri t tng s lm bng tan v dng cao mc nc bin. Nh vy
nhiu vng sn xut lng thc tr ph, cc khu ng dn c, cc ng bng ln,
nhiu o thp c th b chm di mc nc bin.
- Lm thay i iu kin sng bnh thng ca cc sinh vt. Mt s loi sinh
vt thch nghi c s pht trin thun li. Trong khi nhiu loi s b thu hp
khng gian sng hoc b tiu dit do khng kp thch nghi vi nhng bin i mi
trng sng.
- Kh hu ton cu s b bin i su sc, cc i kh hu c xu hng di
chuyn v pha hai cc ca tri t. Ton b iu kin sng ca cc quc gia b xo
trn. Hot ng sn xut nng nghip, lm nghip, thu sn b nh hng nghim
trng.
- Nhiu loi bnh tt mi i vi con ngi xut hin, cc loi dch bnh lan
trn, sc kho ca con ngi b suy gim.
Cc biu hin ca s bin i kh hu tri t:
- S nng ln ca kh quyn v tri t ni chung.
- 12 -
- S thay i thnh phn cht lng kh quyn c hi cho mi trng sng ca
con ngi v cc sinh vt trn tri t.
- S dng cao mc nc bin do tan bng dn ti s ngp ng ca cc vng
t thp, cc o nh trn bin.
- S di chuyn cc i kh hu tn ti hng nghn nm trn cc vng khc
nhau ca tri t, dn ti nguy c e do s sng ca cc loi sinh vt, cc h sinh
thi v hot ng bnh thng khc ca con ngi.
- S thay i cng hot ng ca qu trnh hon lu kh quyn, chu trnh
tun hon nc trong t nhin v cc chu trnh sinh a ho khc.
- S thay i nng sut sinh hc ca cc h sinh thi, cht lng v thnh phn
ca thu quyn, thch quyn, sinh quyn, th nhng quyn.
Gii php khc phuc:
Ti hi ngh thng nh v mi trng hp ti Rio Janero nm 1992, cc quc
gia trn th gii thng qua Cng c khung v bin i kh hu ca Lin Hp
Quc. Cng c khung v bin i kh hu t ra mc tiu: n nh nng cc
kh nh knh trong kh quyn mc c th ngn nga c s can thip ca con
ngi i vi h thng kh hu. Mc n nh phi t mt khung thi gian cho
cc h sinh thi thch nghi mt cch t nhin vi s thay i kh hu, m bo vic
sn xut lng thc khng b e do v to kh nng pht trin kinh t mt cch bn
vng. Cc quc gia tham gia cng c phi tun th 5 nguyn tc sau:
- Cc nc phi bo v h thng kh hu.
- Cn phi xem xt y nhng nhu cu ring v hon cnh c th ca cc
nc ang pht trin.
- Cc nc phi thc hin nhng bin php phng nga, ngn nga v gim
nh nguyn nhn gy bin i kh hu.
- Cc quc gia c quyn v phi y mnh s pht trin bn vng.
- Cc quc gia phi hp tc y mnh mt h thng kinh t quc t m ca v
tng tr.
Cng c khung v bin i kh hu t ra cc gii php nhm khc phc s nng
ln ca ton cu nh:
- Bo ton v nng cao kh nng ca cc b hp th kh nh knh nh: cc khu
rng nhit i v n i, cc sinh khi bin v i dng, cc h sinh thi bin,
ven b v t lin khc.
- Hp tc trong vic chun b s thch ng vi cc tc ng ca s thay i kh
hu nh qun l tng hp vng b bin, qun l ti nguyn v nng nghip, phc
hi cc khu vc b nh hng bi hn hn, l lt v sa mc ho.
- Tng cng hp tc trong nghin cu v trao i thng tin khoa hc, cng
ngh, k thut, kinh t ca cc quc gia nng cao thm hiu bit v nguyn nhn
v nh hng ca bin i kh hu cng nh hu qu kinh t x hi ca cc chin
lc ng ph vi bin i kh hu.
- 13 -
- Tng cng v hp tc trong gio dc, o to v truyn b i chng lin
quan n bin i kh hu, ng thi khuyn khch s tham gia ca cng ng vo
bo v h thng kh hu ton cu.
3. S suy gim tng ozon.
S r r v pht thi cc cht CFC (cloroflorocacbon), cacbon tetraclorua (CCl
4
)
l nguyn nhn chnh gy suy gim tng ozon.
Khi cc cht ny khuch tn n tng bnh lu th chng b tn cng bi cc tia
cc tm v phn hu thnh cc nguyn t Cl. Chnh nguyn t Cl ny l nguyn
nhn gy suy gim tng ozon.
Cl + O
3
= ClO + O
2

ClO + O
3
= Cl + 2O
2

Nh vy mt nguyn t Clo bin nhiu phn t O
3
thnh O
2
thng thng.
Hu qu ca s suy gim tng ozon:
- Tng kh nng mc bnh ung th da
- Tng kh nng mc bnh v mt, c bit l bnh c thu tinh th.
- Ph hu h thng min dch ca con ngi v ng vt.
- Gim nng sut cy trng.
- Lm mt cn bng h sinh thi ng thc vt bin.
Cc gii php bo v tng ozon:
Trc s gia tng mc suy thoi tng ozon, cc quc gia trn TG k kt
Cng c vin v bo v tng ozon v Nghi nh th Montreal v cc cht lm suy
gim tng ozon.
Cng c vin c k kt nm 1985 gm 21 iu khon c mc ch c bn l
xy dng hp tc v hnh ng quc t nhm nghin cu tng ozon, bo v tng
ozon trc cc hot ng ca con ngi v bo v sc kho con ngi trc nhng
thay i ca tng ozon. Cc quc gia tham gia c nhim v:
- Hp tc trong quan trc, nghin cu, trao i thng tin hiu r v nh gi
tt hn nh hng ca cc hot ng con ngi ti tng ozon v nhng nh hng
n sc kho con ngi v mi trng do bin i tng ozon.
- Chp nhn cc bin php v hp tc trong vic phi hp cc chnh sch
kim sot, hn ch hoc ngn chn cc hot ng c nh hng c hi do s bin
i hoc gy ra s bin i tng ozon.
- Hp tc trong h thng ho cc bin php v tiu chun nht tr thc
hin cng c v cc vn bn km theo.
- Hp tc vi cc c quan quc t c thm quyn thi hnh c hiu qu cng
c v cc vn bn lin quan.
1.3 S LAN TRUYN CHT NHIM TRONG KHNG KH
- 14 -
Mt cht sau khi thi vo khng kh, chng s khuch tn i cc ni. Cc yu t
iu kin kh hu, a hnh mt t v thnh phn kh v bi thi nh hng
n s phn b cht nhim trong khng gian v theo thi gian.
a. nh hng ca gi: Gi hnh thnh cc chuyn ng ri ca khng kh trn
b mt t ng vai tr chnh trong s pht tn cht nhim. Hai yu t quan trng
cn quan tm l hng gi v tc gi. Nng cht nhim s tng khi tc
gi gim
b. Nhit : nhit khng kh c nh hng n s phn b nng cht
nhim trong khng kh tng gn mt t. tng ny thng thng cng ln cao
nhit cng gim nhng trong mt s trng hp c hin tng ngc li khi
cng ln cao (trong mt tm cao no ) nhit khng kh cng tng. Hin tng
ny gi l s nghch o nhit. Khi c nghch nhit khng kh tr nn rt n nh
v cn tr mi chuyn ng thng ng ca tng b phn kh do lc ni gy ra.
n nh do nghch nhit to ra cn lm hn ch s trao i nng lng gi ca li
khng kh st mt t vi gi cc lp kh quyn trn cao v do lm cn tr qu
trnh khuch tn cc cht nhim theo c phng ng ln phng ngang m hu
qu l lm cn tr s pht tn gy nng m c ni gn mt t. Trong qu kh
tng xy ra nhng ln c nghch o nhit mt vi vng li tc hi ln nh
s kin ng c kh ca thnh ph Lun n.
Nghch o nhit c hnh thnh do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau:
- Lm lnh lp khng kh t bn trn.
- Lm nng lp khng kh t bn di.
- Chuyn ng ca dng khng kh lnh bn di lp khng kh m.
- Chuyn ng ca dng khng kh m trn lp khng kh lnh.
Nghch nhit do nguyn nhn th nht gy ra l dng nghch nhit bc x. Dng
nghch nhit ny thng xut hin quanh nm vo na m n sng sm, nhng v
ma ng c th ko di c ban ngy khi nng lng bc x mt tri khng sc
ph v lp nghch nhit. c bit nhng vng kh hu lnh khi mt t c lp
tuyt bao ph, nghch nhit c th ko di t 5 7 ngy bi v tuyt phn x rt tt
tia nng mt tri ng thi l vt pht x mnh cc tia hng ngoi.
Nguyn nhn th hai thng xut hin vng p sut cao khi c lp my che
ph trn bu tri v hp th nng lng bc x t mt tri chiu xung. Lp nghch
nhit ny thng c cao t 400 500 m n 4000 5000 m trn mt t.
Nguyn nhn th ba l trng hp dng khng kh lnh t cc vng t cao vo
ban m trn xung cc thung lng to thnh lp khng kh lnh nm di lp
khng kh m v dn n nghch o nhit y thung lng. Trng hp ny nu
c ngng t xy ra th lp sng gi s hnh thnh v lm cho nh nng mt tri vo
ban ngy khng th xuyn qua c, khi nghch nhit c th ko di vi ngy v
ch khi no c gi mnh hoc bo n mi b qut sch khi thung lng.
Nguyn nhn th t thng xy ra khi c dng khng kh t pha khut gi ca
sn ni thi xung chn ni. Khng kh ny s c m ln theo qu trnh nn p
- 15 -
on nhit v n len vo bn trn lp khng kh lnh st mt t di chn ni
gy ra hin tng nghch nhit vi cng mnh v c th ko di.
Ti cng mt a im v cng mt thi gian c th c hai lp nghch nhit
cng song song tn ti: mt lp st mt t n cao 100 n 200m v mt lp
cao t 900 n 1100m.
Tm li nghch nhit c th c hnh thnh v c tng cng trong cc iu
kin sau y:
Thi tit trong nm: v ma ng nghch nhit thng ko di do mt tri
khng sc lm m mt t ph v lp nghch nhit.
Kh nng hp thu v nh nhit ca mt t: mt t tr tri khng c cy hp
th v nh nhit nhanh hn so vi mt t c lp thc vt che ph do to iu
kin thun li cho vic hnh thnh nghch nhit. cng tng t nh vy khi mt t
c lp tuyt bao ph.
Sng m, my nht l my thp v che knh bu tri lm cho bc x mt tri
khng sc lm m mt t.
S di chuyn cc khi khng kh m hoc lnh t sn ni xung ng bng
hoc t cc truyn t cao xung thung lng.
Tt c cc dng nghch nhit d st mt t hay trn cao u cn tr s xo
trn ca kh quyn v do dn n s tch t cht nhim, lm cho nng cht
nhim c th tng ln rt cao, gy tc hi nghim trng n mi trng sinh thi ca
khu vc.
c. nh hng ca ma: Ma c tc dng lm sch mi trng khng kh, cc
ht ma s ko theo cc ht bi v ha tan mt s cht c hi trong khng kh ri
ri xung t gy nhim t v nhim nc.
Nh vy, ma thc y vic loi b cc cht nhim ra khi khng kh nhng
li gp phn chuyn cc cht nhim ny vo t, nc
Ma lm sch bi trn cc l cy, do lm tng kh nng ht bi ca cc dy
cy xanh cch ly bo v khu dn c.
d. nh hng ca sng m: Sng m dy c v ko di xc nh hin tng
lng ng trong lp kh quyn ti mt t . y l yu t kh tng bt li cho s
khuch tn cht nhim trong khng kh. Chng gp phn gy ra hin tng nghch
o nhit v chng c th l nguyn nhn to thnh khi m c hi.
. c nhiu trng hp khi m gy tai nn th thm cho dn c. V vy tn s
hnh thnh, mt v n nh ca sng m mt a phng no cn c
phn tch cn thn trong vic thit k cc cng trnh x l kh thi v thi kh
e. a hnh mt t: nh hng n trng gi trong khu vc v do nh
hng n vic pht tn cht thi. Dng b mt, loi thm thc vt cng c nh
hng n s pht tn cht thi.
a hnh, g gh ca mt t v cng trnh nh ca c nh hng rt ln n
chuyn ng ngang ca khng kh trn mt t.
a hnh:
- 16 -
Trng hp a hnh khng bng phng, trn nglan truyn lung khi gp
vt cn c dng nh ni i, vc su, thng lng trng vn tc gi s b thay
i, mc ri ca kh quyn b nh hng v do lung khi s b bin dng,
ko theo l s phn b nng cht nhim trong lung khi cng nh trn mt
t b thay i.
pha n gi ca sn i lung khi chuyn ng theo cc ng dng ca
khng kh v do c xu hng va va p vo sn i va b ht ngc ln cao,
v vy nng cht nhim trn mt t s tng cao so vi trng hp a hnh
bng phng.
pha khut gi ca ngn i, bc tranh cng phc tp hn do c hin tng
qun gi lm cho cht nhim b t ng li trong khu vc ny v khng lan ta ra
xa hn na.

Cng trnh, nh ca:
Khi gi thi qua cng trnh, cc g sc cnh ca cng trnh s ht lung gi ln
cao to ra ri c cng v kch thc ln hn nhiu so vi ri t nhin ca
bn thn lung gi, lm cho lung gi c kh nng b thay i c vn tc ln chiu
hng chuyn ng.
Nh ca, cng trnh gp phn lm thay i trng vn tc ca khng kh.
pha trc cng trnh vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh tng ln, pha sau vn
tc kh gim li to nn vng gi qun v phi n mt khong cch xa vn tc kh
mi t c gi tr ban u.
Cc vng gi qun s lm cho nng cht nhim tng cao ln, c bit l
vi cc ngun nhim thp.
Vng gi qun (bng kh ng) ph thuc vo cc yu t:
- Kch thc ca cng trnh, chiu cao nh, chiu rng nh.
- Cng trnh ng c lp hay nm trong cm nh.
- Khong cch gia cc cng trnh trong cm nh.
- Hng gi thi: trng hp bt li nht l khi gi thi trc giao vi nh.
V kch thc cng trnh ngi ta phn bit:
Nh hp: nu b rng nh b 2.5 Hnh
, trong H
nh
chiu cao ca nh
Hnh 1.2 Lung khi lan truyn khi gp vt cn i ni
- 17 -
Nh rng : nu b rng nh b> 2.5 Hnh

V khong cch gia cc nh trong cm cng trnh: nu hai nh cch nhau trn
10 ln chiu cao ca ngi nh ng trc (theo chiu gi): ta c th xem nhng
ngi nh l ng c lp.
Di y l s bng kh ng ng vi cc trng hp khc nhau:

Hnh 1.3a: Nh hp ng c lp
- 18 -

Hnh 1.3b: Nh rng ng c lp
Hnh 1.3c: Nh hp ng trc nh khc
Hnh 1.3d: Nh rng ng trc nh khc
- 19 -
Chng 2
CNG NGH X L BI
2.1 KHI NIM CHUNG V BI V PHN LOI
2.1.1 Khi nim
Cc phn t cht rn th ri rc c th c to ra trong cc qu trnh nghin,
ngng kt v cc phn ng ho hc khc nhau. Di tc dng ca cc dng kh
hoc khng kh, chng chuyn thnh trng thi l lng v trong nhng iu kin
nht nh chng to thnh nhng vt cht m ngi ta gi l bi.
Bi l mt h thng gm hai pha: pha kh v pha rn ri rc - cc ht c kch
thc nm trong khang t kch thc nguyn t n kch thc nhn thy c
bng mt thng, c kh nng tn ti l lng trong thi gian di ngn khc nhau.
Sol kh cng l h thng vt cht ri rc gm cc ht th rn v th lng dng
l lng trong thi gian di khng hn nh. Tc lng chm ca cc ht sol kh rt
b. Nhng ht nh nht ca sol kh c kch thc gn bng kch thc cc nguyn
t ln, cn nhng ht ln nht c kch thc khong 0,2 1m.
Khi nim v sol kh th c th ng ngha vi bi. Cc sol kh c th c kch
thc ng nht hoc khng ng nht.
Kch thc ca ht bi c hiu l ng knh, di cnh ca ht hay l
ry, kch thc ln nht ca hnh chiu ca ht.
ng knh tng ng
t
ca ht bi c hnh dng bt k l ng knh hnh
cu c th tch bng th tch ca ht bi.
Vn tc lng chm v
c
ca ht bi l vn tc ri ca ht trong mi trng tnh
di tc dng ca trng lc. vn tc lng chm ph thuc vo kch thc ca ht,
hnh dng v khi lng n v ca n cng nh khi lng n v v nht ca
mi trng.
ng knh lng chm
c
ca ht bi l ng knh ht bi hnh cu m vn tc
ri v khi lng n v ca n bng vn tc ri v khi lng n v ca ht c
hnh dng phi chun ang xem xt.
ng knh lng chm ca ht c xc nh theo cng thc sau y rt ra t l
thuyt v s lng chm ca ht bi:
m
H
b
C

o ,
) (
1810
7
=
Trong :
: nht ng lc ca mi trng (kh, nc) Pa.s

b
, : khi lng n v ca bi v ca mi trng, g/cm
3

H: chiu cao ri (lng) ca ht, cm
g: gia tc trng trng, m
2
/s
: thi gian ri, s
- 20 -

2.1.2 Phn loi
1. Da vo ngun gc pht sinh:
- Bi t nhin
- Bi nhn to.
2. Da vo thnh phn ha hc:
- Bi v c:
- Bi hu c:
3. Da vo kch thc ht:
- Bi th, ct bi: gm t cc ht bi rn c kch thc ht o > 75m.
- Bi: ht cht rn c kch thc nh hn bi th (5 75m) c hnh thnh
t cc qu trnh c kh nh nghin, tn, p
- Khi: gm cc ht vt cht c th l rn hoc lng c to ra trong qu
trnh t chy nhin liu hoc qu trnh ngng t c kch thc ht t 1 - 5m. Ht
bi c ny c tnh khuch tn rt n nh trong kh quyn.
- Khi mn: gm nhng ht rn rt mn, kch thc ht o < 1m
- Sng: ht cht lng c kch thc o < 10m. Loi ht ny mt nng
lm gim tm nhn th c gi l sng gi.
Nhng ht bi c tc hi nht i vi sc khe con ngi l khi chng c th
thm nhp su vo tn phi trong qu trnh h hp, kch thc o < 10m. Ngi ta
gi c bi ny l bi h hp.
2.1.3 Vn tc gii hn ca ht bi:
Vn tc gii hn ca mt ht bi c ng knh khi ri trong mi trng
c xc nh theo cng thc:
o
18
) (
2
g
v
b
gh

=
Khi ht bi ri trong khng kh rth khi lng n v ca khng kh nh hn
rt nhiu ln so vi khi lng n v
b
ca ht bi d ngi ta c th b qua
i lng v cng thc trn s tr thnh:
o
18
2
g
v
b
gh
=
Ta c th p dng cng thc trn tnh thi gian v khong cch lng ng
ca bi trn mt t t mt cao H no ng vi vn tc gi cho trc. mt s
gi thit phi a ra c th p dng cng thc trn cho ph hp:
- Ht bi dng hnh cu v tun theo nh lut Stokes
- Chiu cao H ca ng khi c xem l chiu cao hiu qu m ti ht bi
c vn tc ban u bng khng v bt u ri t do trong kh quyn
- 21 -
Hnh 2.1: Lung khi t ngun im cao trong h trc xyz
- Bi thot ra khi ng khi c lm ngui tc khc n nhit mi trng
xung quanh.
- Khng c xo trn mnh trc v trong khi ri
Khng c tc ng qua li gia cc ht bi c kch thc khc nhau.
2.1.4 Chiu cao hiu qu ca ng khi:
Trn hnh 2.1 th hin hnh dng ph bin ca ng khi. Ti ming ng khi,
nh vn tc pht, lung khi c mt ng nng ban u lm cho n c xu hng
bc thng ng ln trn. Mt khc, do nhit ca khi cao hn nhit khng kh
xung quanh, lung khi chu tc dng ca lc ni do chn lch nhit gy ra.
Cng vi lc nng, lung khi chu tc ng ca lc gi theo phng ngang do
nh cao nht ca lung khi s nm cch ming ng khi mt khong cch nht
nh no xui theo chiu gi. Khi t cao y tc l lc ng nng ban u ca
lung khi b trit tiu v nhit khi tr nn cn bng vi nhit kh
quyn do kt qu ca qu trnh ho trn vi khng kh xung quanh, lung khi s
gi phng nm ngang song song vi chiu gi.

Mt s cng thc tnh nng cao ca lung gi:
1. Cng thc ca Davidson W.F
Da theo kt qu thc nghim tin hnh trn ng kh ng ca Bryant nm
1949, Davidson W.F a ra cng thc sau y c gi l cng thc Bryant
Davidson.
m
T
T
u
D h
khoi
), 1 ( ) (
4 . 1
A
+ = A
e

Cng thc trn c th phn bit thnh hai thnh phn:
Thnh phn nng do vn tc ban u ca khi:
- 22 -
m
u
D h
v
, ) (
4 . 1
e
= A
V thnh phn do sc ni gy ra bi chn lch nhit :
m
T
T
u
D h
khoi
t
, ) (
4 . 1
A
= A
e

Trong cc cng thc trn:
D- ng knh ming ng khi, m.
- vn tc ban u ca lung khi ti ming ng khi, m/s
u - vn tc gi, m/s
T
khoi
- nhit tuyt i ca khi ti ming ng khi, K.
T - chnh lch nhit gia khi v khng kh xung quanh,
o
C hoc K.
2. Cng thc ca Bosanquet - carey v Halton:
Cng thc ca Bosanquet v cng s c da trn l thuyt kt hp vi thc
nghim, trong nng do ng nng v nng do chnh lch nhit l hm
s ca khong cch x k t chn ng khi xui theo chiu gi. Cc cng thc c
xy dng cho iu kin trung tnh ca kh quyn.
nng cao do ng nng ban u:
) 8 , 0 1 (
max ,
max ,
x
h
h h
v
v v
A
A = A
u
L
u
h
v
e
e
1
max ,
43 , 0 1
77 , 4
+
= A
nng cao do lc ni (chnh lch nhit ):
1
3
1 1
37 , 6
T u
z T gL
h
t
A
= A
Trong z l hm s ca X m:
e
1
57 , 3 L
ux
X =
Khi
e
1
1
1 2
L
T
g T
u
A
>
- 23 -
Hm s ) (X f z = c cho di dng biu sau:

nng tng cng ca lung khi :
t v
h h h A + A = A
V chiu cao hiu qu ca ng khi :
h h H A + = 75 , 0
Trong :
L
1
lu lng khi thi nhit T
1
, m
3
/s
T
1
nhit tuyt i m ti khi lng n v ca khi cn bng vi khi
lng n v ca khng kh xung quanh (mt cch gn ng c th xem T
1
T
xq
)
1 1
T T T
khi
= A - hiu s gia nhit ca khi ti ming khi v nhit T
1
.
3. Cng thc ca Holland :
Da vo kt qu kho st lung khi t nhng ng khi nh vng Oak Rige,
Holland J.Z. y ban nng lng nguyn t ca M a ra cng thc xc nh nng
cao ca lung khi, c gi l cng thc Oak Rige :
u Q D h
h
/ ) 10 . 1 , 4 5 , 1 (
5
+ = A e
D h, A - tnh theo m
u - vn tc gi tnh theo m/s
Q
h
- cng nhit ca lung kh thi ra mi trng xung quanh:
s cal t L C Q
p h
/ , A =
Trong :
C
p
- t nhit ng p ca khi, cal/kg.
o
C
- khi lng n v ca khi, kg/m
3

t - chnh lch nhit ca khi v khng kh xung quanh,
o
C
Cng thc ny nn p dng cho iu kin trung tnh ca kh quyn. i vi iu kin
n nh kt qu tnh cn tng thm 10 20%, ngc li trong iu kin kh quyn khng n
nh th gim bt 10 20%.
X
Z
0 20 40 60 80 100
2
4
6
8
- 24 -

4. Cng thc ca Briggs G.A.
Cc phng php hin i xc nh nng ca lung kh trong iu kin kh
quyn n nh hon ton p ng c yu cu do c s l thuyt kh r rng v c th
tin hnh quan trc, o c thc t tng i n gin b sung cho l thuyt. trong iu
kin n nh, giai on u ca s pht trin lung khi di tc dng ca lc ni, ri
bn trong ca lung chim u th so vi ca khng kh xung quanh. Tuy nhin trong
iu kin trung tnh v khng n nh ca kh quyn, lung khi un ln nhng cui cng
cng t c cao m ti ri bn ngoi tr nn ng k hn so vi ri bn
trong lung . Lc lung khi ngng pht trin. Trng hp ny rt phc tp cho cng
vic nghin cu v quan st , tuy nhin li l trng hp kh ph bin.
Briggs G.A (1975) nghin cu trng hp ni trn v a ra cng thc sau y p
dng cho iu kin c tc dng ca lc ni l ch yu:
m x
u
F
h , 6 , 1
3 / 2
3 / 1
= A
Trong :
F - lc ni ban u ca lung khi c xc nh theo cng thc:
3 4
2
/ ,
4
s m
T
T T
D g
F
khoi
xq khoi

=
e

x
f
- khong cch t ngun n im kt thc nng cao trung bnh ca lung khi:
Khi F < 55m
4
/s
3
th x
f
= 50F
0,625

Khi F 55m
4
/s
3
th x
f
= 120F
0,4

Ring i vi cp trung tnh ca kh quyn, Briggs G.A cn a ra cng thc:
m h
u u
F
h , )
.
( 54 . 1
3 / 1 3 / 2
*
= A
Trong : t /
*
= u gi l vn tc ma st. i vi mt t bng phng c thm c
hoc trng trt nng nghip s m u / 7 . 0 6 . 0
*
=
h: chiu cao thc ca ng khi
Trng hp nghch nhit, cng thc Briggs c dng sau:
m
u
F
h , 6 . 2
3 / 1
= A
Khi tri ng gi, nng ca lung khi c xc nh theo cng thc:
m
z
T
T
g
F h , ) ( 1 . 5
8 / 3 4 / 1
c
c
= A
- 25 -
5. Cng thc ca M.E. Berliand v ca mt s tc gi khc ca Nga
Cn c vo s liu thc nghim v so snh kt qu tnh ton nng cht nhim trn
mt t, Berliand v cng s (1964) a ra cng thc xc nh nng cao lung khi nh
sau:
xq
T u
T gL
u
D
h
3
10 10
6 . 1 875 . 1
A
+ = A
e

Trong :
10
u - vn tc gi o c ct o gi trm kh tng, tc o cao
10m.
L - lu lng khi thi ti ming ng khi, m
3
/s
2.2 BUNG LNG BI V THIT B LC BI QUN TNH
2.2.1 Bung lng.
1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:
Nguyn tc hot ng: cc ht bi c gi li trong bung lng di tc dng
ca trng lc.
Bung lng c cu to rt n gin: l mt khng gian hnh hp c tit din
ngang ln hn nhiu ln so vi tit din ng ng dn kh vo cho vn tc dng
kh gim xung rt nh, nh th ht bi thi gian ri xung chm y di
tc dng ca trng lc v b gi li trong .
Bung lng c p dng lng bi th c kch thc ht t 60 - 70m tr
ln.
2. L thuyt tnh ton:
a. Mt s quy nh v gi thit:
Bung lng c cu to hnh hp nm ngang chiu di l, chiu cao H v b rng
B.
Hnh 2.1. Cc bung lng bi
1- Kh vo; 2- Kh sch thot ra; 3- X bi; 4- Van iu chnh; 5- Ca dn v sinh

a) Bung lng n gin b) Bung lng nhiu sn

B H
- 26 -
Vn tc dng kh mang bi trn ton b tit din ngang ca bung lng l u
n trng vn tc ca dng kh trong bung lng bi l khng i
Ht bi chuyn ng ngang theo dng kh c vn tc bng vn tc dng kh.
Ht bi ri di tc dng ca trng lc theo phng thng ng khi chm c
y trc im N ca bung lng coi nh b gi li trong bung lng
Nu L l lu lng dng kh - m
3
/s th vn tc chuyn ng ngang u ca ht bi
s c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
BH
L
u = , m/s
Thi gian lu li ca dng kh(ca bi) trong bung lng:
L
lBH
u
l
= = t , s
Khi ht bi thuc bt k loi vt liu g c ng knh ri vi vn tc v v i
c mt an h trong thi gian xc nh th:
Nu h < H: ht bi b dng kh mang theo ra ngoi phm vi ca bung lng.
Nu h H: tt c cc ht bi c kch thc bng hoc ln hn u b gi li
trong bung lng.
Nh vy t s h/H ng vi cc c ng knh khc nhau ca ht bi th hin
c phn bi c kch thc cho b gi li trong bung lng v t ta c th
xc nh c hiu qu lc theo c ht ca bung lng.
Gi tr h c th xc nh theo cng thc sau:
t
TB
v h = , m
i vi nhng ht bi c kch thc nh < 75m th:
o
18
) (
2
g
v v
b
gh TB

= =
Trong :
- nht ng lc ca mi trng kh, Pa.s
b
, - khi lng ring ca ht bi v ca khng kh, g/cm
3
.
g - gia tc trng trng, m/s
2
.
ng knh b nht ca ht bi hay ng knh gii hn m bung lng c th
gi li c ton b l:
gBl
L
gl
uH
b b
o
) (
18
) (
18
min

o o
= =
Ta c th phn bit cc trng hp sau:
i vi ht bi c kch thc b th thi gian k t lc bt u ri n lc ht
bi t vn tc gii hn v
gh
rt ngn so vi thi gian lu , lc ta c:
v
TB
= v
gh
- 27 -
i vi ht bi c kch thc ln hn th sau mt qung ng khng phi l
qu ngn so vi ht bi mi t c vn tc ri gii hn v
gh
. Lc qung
ng ht bi ri cn c phn thnh hai on:
on u l on m ht bi ri c gia tc cho n lc vn tc ri t khong
99% v
gh
.
on tip theo l on m ht bi ri vi vn tc v
gh
= const cho n cui thi
gia .
Nu trong khong thi gian ca dng kh trong bung lng m nhng ht bi
ln cha kp t vn tc gii hn th ton b ng ri c ca chng u phi
xc nh theo vn tc tc thi:
) 1 (
/ Z
gh gh
e Z v v h
t
t

=
b. Hiu qu:
Gi thit rng mi c ht bi trong dng kh i vo bung lng c phn b
u n trn ton tit din ngang ban u ca n, tc l s lng ht bi c bt k
t l thun theo chiu cao h, do nu gi () l hiu qu lc ca bung lng i
vi c ht , ta s c:
% 100
) (
) (
=
H
h
o
o
q
Trong h() l chiu cao ng vi ng knh ht; xc nh theo cng thc
sau:
glB
hL
b

o
18
=
T ta thu c biu thc hiu qu lng i vi c ht nh sau:
,% 555 , 5
2
) (
o
q
o
L
glB
b
=
c. Bin php nng cao hiu qu lc ca bung lng :
Mun nng cao hiu qu lc i vi mt c ht nht nh no th:
- Mt l h
()
phi tng trong khi H = const
- Hai l gi h
()
khng i v gim chiu cao H ca bung lng vI iu kin
m bo nng sut lc tc lu lng kh cn lc khng thay i.
Ta c th thc hin theo cch th 2 bng cch chia bung lng thnh nhiu tng
u nhau. Chiu cao ca mi tng l H
i
v lu lng i qua L
i
u gim xung theo
mt t l nh nhau.
Hiu qu lc s tng ln n ln:
u im: nh chia thnh nhiu tng nn kch thc ca bung lng c thu
gn, t chim din tch nhng vn lc c mt lu lng kh ln vi hiu sut lc
cao.
Nhc im: kh dn v sinh khi bi bm trn cc tng. i khi ngi ta phI
dng bin php phun nc p lc mnh ty ra.
- 28 -
3. Cc dng khc ca bung lng bi:
Trong thc t p dng bung lng vi nguyn l ri t do ca ht bi trong ch
chuyn ng chy tng ca khng kh l c nhiu hn ch l kch thc bung
lng ln, lu lng khng kh cn lc khng c nhiu. khc phc cc nhc
im ni trn G.S .V.V Baturin xut loi bung lng c tm chn thnh nhiu
ngn:

Dng khng kh chuyn ng theo ng dch dc t ngn ny sang ngn khc,
do ht bi khng nhng ri di tc dng ca trng lc m cn b va p vo
cc tm chn do lc qun tnh gy ra, nh m kch thc bung lng c gim
nh v hiu qu lng tng cao.
Ngoi loi bung lng c tm chn thnh nhiu ngn, ta cn thy mt s loi
bung lng khc tn dng lc qun tnh ca nhiu tc gi khc nhau sau y:
Nh hnh 2.2a ngi ta s dng tm chn ca gi vo to ra s thay i
t ngt chiu hng chuyn ng ca dng kh, nh bi d tch ra khi dng
kh v ri xung phu cha. gim bt tn tht p sut, ngi ta c th thay tm
chn bng cc ngot cong ca cc ng dn kh vo v dn kh ra nh hnh 2.2b

Hnh 2.3: Thit b lng bi qun tnh
a c vch ngn; b- vi ch quay kh nhn; c- c chp m rng; d- nhp kh ngang hng.

Kh sch
Bi Bi
Kh sch
Kh
bi
d c b a
Kh
bi
Bi
Kh sch
Kh bi
Bi
Kh bi
Kh sch
Kh vo Kh ra
Hnh 2.2 Bung lng c tm chn
- 29 -
Bung lng c cu to cho hnh 2.2c, trong tc lng ng ca cc ht
bi kh c tng cng bi dng kh chuyn ng thng ng hng xung di.
ng dn kh c dng hnh loa vi mc ch gim bt vn tc ca dng kh st y
bung lng loi tr kh nng lm cho bi lng ng y phu b bc ngc
tr ln.
2.2.2 Thit b lc bi qun tnh.
Nguyn l c bn: lm thay i chiu hng chuyn ng ca dng kh mt
cch lin tc, lp i lp li bng nhiu loi vt cn c hnh dng khc nhau. Khi
dng kh i hng chuyn ng th bi do c sc qun tnh ln s gi hng
chuyn ng ban u ca mnh v va p vo cc vt cn ri b gi li hoc
mt ng nng v ri xung y thit b.
1. Thit b lc qun tnh Venturi:
Khi dng chy b thu hp tit din th bi s b p st vo thnh vt cn v lt
vo cc khe 2 ri vo by bi 3. ti y dng kh s b ht ngc tr ln ri thot
ra ngoi, cn bi trong by 3 th ri xung phu cha bi ca thit b.

2. Thit b lc bi kiu mn chn un cong:
Dng kh i qua khe h gia cc tm chn ca dy trc s b chn li bi cc
tm chn ca dy ng sau v do 1o n s thay i hng chuyn ng theo cc
g hnh vng cung ca tm chn i tip n cc dy tm chn tip theo. Trong
qu trnh thay i hng chuyn ng, bi s b gi li trong lng mng v ri
xung phu cha bi ca thit b. tn tht ct p ca dng kh i qua thit b vo
khong 10 25Pa.

Hnh 2.4: Thit b lc bi kiu qun tnh Venturi
Hnh 2.5: Thit b lc bi kiu mn chn un cong
- 30 -
X bi
Kh c
lc bi
Kh mang bi
Tm l
sch
Hnh 2.6: Thit b lc bi qu tnh kiu l sch
3. Thit b lc qun tnh
kiu l sch:
Trong thit b ny c t cc
tm chn song song nhau v
cho gc vi hng chuyn
ng ban u ca dng kh. Nh
s thay i hng chuyn ng
ca dng kh mt cch t ngt,
bi s dn li ng thot v
c x vo thng cha cng
vi khong 10% lu lng kh
thi.
u im ni bt ca loi
thit b ny l tn tht p sut rt
nh.
Loi thit b ny thng
c s dng nh mt cp lc
th t trc cp lc tinh khc
nh xiclon, lc ti vi v.v..

2.3 THIT B LC BI LY TM
2.3.1 Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu nm ngang
1. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng:
Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu c cu to kh n gin. Thit b bao gm mt ng
bao hnh tr bn ngoi 1, bn trong c li hnh tr hai u bt trn v thon 2 m
bo chy bc c tt. Khng kh mang bi i vo thit b c cc cnh hng
dng 3 to thnh chuyn ng xoy. Lc ly tm sn sinh t dng chuyn ng xoy
tc dng ln cc ht bi v y chng ra xa li hnh tr ri chm vo thnh ng bao
v thot ra khe hnh vnh khn 4 ri vo ni tp trung bi.
Bi
Bi
Kh sch
thot ra
Kh vo
3
1 2 4
6
5
Qu o gii hn
Hnh 2.7: S cu to thit b lc bi kiu nm ngang
- 31 -
Khng kh sch theo ng loa 5 vi cnh hng dng kt hp vi van iu chnh
6 thot ra ngoi.
Nh vy dng kh i t u ny ra n u kia ca thit b trn cng mt chiu.
Do ngi ta cn gi l thit b lc ly tm mt chiu.
Trn hnh 2.7 l cc dng ming, rnh hoc khe thot bi v kh sch ca thit
b lc bi ly tm nm ngang:

2. L thuyt tnh ton:
S n gin ha ca thit b lc bi ly tm kiu nm ngang phc v tnh
ton c th hin hnh 2.8:
Cc kch thc chnh ca thit b:
1
r - bn knh li hnh tr, m
Kh sch
a.
b.
Kh
sch
Bi Bi
d. c.
Kh sch
Bi
Kh
sch
Tm chn hnh
vnh khn
Kh sch
Kh
sch
Kh
sch
Bi
Bi
Bi
e.
f.
g.
Hnh 2.8: Cc dng ming, rnh, khe thot kh
- 32 -
Hnh 2.9: S n gin ca
thit b ly tm nm ngang
2
r - bn knh ng bao hnh tr bn ngoi (v thit b), m
l - chiu di lm vic ca thit b, m
Ta gi L l lu lng th tch dng khng kh mang bi i vo thit b lc, m
3
/s
v l h s nht ng lc ca
khng kh nhit t v p sut kh
quyn.
Dng khng kh i vo thit b
nh cnh hng dng nn c vn tc
quay l n vng/s.
Phng trnh qu o ca ht bi
theo thng s t:
)
9
2
exp(
2 2 2
0
t o
t n y y
b
=
t
t ) (
2
1
2
2
r r
L
x
=
Vi y
0
l tung ban u ca ht
bi trn trc y ti mt ct u tin ca
thit b.
Kh thng s t ta thu c
phng trnh qu o ca ht bi
trong h trc OXY:
Kx
e y y
0
= vi
L
r r
n K
b
2
1
2
2 2 2 3
9
2
= o
t
ng knh gii hn ca ht bi:
) ln(
) (
5 . 4
1
2
2 2
1
2
2
3
min
r
r
l n r r
L
b
o
= =

t
o o
, m
min
c ngha l ng knh b
nht m ton b c ht ln hn hoc
bng ng knh ny s b gi li
hon ton trong thit b lc v do
ngi ta cn gi l ng knh gii hn ca ht bi.
Hiu sut lc theo c ht ca thit b:
% 100
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
) (
r r
r r
=
o
q
Hoc:
% 100
1
) exp( 1
2
1
2
) (
r
r
=
oo
q
o

- 33 -
% 100
) exp( 1
) exp( 1
2
2
) (
o
oo
oo
q
o
=
Vi:
L
r r
l n
b
2
1
2
2 2 3
9
4
=
t o
ng biu din hiu qu lc c dng nh sau:

2.3.2 Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu ng.
1. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic
Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu ng
thng c gi l xiclon c cu to rt a
dng, nhng v ngyun tc c bn th bao
gm cc b phn hnh:
Khng kh mang bi i vo thit b
ng 1 ni theo phng tip tuyn vi thn
hnh tr ng 2. Phn di ca thn hnh
tr c phiu 3 v di cng ng x 4. Bn
trong hnh tr c ng thot kh sch 5 lp
cng trc ng vi thn hnh tr.
Nh ng dn 1 lp theo phng tip
tuyn, khng kh s c chuyn ng xoy
c bn trong thn hnh tr ca xiclon v
khi chm vo ng y hnh phiu, dng
khng kh b di ngc tr ln nhng vn
gi c chuyn ng xoy c ri cui cng theo ng 5 thot ra ngoi.
Trong dng chuyn ng xoy c, cc ht bi chu tc dng bi lc ly tm lm
cho chng c xu hng tin dn v pha thnh ng ca thn hnh tr ri chm vo
100
()
%
o

max

0
Kh bi
Kh sch
1
4
3
2
5
D
k

6a
6b
Hnh 2.10: xiclon
- 34 -
, bt ng nng v ri xung y phiu. Trn ng x 4 ngi ta c lp van 6
x bi vo thng cha.
Thng thng y phiu c p sut m, do khi m van 6 khng kh bn
ngoi s b ht vo xiclon t di ln trn v c th lm cho bi lng ng y
phiu bay ngc ln v theo khng kh thot ra ngoi qua ng 5 lm mt tc dng
ca vic lc bi.
trnh tnh trng trn ngi ta dng van kp, trc khi x bi ngi ta ng
van 6a ri mi m van di 6b.
2. L thuyt tnh ton:
S tnh ton cng nh cc
thnh phn vn tc chuyn ng
ttrong xiclon hon ton ging nh
trng hp thit b lc ly tm nm
ngang v do mi cng thc
rt ra c i vi thit b lc ly
tm nm ngang u p dng c
cho thit b ly tm kiu ng -
xiclon.
iu khc bit cn lu
y l trong cng thc thay v
cho chiu di l ta dng chiu cao
lm vic H
p
ca xiclon:
1
h H H
p
=
Trong :
H - chiu cao thn hnh tr ca xiclon, m.
h
1
- chiu cao ng dn vo, m.
Vn tc ban u v
E
ca dng khng kh ng dn vo ti tit din a x b:
'
b a
L
v
E
= , m/s
S vng quay n ca dng khng kh trong thn xiclon:
) (
) 1 7 . 0 (
2 1
r r
v
n
E
+
=
t
, vg/s
Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu ng - xiclon c cu to rt a dng, tu theo hng
sn xut m kch thc tng i ca chng rt khc nhau. Mt khc nhiu tc gi
khc nhau mc d cng da trn nguyn l chung ging nhau nhng a ra s
tnh ton cng nh cch tip cn vn khng hon ton ging nhau, do c rt
nhiu dng cng thc khc nhau xc nh ng knh gii hn
o
ca ht bi m
vi ng knh y chng b gi li ton b trong xiclon.
Mt s cng thc tiu biu xc nh
o
:
Rosin v cng s (1932):
Hx
Kh sch
Kh bi
h
1

H
t

H
D
k

6a
6b
Hnh 2.11: xiclon
- 35 -
)
2
1 ( 3
2
r
y
nv
y g
E b
o
=
t

o
Lapple v cng s (1940):
E b
o
nv
r
) (
3
1
t

o
=
Gardiner:
E b
o
nv
r r
) (
) (
3
1 2
t

o
=
Davies (1952):
(
=
4
2
1
2
) ( 1
) ( 8
3
r
r
H v
r
E b
o

o
Muchlrad (1954):
)
1
1
(
3
2
3
2
4
2
f f
f
r nv
g
r
o E b
o
+ +

=
t

o
Kamenhep P.N (1959):
1
2
ln 3
r
r
n
b
K
o
t
v
o
O
=
Baturin V.V (1965):
E b
o
nv
r r
t
o
) (
3
1 2

=
Trong cc cng thc trn:
o
o - ng knh gii hn ca ht bi, m.
H r r , ,
2 1
- ln lt l bn knh ng trong (ng thot kh sch), ng ngoi (v
xiclon) v chiu cao, m.
y - khong cch ban u ca ht bi n thnh xiclon, m.
K
v , , ,
- ln lt l h s nht ng lc, h s nht ng, khi lng n v
v trng lng n v ca khng kh: Pa.s, m
2
/s, kg/m
3
, kG/m
3
.
b b
,
- khi lng v trng lng n v ca bi: kg/m3, kG/m3.
E
v
- vn tc khng kh ng dn vo xiclon, m/s.
( ) 2 /
2 1
r r r
o
+ =
- bn knh trung bnh u vo ca xiclon, m.
2
1
r
r
f =
- t s bn knh ng trong v ng ngoi ca xiclon.
n t 2 = O
- vn tc gc ca dng khng kh trong xiclon, s
-1
.
- 36 -
2.4 LI LC BI
2.4.1 Gii thiu chung.
Cc c tnh quan trng ca li lc bi l: hiu qu lc, sc cn kh ng, thi
gian ca chu k hot ng trc khi thay mi hoc hon nguyn.
Qu trnh lc trong li lc bi c th chia thnh hai giai an:
Trong giai an u xy ra qu trnh gi bi trong lp li sch, trong lc
xem rng s thay i cu trc ca li lc do bi bm v do cc nguyn nhn khc
l khng ng k. Giai an ny gi l giai an n nh, hiu qu lc v sc cn
kh ng ca li lc trong giai an ny c xem nh khng thay i theo thi
gian. Giai an ny thng rt ngn ngi
Giai an hai ca qu trnh lc c gi l giai an khng n nh do s thay
i cu trc ca lp li lc bi nhiu ht bi b gi li trong , nh hng ca
m hoc bi cc nguyn nhn khc lm cho sc cn kh ng v hiu qu lc ca
li lc thay i r rt.
Vi li lc bi th cc ht c ng knh t 0.1 0.5m lt qua li nhiu
nht, cn cc ht c kch thc ln hn hoc nh hn li b gi li. Qu trnh gi
bi trong li lc din ra trn c s nhng hin tng sau y: Khi dng kh mang
bi i qua li lc, cc ht bi tip cn vi cc si ca vt liu lc v ti xy ra
cc tc ng tng h gia ht bi v vt liu lc. Cc tc ng tng h ny ph
thuc vo kch thc , vn tc ca ht, loi vt liu lc cng nh s c mt ca lc
tnh in, lc trng trng
Cc dng chnh ca tc ng tng h gia ht bi v vt liu lc l; va p
qun tnh, thu bt do tip xc v khuch tn.
Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu lc:
nh hng ca kch thc ht bi.
Qu trnh thu gi trong li lc ph thuc rt nhiu vo kch thc ht bi. i
vi ht bi c kch thc nh hn 0.3m th hin tng khuch tn ng vai tr ch
yu, cn bi c kch thc ln hn th hin tng tip xc v va p qun tnh mi
bt u pht huy tc dng.
nh hng ca vn tc kh i qua li lc.
Vn tc lc c nh hng tri ngc nhau i vi qu trnh thu gi bi v do
khuch tn v do va p qun tnh.
nh hng ca ng knh si vt liu lc.
ng knh ca si vt liu lc cng c nh hng quyt nh i vi qu trnh
thu gi bi do tt c cc tc ng gy ra. V d, h s lt li i vi bi c
=0.65m qua li lc c c si D=1m nh hn 2000 ln so vi li lc c c si
D=50m. V vy ch to li lc c hiu qu cao ngi ta c gng s dng loi
vt liu si nh nht c th c vi bn cho php.
nh hng ca ln cht ( rng) ca li lc.
- 37 -
Khi ln cht ca vt liu si trong li lc tng th hiu qu thu gi bi do
cc tc ng va p qun tnh, va chm tip xc tng cao ng k, trong khi hiu
qu do khuch tn ch thay i t.
2.4.2 Cc dng khc nhau ca li lc bi:
1. Li lc kiu tm.
Kt cu ca loi li lc ny rt n gin: gm mt khung hnh vung hoc ch
nht, hai mt l tm tn c l v gia xp nhiu tm li thp chng ln nhau
to thnh nhiu l rng zc zc. Ngoi li thp, vt liu m c th c thay th
bng si kim loi ri, m xp bng si tng hp hoc khu s, khu kim loi, khu
nha. B dy ca vt liu trong tm li lc nm trong khong 50 100mm.
Qu trnh gi bi xy ra trong li lc kiu tm ch yu l di tc ng ca va
p qun tnh. cho bi khng b cun theo dng kh sau khi bm trn si li,
ngi ta dng du cng nghip tm t ton b li lc lc ta c li lc kiu
tm tm du. Ngoi tc dng gi bi, du cn bo v cho li lc khng b han g.
Sau thi gian s dng khong 50 250h, khi bi bm nhiu lm cho sc cn
kh ng ca li lc tng qu mc cho php, ngi ta lm sch li lc bng cch
ra trong nc x phng, phun nc p lc cao hoc ht bi. Sau lm kh v
tm du mi dng tip.
Li lc kiu tm thng c s dng lc bi trong khng kh thi vo ca
h thng thng gi, iu ho khng kh vi nng bi ban u khng qu 5mg/m
3
.
2. Li lc tm du t ra.
Loi li lc ny bao gm nhng tm lc bng li thp treo trn gung quay
tun t nhng cc tm lc vo mt thng ng du pha di ca thit b, nh
th bi bm vo cc tm lc s b r ra v lng xung y thng du. nh k x
cn trong thng du v b sung du mi. Tc quay ca gung t 1,8 3,5
mm/ph, cng c loi tc quay nhanh hn 1 3 mm/s. Nng sut lc t t 8000
10000 m
3
/m
2
h. Sc cn kh ng 100Pa. Hiu qu lc t 96 98%.
Thit b lc t ra c ch to thnh n nguyn din tch b mt lm vic
khong 2 2,5 m
2
. c din tch b mt lc cn thit, ngi ta c th ghp nhiu
n nguyn li vi nhau.
3. Li lc kiu rul t cun.
Vt liu s dng cho li lc kiu rul t cun l loi d th, xp, b dy 50
mm ( trng thi t do, khng b p). Tm vt liu lc di 20 30m c cun
quanh mt trc t trong hp bn trn thit b lc v u kia c ci vo trc quay
pha di ca thit b. Trc quay bn di c truyn ng bng ng c.
Tm lc c ta trn dn li thp cng vo khung ca thit b to thnh b
mt lc dng kh i qua lun lun p tm lc vo dn li thp, lm cho tm lc
khng b chng hay b x rch.
Trn li lc b tr u o (cm bin) chnh lch p sut gia hai mt ca tm
lc. khi chnh lch p sut t n gii hn quy nh, ng c s t ng quay v
- 38 -
cun on tm lc ht kh nng lm vic tri ln thit b mt on tm lc
mi. C nh vy cho n khi ton b cuc vt liu lc cun ht xung trc di.
Lc ngi ta thay cun vt liu lc khc.
Li lc c th xem thuc loi thit b lc bi cp III, thng c s dng
trong cc h thng thng gi v iu ho khng kh mt cch c lp hoc c s
dng nh cp lc th trc cc thit b lc cp II hoc cp I.
4. Li lc bng ti vi hoc ng tay o.
Li lc bng ti vi c th lit vo thit b lc bi cp II vi hiu qu lc c
th thay i trong phm vi rt rng t 10 90% i vi c ht di micrmet.
a. Cu to:
Li lc bng ti vi gm
nhiu ti vi dt t cc loi si
khc nhau nh si len, gai, si
bng vi, si thu tinh lng
vo khung li thp bo v.
Trong cng nghip thng
dng loi ti vi hnh ng v
lp vo mt thit b hon chnh
c km cc b phn c gii
hoc bn c gii gi bi v
c gi l thit b lc ng tay
o.
Thit b gm nhiu ng
tay o c ng knh t 125
300mm, chiu cao t 2 3.5m
u di c lin kt vo bn
y c l trn bng ng
knh ng tay o hoc lng vo
khung v c ng u trn vo
bn c l.
b. Nguyn l hot ng:
Kh cn lc c a vo phu cha bi ri theo cc ng ti vi i t trong ra
ngoi hoc t ngoi vo trong i vo ng gp kh sch v thot ra ngoi. Khi bi
bm nhiu trn mt trong hoc mt ngoi ca ng tay o lm cho sc cn ca
chng tng cao nh hng n nng sut lc, ngi ta tin hnh hon nguyn bng
cch rung gi bi kt hp vi thi kh ngc t ngoi vo trong ng tay o hoc
pht khng kh nn kiu xung lc khng kh i t trong ra ngoi ng tay o.
S rung lc c hc khi ti sinh c hiu qu nht i vi cc ti vi theo hng
dc, nhng nh vy ti vi b mn mnh, c bit phn di. S rung lc cn phi
ngn v t ngt nhng khng qu mnh trnhnhng lc c hc ln tc ng vo
vi.
Bi
Kh bi
Kh sch
Hnh 2.12: Lc tay o
ng gom kh sch
B phn gi bi
Phu cha bi
ng tay o
- 39 -
Cng on rung lc cc ti vi theo phng dc nh sau: nng thanh treo ln 7
10 cm, sau cho ri t do t cao ny cng vi ti vi gy xc va p. Vic
nng v th ti vi c lp i lp li 5 n 15 ln ph thuc vo cc tnh cht ca
bi. Phng php ti sinh ny kh hiu qu v s dng cho cc vi nng. S dao
ng cc ti vi nm ngang thng c s dng cho vi mng vi b mt nhn.
Khi tin hnh ti sinh vi, lp bi lng bm bn ngoi b bong ra v rt xung
phu cha bi, nhng bn trong vi vn cn li mt lng ln bi nm gia cc si
v bm trn x, do khi ti s dng thit b vn gi c hiu sut lc cao.
Thit b lc c ch to thnh nhiu n nguyn v lp ghp nhiu n
nguyn thnh mt h thng c nng sut lc p ng yu cu. h thng lm
vic c lin tc, qu trnh hon nguyn c tin hnh nh k v tun t cho
tng n nguyn hoc tng nhm n nguyn trong lc cc n nguyn khc trong
h thng vn lm vic theo chu k lc bnh thng. Kh thi ngc hay kh nn pht
ra trong qu trnh hon nguyn c dn sang cc n nguyn khc ca h thng
nhp vo vi dng kh cn lc.
Nng sut v hiu qu lc ca thit b lc ti vi hoc ng tay o ph thuc rt
nhiu vo cht liu vi lc.
c. Tnh ton:
Sc cn ca thit b lc khng nn vt qu 750 1500 Pa v ch trong trng
hp c bit c th cho php ln n 2 2.5 kPa. Khi sc cn tng cao c th xy ra
hin tng nh ng tay o b rch ng khu, b bt ra khi cc mi lin kt vi
hp thit b...
tnh mt cch gn ng din tch b mt lc yu cu, cn xc nh lu lng
tng cng ca kh i qua thit b lc.
Din tch b mt lc (b mt ca tt c cc ng tay o) c th xc nh theo
cng thc:
2
2
2 1
2 1
, m S
q
L L
S S S +
+
= + =
Trong :
S
1
- din tch b mt lc ca tt c cc n nguyn cng lm vic ng
thi, m
2
.
S
2
din tch b mt vi lc ca cc n nguyn cn tin hnh chu k
hon nguyn, m
2
.
L
1
- lu lng kh cn lc c k n lng kh thm nhp vo thit b
qua khe h, m
3
/ph.
L
2
lu lng kh thi gi bi, m
3
/ph c th nhn
ph m S L / , ) 8 . 1 5 . 1 (
3
2 2
=
q - nng sut lc n v ca vi lc, m
3
/m
2
.ph

- 40 -
Tr s q c th nhn nh sau tu thuc vo loi vi lc:
Vi lc Len hoc vi bng
si
Vi bng si tng
hp
Vi bng si thu
tinh
Nng sut lc n
v q, m
3
/m
2
.ph
0.6 1.2 0.5 1 0.3 0.9

S lng ng tay o hoc s n nguyn thit b lc c xc nh theo cng
thc:
0
S
S
n =
Trong S
0
din tch b mt ca mt ng tay o, hoc b mt lc ca mt n
nguyn mt cch tng ng, m
2
.
2.5 THIT B LC BI BNG IN
2.5.1 S cu to v nguyn
l lm vic
Thit b lc bi bng in gm
mt dy kim loi nhn tit din b 1
c cn theo trc ca ng kim loi
2 nh c i trng 3.
Dy kim loi c cch in
hon ton vi cc b phn xung
quanh ti v tr 4 v c np in
mt chiu vi in th cao, khong
50000V tr ln. l cc m ca
thit b. cc dng l ng kim loi
vao bc xung quanh cc m v
c ni t. di in th cao m
dy kim loi c np, n s to ra
bn trong ng cc dng mt in
trng mnh v khi dng kh mang
bi i qua, nhng phn t kh trong
dng kh s b ion ha ri truyn
in tch m (electron) cho ht bi
di cc tc ng va p qun tnh
v /hoc khuch tn ion. Nh th
cc ht bi b ht v pha cc dng, ng li trn b mt trong ca ng hnh tr,
mt tch in v ri xung phiu cha bi 5.
Ngoi loi thit b lc bi bng in kiu ng, ngi ta cn c th to cc
dng ht bi bng cc tm bn t song song hai bn cc dy cc m v lc ta
c thit b lc bng in kiu tm bn.
Bi
Kh bn
Kh sch
1
2
3
4 5
Hnh 2.13. Thit b lc bi tnh in dng ng
1- in cc lng; 2- in cc qung sng;
3- Khung; 4- B phn gi bi; 5- Cch in.

- 41 -
Cc kiu thit b lc bi bng in ny gi l loi mt vng, tc l vng ion ha
v vng ht bi cng kt hp lm mt. Nhc im ca loi thit b ny l i hi
phi c ngun in cao p 50 100kV. Vi in p cao nh th nhng hin tng
ph khng mong mun thng xy ra nh to ra kh NO
x
, ozon v.v..v kh phc tp
trong khu cp in. trnh nhng nhc im trn, ngi ta ch to loi thit b
lc bi hai vng.
Trong thit b lc bi hai vng, ngun in c in th 220V c cp vo b
phn nn dng v tng in p to thnh ngun in mt chiu vi in p 13 v
6.5kV. in p 13kV c ni vo in cc dng bng dy thp mnh ng knh
4 8mm t cch nhau c 30mm ca vng ion ha, cn vng thu bi l cc in cc
m dng xen k di dng tm bn t cch nhau 10mm, cc m ni t v cc
dng ni vi ngun in 6.5kV.
Hiu qu lc ca thit b lc bng in ph thuc ch yu vo kch thc ca
ht bi, cng ca in trng v thi gian ht bi nm trong vng tc dng ca
in trng.

Hnh 2.14: Thit b lc bi bng in kiu tm
Tm bn cc
dng ht bi
- 42 -
Hnh 2.15: S nguyn l ca thit b lc
bi bng in hai vng.

2.5.2 Sc ht tnh in - vn tc di chuyn ca ht bi
Mc d loi thit b lc bi bng in mt vng c nhng nhc im trn
nhng c p dng kh ph bin v cc qu trnh vt l xy ra trong cng d
dng l gii bng cc m hnh l ha do ch xem xt loi ny.
Di mt in p ti hn, cc phn t kh hoc khng kh b ion ha in cc
np in v phn chia thnh cc ion dng v m.
Cc ion dng tp trung m c gn in cc m v to thng qung sng
corona xung quanh in cc. nu in p c khng ch di gii hn nguy him
th s khng xy ra tia la in gy s c v tn hao nng lng. Cc ion kh mang
du - s di chuyn v pha cc dng v trn ng chuyn ng chng va p vo
cc ht bi lm cho cc ht bi b tch in m, nh bi b ht vo cc bn cc
thu bi. Qu trnh tch in ca nhng ht bi xy ra rt nhanh do s lng ion dy
c v kch thc ca chng nh hn nhiu so vi ngay c ht bi di micromet;
kt qu l hu ht bi c tch in ngay t tit din vo ca thit b.
in lng m ht bi c th tch c t l thun vi bnh phng ca ng
knh ht.
in lng q m ht bi hnh cu ng knh tch c trong in trng c
cng E
c
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
2
o tc
c o
E p q =
Trong :
2
3
+
=
D
D
p , D l hng s tnh in ca ht bi.
i vi a s loi bi D nm trong khong 28 v p = 1,5 2,4. i vi bi
khng dn in c th ly p =1,75, bi kim loi th D = v lc p = 3.
o
c - h s thm thu in, ) . / ( , 10 . 854 . 8
12
m V C
o

= c
c
E - cng in trng ion ha tc thay i in p trn n v chiu di,
V/m.
- 43 -
q - in lng, culong (C)
o - ng knh ht bi, m
Cng thc trn p dng i vi bi c ng knh m o 5 , 0 > khi qu trnh tch
in ca ht bi xy ra di tc ng va p qun tnh ca ion vo ht bi l ch
yu.
i vi bi c kch thc b ( m o 2 , 0 s ) qu trnh tch in xy ra ch yu l
do khuch tn ion v luc in lng q ca ht bi s xc nh theo cng thc:
o e q
8
10 ~
Trong : e - in tch ca electron, e = 1,6.10
-19
C
Nh vy, in tch cc i m ht bi c ng knh 0.5m nhn c t l
thun vi bnh phng ng knh, cn ht bi vi di 0.2 m - t l thun vi
ng knh.
i vi c bi m o 5 , 0 2 , 0 = c hai tc ng va p v khuch tn u xy ra
v tc tch in nhanh nht l bi c m o 3 , 0 ~
Lc tnh in tc dng ln ht bi 0.5m ca in trng ht E
p
:
2 2
o tc
p o e
E E p F = , i vi thit b lc bi bng in mt vng Ep =1.
2.5.3 Phn loi:
Mt s loi thit b lc bng in l: kiu ng, kiu tm bn, kiu mt vng,
kiu hai vng.
Thit b lc bi bng in kiu 2 vng thng c p dng lc bi trong
cc h thng thng gi, cn kiu mt vng c p dng rt rng ri lc bi
trong hu ht cc lnh vc cng nghip.
Ngoi cc kiu nu trn, ngi ta cn phn bit cc kiu khc ca thit b lc
bi bng in sau y:
Tu thuc vo chiu hng chuyn ng ca dng kh i qua thit b lc, ta c
thit b lc kiu ngang v kiu ng.
V bin php lm sch, thi bi ra khi thit b lc ngi ta phn bit thnh loi
kh v t.
Trong thit b lc bng in loi kh, bi bm trn cc in cc (c in cc thu
bi ln in cc ion ho) c lm sch bng phng php c kh nh rung, va p
bi ri xung phu cha ri bng h thng bn co hoc trc vt bi c thi ra
ngoi.
Trong thit b lc bng in loi t, bi bm trn cc in cc c ty ra
bng cch phun nc, gii nc. Nc c th c phun hoc gii mt cch lin
tc hoc gin on tng chu k. Khi phun nc lin tc, ngi ta ch to thnh
mng nc mng chy trn b mt ca in cc thu bi, nh th bi b ht vo in
cc lp tc c mng nc cun tri xung thng cha m t c kh nng b dng
kh lm tung ra v mang theo ra ngoi.
2.5.4 Phng trnh ca thit b lc bi bng in:
- 44 -
Trng hp thit b lc bi bng in kiu ng, bn knh ng cc dng ht bi
l R, ng knh dy kim loi cc m gia rt nh so vi R ta c th b qua.
Ta chn trc x trng vi dy cc m - trc ca ng hnh tr, trc y vung gc
theo phng bn knh ca hnh tr.
Nu dng kh chuyn ng trong ng vi vn tc trung bnh v nh - ch
chy tng th trng vn tc trn mt ct ngang ca ng s c dng parabon. Vn
tc dng kh chy dc theo trc x ti tung y bt k s tnh bng:
) 1 (
2
2
max
R
y
v v
x
= ,
Trong v
max
l vn tc cc i ti tm ca tit din ng, ng bng 2 ln vn
tc trung bnh ca dng kh trong ng:

2
max
2 2
R
L
v v
TB
t
= =
L l lu lng dng kh i qua ng.
Chiu di ca ng hnh tr ht bi b gi li rong ng l:
R
L
l
te 3
4
=
e l vn tc di chuyn ca ht bi di tc dng ca lc tnh in.
Khi chuyn ng ca kh trong ng l chy ri th trng vn tc trn mt ct
ngang ca ng gn nh l hnh ch nht, vn tc tm cng nh xa tm u bng
nhau const
R
L
v = ~
2
t
, lc ta c:
R
L v
R l
te e
= =
Trong trng hp thit b l kiu tm bn, khi tm bn t cch nhau 2a v c
chiu cao l h vi ch chy ri ca kh gia tm bn ta c:
e e h
L v
a l
2
= =
0
v
max

e
v
x

Hnh 2.16: S tnh ton thit b lc bi bng in kiu ng
- 45 -
a
a
l
C
x

C
o

x
dx
Hnh 2.17: S tnh ton hiu qu lc ca
thit b lc bi bng in kiu tm bn
Cn lu l chuyn ng ca dng kh trong thit b lc bi bng in trn thc
t l mang tnh cht chy ri.
2.5.5 Hiu qu lc theo c ht ca thit b lc bi bng in:
Trng hp thit b lc bi bng in kiu tm bn.
Gi thit rng s phn b nng bi trn tit din ngang ca thit b l nh
nhau v khng ph thuc vo khong cch t ch vo n tit din xem xt.
Gi tr tuyt i ca nng bi dc theo chiu dica thit b gim dn. mc
lc bi ca thit b c xc nh theo tr s trung bnh ca nng b trn tan tit
din ngang ca thit b. Ta k hiu tr s nng trung bnh ni trn ti mt ct
khong cch x tnh t u vo ca thit b l C
x

C
o
l nng ca bi gn bn cc ht bi c th biu din di dng sau:
x o
C C =
Trong :
- h s t l - hng s i vi mi mt bt k gi thit rng quy lut
phn b nng trn mt ct l khng thay i theo x.
Ta c: ) exp(
1 2
av
l
C C
e
=
Trong :
C
1
, C
2
nng bi ban u v cui cng ca kh trc v sau b
lc, mg/m
3
.
l - chiu di ca tm bn, m.
v - vn tc trung bnh ca dng kh i gia cc tm bn, m/s.
Hiu qu lc ca thit b c biu din qua nng u v cui ca bi trong
kh i qua b lc theo biu thc:
1
2 1
C
C C
= q
Thay gi tr C
2
vo biu thc ny ta c:
- 46 -
) exp( 1
av
l e
q =
Trng hp thit b lc bi kiu ng:
Thay v khong cch a ta s c bn knh R ca cc ht bi hnh tr, cn trc x
l trc ca hnh tr v ng thi l cc ion ha ca b lc.
Hiu qu lc ca thit b lc bi bng in kiu ng l:
) exp( 1
Rv
l e
q =
2.6 THIT B LC BI KIU T.
Qu trnh lc bi trong thit b lc kiu t c da trn nguyn l tip xc
gia dng kh mang bi vi cht lng, bi trong dng kh b cht lng gi li v thi
ra ngoi di dng cn bn. Phng php lc bi bng thit b lc kiu t c th
xem l n gin nhng hiu qu rt cao
u im:
- Thit b lc bi kiu c d ch to, gi thnh thp nhng hiu qu lc bi
cao
- C th lc bi c kch thc di 0,1m
- C th lm vic vi kh c nhit v m cao m mt s thit b lc bi
khc khng th p ng c nh b lc ti vi, b lc bng in.
- Thit b lc bi kiu c khng nhng lc bi m cn lc c kh c hi
bng qu trnh hp th, bn cnh n cn c s dng nh thit b lm ngui v
lm m kh m trong nhiu trng hp trc thit b lc bi bng in phi cn n
n.
Nhc im:
- Bi c thi ra di dng cn bn do co th lm phc tp cho h thng
thot nc v s l nc thi.
- Dng kh thot ra t kh t thit b lc c m cao v c th mang theo c
nhng git nc lm han g ng ng, ng khi v cc b phn khc pha sau
thit b lc.
- Trng hp kh thi c cha cht n mn cn bo v thit b v h thng
ng ng bng sn chng g hoc phi ch to thit b v ng ng bng vt liu
khng han g.
Cht lng c s dng ph bin nht trong thit b lc bi kiu t l nc
Thit b lc bi kiu t c chia thnh cc loi sau y ty thuc vo nguyn
l hot ng ca chng:
- Bung phun, bung ra kh rng
- Thit b lc c lp in bng vt liu rng v c ti t
- Thit b lc c a st kh hoc a si bt
- 47 -
- Thit b lc c lp vt liu ht di ng
- Thit b lc theo nguyn l va p qun tnh
- Thit b lc theo nguyn l ly tm
- Thit b lc venturi
2.6.1 Bung phun - Thng ra kh rng.
Bung phun hoc thng ra kh rng c
s dng rt ph bin lc bi th trong kh
thi ng thi lm ngui kh nh l cp lc
chun b v gia cng bi trc thit b lc bng
in nhm gim nng bi ban u v iu
chnh in tr sut ca bi.
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:
Nc c phun t trn xung di v
dng kh c dn ngc chiu t di ln
trn. Cng c th b tr vi phun t bn pha
xung quanh v phun theo phng ngang vo
dng kh.
dng kh phn b c u n trn tit
din ngang ca thit b, ngi ta c b tr b
phn phn phi kh tit din vo ca dng
kh.
Nu cc kh cn lm sch gy tc dng ha
hc vi v thit b th mt trong v c lt
lp bo v l vt liu bn axit.
Nu dng thp rng lm ngui kh th nc cp vo thp c p sut cao 20at
qua m phun vi l phun c ng knh 1- 2mm. trnh tc vi phun, nc phi
c lc trc.
Nu dng thp rng lm ngui kh v thu bi th cng phun dch th
tng n 3 5m
3
cho 1000m
3
kh.
Mc thu bi trong thp ra rng s tng khi tng lng dch th c phun vo
v khi tng b mt git dch th tip xc vi cc ht bi.
Vn tc dng kh trong thit b khang 0.6 1.2 m/s. nu vn tc kh ln hn
nc c th b dng kh mang theo nhiu m tm chn nc khng kh nng
cn li
2.6.2 Thit b kh bi c lp m bng vt liu rng c ti nc.
Thit b kh bi c lp m rng c ti nc con gi l thp ra kh hay
(scrubber)
Cu to: gm mt thng tit din trn hoc ch nht bn trong c cha mt lp
m bng vt liu rng v c ti nc. Lp vt liu rng thng dng l cc
loi khu c hnh dng khc nhau lm bng kim loi mu, s, nha.
Hnh2.18. Thp ra kh rng
1- Kh vo; 2- Kh sch ra; 3- Cht lng
a vo h thng phun; 4- X bi

- 48 -
Hnh 2.19. Thp ra kh c lp m
1- Kh vo; 2- Kh sch ra; 3- Cht lng
a vo h thng phun; 4- X bi; 5- Lp
vl m; 6- Tm c l

Cc thng s k thut c bn ca lp m rng l:
- Din tch b mt n v S
a
din tch b mt tip xc ca 1m
3
vt liu rng,
m
2
/m
3
.

- Din tch tit din rng trn
1m
2
tit din ngang ca lp vt liu
rng S
o
, m
2
/m
2
, tr s S
o
ng thi
cng l th tch rng ca 1m
3
vt liu
rng, m
3
/m
3
.
- ng knh tng ng ca
lp vt liu rng: m
S
S
d
a
o
td
,
4
=
- Sc cn kh ng ca lp vt
liu rng:
td
K K
d S
v
H p
0
2
2
= A
Trong : - h s sc cn kh
ng ca lp vt liu rng.

K
v - vn tc kh i qua
tit din sng ca lp vt liu rng,
m/s.
H chiu cao lp vt
liu rng, m.

K
- khi lng n v ca kh, kg/m
3
.
H s sc cn ph thuc vo ch chuyn ng ca kh trong thit b thng
qua chun s Raynon:
a K K K K
S v / 4 Re =
Khi Re
K
< 80:
85 . 0
Re
400
K
=
Khi 80< Re
K
< 400:
45 . 0
Re
70
K
=
Khi Re
K
> 400:
2 . 0
Re
5 . 16
K
=
Nguyn l hot ng: Kh i t di ln xuyn qua lp vt liu rng, khi tip
xc vi b mt t ca lp vt liu rng bi s bm li cn kh sch thot ra
ngoi. Mt phn bi b nc cun tri xung thng cha v c x di dng bn.
nh k ngi ta s ra lp vt liu rng.
Nhc im ca loi thit b ny l khi vn tc kh cao th thit b ny khng
hot ng c do c hin tng sc nc (nc b thi ngc tr ln v c th
dng tro vo ng ng thot kh sch)
- 49 -
2 3 4 2
1
5
6
kh
kh
Hnh 2.20: Thit b phun nc c lp m rng kiu nm ngang
1.Vi phun, 2.V v khung, 3.H thng ti, 4. Phn khng ti nc ca
lp m thay cho tm chn nc, 5. B cha cn bn, 6. Lp vt liu rng
Ngoi loi thp phun kiu ng vi chuyn ng ngc chiu ca kh v nc,
ngi ta cn ch to loi thit b phun c lp vt liu rng kiu nm ngang. Lai
thit b ny c th lm vic vi vn tc kh ln (c th t 10m/s). Do kch thc
ca thit b s c gn nh hn.

Lng nc phun trong thit b ny thng nm trong khong 0.150.5l/m
3
.
Hiu qu lc t 90% i vi c bi >2m.
Hiu qu lc q ca thit b phun nc kh bi c lp m bng vt liu rng c
th c xc nh bng cng thc sau:
Stk
d
H
q S
o n O
) )( 1 (
exp( 1
+
=
o o
t
q
Trong :
o - hng s thc nghim ph thuc vo loi vt liu rng.
d
o
ng knh hoc kch thc c trng ca cc loi khu dng lm
vt liu rng.
q
n
- lng nc b gi li trong lp vt liu rng
m a n
S q o = m
3
/m
3
;
m
o - b dy ca lp nc lng t b mt tip xc ca lp vt liu
rng.
Stk - chun s Stoke i vi h thng kh v bi vi kch thc c
trng d
o
ca khu vt liu rng.
o K b K
d v Stk o 18 /
2
=
Di y l tr s d
o
v o ca cc khu khc nhau: d
o
, mm o
- Khu Raschig, khu yn nga Berl, khu intalox: 12,7 0,192
- Khu Berl, khu Raschig, khu Pall 25,4 0,19
- 50 -
38,0 0,165
- Than cc 76 127 0,03

2.6.3 Thit b lc bi (ra kh )c a cha nc si bt.
Nguyn l lm vic: nc
c cp vo a va
to mt lp nc c b cao
thch hp, dng kh i t dc
ln trn qua a c l, lm
cho lp nc si bt. Bi
trong kh tip xc vi b mt
ca bong bng nc v b gi
li ri theo nc chy xung
thng cha.
a c l dng trong thit
b l l trn c ng knh do
= 48mm hoc rnh song song
c b rng b = 45 mm. Din
tch sng ca a nm trong
khang 0.20.25m
2
/m
2
. khi s
dng thit b vi mc ch va
lc bi va lm ngui kh th
din tch sng ca a c th
ln n 0.40.5m
2
/m
2
.
Thit b lc bi t kiu a si bt c kh nng lc c bi c kch thc ln
hn hoc bng 5m vi hiu qu lc tng i cao.
Hiu qu lc bi ca thit b lc bi c a cha nc si bt c th c xc
nh theo cc cng thc sau, khng nhng ph thuc v chiu cao lp bt m cn
ph thuc vo cc thng s vt l ca bi:
i vi bi thm t:
04 , 0
2
005 , 0
2
) ( ]
) (
[ 89 , 0
o n
K b
p o
n K
d g
v
h h g
L v
o
q
=
i vi bi kh thm t:
235 , 0
2
005 , 0
2
) ( ]
) (
[ 89 , 0
o n
K b
p o
n K
d g
v
h h g
L v
o
q
=
Trong ngoi cc k hiu quen thuc cn c:
o
h - chiu cao ca l trn a c l (tc b dy ca a)
Hnh 2.21. Thp si bt
1- Kh vo; 2- Kh sch thot ra; 3- Cht lng a
vo h thng phun; 4- X bi; 5- Lp cht lng si
bt; 6- a dc l

- 51 -
p
h - chiu cao tm phn x, m
o
d - ng knh ca l trn trn a c l, m
n
- h s nht ng lc ca nc, Pa.s
K
v - vn tc ca kh qua tit din sng ca a c l, m/s
- 52 -
Chng 3
CC PHNG PHP X L KH THI CNG NGHIP
3.1 C S L THUYT CA CC QU TRNH X L KH THI
3.1.1 Hp th kh bng cht lng
Hp th kh bng cht lng l qu trnh ho tan cht kh trong cht lng khi
chng tip xc vi nhau. C cu ca qu trnh ny c th chia lm 3 bc:
- Khuch tn cc phn t cht nhim th kh khng khi kh thi n b mt
cht lng hp th.
- Thm nhp v ho tan cht kh vo b mt ca cht hp th.
- Khuch tn cht kh ho tan trn b mt ngn cch vo su trong lng
khi cht lng hp th.
1. Mt s vn c bn ca qu trnh trao i cht.
Hin tng dn nhit trong cht kh l kt qu ca s chuyn ng hn lan
ca cc phn t kh, lm chng b xo trn v dn ti s cn bng nng lng gia
cc phn t. Nh c chuyn ng ny m s khc bit cc b ca nng cht kh
trong hn hp s gim dn ngay c khi khng c s can thip ca ngai lc nh
khuy, lc
Ta xem xt mt hn hp gm hai
cht A v B trong bnh ng cng nhit
v p sut. s lng phn t trong
mt n v th tch l n, trong n
A
l
s lng phn t A v n
B
l s lng
phn t cht B, ta s c
B A
n n n + = .
ng hc cht kh chng t rng
cng nhit v p sut s lng phn
t n mi im khc nhau ca bnh l
nh nhau.
Gi thit rng s lng phn t n
A

v n
B
thay i theo phng Z, trong
n
A
nhiu hn pha di ca bnh, cn
n
B
nhiu hn pha trn ca bnh. Lc
ta c s chuyn ng ca phn t A
t di y bnh i ln trn v cc phn
t cht B t bn trn chuyn ng xung di.
S lng phn t cht A t di i ln qua mt ct O-O s c xc nh theo
biu thc:
dZ
dn
D N
A
AB A
=
n
= n
A
+ n
B

N
A

N
B

0
Z
Hnh 3.1: Biu din qu trnh trao i
cht ca hai cht A v B trong hn hp
- 53 -
V s lng t cht B t trn i xung qua mt ct O-O s l:
dZ
dn
D N
B
BA B
=
Trong :
AB
D - h s khuch tn ca cht A trong hn hp A-B
BA
D - h s khuch tn ca cht B trong hn hp B-A
dZ
dn
A
,
dZ
dn
B
- ln lt l gradian mt phn t cht A v B theo
phng Z.
T cc iu kin
B A
n n n + = v n = const ta rt ra c:
dZ
dn
A
= -
dZ
dn
B

m bo iu kin n = const, s lng phn t ni chung i qua mt phng
O-O phi bng khng ( 0 = +
B A
N N ). Do
BA AB
D D = - tc l h s khuch tn
cht A v cht B trong hn hp A-B l bng nhau. V vy ta c th vit ngn gn h
s khuch tn l D
Phng trnh khuch tn cn c th c biu din qua gradian nng :
dZ
dC
D m
A
A
= (nh lut Fick)
Trong :
m
A
- dng khi lng cht A i qua n v th tch trong n v thi
gian, kg/m
2
.s hoc mol/m
2
.s
C
A
- nng cht A, kg/m
3
hoc mol/m
3
.
Z - l khong cch, m.
D - h s khuch tn, m
2
/s.
2. Trao i cht v l thuyt hai lp bin (hai lp mng).
trao i mt lng cht nhim t kh thi vo cht lng hp th, cn phi
trao i cc phn t qua vng ranh gii gi l lp bin (mng, phim). Cc phn t
i qua lp bin t hai pha, mt s t pha cht kh, mt s t pha cht lng. Cng
trao i thc ph thuc vo cc yu t tc ng nh: nhit , p sut, nng ,
ho tan. Nng phn t pha cht kh ph thuc vo c hai hin tng khuch
tn: khuch tn ri v khuch tn phn t. Thng thng khuch tn ri c tc dng
lm cho nng phn t c u n trong khi kh cn khuch tn phn t c tc
dng lm cho cc phn t kh chuyn ng v pha lp bin. pha cht lng cng
xy ra hin tng tng t nh trn, trong khuch tn ri c hnh thnh gi
cho nng c u n trong ton b khi cht lng, cn khuch tn phn t
dch chuyn cc phn t n lp bin v i vo pha kh. Nu cc phn t ca kh i
qua lp bin v i vo cht lng c phn ng ho hc vi cht lng hoc b gi li
bng cc qu trnh vt l khc lm cho chng khng th quay tr li khi kh th
cng trao i thc ca kh vo cht lng s tng.
- 54 -
tin cho phn tch l gii, ta xem rng lp bin ngn cch gia cc pha kh
v lng gm c hai lp: mt lp bin kh v mt lp bin lng ngi ta gi l
l thuyt hai lp bin (hai lp mng) v c th hin hnh 3.2.
Cng trao i cht t pha ny sang pha kia l t l thun theo din tch tip
xc v th nng trao i cht vi h s t l k c gi l h s trao i cht.
Xt ring l tng lp bin ta c th vit phng trnh trao i cht nh sau:
i vi lp bin kh:
) (
Ai AG G A
p p k N =
i vi lp bin lng:
) (
AL Ai L A
C C k N =
Trong :
N
A
- cng trao i cht ca cht A qua n v din tch ca lp bin,
mol/m
2
.h hoc kg/m
2
.h.
p
AG
- p sut ring ca cht kh A trong khi kh( cch xa lp bin), atm hoc
mmHg.
p
Ai
- p sut ring ca cht kh A thuc pha kh trong lp bin kh trn b mt
cht lng, atm hoc mmHg.
C
Ai
- nng cht A thuc pha lng trong lp bin cht lng, kg/m
3
hoc g/l.
C
AL
- nng cht A thuc pha lng trong khi cht lng (cch xa lp bin
lng), kg/m
3
hoc g/l.
k
G
- h s trao i cht thuc pha kh ca lp bin kh tnh theo chnh lch p
sut ring, mol/m
2
.h.atm hoc kg/m
2
.h.atm, kg/m
2
.h.mmHg.
k
L
- h s trao i cht ca lp bin cht lng tnh theo chnh lch nng ,
mol/m
2
.h.kg/m
3
hoc kg/m
2
.h.kg/m
3
m/h.
3. Cc phng trnh ca qu trnh hp th:
Hp th kh l thu mt cht kh hoc hi bng cht lng nh cc qu trnh vt
l v ho hc. Trong qu trnh hp th, cht b hp th c ho tan vo trong pha
lng - cht hp th.
Pha kh
Pha lng
Khuch tn phn t
Khuch tn phn t
Lp bin kh
Lp bin cht lng
y
Ai

y
AG
p
AG

p
Ai

x
Ai
C
Ai

x
AL

C
AL

Hnh 3.2: M hnh hai lp bin ngn cch gia hai pha kh v lng
- 55 -
hp th c cht nhim, cc phn t cht nhim cn c khuch tn
n b mt lp bin ngn cch, i qua c hai lp bin kh v lng v cui cng thm
nhp vo khi cht lng. C ngha l cng trao i thc ca phn t qua mi
lp bin l nh nhau, do ta c:
) ( ) (
AL Ai L Ai AG G A
C C k p p k N = =
Phng trnh trn cn c th c biu din qua chnh lch ca t sut mol ca
cht kh cn hp th trong pha kh cng nh trong pha lng:
) ( ) (
AL Ai x Ai AG y A
x x k y y k N = =
Trong :

Ai AG
y y
,
- ln lt l t sut mol ca cht A trong khi kh v trong lp bin
kh st b mt ngn cch.

Ai AL
x x
,
- ln lt l t sut mol ca cht A trong khi cht lng v trong lp
bin cht lng st b mt ngn cch.
y x
k k
,
- ln lt l h s trao i cht ca lp bin lng v lp bin kh tnh
theo chnh lch t sut mol, mol/m
2
.h.
T sut mol l t s gia s mol cht kh A trn tng s mol ca c cht A v B
trong hn hp kh A - B. i vi pha lng: l t s gia s mol ca cht kh A
trn tng s mol ca dung mi v cht ho tan.
Nng C, p sut p, p sut ton phn P v t sut mol c lin quan cht ch
vi nhau ( P y p
i i
= ), do :
L M x
k k ~ v
G y
Pk k =
Trong :

M
- Khi lng n v ca pha lng.
P - p sut ton phn ca pha kh.
Trong qu trnh hp th bng cht lng, cht nhim ho tan A cn c
khuch tn ra khi pha kh v thm nhp vo pha lng, chng thng c gi thit
rng hai pha kh v lng trong hai lp bin lun lun trng thi cn bng trn tt
c cc im ca b mt tip xc v khng c mt tr lc no ng k xy ra i vi
qu trnh khuch tn gia hai lp bin ca b mt tip xc. Kt qu l cc i lng
C
Ai
, p
Ai
hoc x
Ai
v y
Ai
lun nm trong mi quan h cn bng. iu c ngha l
tng cp cc i lng C
Ai
v p
Ai
, x
Ai
v y
Ai
trong cng thc nu bit i lng
ny th xc nh c i lng kia. Trong lc cc i lng y
AG
trong khi kh
v x
AL
trong khi cht lng khng trng thi cn bng v rng nu trng thi cn
bng th qu trnh khuch tn s khng xy ra na.
Nng A trong pha kh gim rt nhanh t y
AG
n y
Ai
ti im st b mt
ngn cch. Trn b mt ngn cch y
Ai
v x
Ai
trng thi cn bng. Trong pha lng
nng cht A th hin qua t sut mol x
A
cng nhanh chng t tr s x
Ai
trn b
mt ngn cch n tr s x
AL
trong lng khi cht lng.
- 56 -
4. Tnh ton thit b hp th:
Thit b hp th c chc nng to ra b mt tip xc cng ln cng tt gia hai
pha kh v lng. C rt nhiu kiu khc nhau ca thit b hp th, nhng c th phn
chia lm bn loi chnh sau:
- Bung phun, thp phun: trong cht lng c phun thnh git nh trong
th tch rng ca thit b v cho dng kh i qua.
- Thit b sc kh: kh c phn tn di dng bong bng i qua lp cht
lng. Qu trnh phn tn kh c th thc hin bng cch cho kh i qua tm xp, tm
c l hoc bng cnh khuy c hc.
- Thit b hp th kiu si bt: kh i qua tm c l bn trn c cha lp nc
mng.
- Thit b hp th c lp m bng vt liu rng. Cht lng c ti trn lp
m rng v chy xung di to ra b mt t ca lp m dng kh tip xc
khi i qua.
L thuyt tnh ton thit b hp th thng thng c tin hnh i vi loi
thit b c lp m rng v chuyn ng ngc chiu vi dng kh v cht lng.
Cht lng (cht hp th) chy t trn xung di v dng kh c thi t di ln
trn.
Cc s liu ban u:
- Kh giu cht nhim i
vo thp vi lu lng G
1
,
mol/m
2
.h cha cht A vi t sut
mol y
1
.
- T sut mol ca cht A
trong kh sau x l thot ra ngoi
cn t l y
2
.
- T sut mol ca cht A c
trong cht lng hp th u vo
x
2
.
- Quan h gia y*, x* trn
ng cong cn bng.
Nhim v tnh ton l xc
nh chiu cao Z
T
ca thp v lu
lng cht lng hp th L
2
cn
c ti vo thp t c
yu cu ra vi mong mun sao
cho L
2
nh nht c th c.
Trong pha kh v pha lng
u gm hai thnh phn: kh tr v kh A v cht lng tr (dung mi) v kh A (cht
ho tan). G v L l lu lng tng bao gm c phn kh tr hoc cht lng tr cng
vi cht A. Nh vy G v L thay i theo tng v tr trn chiu cao thp v c s di
G L
x y
Kh ra
G
2
, y
2

Cht lng vo
L
2
, x
2

Cht lng ra
L
1
, x
1

Kh vo
G
1
, y
1

1
1
2 2
Z
T

Z
dz
Hnh 3.3: S tnh ton thp hp th.
- 57 -
chuyn ca kh A t pha kh sang pha lng, trong lc phn tr l hng s. Ta k
hiu phn tr mt cch tng ng l G v L.
Mi quan h gia t sut mol (x, y) vi t s mol (X, Y) rt thng gp trong
tnh ton hp th. Nu gi SM
A
v SM
B
l s lng mol ca cht A v cht B (phn
tr) trong mi pha ta c:
x hoc y
B A
A
SM SM
SM
+
=
X hoc Y
B
A
SM
SM
=
X
X
x
+
=
1
;
Y
Y
y
+
=
1

x
x
X
=
1
;
y
y
Y
=
1

Trn hnh 3.4 cc im B(x
1
, y
1
) v C(x
2
, y
2
) l cc im biu din trng thi
ca h thng kh - cht lng mt cch tng ng cc mt ct 1- 1, 2 - 2 ca thp;
im Q l im c trng cho h thng ti mt s v tr bt k no ca thp, cn
im M l c trng cho thnh phn cc pha trn b mt ngn cch (lp bin). ng
lc ca qu trnh trao i cht t l theo on thng QM.

im Q lun lun nm v pha trn ng cn bng. Khi im Q tin gn im
M th ng lc ca qu trnh tin n trit tiu. Khi Q v m trng nhau ti mt v tr
no ca thp th qu trnh trao i cht chm dt bi v t v tr tr i hai pha
ca h thng trng thi cn bng. xc nh tr s min ca L ta cn thit lp
phng trnh cn bng vt cht i vi cht A trong thp hp th.
Trn ton b thp ta c:
2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
y G x L y G x L + = +
x
1

B
B
C
Q
M
y
1

y
y
2

x
*
1
x
x
2

ng cn bng
ng lm
vic
(L/G)min
Hnh 3.4: ng cong cn bng v
ng lm vic ca thp hp th
- 58 -
Trong : (G
1
, L
1
) v (G
2
, L
2
) l lu lng hoc cng dng mol ca pha
kh v pha lng y v nh ca thp.
Ti ta Z bt k ca thp lu lng ca cc pha l G v L. Lc phng
trnh cn bng gia lng mol cht A i vo v i ra khi phn trn ca thp vi ta
Z s l :
2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
y G x L y G x L + = +
Sau khi chuyn i cc s hng ta c :
) (
1
1 2
Lx Gy
G
x
G
L
y + =
Trn h trc x - y phng trnh trn l mt ng cong (l ng thng nu G
v L l hng s trn ton b chiu cao ca thp) th hin mi quan h ca thnh
phn kh A trong cc dng kh v dng cht lng. ng biu din y c gi l
dng thao tc hay ng lm vic . Trng thi ca cc pha y v nh ca thp
(x
1
, y
1
) v (x
2
, y
2
) chnh l im u v cui ca ng lm vic (B, C)
v c ng lm vic, ta cn bit G v L ti mi im trn chiu cao ca
thp. Trong trng hp hp th, ch c cht A c trao i gia cc pha, ta c:
y
G
G
=
1
'
,
x
L
L
=
1
'

Trong , G v L l hng s.
Ta cng c th lp lun:
2
2
1
'
y
G
G
= v
2
2
1
'
x
L
L
=
Do ta c ng thc :
)
1 1
( ' )
1 1
( '
2
2
2
2
y
y
y
y
G
x
x
x
x
L

Nu t sut mol ca cht A trong mi pha l tng i b th ' G G ~ v ' L L ~ .
Lc ng lm vic l mt ng thng c dc l L/G.
Ta xt hai ng lm vic trn hnh 3.4 ng vi cc trng hp L/G thay i
dc theo chiu cao ca thp. T s L/G cng ln th ng lm vic cng dc ng
v v ng lc ca qu trnh cng ln. ng vi G cho trc, nu L cng nh th
dc ca ng lm vic cng nh, tc ng lm vic cng c xu hng nm
nghing thoai thoi. Trong trng hp ny nu im C(x
2
, y
2
) c n nh
trc (theo yu cu x l) th im u tc l im B ca ng lm vic s tin
gn n im cn bng, tc l x
1
tng, L gim, ko theo l ng lc ca qu trnh
gim v do i hi thp phi c kch thc ln mi m bo yu cu kh kh
cho. Gii hn cc i x
1
v cc tiu ca L c th t c khi im B tin st ng
cn bng - im B. Ti cc pha trong thit b hp th s cn bng v qu trnh
hp th s khng th xy ra cho d thp c kch thc v cng ln.
Ta c th xc nh gii hn cc tiu ca L/G bng cch thay y = y
1
v x = x
1
*
vo trong phng trnh, trong x
1
* l honh ca im B nm trn ng cn
bng ng vi tung y
1
.
- 59 -
Gii hn cc tiu (L/G)
min
ng vi im B l im m ti ng lc ca
qu trnh trit tiu v qu trnh trao i cht khng th xy ra. Do tr s
L/Gthc t phi ln hn gii hn (L/G)
min
. Nu L/G ln hn nhng st vi
(L/G)
min
th kch thc ca thp vn rt ln. Cn nu L/G ln hn cng nhiu so
vi (L/G)
min
th khong cch gia ng lm vic v ng cn bng cng ln,
ng lc ca qu trnh cng ln, kch thc ca thp cng nh, nhng lc lu
lng ca pha lng cng ln, ko theo chi ph cng nhiu in nng cho bm cp
cht lng hp th. y l vn so snh kinh t gia cc phng n gia kinh ph
u t ban u cho thit b v kinh ph vn hnh. Thng thng tr s L/G hp l
c nhn bng 1,3 1,7 ln gii hn cc tiu (L/G)
min.
Gi thit L cho trc, vn t ra l cn xc nh chiu cao Z
T
ca thp.
Z
T
c tnh theo cc cng thc sau:
}

=
1
2
*) )( 1 (
) (
y
y y
T
y y y
dy
a K
G
Z
}

=
1
2
) * )( 1 (
) (
x
x x
T
x x x
dx
a K
L
Z
}

=
1
2
*) )( 1 (
) (
y
y G
T
y y y
dy
aP K
G
Z
}

=
1
2
) * )( 1 (
) (
x
x M L
T
x x x
dx
a K
L
Z

Trong :
y G
K K , - h s trao i cht tng cc b ca pha kh ng vi chnh lch
p sut v chnh lch t sut mol.
x L
K K , - h s trao i cht tng cc b ca pha lng ng vi chnh lch
p sut v chnh lch t sut mol.
a - din tch b mt tip xc gia hai pha quy v cho 1 n v th tch
(1m
3
) ca lp m bng vt liu rng.
P p y / = , vi p l p sut ring phn, P l p sut ton phn.
M
C x / ~ , trong C l nng tnh theo n v kg/m
3
hoc g/l.
M
l
khi lng n v ca pha lng, kg/m
3
hoc g/l.

5. Cc cht hp th cn dng kh cc loi kh c hi khc nhau:
Trong k thut x l kh thi bng phng php hp th, nc l loi cht
hp th sn c, gi r v thun tin nht. Tuy nhin nc ch hp th c mt s t
loi kh c hi, hn na mc hp th vt l ca nc cng b hn ch. Trong
nhiu trng hp ngi ta phi p dng phng php hp th ha hc bng cc loi
dung dch ha cht khc nhau ty theo cht c hi cn kh:

- 60 -
Bng 3.1:Mt s cht hp ph ph bin trong x l kh c hi

Kh c hi cn kh Cht hp th
Oxit ca nit: N
2
O
3
, NO
2
, N
2
O
5
Dung dch nc v cht huyn ph: NaOH,
Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
, KOH, K
2
CO
3
, KHCO
3
,
Ca(OH)
2
, CaCO
3
, Mg(OH)
2
, MgCO
3
, Ba(OH)
2
,
BaCO
3
, NH
4
HCO
3

NO Dung dch FeCl
2
, FeSO
4
, Na
2
SO
3
, Na
2
S
2
O
3
,
NaHCO
3
, NaHSO
3
.
SO
2
Nc, dung dch nc:Na
2
SO
3
(18%25%),
NH
4
OH (515%), Ca(OH)
2
(1520%), NaOH
(1525%), KOH, (NH
4
)
2
SO
3
(2025%), ZnSO
3
,
K
2
CO
3
, CaCO
3
, MgO, ZnO, dung dch xiliin-
nc 1:1, (CH
3
)
2
C
6
H
3
NH
2
nc, imetylanilin
C
6
H
5
N(CH
3
)
2

H
2
S Dung dch nc Na
2
CO
3
+ Na
3
AsO
4
(Na
2
HASO
3
);
dung dch nc AsO
3
(810g/l) + NH
3
(1.21.5g/l)
+ (NH
4
)
3
AsO
3
(3.56g/l); dung dch
monoetanolamin (10 15%); dung dch K
3
PO
4

(40 50%), NH
4
OH, K
2
CO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
, CaCN
2

CO Nit lng, dung dch [Cu(NH
3
)]
n
, COCH
CO
2
Dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
, NaOH, KOH,
Ca(OH)
2
, NH
4
(OH), etanolamin RNH
2
, R
2
NH
4

Cl
2
Dung dch NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2
, Na
2
CO
3
,
Na
2
S
2
O
3
, CCL
4

Hi, sng HCl Nc, dung dch NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2
, Na
2
CO
3
,
K
2
CO
3
.
Hp cht flo: HF, SiF
4
Nc, dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, NaOH, Ca(OH)
2

3.1.2 Hp ph kh bng vt liu rn
1. Gii thiu chung.
Hp ph l qu trnh phn ly kh da trn i lc ca mt s cht rn i vi mt
s loi kh c mt trong hn hp kh ni chung v trong kh thi ni ring, trong
qu trnh cc phn t cht kh nhim trong kh thi b gi li trn b mt ca
vt liu rn. vt liu rn s dng trong qu trnh ny gi l cht hp ph, cn cht
kh b gi li trong cht hp ph gi l cht b hp ph.
Qu trnh hp ph c s dng rng ri kh m trong khng kh hoc trong
mi trng kh ni chung, kh kh c hi v mi trong kh thi, thu hi cc loi
hi, kh c gi tr ln trong khng kh hoc trong kh thi.
Qu trnh hp ph thng c p dng rt ph hp cho cc trng hp sau:
- 61 -
- Cht kh nhim khng chy c hoc kh chy.
- Cht kh cn kh c gi tr v cn thu hi.
- Cht kh nhim c nng thp trong kh thi m cc qu trnh kh khc
khng th p dng c.
Qu trnh hp ph c chia lm hai loi: hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc
a. Hp ph vt l:
Cc phn t kh b ht vo b mt ca cht hp ph nh c lc lin kt gia cc
phn t (lc Vander waals).
Hp ph l qu trnh ta nhit. lng hit ta ra ph thuc vo cng lin
kt phn t v tng ng vi entanpy (nhit) ngng t ca hi, kh. Lng nhit
nm trong khang t 2 20kJ/g.mol
u im:
- L qu trnh thun nghch. Bng cch h thp p sut ring ca cht kh cn
hp ph hay thay i nhit , kh b hp ph nhanh chng c nh ra m bn
cht ha hc ca n khng h b thay i.
- Tnh thun nghch ca qu trnh vt l c ngha c bit quan trng khi cn
thu hi cht b hp ph c gi tr hoc khi cn han nguyn cht hp ph bo
ha.
- Lng kh b hp ph gim rt nhanh khi nhit tng v t l thun vi
din tch b mt ca cht hp ph.
- Tc hp ph din ra rt nhanh
b. Hp ph ha hc:
Hp ph ha hc l kt qu ca cc phn ng ha hc gia cht b hp ph v
vt liu hp ph
Mt s c im khc bit gia hp ph ha hc so vi hp ph vt l:
- Hp ph ha hc l qu trnh khng thun nghch.
- Khi cn gii thot kh b hp ph trong qu trnh hp ph ha hc th bn
cht ha hc ca kh b thay i.
- Lc lin kt mnh hn nhiu so vi lc lin kt trong hp ph vt l. Do ,
lng nhit ta ra nhiu hn.
2. Vt liu hp ph
Cht hp ph l cc loi vt liu dng ht t 6 - 10 mm xung n c 200m
c rng ln c hnh thnh do nhng mch mao qun li ti nm bn trong khi
vt liu.
ng knh ca mao qun ch ln hn mt s t ln ng knh phn t ca
cht cn hp ph th vt liu hp ph mi c tc dng tt. Do cha nhiu mao qun,
nn b mt tip xc ca vt liu tng i ln. V d than hot tnh c b mt hiu
qu ln n 10
5
10
6
m
2
/kg. Ngoi b mt tip xc ra, vt liu hp ph cn c mt
s tnh cht ho hc cn thit ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc cu chng. V d
- 62 -
than hot tnh c i lc mnh vi hydrocacbon, trong lc silicagel c tnh ht nc
rt mnh. Than hot tnh v silicagel u c kh nng phc hi (hon nguyn).
Kch thc l rng (ng knh mao qun) ng vai tr quan trng lm cho vt
liu hp ph c kh nng hp ph cht ny hoc cht khc tc c tnh la chn. v
d nh nu ng knh mao qun l 0,003m th vt liu c th hp ph cc cht
nh H
2
O, NH
3
. Nu ng knh tng ln n 0,004m, cc loi phn t ln hn
nh CO
2
, SO
2
, H
2
S, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
6
v C
2
H
5
OH u c th b hp ph. Khi ng knh
mao qun 0,005m vt liu cn hp ph c parafin v cc hydrocacbon mch
vng.
Vt liu hp ph cn p ng cc nhu cu sau y:
- C kh nng hp ph cao
- C phm vi tc dng rng - kh c nhiu loi cht khc nhau
- C bn c hc cn thit
- C kh nng hon nguyn d dng
- Gi thnh r
Vt liu hp ph c th c chia thnh 3 nhm chnh:
- Vt liu khng c cc: trn b mt cu chng xy ra ch yu l hp ph vt
l
- Vt liu c cc: trn b mt cu chng xy ra qu trnh hp ph ha hc
nhng khng lm thay i cu trc phn t cht b hp ph cng nh cu trc b
mt ca vt liu hp ph.
- Vt liu m trn b mt cu chng xy ra qu trnh hp ph ho hc v qu
trnh lm thay i cu trc ca phn t cht b hp ph.
Mt s vt liu hp ph ph bin.
a. Than hot tnh
L vt liu hon ton cu to bi 1 dng nguyn t trung tnh c cc din tch
phn b u trn b mt. B mt hiu qu ln n 105 106 m
2
/kg.
Than hot tnh c ch to t nhng nguyn liu c ngun gc khc nhau c
cha thnh phn carbon nh: than, xenlulose, g, s da, b ma, tre, na, mn ca,
v tru.
Thnh phn chnh ca than hot tnh l C. Ngoi ra, than hot tnh cn c cha
cc nguyn t khc ch yu l cc kim loi dng oxt, O
2
, H
2
c hnh thnh do
qu trnh than ho v hot ho to nn cc phc cht cha O
2
c gi l cc oxt
b mt hay cc nhm chc b mt.
Than hot tnh gm c bn dng:
- Than hot tnh dng ht (GAC) c kch thc t 0.2 n 5mm. (hnh a.)
- Than hot tnh dng bt (PAC) c kch thc thng nh hn 0.18mm.
(hnh b.)
- Than hot tnh vi. (hnh c)
- Than hot tnh vin: c dng hnh tr, ng knh t 0,8 n 5mm. (hnh d.)
- 63 -

c im v tnh cht ca than.
- Tc hp ph tng khi kch thc ht gim.
- Din tch b mt cng ln th dung lng hp ph cng ln.
Than bt:
- Din tch b mt khng ln lm.
- xp cao.
- Thng s dng hp ph trong pha lng.
Than ht:
- b c hc cao.
- Din tch b mt v dung lng hp ph ln.
- Thng dng hp ph kh, kh mi.
Than vi:
- Hp ph nhanh.
- lc tinh khit cao.
- Nh v d co gin.
- C mng bn thm cho php si vi d trao i cht.
- Mang cc tnh cht ca si vi.
- Thi gian s dng lu, c th ti sinh v git.
- C hiu qu nhng ng dng t.
Than hot tnh vin:
a.
b.
c.
d.
- 64 -
- Thng s dng trong hp ph cc pha kh.
- Chu p lc km.
- bn c hc cao.
- Dung lng hp ph bi thp
Vi nhng c im v ng knh mao qun than hot tnh c s dng
hp ph cc cht sau:
- Hi axit, ru, benzen, toluel etylaxetat vi mc hp ph bng 50% trng
lng bn thn.
- Axeton, acrolein, Cl, H
2
S vi mc 10-25%
- CO
2
, etylen: mc thp
- Mi v hu ht cc kh
Than hot tnh vi c ng dng lm:
- Lm qun o chng thng bo v con ngi khi cc tc nhn ho hc,
sinh hc, ht nhn.
- Lm mt n, khu trang chng c
b. Silicagel .
Silicagel l mt cht hp ph c thnh
phn ho hc ch yu l silic oxt c cu trc
rt xp.
Silicagel ht cha rt nhiu qu cu SiO
2

nh, cc qu cu nh SiO
2
t li vi nhau, sp
xp khng theo mt trt t no v mt hnh
hc. Khong khng gian gia cc qu cu nh
chnh l l xp, tng din tch b mt ngoi
ca cc qu cu nh l din tch b mt ca
silicagel. xp ca silicagel c th t n 50-60%, din tch b mt ca mt s
loi t ti 800m
2
/g.
Sn phm silicagel lu hnh trn th trng c chia lm hai loi:
- Mao qun ln: thng dng lm cht hp ph trong phn tch sc k (sc
k kh, bn mng, sc k rn-lng, sc k cao p, loi ny trc khi s dng thng
c bin tnh b mt.
- Mao qun nh: c dung lng hp ph ln hn mao qun ln.
c im:
- Silicagel c ng dng dng ht c kch thc t 0.2 n 0.7mm.
- B mt tip xc ca silicagel l 600m
2
/g.
- Cht hp ph phn cc a nc
u im:
- Khng d chy.
- Chi ph hon nguyn thp hn cc cht hp ph khong cht khc.
- 65 -
- bn c hc (chu mi mn, chu nn) tng i cao.
- Gi thnh thp khi sn xut nhiu.
Silicagel c s dng ch yu:
- Lm cht ht m.
- Lm cht xc tc.
- Lm mt n phng c.
- Tinh ch du m.
- Trong phn tch, lm cht hp ph hay cht mang sc k.
c. Zeolit.
Zeolite l tn gi mt nhm khong cht
alumosilicat cu trc tinh th, thnh phn ho hc ch
yu l nhm oxt v silic oxt sp xp theo mt trt t
no v vi t l nht nh. Trt t sp xp v t l
Al:Si dn n cc loi zeolite khc nhau. Ngoi ra,
trong zeolite cn tn ti cc ion dng (ho tr 1, 2, 3)
khng gn vo v tr c nh, n linh ng v c th
trao i vi cc ion khc bn ngoi.
Theo ngun gc th c hai loi: Zeolite t nhin
v zeolite tng hp
Zeolite t nhin cc m ln trn th gii thng khng sch, c ln nhiu tp
cht v vy t c gi tr v k thut. Do , da vo cc qu trnh a ho trong thin
nhin con ngi c th tng hp ra nhiu loi zeolite khc nhau.
c im:
- L cht hp ph xp, xp ca n chnh l cc knh ni cc hc vi nhau.
- t c s dng dng bt, thng c to vin vi cht kt dnh. Trong
qu trnh to vin hnh thnh h mao qun th cp. Din tch b mt ca h mao
qun th cp chnh l din tch ca cc ht tinh th, n nh so vi din tch ca h
mao qun s cp, t khi vt qu 5 m
2
/g so vi din tch 700-1200 m
2
/g. Kch thc
ca mao qun th cp ph thuc vo c ht tinh th, s phn b kch thc ca
chng, hm lng cht kt dnh cng nh p sut to vin. Hm lng cht kt dnh
cao v p sut nn ln cng lm gim xp ca n. Qu trnh to ht t nh hng
ti dung lng hp ph ca zeolite.
- Lc hp thu ca zeolite ch yu l lc tng tc tnh in hay nh hng,
lc tn x ng gp khng nhiu. V vy cc phn t c tng tc lng cc, t cc
hay phn cc hp ph tt hn nhiu so vi cc phn t khng phn cc v loi lin
kt n.
- B mt ht nc, phn cc rnh u n.
- C kh nng trao i ion.
ng dng:
- Kh nc, phn ring khng kh.
- 66 -
- Lm cht hp ph trong cng nghip lc du: tch n-paraffin ra khi hn hp
iso-paraffin hoc cc cht thm.
- Zeolite c s dng rng ri trong k thut xc tc vi chc nng lm chc
hp ph nhm loi b nhng tc nhn gy hi cho xc tc.
- Zeolite c s dng lm cht trao i ion. Mt s mt li th hn ca
zeolite so vi nha trao i: Dung lng trao i ln, chn lc cao i vi cc
ion kim loi, trng n trong nc thp.
- Tch hp cht c phn cc khc nhau.
- Kh mi v kh khun.
- Hp ph ammonia v ammonium c trong khi thi
d. Nhm hot tnh.
L vt liu mu trng ng khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong axit m c,
khi nung nhit cao n s chuyn sang dng th hnh khc v khng tan trong
axit.
Khi loi b nc ca nhm hydroxit dng ortho hay meta hay nung nhm
oxihydrat s hnh thnh -Al
2
O
3
tinh th.

-Al
2
O
3
tan trong c axit v kim. Tu iu kin ch to, ht -Al
2
O
3
tinh
th rt khc nhau, mc sai lch tinh th cng khc nhau v kh nng ht m tt.
Thnh phn ho hc:
Bng 3.2: Thnh phn ha hc ca nhm hot tnh
Thnh phn. % theo khi lng kh.
SiO
2
0.02
Fe
2
O
3
0.02
Na
2
O 0.30-0.35
Al
2
O
3
93.1-93.6
Phn mt mt do bc chy 6.0-6.5

c im:
- L cht hp ph ho nc.
- Din tch b mt ln c th t 30-300 m
2
/g.
2 Al(OH)
3
2 AlO(OH) 2 - Al
2
O
3

150
o
C 300
o
C
-2H
2
O -H
2
O
- 67 -
Hi nc
Kh thi vo
Kh sau x l
Thit b hp ph 1
Thit b hp ph 2
Chu k hon
nguyn
Chu k hp
ph
Ngng t
Lng
Nc thi
X cn
- Dung lng hp ph cao.
- Chu mi mn tt.
ng dng: Nhm oxt c s dng lm:
- Cht sy kh kh.
- Cht mang xc tc.
- X l phn on du m.
- Kh mi.
3. Thit b hp ph
Trong thit b hp ph, vt liu hp ph c thnh lp m c b dy nht
nh v cho dng kh i qua.
Thng s quan trng ca lp m bng vt liu hp ph l sc cn kh ng ca
n phI nm trong phm vi thch hp tn tht p sut ca dng kh i qua thit b
khng qu ln, ng thi m bo thi gian thip xc gia kh v vt liu hp ph.
Thng thng vn tc kh trn tan b tit din ngang ca thit b nm trong
khong 0.1 0.5 m/s v thi gian lu ca dng kh trong lp vt liu khang 1 6s.
Yu cu ra khi thit k hoc la chn thit b hp ph:
- m bo thi gian chu k lm vic thch hp.
- C x l s b i vi kh thi loi b cc cht khng th hp ph c.
- X l lm gim bt nng ban u ca cht cn kh trong kh thi bo
v lp vt liu hp ph khi b qu ti.
- Phn phi dng kh i qua lp vt liu hp ph mt cch u n.
- m bo kh nng thay th mi hoc hon nguyn vt liu hp ph sau t
trng thi bo ho.
Khi thit k h thng hp ph, ta c th chn phng n hot ng tng t hay
lin tc, c hon nguyn hoc khng hon nguyn. Trong h thng hp ph lm
vic lin tc gm hai thit b, ci ny lm vic chu k hp ph th ci kia lm vic
theo chu k hon nguyn.
Hnh 3.5: S h thng hp ph gm hai thit b hp ph ni song song;

- 68 -
4. ng c tnh hay cn gi l ng cn bng ng nhit ca vt liu
hp ph.
phc v cho tnh
ton thit k h thng hp
ph, mt thng s quan
trng ca vt liu hp ph
cn xc nh bng thc
nghim, l kh nng hp
ph ca vt liu i vi
cht cn hp ph (kg/kg)
ng vi nhit v p sut
ring khc nhau ca cht
cn hp ph trong kh thi.
Cc thng s ny c
thit lp thnh ng biu
din gi l ng c tnh
hay ng cn bng ng
nhit ca vt liu hp ph.
Trn hnh 3.5 l cc
ng cn bng ng nhit
ca than hot tnh i vi
cc cht kh axeton v
benzen.
nhit nht nh
khi p sut ring ca cht
b hp ph trong kh thi
tng cao th kh nng hp
ph ca vt liu tng. Trong khi , nu nhit thp th kh nng hp ph tng
nhanh, ngc li, nhit cao th ng tng ca kh nng hp ph tng nhng rt
chm, thm ch khng ng k, so vi vi tng ca p sut ring phn. Do ,
iu lun lun mong mun l tin hnh hp ph nhit cng thp cng tt.
Ngoi ra kh nng hp ph tng khi khi lng phn t ca cht b hp ph tng
trong cc iu kin khc nh nhau. Ly cc ng cn bng 100
o
C i vi axeton
v benzen trn hnh 3.5 so snh th cng nhit v p sut ring, kh nng hp
ph ca than hot tnh i vi benzen ln hn ng k so vi axeton v phn t gam
ca benzen ln hn phn t gam ca axeton.
ng c tnh ca cc vt liu hp ph khc khng phi lc no cng c dng
nh hnh 3.5. C th c 3 dng ng c tnh khc nhau ca vt liu hp ph: cong
lm pha trn (a), cong lm pha di (b), v cong c im un (c).

0.4
0
0.1
0.2 0.3
100
200
300
Gam cht b hp ph/gam than
p

s
u
t

r
i
n
g

c
n

b
n
g

c
a

c
h
t

b
p

p
h

t
r
o
n
g

p
h
a

k
h
,

m
m
H
g

Hnh 3.6: ng cn bng ng nhit ca
than hot tnh i vi axeton v benzen
- 69 -
Nng trong pha rn
Nng trong pha rn
Nng trong pha rn
N
n
g

t
r
o
n
g

p
h
a

k
h
n
g

t
r
o
n
g

p
h
a

k
h
n
g

t
r
o
n
g

p
h
a

k
h

a.
b. c.

Trong ti liu k thut c rt nhiu cng thc ca nhiu tc gi khc nhau v
ng cong cn bng ng nhit ca vt liu hp ph, trong s c cng thc ca
Brunauer - Emmett - Teller c p dng kh ph bin. Cng thc c thit lp
trn c s cng ngng t v bay hi t nhiu lp phn t khc nhau trn b mt
vt rn v c dng:
] / ) 1 ( 1 )[ (
o o m
P p b p P
bp
V
V
+
=
Trong :
V- th tch cht kh b hp ph nhit v p sut cho.
V
m
- th tch cht kh b hp ph khi c mt lp b dy 1 phn t cht
b hp ph trn b mt vt liu hp ph.
P
o
- p sut hi bo ha ca cht b hp ph nhit ca h thng.
p - p sut hin c ca cht b hp ph trong khi kh thi.
b - h s thc nghim ca qu trnh hp ph.
5. Hon nguyn vt liu hp ph:
C th p dng cc phng php sau y hon nguyn vt liu hp ph:
- Hon nguyn bng nhit: vt liu hp ph c sy nng kh nng hp
ph ca n gim xung n mc thp v lc cht kh b hp ph s thot ra
ngoi. Sau khi hon nguyn bng nhit, vt liu hp ph cn c lm ngui trc
khi a vo s dng li. Ph bin nht ca phng php nhit l dnh khng kh
nng hoc hi nc.
- Hon nguyn bng p sut: nhit khng i nu p sut gim th kh
nng hp ph gim v do kh b hp ph s c thot khi b mt ca vt
liu.
- Hon nguyn bng kh tr: dng kh tr khng cha cht kh b hp ph
thi qua lp vt liu hp ph. Trong trng hp ny p sut ring ca cht b hp
- 70 -
ph trong pha kh s thp hoc bng khng, nh vy s to c gradian p ngc
chiu vi qu trnh hp ph v do cht b hp ph trong pha rn s khuch tn
ngc tr li vo pha kh.
Trong cc phng php trn th phng php nhit bng hi nc c p dng
rng ri nht vi l do n gin, t tn km v hiu qu cao.
3.1.3 X l nhim bng qu trnh thiu t
X l nhim bng qu trnh thiu t hoc cn gi l qu trnh t chy sau
c p dng kh ph bin trong trng hp lng kh thi ln m nng cht
nhim khng chy c li rt b, c bit l nhng cht c mi kh chu.
1. Qu trnh thiu t s dng thch hp trong cc trng hp sau:
Phn ln cc cht nhim c mi kh chu u chy c hoc thay i c
v mt ho hc bin thnh cht t c mi hn khi phn ng vi oxi nhit
thch hp.
Cc loi sol kh hu c c khi nhn thy c, v d nh khi t l rang c
ph, l sn xut tht hun khi, l nung men s .v.v
Mt s cc hi, kh hu c nu thi trc tip vo mi trng s phn ng vi
sng m v gy tc hi cho mi trng. Qu trnh thiu t c tc dng phn hu
rt hiu qu cc loi cht ny.
Mt s cc loi cng ngh nh cng ngh khai thc v lc du thi ra rt nhiu
kh chy c k c nhng cht hu c rt c hi. Phng php x l hiu qu v
an ton nht cho trng hp ny l thiu t bng ngn la trc tip, thiu t ngay
bn trong ng khi hoc bung t ring bit.
2. u v nhc im:
a. u im
Phn hu c hon ton cc cht nhim chy c khi thit b thiu t
c thit k v vn hnh ng qui cch.
C kh nng thch ng i vi s thay i va phi ca lu lng kh thi
cng nh nng cht nhim trong kh thi.
Hiu qu x l cao i vi nhng cht nhim c bit m cc phng php
x l khc khng c hiu qu hoc hiu qu thp.
C kh nng thu hi, tn dng c nhit thi ra trong qu trnh thiu t.
b. Nhc im:
Chi ph u t thit b v vn hnh tng i ln.
C kh nng lm phc tp thm vn nhim khng kh khi trong cc cht
nhim hydrocacbon cn thiu t ngoi cc nguyn t C, H, O cn cha c
nhng hp cht ca clorin, nit, lu hunh.
Trong qu trnh thiu t c cp thm nhin liu hay c xc tc m bo
nhit mc cn thit cho qu trnh oxy ha cc cht nhim cn x l. Vic cp
thm nhiu liu b sung c kh nng gy tr ngi cho qu trnh vn hnh thit b.
- 71 -
thit k c thit b thiu t cn bit c cc yu t c lin quan n qu
trnh nh: thnh phn ha hc ca cht nhim, nng ca n trong kh thi, lu
lng kh thi cn x l, nhit ban u ca kh thi i vo thit b thiu t v
mc pht thi cho php ca cht nhim.
Mt s phn ng ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh thiu t:
Qu trnh thiu t rt thch hp i vi cc cht nhim chy c, l
nhng hp cht ca cacbon, hydro, oxy, nit v lu hunh. Phn ln cc cht hu
c d bay hi (VOC - Volatile Ogranic Compounds) cng thuc loi cht nhim
cn x l bng phng php thiu t. Nhng hp cht nu trn khi chy s to
thnh cc sn phm chy khng hoc t c hi hn so vi bn thn chng.
V d mt s cht nhim v phn ng chy ca chng nh sau:
2 2
2
1
CO O CO +
O H CO O H C
2 2 2 6 6
3 6
2
1
7 + +
O H SO O S H
2 2 2 2
2
3
+ +
Trong cc phn ng trn oxit cacbon l kh c quen thuc i vi sc khe con
ngi v benzen - l mt loi hydrocacbon c phn ng cao, cht to ra sng
khi v cng l cht c kh nng gy ung th c bin thnh CO
2
t c hi.
Trong phn ng cui mc d SO
2
l loi kh c hi nm trong danh mc cc
cht kh c hi hng u cn x l, nhng so vi kh gc ca phn ng l kh H
2
S
th SO
2
t c hi hn nhiu ln v c bit l khng c mi kh chu nh H
2
S.
3. Bin php thc hin:
Qu trnh thiu t cht nhim c th c chia lm ba dng khc nhau:
a. Thiu t bng ngn la trc tip trong khng kh.
L bin php lm cho kh nhim chy trc tip trong khng kh m khng cn
cp nhin liu b sung, trng hp chung ch cn nhin liu mi la v iu
chnh khi cn thit.
thit k h thng t bng ngn la trc tip cn phi hiu bit v gii hn
chy v n ca hn hp gia kh thi c hi cng nh ca nhin liu vi khng
kh. N s gip ta xc nh c trong trng hp no mt loi kh thi cho c
th duy tr c s chy m khng cn cp b sung nhin liu.

- 72 -
Bng 3.3: Gii hn chy ca mt s cht kh v hi thng gp trong hn hp
vi khng kh, tnh theo phn trm th tch.
TT Cht Cng thc ho hc Gii hn di Gii hn trn
1 Amoniac NH
3
15.5 27.0
2 Axeton CH
3
COCH
3
1.6 13.0
3 Axetylen C
2
H
2
1.53 82.0
4 Benzen C
6
H
6
1.3 9.5
5 Butan C
4
H
10
1.55 8.5
6 Cacbon disunfua CS
2
1.0 50.0
7 Cacbon oxit CO 12.5 74.0
8 Du ho - 1.1 7.0
9 Etan C
2
H
6
2.5 15.0
10 Etylen C
2
H
4
2.75 35.0
11 Gasolin - 1.4 7.6
12 Hydro H
2
4.0 75.0
13 Dihydro sunfua H
2
S 4.3 44.5
14 Kh t thin nhin - 1.8 13.5
15 Metan CH
4
2.5 15.4
16 Propan C
3
H
8
2.0 9.5
17 Xng - 1.9-2.4 4.9-51

Mt hn hp gia cht chy vi khng kh mt gii hn nng nht nh
no y s gy n. nu thnh phn nhin liu gim thp hn hoc tng cao hn so
vi gii hn nng gy n mnh nht th cng chy ca hn hp u gim.
nng thp nht v cao nht m ti ngn la vn c kh nng lan truyn c
gi l gii hn di v gii hn trn ca qu trnh chy.
Theo tnh ton, hn hp ca cc hydrocacbon v khng kh c nhit lng chy
l 3725kJ/m
3
. Gii hn di ca s chy tng ng vi khong nhit lng ni
trn. m bo an ton khi chuyn ch kh cng nghip ngi ta qui nh nng
cht chy trong kh phi thp hn gii hn di ca s chy t nht l 25%. Trong
trng hp ngu nhin c pht tia la th s tng nhit ca kh s khng
cao duy tr qu trnh chy v do s c c ngn nga.
Trong mt s trng hp thnh phn kh nhim trong kh thi t thn l
mt hn hp chy m khng cn ha trn thm vi khng kh.
Khi nng cht chy trong kh thi qu thp khng th t chy c, ta cn
b sung nhin liu a nng cht chy ln n gii hn di ca qu trnh
chy.
Thit b thiu t c thit k tt c th t chy c nhng hn hp kh c
nhit lng chy nm trong khong 3150 3350 kJ/m
3
m khng cn dn nhin
- 73 -
liu b sung. Trong nhiu trng hp vic cp nhin liu b sung c th trnh c
bng cch hm nng kh thi n mt nhit nht nh v ta bit rng nhit
cng cao th gii hn di ca qu trnh chy cng h thp.
Cn c vo gii hn chy ca cc cht ngi ta c th chia kh thi c cha cht
nhim chy c thnh ba nhm sau y:
Nhm 1: Thnh phn nhin liu trong kh thi thp hn gii hn di ca qu
trnh chy khong 25%.
Nhm 2: Thnh phn nhin liu trong kh thi nm trong phm vi t gii hn
di n gii hn trn ca qu trnh chy.
Nhm 3: Thnh phn nhin liu trong kh thi cao hn gii hn trn ca qu
trnh chy.
Kh thi thuc nhm th nht thng c x l bng thiu t trong bung
t.
Kh thi thuc nhm th hai khng an ton. i vi kh thi nhm ny cn
c iu chnh thnh phn nhin liu hoc khng kh (oxy) a v hoc l
nhm th nht hoc l nhm th ba.
Kh thi thuc nhm th ba thng c x l bng thiu t vi ngn la trc
la hoc cng c th dng lm ngun nhin liu b sung cho l t, l nung.
b. Thiu t c bung t.
Thiu t c bung t
c p dng rng ri i vi
cc loi kh thi c cha cht
nhim dng kh, hi, sol kh
chy c vi nng tng
i thp.
Cc b phn chnh v quan
trng ca h thng thiu t ny
l bung t, cc vi t, b
phn iu chnh qu trnh chy
v dng c ch th nhit .
Bung t thng c dng hnh
tr v c xy dng bng v
thp c p gch chu la. Nhit
trong bung t khong 900
1500
o
C.
Bung t cn c thit k
m bo ha trn trit gia
kh thi v nhin liu t b
sung. Mt bin php t c
yu cu nu trn l kh thi cn
c a vo ch tht ca
bung t v ti c b tr cc
Hnh 3.7: Bung t kh hnh tr ng c ng
cp kh thi theo phng tip tuyn
1. ng cp kh, 2. cc ca vi t, 3.vng tht bng
vt liu chu la, 4. ng cp nhin liu, 5. v thp c
p vt liu chu la, 6. ng khi thi kh sch,
- 74 -
vi t. Vn tc ca kh trong bung t dao ng trong khong 5 8 m/s v thi
gian lu ca kh thi trong bung t khong 0,2 0,5s l t yu cu. thi gian lu
ph thuc vo lu lng kh thi, kch thc bung t v c xc nh sau khi
nhit kh thi t gi tr quy nh.
Nhit v thi
gian lu ca kh thi
trong bung t l
hai thng s quyt
nh cho qu trnh
chy din ra c
c hon ton hay
khng. Khi tng
nhit th thi
gian lu c th c
rt ngn v ngc
li, tuy nhin nhit l thng s quan trng nht.
Song song vi nhit v thi gian lu, nng cht nhim (cht chy) trong
kh thi cng c nh hng nhiu n qu trnh chy. Nng cht nhim quyt
nh lng nhin liu cn b sung. u tin cn cp nhin liu khi mo cho
phn ng oxy ha. Khi nhit tng, tc phn ng oxy ha tng theo cho n
khi phn ng oxy ha t duy tr c, lc c th gim dn lng nhin liu b
sung n mt gii hn nht nh m bo qu trnh chy c n nh.
Mt vn khc cn lu l mc ha trn gia kh thi v nhin liu b
sung. Thng thng ch mt phn kh thi (khong 50%) ha trn tt nhin liu b
sung ngay ti vi t. Phn cn li ca kh thi cn c ha trn vi sn phm
chy nhit cao sau ngn la m bo ngn la khng b dp tt v qu trnh
chy c hon ton. Khng c s ha trn tt gia sn phm chy v phn cn li
ca kh thi th sn phm chy khng hon ton s pht thi vo kh quyn.
Khi nng cht nhim (cht chy) trong kh thi qu thp, nhit lng chy
ca n khng duy tr s chy, ngi ta p dng bin php hm nng kh thi
trc khi a vo bung t. Nhit lng cn cho vic hm nng kh thi c tn
dng t sn phm chy trong bung t. Hnh 3.9 l s cu to ca bung t c
hm nng trc kh thi
2
3
1
4
5
2
Hnh 3.9: S bung t c hm nng trc kh thi
1. Kh thi i vo, 2. B mt trao i nhit hm nng, 3. Nhin liu, 4. Vi
t, 5. kh sch i ra
1
2
3
Hnh 3.8: Bung t kh thi c ngn p lc
1. ng cp kh, 2. ng cp nhin liu, 3. ngn p
lc, 4. vi t
4
- 75 -
20
40
60
80
600
100
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
o
F
H
i
u

q
u

o
x
y

h
a

c
h

n
h
i
m
,

%

Hnh 3.10: Biu quan h gia nhit v thi gian lu ca kh thi
trong bung t ng vi mc oxy ha khc nhau ca cht nhim

Nhit lm vic trong bung t thay i tu theo cht nhim trong kh thi.

Cht Gii hn nhit trung bnh
o
C K
Hydrocacbon 500 760 770 1033
Cacbon oxit 680 800 950 1070
X l mi bng oxi ho 500 700 770 - 970

c. Thiu t c xc tc.
Thiu t c xc tc l mt bc pht trin tip theo ca cng ngh x l kh
thi trong khng gian kn - bung t.
Nhit lm vic ca bung t c xc tc thng nng trong khong t 200
460
o
C v cng tu thuc vo loi cht nhim cn oxi ho. Bng 3.2 l phm vi
nhit lm vic ca bung t c xc tc i vi mt s cht nhim ph bin
trong cng nghip.

- 76 -
Hnh 3.11 : S cu to ca bung t c xc tc
1. Lpm bng vt liu xc tc, 2. B mt trao i nhit hm nng kh thi, 3. Kh
thi vo, 4. Kh sch ra, 5. Cp nhin liu, 6. Cp khng kh, 7. vi t, 8. ng dn
kh thi c hm nng vo t
3
4
1
5
6 7
8
2
Bng 3.4: Nhit lm vic ca bung t c xc tc
Cht Gii hn nhit oxy ha c xc tc
K
o
C
Cc cht dung mi:
Toluol, metyl etyl keton,
xylol, ancol
530 730
260 460
Cc cht bo c ngun
gc ng vt
530 640 260 370
Cc cht thi trong cng
nghip ha cht nh:
cacbon oxit, etylen, oxit
etylen, propylen
480 670 200 400

Qu trnh oxi ho xy ra trn b mt cht xc tc khng pht ra ngn la, nhng
b mt cht xc tc vn nng . Hiu qu oxi ho t t 95 98% v do kh thi
thot ra ngoi t bung t c xc tc ch yu l kh CO
2
, hi nc v kh nit.
V vt liu xc tc, trong cng nghip thng s dng mt s kim loi qu nh
platin nghin nh v c nh trn nn mt oxit kim loi khc nh oxit nhm Al
2
O
3
,
t ta c cht xc tc Pt/Al
2
O
3
. ngoi ra cc oxit sau y cng c c tnh xc tc
i vi qu trnh oxi ho: Co
3
O
4
, CoO.Cr
2
O
3
, MnO
2
, LaCoO
2
v CuO
Ngi ta ch bin vt liu xc tc di dng di mng, ht mn, vin trn
to thnh lp m rng v cho kh cn oxy ha i qua. Trong nhiu trng hp vt
liu xc tc cn c ch to thnh tm nh tm li lc bi hoc thnh n
nguyn gm nhiu thanh hnh tr xp theo dy so le nhau to li dch dc i vi
lung kh cn x l. Trn hnh 3.11 l cc b phn xc tc c ch to theo dng
nu trn.

- 77 -

Hiu qu oxi ho ca cht xc tc ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit lm vic.
Trn hnh 3.13 l biu hiu qu oxy ha ca cht xc tc Pt/Al
2
O
3
ph thuc
vo nhit i vi mt s cht nhim thng gp. Ta thy ng c tnh hiu
qu oxy ha - nhit ca cc dung mi hydrocacbon nm trong mt di hp vi
hiu qu r rt trong khong nhit t 300 500
o
C. Kh CH
4
l cht phn ng yu
i vi loi cht xc tc Pt/Al
2
O
3
, gii hn nhit cho hiu qu oxy ha cao phi
ln n 600 700
o
C. Cht xc tc cn c la chn n lm vic c hiu qu
i vi nhiu cht nhim khc nhau.
Ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhng vn bi cn c quan
tm. Bi bm trn b mt vt liu xc tc s lm gim kh nng oxi ho v rt ngn
a.
b.
Hnh 3.12 : Cc b phn xc tc
a. Dng tm, b. Dng thanh hnh tr
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
100
200 400 500 600
700
o
C
Hnh 3.13 : Biu hiu qu oxy ha ph thuc vo nhit
ca cht xc tc Pt/Al
2
O
3
i vi mt s cht nhim ph bin
H
i
u

q
u

o
x
y

h
a
,

%

- 78 -
thi gian lm vic ca vt liu, do kh thi trc khi a vo x l bng oxi ho
c xc tc cn c lc bi n mc cho php. Mt s cht ln trong kh thi
nh st, ch, silic, cc hp cht photpho cng c tc hi lm gim tui th ca vt
liu xc tc.
u im:
Qu trnh oxi ho cht nhim xy ra trn b mt vt liu xc tc nhit
thp hn ng k so vi nhit bt la v khi nng cht nhim trong kh thi
rt thp m nu p dng cc bin php thiu t khc khng th no duy tr c
phn ng oxi ho, ngoi tr trng hp phi tiu tn nhiu nng lng.
Nh phn ng oxi ho trn b mt cht xc tc xy ra rt mnh v nhanh nn
thi gian lu ca kh thi trong bung t ch bng 1/20 1/50 thi gian lu
trng hp thiu t bng bung t thng thng.
Vt liu xc tc c ch to t cc kim loi qu him nn kh t tin. Tuy
nhin lng cht xc tc i hi khng nhiu, thng ch cn t 0,03 0,12m
3
cho
1m
3
/s kh thi cn oxy ha. Th tch yu cu nu trn l k c rng ca lp xc
tc. Ngoi ra, do nhit lm vic (t 300 500
o
C so vi 700 800
o
C trong bung
t thng thng) nn tit kim c nhin liu b sung t 40 50% so vi bung
t thng thng, thm vo l kt cu gn nh do thi gian lu c rt ngn.
Tng hp li gi thnh xy dng v vn hnh thit b thiu t c xc tc vn r hn
ng k so vi thiu t thng thng.

Hnh 3.14:S lp t bung t c xc tc x l khi thi t l cng nghip.
1. l, 2. vi t hm nng kh thi, 3. tm c l phn b dng kh, 4. lp m bng vt
liu xc tc, 5. b mt trao i nhit hm nng kh thi, 6. kh sch thot ra, 7. tn dng
nhit ca khi nng a v l, 8. tn dng nhit ca khi nng cho cc mc ch khc.
b.
a.
- 79 -
3.1.4 X l nhim bng phng php sinh hc
1. Gii thiu chung
X l kh thi bng bin php sinh hc l vic ng dng cc loi vi khun c
kh nng tham gia phn hy cc cht nhim trong dng kh bn, c bit l cc
hp cht hu c.
Tuy nhin, c mt s loi vi khun chuyn bit c th phn hu hp cht v c
nh H
2
S, NH
3
...
K thut x l kh thi bng bin php sinh hc c ng dng x l cc
loi kh thi do hot ng thng mi v cng nghip c nng cht nhim thp.
H thng lc sinh hc trc y thng c thit k x l mi ca cc h
thng x l nc thi, cc nh my ti ch, qu trnh phn compost.
Sau , n c ng dng ph bin trong vic x l cc hp cht hu c d bay
hi v cc hp cht hu c khc.
Qu trnh sinh hc l qu trnh "xanh", iu m cc qu trnh truyn thng khc
khng th t c. Nh:
Phng php t vi bt k lng nhin liu no cng sn sinh ra NO
x
, bi,
SO
x
, v CO.
Trong khi , cc thit b phn ng sinh hc khng h thi ra cht bn hay
cht c hi.
Qu trnh sinh hc c chi ph thp hn so vi cc bin php k thut x l
truyn thng khc:
Phng php oxy ha nhit v oxy ho xc tc phi tn mt lng ln nhin
liu
Phng php sinh hc ch cn mt lng nh nng lng in cho hot ng
ca mt s ng c.
Ngoi ra th thit b sinh hc khng cn con ngi trong ton thi gian vn
hnh m ch cn cung mt lng nh cc cht dinh dng.
Bng 3.5: So snh gia cc phng php x l kh thng thng
Chi ph
vn
hnh
Chi ph
u t
Chi ph
bo dng
Ri ra

nhim
X l tt c
kh c mi
Hiu qu
x l
Hp th bng nc Cao Thp Thp C Khng Thp
Thiu t Cao Cao Cao C C Cao
Hp ph bng than
hot tnh
Cao Cao Cao Khng C Cao
Hp th ho hc Thp Cao Cao C C Cao
Lc sinh hc Thp Thp Thp Khng C Cao

- 80 -
Cc cng trnh sinh hc dng x l kh thi l: Lc sinh hc, lc sinh hc
nh git v thp sinh hc
Nguyn tc chnh ca h thng x l l to iu kin cho vi khun tip xc vi
cht nhim trong kh thi:
Dng kh thi i qua cc khe rng ca lp vt liu tip xc.
Cc vi sinh vt bm trn lp vt liu s phn hy cc cht nhim trong
khng kh nh l ngun c cht cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
2. C ch ca qu trnh sinh hc x l kh thi
Khi cho dng kh qua b lc sinh hc, cc cht nhim chuyn ha t pha kh
sang pha lng bi nhiu phng thc khc nhau (ph thuc vo nng cc cht
nhim, s chuyn ha b mt v h s chuyn ha sinh khi).
Sau , trong pha lng, cc cht nhim s b chuyn ha vi s tham gia ca
vi sinh vt trong b lc sinh hc (s chuyn ha xy ra di dng phn ng oxy ha
kh):
Qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc bin i cc cht nhim thnh sinh khi, sn
phm ca qu trnh trao i cht hoc CO
2
v H
2
O.
Dng kh nhim cha ammonia hoc amines th s b chuyn ha thnh
nitrat.
Dng kh nhim cha H
2
S th s b chuyn ha thnh ion SO
4
2-
.
Sinh khi hnh thnh trong b lc sinh hc c tun hon cung cp dinh
dng cho dng kh.
a. S chuyn ha kh
S cn bng pha lng v pha kh
S chuyn ha nng cc cht nhim trong pha kh vo pha lng tun
theo cc nh lut Henry:
C
G
= H.C
L

Tc chuyn ha
) ( ) (
*
L
G
t L L t
L
C
H
C
K C C K
dt
dC
= =
G
L
L L t
G
V
V
C C K
dt
dC
) (
*
=
Trong :
C
G
: Nng cht nhim trong pha kh, mg/m
3

C
L
: Nng cht nhim trong pha lng, mg/L
CL*: Nng cht nhim trong pha lng trng thi cn bng, mg/L
H: Hng s Henry, atm.L/mol hay g/L
kh
/ L
lng

K
t
: Hng s tc chuyn ha, ngy
-1

V
L
: Th tch pha lng
V
G
: Th tch pha kh
b. Hp th cc cht nhim
- 81 -
Theo Frenundlich:
n
L f ads
C k C
/ 1
=
Theo Langmuir:
L L
L
ads
C k
C C
C
+
=
.
max

Trong :
C
ads
: Nng cht nhim trong pha kh, mg/m
3

C
L
: Nng cht nhim trong pha lng, mg/L
Cmax: Nng cht nhim cc i c th
k
f
: Hng s hp th Frenundlich
k
L
: Hng s hp th Langmuir
S chuyn ha sinh hc ph thuc vo thnh phn dng kh, c tnh vt l v
ha hc ca vt liu lm gi th.
Gi th lm bng vt liu hu c thch hp cho s sinh trng ca nhiu loi
sinh vt khc nhau: vi khun, nm, to, protozoa..
Trong khi gi th lm bng vt liu si tng hp tr li cha t lai vi sinh
vt hn.
3. ng dng qu trnh sinh hc x l kh thi
a. Lc khng kh bng phng php lc sinh hc:
Gii thiu tng qut
Lc sinh hc l mt bin php x l nhim tng i
mi. y l mt phng php hp dn x l cc cht kh
c mi hi v cc hp cht hu c bay hi c nng thp.
Hnh dng ph bin ca mt h thng lc sinh hc
ging nh mt ci hp ln, mt vi h thng c th ln
bng sn bng r, mt vi h thng c th nh mt yard
khi (0,76 m
3
). Nguyn tt chnh ca h thng x l l to
iu kin cho vi khun tip xc vi cc cht nhim trong kh thi. H thng lc
kh thi ny l ni cha cc nguyn liu lc v ni sinh sn cho cc vi sinh vt.
Trong h thng ny, cc vi sinh vt s to thnh mt mng sinh hc (biofilm), y l
mt mng mng v m bao quanh cc nguyn liu lc. Trong qu trnh lc, kh thi
c bm chm xuyn qua h thng lc, cc cht nhim trong kh thi s b cc
nguyn liu lc hp th. Cc cht kh gy nhim s b hp ph bi mng sinh hc,
ti y, cc vi sinh vt s phn hy chng to nn nng lng v cc sn phm
ph l CO
2
v H
2
O theo phng trnh sau:
Cht hu c gy nhim + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O + nhit + sinh khi
Lch s pht trin
Trong khi vic s dng cc h thng lc sinh hc cha c ph bin M th
hng trm h thng lc sinh hc c ng dng thnh cng v c hiu qu
Chu u (H Lan, Tn Ty Lan, c) v Nht Bn. H thng lc sinh hc trc
y thng c thit k x l mi ca cc h thng x l nc thi, cc nh
- 82 -
my ti ch, qu trnh phn compost. Sau , n c ng dng ph bin trong
vic x l cc hp cht hu c d bay hi v cc hp cht hu c khc.
Sau y l mt s mc lch s ca vic pht trin h thng lc sinh hc:
1923 Phng php x l sinh hc c ngh s dng x l cc cht kh
c mi hi.
1955 Phng php x l sinh hc c p dng x l cc cht kh c mi
hi nng thp c.
1960 H thng lc sinh hc c s dng x l cc cht kh nhim
c v M.
1970 H thng lc sinh hc t c nhng thnh qu cao c.
1980 H thng lc sinh hc c s dng x l cc cht kh c v cc
hp cht hu c bay hi ca cc ngnh cng nghip.
1990 Hin nay, hn 500 h thng lc sinh hc ang hot ng ti c, H
Lan v ph bin rng M.
Vic x l mi hi c tin hnh t nhng nm 1950 v lc ngi ta
thng s dng h thng lc qua t, hay b lc sinh hc nh git. Cc cht kh c
mi hi thng l hydrogen sulphite hay mercaptant v cc hp cht sulfur khc.
Vic x l cc cht hu c bay hi mi c p dng gn y v tr nn ph bin
trong thp k va qua v hin nay cn ang c tin hnh nghin cu su thm. V
d, hin nay mt s nghin cu chng minh c l cc h thng lc sinh hc c
th dng x l cc hp cht hu c c nhn thm v cc hp cht bo, cn,
aldehydes, acid hu c, acrylate, acid carbolic, amines v ammoniac.
M t qu trnh x l
H thng lc sinh hc cung cp mi trng cho vi sinh vt pht trin v phn
hy cc cht kh c mi hi v cc cht hu c gy nhim trong kh thi. H thng
lc bao gm mt bung kn cha cc vi sinh vt v hp th
hi nc, gi chng li trong nguyn liu lc. Nguyn liu
lc c thit k sao cho c kh nng hp th nc ln,
bn cao, v t lm suy gim p lc lung kh i ngang qua
n.
Cc h thng nh hn, ph bin hn vi nhiu lp
nguyn liu lc c trnh by trong hnh sau:
Cc n v nguyn liu lc ny gi l "khi sinh hc"
(Biocube) c thit k bi EG&G Corporation c kch
thc cao khong 7 ft v ng knh khong 6 ft. Vic s
dng nhiu lp nguyn liu lc kiu ny hn ch c vic
cc nguyn liu lc b dn nn li v vic cc lung kh
xuyn thnh nhng ng thot qua lp nguyn liu lc. Hn na, n cn to s
thun li trong vic bo tr hay thay mi nguyn liu lc.
Trong qu trnh lc sinh hc, cc cht kh gy nhim c lm m v sau
c bm vo mt bung pha bn di nguyn liu lc. Khi cht kh i ngang qua
lp nguyn liu lc, cc cht nhim b hp th v phn hy. Kh thi sau khi
- 83 -
lc sch c phng thch vo kh quyn t bn trn ca h thng lc. Hu ht
nhng h thng lc sinh hc hin nay c cng sut x l mi v cc cht hu c bay
hi ln hn 90%. Tuy nhin, hn ch ca phng php ny l ch x l c nhng
kh thi c nng cht nhim thp (<1000ppm) v lu lng kh x l ch nm
trong gii hn 300-500 ft
3
/ft
2
-gi.
Nguyn liu lc
Lp nguyn liu lc m to nn iu kin l hc v ha hc thun li cho vic
chuyn i cc cht nhim t pha kh sang pha lng v qu trnh phn hy sinh
hc cc cht nhim ny bi mng sinh hc. C ch ca qu trnh lc sinh hc bao
gm qu trnh hp ph, hp th v phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt. Cc vi sinh vt
trong mng sinh hc lin tc hp th v bin dng cc cht nhim, bin chng
thnh cc sn phm cui cng l nc, CO2 v cc loi mui.
Nguyn liu lc in hnh l hn hp ca cc cht nn phn compost, t, cy
thch nam (heather), plastic v cc ph phm g. Cc nguyn liu lc nhm cung
cp din tch b mt ln hp th v hp ph cc cht nhim. Ngoi ra n cn
lm nhim v cung cp cht dinh dng cho cc vi sinh vt. Mt vi loi nguyn
liu lc khng p ng c v nhu cu dng cht cho vi sinh vt, do chng ta
phi hiu chnh bng cch cho thm vo cc hp cht m v phospho.
Cc nguyn liu lc thng c tui th t 5 - 7 nm trc khi phi thay mi.
Cc im cn quan tm khi quyt nh chn nguyn liu lc:
Kh nng gi m to lp mng sinh hc
C din tch b mt ln to iu kin cho qu trnh hp th v pht trin ca
vi sinh vt
C cha cc dng cht cung cp cho cc vi sinh vt
To lc cn khng kh thp (gim mc st p v nng lng cn s dng
cho my bm)
Cc tnh cht l hc khc nh n nh l hc v d dng thao tc.
Mt s thng s thit k
Din tch
Din tch l mt thng s c quan tm hng u trong vic thit k h thng
lc sinh hc. x l lu lng kh khong 30 ft3/pht, mt h thng lc sinh hc
c th cn din tch 25 ft2. i vi nhng lu lng kh ln hn, chng ta cn
nhng din tch ln hn v c th bng din tch mt sn bng r nh ni trn.
Thnh phn ha hc v hm lng ca cht nhim trong kh thi
Phn tch thnh phn ha hc v hm lng ca n trong kh thi cn thit
xc nh xem bin php lc sinh hc c thch hp hay khng. Cc h thng lc sinh
hc hot ng tt khi cc hp cht nhim (khng ho tan trong nc) c nng
thp (<1000 ppm). Mt s hp cht phn hy sinh hc rt chm (nh cc hp cht
chlor) do i hi h thng x l c kch thc ln.
Thi gian lu tr
- 84 -
Thi gian lu tr l khong thi gian vi sinh vt tip xc vi lung kh thi v
c tnh bng cng thc sau:
RT = Tng th tch cc l rng ca lp nguyn liu lc/lu lng kh thi
Thi gian lu tr cng di s cho hiu sut x l cng cao. Tuy nhin, trong qu
trnh thit k chng ta cn phi gim thiu thi gian lu tr h thng c th x l
mt lu lng ln hn. Thng thng, thi gian lu tr ca cc h thng lc sinh
hc bin ng trong khong 30 giy n 1 pht.
m
m ca lung kh thi cn phi x l rt quan trng v n gi m cn
thit cho cc mng sinh hc. Do , lung kh thi thng c bm qua mt h
thng lm m trc khi bm vo h thng lc sinh hc m bo m ca lung
kh thi i vo h thng lc sinh hc phi ln hn 95%.
Kim sot pH
Cc sn phm ph ca qu trnh phn hy sinh hc l cc acid hu c. duy
tr pH ca h thng nm trong khong thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt hot ng,
chng ta cn cho thm cc dung dch m pH.
Nguyn liu lc
Nguyn liu lc c th bao gm than bn, cy thch nam, phn compost, than
ht hoc cc nguyn liu thch hp khc. Ni chung, cc nguyn liu ny phi c
kh nng cung cp cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt v khng gy gim p lung kh
nhiu. Thm vo , m ca cc nguyn liu lc phi c duy tr mc 30 -
60% cho qun th cc vi sinh vt pht trin. Do , bn cnh thit b lm m kh
thi, ngi ta thng lp t h thng phun nc cho cc lp nguyn liu lc.
Gim p
Vic gim p ca lung kh khi i ngang lp nguyn liu lc nn c hn ch
ti a. Nu lp nguyn liu lc gy tr lc ln cho ngun kh, ta cn tiu tn thm
nng lng cho my thi kh, gy tng gi thnh x l. Kh nng gy tr lc cho
ngun kh ph thuc vo m v rng ca lp nguyn liu lc. m tng,
rng lp nguyn liu gim l nguyn nhn gy tng tr lc cho ngun kh. i vi
cc h thng in hnh mc gim p nm trong khong 1 -10 hPa.
Bo tr
Khi bt u a vo hot ng, h thng cn c chm nom mt ln/tun. Sau
khi h thng hot ng n nh v gii quyt tt c cc vn c th xy ra.
Tn s thm nom c th gim xung 1 ln/na thng hoc hng thng.
u v khuyt im ca h thng lc sinh hc
u im
u im chnh l gi thnh thp, gi vn hnh thp, t s dng ha cht.
Thit k linh ng, do c th thch nghi vi mi loi hnh cng nghip v
din tch ca x nghip.
- 85 -
H thng lc sinh hc linh ng trong vic x l mi hi, cc hp cht hu c
bay hi v cc cht c. Hiu sut x l thng ln hn 90% i vi cc kh thi c
nng cc cht nhim < 1000 ppm.
Nhiu loi nguyn liu lc, vi sinh vt v iu kin vn hnh khc nhau c th
p dng p ng nhu cu x l.
Khuyt im
H thng lc sinh hc khng th x l c cc cht nhim c kh nng
hp ph thp v tc phn hy sinh hc chm v d nh cc hp cht hu c bay
hi c cha chlor.
Cc ngun nhim c nng ha cht cao cn cc h thng ln v din tch
ln lp t h thng lc sinh hc.
Ngun gy nhim c mc phng thch cht nhim bin ng cao s
gy nh hng n h vi sinh vt cng nh hiu sut x l ca chng.
Thi gian cho cc vi sinh vt thch nghi vi mi trng v to thnh cc
mng sinh hc (biofilm) c th ko di hng tun n hng thng, c bit l i vi
vic x l cc cht hu c bay hi.
Kh nng ng dng
c hn 50 h thng lc sinh hc s dng phn compost lm nguyn liu lc
c lp t theo kiu thng mi Chu u v M trong vng 15 nm qua.
Vic s dng h thng lc sinh hc x l cc cht hu c bay hi c p
dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip sau:
Cng ngh ha cht v ha du
Cng ngh du kh
Cng ngh nha tng hp
Cng ngh sn xut sn v mc in
Cng ngh dc phm
X l cht v nc thi
X l t v nc ngm
Vic s dng h thng lc sinh hc x l mi, cho ti nay p dng trong
cc ngnh cng nghip sau:
X l nc cng rnh
X l cht v nc thi l m
Cc cng ngh ti ch
Cc nh my sn xut gelatin v keo dn
Cng ngh ch bin tht v nng sn
Cng ngh sn xut thuc l, ca cao, ng
Cng ngh sn xut gia v, mi nhn to.
Lc sinh hc ti trng cao x l VOCs
Lc sinh hc ti trng cao x l H
2
S
- 86 -
3.2 CNG NGH X L KH SUNFUIOXIT SO
2

3.2.1 Hp th kh SO
2
bng nc
S h thng x l kh SO
2
bng nc bao gm 2 giai on:
- Hp th kh SO
2
bng cch phun nc vo dng kh thi hoc cho kh thi i
qua lp vt liu m rng c ti nc.
- Gii thot kh SO
2
ra khi cht hp th thu hi SO
2
v nc sch
Mc ho tan ca kh SO
2
trong nc gim khi nhit nc tng cao, do
nhit nc cp vo h thng hp th kh SO
2
phi thp. cn gii thot kh
SO
2
khi nc th nhit ca nc phi cao. nhit 100
o
C th SO
2
bc ra mt
cch hon ton v trong kh bc ra c ln hi nc. Bng phng php ngng t
ngi ta c th thu c kh SO
2
vi m c 100% dng vo mc ch sn
xut axit sufuric.
Bng 3.5:Lng nc l thuyt tnh bng m
3
cn c hp th 1 tn SO
2
n
trng thi bo ho ng vi nhit v nng SO
2
khc nhau trong kh thi.
Nng SO
2
trong kh
thi, %khi lng
Lng nc, m
3
, nhit
10
o
C 15
o
C 20
o
C
12 48 55 66
10 57 67 78
8 70 84.5 96.2
6 92 106 123
4 140 165 200

u im:
- n gin.
- Thu hi c kh SO
2

Nhc im: Kh tn km cho giai on gii thot SO
2
v s dng li nc.
hp th cn phi un nng mt lng nc rt ln tc phi c mt ngun cp nhit
cng sut ln. Ngoi ra, s dng li nc cho qu trnh hp th phi lm ngui
nc xung n 10
o
C cn phi c ngun cp lnh. y l vn khng n gin
v kh tn km.
Phng php hp th kh SO
2
bng nc ch p dng khi:
- Nng ban u ca kh SO
2
trong kh thi tng i cao.
- C sn ngun cp nhit hi nc vi gi r.
- C sn ngun lnh.
- C th x c nc c cha t nhiu axit ra sng ngi.

- 87 -

X l SO
2
bng nc kt hp vi qu trnh oxi ho SO
2
bng cht xc tc:
H
2
O
Kh vo
Kh sch
X
Cht ti lnh
Hi nc
100
o
C
Nc lm ngui
1
2
3
4
5
Hnh 3.15: S h thng x l SO
2
bng nc
1- Thp hp th; 2 - thp gii hp; 3 - Thit b ngng t; 4,5 - Thit b trao i nhit
Kh vo
Kh thot ra
cn cha > 3%
lng SO
2
ban
u
Tro, bi
Nc Nc
Kh thot ra cn
cha 0,3%
lng SO
2
ban
u
H
2
SO
4
long c lm m c
H thng 1 n nguyn
H thng 2 n nguyn
Hnh 3.16:S h thng x l kh SO
2
bng nc kt hp vi oxy ha bng xc tc.
1. xiclon, 2. thp oxy ha nhiu tng, 3. thit b lm ngui, 4. thp ra kh ra kh
- 88 -

Trong kh thi giu SO
2
, nng SO
2
trong kh thi c th t 2 12%, ngi
ta c th x l SO
2
bng nc kt hp vi qu trnh oxi ho SO
2
bng cht xc tc.
Qu trnh ny gm 2 giai on:
- Giai on th nht: Kh SO
2
kt hp vi oxi nh s c mt ca cht xc tc
vanai (V) bin thnh anhhirit sunfuric SO
3
. Phn ng oxi ho kh SO
2
c to
nhit v phn ng ny xy ra cng mnh nhit cng thp, do cn thit qu
trnh ny phi qua nhiu tng xc tc, sau mi tng u c lm ngui.
- Giai on th hai: dng nc ti trong thp m c lp vt liu rng
SO
3
kt hp vi nc to thnh H
2
SO
4
.
3.2.2 X l kh SO
2
bng vi CaCO
3
hoc vi nung CaO
u im:
- Quy trnh cng ngh n gin;
- Chi ph hot ng thp;
- Cht hp th d tm v r;
- C kh nng x l kh m khng cn lm ngui v x l bi s b.
- Hiu qu x l cao.
Qu trnh hp th bng huyn ph CaCO
3
(thnh phn rn : lng = 1 : 10, kch
thc ht CaCO
3
0,1mm) din ra theo cc giai on sau:
CaCO
3
+ SO
2
= CaSO
3
+ CO
2

CaO + SO
2
= CaSO
3

2CaSO
3
+ O
2
= 2CaSO
4
S h thng:
Kh vo
Kh sch
H
2
O

vi
1
2
3
4
5
2
bng sa vi
1- Thp hp th; 2 - b phn tch tinh th; 3 - lc chn khng; 4- thng ho
trn ,5 my nghin; 6 - my p
6
- 89 -
Khi thi sau khi lc sch tro bi i vo thp ra kh 1, trong xy ra qu
trnh hp th kh SO
2
bng dung dch sa vi ti trn lp m bng vt liu rng.
nc chy ra t thp ra kh c b sung thng xuyn bng sa vi mi. Trong
nc chy ra t thp ra kh c cha nhiu sunfit v canxi funfat di dng tinh th:
CaSO
3
.0,5H
2
O, CaSO
4
.2H
2
O v mt t tro bi cn st li sau b lc tro bi, do
cn tch tinh th ni trn ra khi dung dch bng b phn tch tinh th 2. Thit b s
2 l mt bnh rng cho php dung dch lu li mt thi gian hnh thnh cc
tinh th sunfit v sunfat canxi.Sau b phn tch tinh th s 2, dung dch mt phn i
vo ti cho thp ra kh, phn cn li i qua bnh lc chn khng 3, cc tinh
th b gi li di dng cn bn v c thi ra ngoi. vi c p vn v
nghin thnh bt cc thit b 6, 5 ri cho vo thng 4 pha trn vi dung dch
long chy ra t b lc chn khng s 3 cng vi mt lng nc b sung c
dung dch sa vi mi.
Hiu qu hp th SO
2
bng sa vi t 98% v n ph thuc vo vn tc kh v
pH ca dung dch sa vi ti ln trn lp m
Bng 3.6: Quan h gia hiu qu hp th vi tc kh trn tit din ngang
ca thp ra kh
Vn tc kh v, m/s 0,332 0,583 0,745 0,924 1,22
Hiu qu kh SO
2
ca thp ra kh
, %
99,73 98,73 98,05 98,43 98,91

Bng 3.7:Quan h gia hiu qu hp th vi pH ca sa vi.

pH ca dung dch 7.2 6.8 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.5
Hiu qu kh SO
2
, % 95 95 95 90 82 70

Nguyn liu vi c s dng mt cch hon ton, cn bn t h thng x l
thi ra c th c s dng lm cht kt dnh trong xy dng sau khi chuyn sunfit
thnh sunfat trong l nung.
Phng php kh SO
2
bng dung dch sa vi c th dng nguyn liu l vi
hoc vi nung. Dng vi th r tin hn nhng hiu qu kh SO
2
th km hn so
vi dng vi nung.
Lng CaCO
3
cn x l SO
2
trong khi thi do t chy 1 tn nhin liu
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
S
CaCO P
CaCO
KM
M S
G
3
3
10|
= , kg/tn nhin liu
Trong :
P
S - thnh phn lu hynh trong nhin liu tnh theo phn trm khi
lng (s phn trm)
3
,
CaCO S
M M - phn t gam ca lu hunh v ca canxi cacbonat.
- 90 -
| - h s kh SO
2
trong khi thi - mc cn thit phi kh SO
2
trong
khi thi t n gii hn pht thi cho php (s thp phn)
K - t l CaCO
3
nguyn cht trong vi ( 9 . 0 8 . 0 = K )
Nu dng vi nung th trong cng thc trn phn t gam ca CaCO
3
thay bng
phn t gam ca CaO.
Lng cn kh thu c trong qu trnh x l SO
2
c xc nh theo cng
thc sau:
3 2 4 2 3
) 1 ( ) 17 , 0 83 , 0 (
10
2 . 5 . 0 CaCO O H CaSO O H CaSO
S
p
can
G K M M
M
S
G + + =
|

Trong :
can
G - lng cn thu c trong qu trnh x l, kg/tn nhin liu.
M
x
- khi lng phn t gam ca cht c k hiu chn tng ng.
3.2.3 X l SO
2
bng cht hp th hu c
Qu trnh x l kh SO
2
trong kh thi bng cc cht hp th hu c c p
dng nhiu trong cng nghip luyn kim mu. Cht hp th SO
2
c s dng ph
bin l cc amin thm nh anilin C
6
H
5
NH
2
, toluiin CH
3
C
6
H
4
NH
2
, xyliin
(CH
3
)
2
C
6
H
3
NH
2
v imetyl anilin C
6
H
5
N(CH
3
)
2
.
Xyliin trong nc c nhiu u im khi s dng kh SO
2
trong khi thi
vi nng thp, cn khi nng SO
2
trong khi thi tng i cao trn 2% th
imetyl anilin c u th hn.
1. Qu trnh sunfiin.
Qu trnh ny c cc hng cng nghip ha cht v luyn kim ca c
nghin cu v p dng nh my luuyn kim Hamburg kh SO
2
trong khi thi
ca l thi luyn ng. nng kh SO
2
trong khi thi dao ng trong phm vi
0.5 8%, trung bnh l 3.6%. Cht hp th s dng l hn hp xyliin v nc, t l
1:1.
S h thng x l kh SO
2
theo qu trnh sunfiin.

2
theo qu trnh sunfiin
1- Thp trao i nhit; 2,3 - Thp hp th; 4,7- Thp ra kh; 5 - Thp bc hi; 6- B lng
Kh
vo
Kh sch
H
2
S
O
4

N
a
2
C
O
3

Hi
nc
SO
2

Nc
thi
1 1 1
1 2 3 4
5
6
7
- 91 -
Kh thi s b c lm ngui v lc sch bi trong thit b lc bi bng in,
sau cho qua cc thp hp th 2 v 3 t ni tip nhau, hn hp xyliin v nc
c ti vo ngc chiu vi dng kh.
Trong qu trnh hp th c ta ra mt lng nhit ng k, do cn phi lm
ngui dung dch bng thit b trao i nhit 1.
Kh sch thot ra khi thp hp th c cha hi xyliin cn cho qua thp ra kh
4 thu hi bng axit sunfuric long.
Dung dch hp th bo ha t thp hp th u tin (s 2) i ra khi vi
nng SO
2
130 180g/l c a vo thp bc hi 5. Nhit phn di ca
thp bc hi c gi mc 45 100
o
C bng cht mang nhit l hi nc i bn
trong ng xon. Cc loi kh, hi (gm SO
2
, xyliin v hi nc) bc ln trong thp
bc hi c ngng t thit b trao i nhit 1 ri i tip vo thp ra kh 7 ti
bng nc gim nng xylinin trong kh SO
2
. T y kh SO
2
c s dng
cho cc cng on ch bin axit sunfuric hoc lu hunh n cht. Dung dch long
xyliin - SO
2
cng vi nc ngng t t thit b ngng t 1li quay ln ti vo
thp bc hi 5. Dung dch hp th c hon nguyn di ca thp bc hi
chy vo b lng 6, nc tha c thi i v hn hp xyliin nc theo t l
thch hp c bm qua thit b lm ngui ri ti cho thp hp th s 3.
Trong qu trnh hp th, mt phn sunfit xyliin b oxi ha. hn ch s tch
t ca sunfat xyliin trong dung dch hp th ngi ta cho natri cacbonat vo dung
dch ti thp hp th 3. Natri cacbonat tc dng vi sunfat xyliin to thnh natri
sunfat v CO
2
. Kh CO
2
s thot ra ngoi cng vi kh thi sau x l. Cn natri
sunfat tng ng vi lng natri cacbonat s dng s c thi ra ngoi b
lng 6 di dng dung dch trong nc nc.
Hiu qu kh SO
2
trong h thng t 9699%.
2. Qu trnh kh SO
2
bng dimetylanilin qu trnh ASARCO
Kh thi c lc sch bi v cc git sng axit sunfuric bng b lc in v
thp ra kh c a vo thp hp th 1 trong xy ra 3 qu trnh sau:
Hp th kh SO
2
bng dimetylanilin khan.
Kh SO
2
cn li trong kh bng dung dch natri cacbonat long thu sunfit v
bisunfit natri dng cho cc giai on tip theo.
Hp th hi dimetyl - anilin bng axit sunfuric long v thu c sunfat dimetyl
- anilin.
Phn di ca thp hp th c chia thnh tm tng ti dung dch. Lng
nhit ta ra trong qu trnh hp th SO
2
bng dimetyl - anilin c kh bng cc
thit b lm ngui 6: dung dch sau khi ti tng trn chy ra c lm ngui ri
a xung ti cho tng di; tng di cng c ti bng dung dch tun hon.
Dn dn cht hp th b bo ha bi kh SO
2
v mu ca n thay i t mu vng
nht sang mu thm.
Phn gia ca thp hp th gm hai tng c ti dung dch natri cacbonat.
Phn trn cng ca thp c chia thnh 14 tng v dng axit sunfuric long
ti.
- 92 -
Cht hp th bo ha t thp hp th i ra c un nng trong b mt trao i
nhit 12 nh lng nhit ca bn thn cht hp th c hon nguyn t thp
gii hp th 8 i ra ti vo phn gia ( phn bc hi ca thp 8). Kh SO
2
, hi
dimetyl anilin v hi nc bc ln trong thp 8 c a vo thng ngng t 9,
hi nc v hi dimetylanilin s ngng t li, cn kh SO
2
i tip sang thp ra
cui cng s 10 dng nc kh sch hi dimetyl anilin to thnh sunfit
dimetylanilin nh s c mt ca SO
2
.
Dung dch c hnh thnh cng vi nc ngng t thng ngng t 9 c
ti vo phn trn cng ca thp 8. Cht hp th c hon nguyn cng vi
nc ngng t i ra t pha di ca phn bc hi c lm ngui s b trong b
mt trao i nhit 12 v tip tc c lm ngui su hn trong thit b 6 ri i vo
b phn ly 4, ti dimetyl - anilin c tc ra khi nc v chy vo b cha 2
ti cho thp hp thu 1. Mt phn nc c tch ra t thng phn ly 4 i vo b
cha 5 v c dng ti vo phn di cng c gi l phn han nguyn ca
thp gii hp th 8 phc v cho vic hon nguyn dimetyl - anilin. Phn nc cn
li cng vi dung dch hp th chy ra t phn trn v phn gia ca thp hp th 1
i vo b cha 3. Dung dch trong b 3 c cha mt lng nh cht dimetyl - anilin
di dng l lng c a vo b phn ly dung dch long s 7, sau phn nc
chy vo b cha 5 cn cht l lng c m c hn i tip vo b phn ly 4.

Dung dch thi
9
H
2
SO
4

Kh vo
3
6
7
12
2
2 4 5
Na
2
CO
3

Nc
6
10
11
11
Hnh 3.19 : S h thng x l SO
2
theo qu trnh ASARCO
1. thp hp th, 2, 3,5 .b cha, 4;7 .b phn ly, 6 .Thit b lm ngui, 8 .thp gii
hp th, 9 .thng ngng t, 10 .thp ra kh, 11 .thit b cp nhit, 12 .b mt trao
i nhit
Kh sch thot ra
- 93 -
Phn nc trong b 5 c cha cc cht sau:
- Axit sunfuric long v dung dch sunfat dimetyl - anilin t phn trn ca thp
hp th.
- Dung dch natri cacbonat long c cha c sunfit v bisunfit natri.
- Dung dch sunfit dimetyl - anilin long t phn bc hi ca thp gii hp th.
T b cha 5 nc c dng ti vo phn di cng ca thp gii hp th
8.
Ti y trong dng hi nc, sunfit dimetyl - anilin c phn gii thnh
dimetyl - anilin v SO
2
theo hi nc bc ln trn. nhit han nguyn, sunfat
dimetyl - anilin tc dng vi sunfit v bisunfit natri to thnh dimetyl - anilin t do,
kh SO
2
v natri sunfat. Hn hp kh SO
2
, hi dimetyl - anilin v hi nc cng bc
ln trn v thot ra khi thp gii hp th, cn dung dch natri sunfat th thi ra
ngoi. pha di ca phn bc hi v phn han nguyn ca thp 8 dung dch
c un nng bng cc b 11.
Dung dch thi ra hu nh khng cha dimetyl - anilin. pH ca dung dch
thi c gi mc 5 6 bng cch iu chnh lng natri cacbonat ti vo phn
gia ca thp hp th.
3.2.4 X l SO
2
bng cc cht hp ph th rn
Cc qu trnh x l kh SO
2
bng cht hp th theo phng php t c nhc
im: nhit ca kh thi b h thp, m li tng cao gy han g thit b my
mc, h thng cng knh v kinh ph u t ln. vi nhng l do trn ngy cng c
nhu cu nghin cu p dng phng php x l SO
2
bng cc loi vt liu hp ph
th rn khc phc nhc im ca phng php t.
Kinh ph u t cho vic xy dng v lp t h thng x l kh thi theo
phng php kh thp hn so vi phng php t, cn chi ph s dng vn hnh
th theo phng php kh i lc li cao hn so vi phng php t.
Do nhu cu hon nguyn vt liu hp ph v lm sch kh thi khi bi ca vt
liu hp ph, vn kt hp gia qu trnh kh v t ngy cng tr nn thit thc.
3.2.5 Hp ph kh SO
2
bng than hot tnh
Phng php ny c th p dng rt tt x l khi thi t cc nh my nhit
in, nh my luyn kim v sn xut axit sunfuric vi hiu qu kinh t ng k, c
bit c p dng rng ri cc nc c, Anh, Nht Bn v mt s nc khc.
S dng than hot tnh hp ph kh SO
2
c s h thng n gin v vn
nng, tc l c th p dng c cho mi qu trnh cng ngh c thi kh SO
2
mt
cch lin tc hay gin on. Ngoi ra, h thng x l cho php lm vic c vi
kh thi c nhit cao trn 100
o
C.
Nhc im ca phng php ny tu thuc vo qu trnh hon nguyn c th
l tiu hao nhiu vt liu hp ph hoc l sn phm thu hi c kh SO
2
c nng
thp, c ln nhiu axit sunfuric v tn dng kh khn, phi x l tip mi s dng
c.
- 94 -
1
4
Phn lt sng
Kh vo
Kh sch thot ra
SO
2

Kh tr
Tro
B

s
u
n
g

c
h
t

h
p

p
h
i

2
3
5
6
7
8
9
Hnh 3.20: S h thng x l kh SO
2
theo phng
php hp ph bng than hot tnh.
1. Phu cha than hot tnh, 2. thit b o liu lng, 3.
thp hp ph nhiu tng, 4. xiclon, 5. bunke, 6. thp gii
hp ph, 7. thit b cp nhit, 8. qut, 9. my sng
Trn hnh 3.20 l s h thng x l kh SO
2
bng than hot tnh. Khi thi i
vo thp hp ph 3 gm nhiu tng, kh SO
2
b gi li trong lp than hot tnh ca
cc tng hp ph, sau khi i qua xiclon 4 lc sch tro, bi trc khi thi ra
ngoi kh quyn.
Than hot tnh sau khi c hon nguyn cng vi mt lg than mi b sung
c chuyn ln phu cha 1 cp vo thp hp ph qua b phn khng ch liu
lng 2. Than ri t tng
trn xung tng di ca
thp nh h thng co o.
Sau khi bo ha SO
2
, than
hot tnh t tng di cng
ca thp chy xung bunke
5 i vo thit b gii hp
ph (hon nguyn) 6, ti
y mt lng nhit c
cp vo t bn ngoi
nng nhit ca than ln
400 450
o
C nh thit b
cp nhit 7 v qut 8.
thc y qu trnh han
nguyn ngi ta cn thi
kh tr nng hoc hi nc
vo thit b hon nguyn.
Kh SO
2
thot ra t qu
trnh hon nguyn c nng
40 50% v t
khong 96 97% lng
kh SO
2
c trong khi thi
trc khi i vo h thng
x l.
Sau khi han nguyn
than hot tnh c sng
chn li qua my sng 9
loi b phn than qu vn
nt v b sung thm than
mi a ln phu cha
1.
Kh thot ra t qu
trnh han nguyn ngoi
kh SO
2
cn c mt s loi
kh khc nh: H
2
S l 2
4%, lu hynh S l 0,1 0,3% do cc phn ng sau y:
2 2 2 2
3 2 2 3 2 CO S H O H C SO + = + +
- 95 -
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
6
Kh vo
Kh sch thot ra
Nc
H
2
SO
4

(20 25%)
H
2
SO
4

(25 30%)
H
2
SO
4

(10 15%)
Hnh 3.21: X l SO
2
theo qu trnh LURGI
1. thp ra kh Venturi, 2. xiclon, 3. Thit b hp ph, 4. b cha axit, 5. bm, 6. than hot tnh
2 2
CO S C SO + = +
2 2 2
2 2 2 CO S H O H C S + = + +
Nng kh SO
2
cn li trong khi thi sau khi ra khi h thng lc ph thuc
vo thi gian lm vic ca lp vt liu hp ph. i vi than hot tnh ta c cc s
liu sau:
Thi gian t, pht 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Nng kh SO
2
, % trong kh thot ra 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14

Mc hon nguyn ph thuc vo thi gian han nguyn nh sau:

Thi gian, pht 5 10 20 30 40
Mc han nguyn, % 40 70 90 95 100

3.2.6 X l kh SO
2
bng than hot tnh c ti ncQu trnh LURGI
X l kh SO
2
bng than hot tnh c ti nc thu hi axit sunfuric do cng
ty LURGI ca c nghin cu p dng.

Theo phng php ny, kh thi c lm cho bo ho hi nc nhit di
100
o
C i qua lp than hot tnh c ti nc lm m trong thit b hp ph 3. kh
SO
2
b gi li trong lp than hot tnh v oxy ho thnh SO
3
nh c oxy trong kh
- 96 -
thi. Tip theo, SO
3
kt hp vi nc bin thnh axit sunfuric v theo nc chy
vo thng cha 4. Axit sunfuric thu c thng cha 4 vi nng 20 25%
c trch mt phn lm ngui v lm m kh thi cn x l. Qu trnh ny c
thc hin trong thp ra kh Venturi 1, trong axit long c dng kh chuyn
ng ri vi vn tc ln x nh thnh git mn, nhit ca kh gim xung do c
nc bc hi, cn axit long th tr nn m c hn. Sau thp ra kh Venturi, tro
bi v axit c tch ra khi dng kh trong xiclon 2 v chy v b cha 4, cn kh
i vo thit b hp ph.
qu trnh x l c lin tc cn lp t t nht hai bnh hp ph lun phin
nhau hot ng, ci ny theo chu k hp ph, ci kia theo chu k hon nguyn.
Vic s dng axit sunfuric thu c t qu trnh ph thuc vo mc nhim
bn tro bi v m c ca n. Khi x l kh thi lc sch tro bi, nng
axit thu c c th t 65 70%. Axit b nhim bn nng c th c phn gii
theo cc phng php thng dng thu kh SO
2
dng vo vic iu ch axit
sunfuric sch hoc lu hunh n cht.
H thng th nghim ban u vi lu lng khi thi 1000 1500 m
3
/h. Nng
ban u ca SO
2
trong khi thi khi t nhin liu mazut l 0,1 0,15%. Hiu
qu x l SO
2
t 98 99%. Cht hp ph lm vic trong hn 3 nm lin tc m
hot tnh ca n khng h gim st.
3.2.7 X l kh SO
2
bng nhm oxt kim ho
Qu trnh x l kh SO
2
bng oxit kim ho c da trn tnh cht hp ph ca
hn hp nhm oxit (Al
2
O
3
) v natri oxit (Na
2
O) vi thnh phn natri oxit chim
20% khi lng ca hn hp.
Trong qu trnh hp ph, SO
2
b oxy ho, sau tc dng vi cc oxt kim loi
bin thnh sunfat. Cht hp ph bo ho c hon nguyn bng kh tr nhit
600 650
o
C.
Khi thi sau khi c x l s b lc sch bi trong xiclon 1 i vo thp hp
ph 2 theo chiu t di ln trn. Cht hp ph dng ht c cp vo t nh thp
v ri t do xung di. Trong qu trnh ri trong dng kh chuyn ng ngc
chiu, cht hp ph kh kh SO
2
trong khi thi. Bi v cc ht cht hp ph c
kch thc b b dng kh mang theo s c tch ra trong xiclon 3 v kh sch
c thi ra kh quyn.
Mt phn cht hp ph sau khi ra khi thp 2 c tun hon tr li cho n khi
t mc bo ha nht nh, phn cn li qua b khng ch liu lng 5 i qua
thit b hon nguyn 6.
Sau khi han nguyn, vt liu hp ph c lm ngui trong bung lm ngui 7
v c cp vo phu np 4 cng vi mt lng cht hp ph mi b sung lp
li chu trnh lm vic.
- 97 -
Kh vo
Bi
Cht hp
ph mi
SO
2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
bng nhm oxit kim ho
1,3- xiclon; 2 - Thp hp ph; 4- Phu np cht hp ph ; 5 - o liu lng; 6- Thit b
gii hp; 7- bung lm ngui; 8 - thit b trao i nhit.
5
5
S h thng:

Lng cht hp ph lu thng trong h thng khong 48 50kg cho 1000m
3

kh thi cn x l vi nng ban u ca SO
2
l 0.3%. Vn tc chuyn ng ca
kh trong thp hp ph l 2 2.5m/s. Hiu qu kh SO
2
trong kh thi t 90%.
Cht hp ph nhm oxit kim ha c th c sn xut theo nhiu phng php
khc nhau. Mt trong nhng phng php c tin hnh nh sau:
Dung dch natri cacbonat (Na
2
CO
3
) 17% ha trn vo dung dch nhm sunfat
(Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
) 16% , khuy u trong 1 gi nhit 90
o
C.
Lc ly cht kt ta.
Gii 2 ln dung dch natri cacbonat 2,5%.
Cht rn thu c em sy kh.
Ct thnh vin nh c ng knh t 20 25 mm.
Sng chn loi b cc ht vn nt.
- 98 -
Nung cc ht cht hp ph nhit 600 650
o
C trong mi trng kh
hydro lu thng qua lp vt liu hp ph trong 24 gi.
Cht hp ph nhm oxit kim ha thu c theo phng php trn c dung
lng hp ph bng 19 24% trng lng bn thn v c khi lng n v l
0,8g/m
3
.
3.2.8 X l kh SO
2
bng mangan oxt (MnO)
C hai phng php tiu biu ca qu trnh x l SO
2
bng mangan oxit l qu
trnh mangan c nghin cu p dng M v qu trnh DAR mangan do hng
Mitsubishi ca Nht Bn xut.
1. Qu trnh mangan ca M:

Cht hp ph c s dng l mangan oxit Mn
2
O
3
dng ht c lm kh trong
khng kh v trong chn khng nhit 300 400
o
C.
Khi thi nhit 130 330
o
C i vo thit b hp ph 1 trong SO
2
b hp
ph bi mangan oxit v oxy ho thnh SO
3
, sau kt hp vi m mao dn
trong cht hp ph to thnh axit sunfuric. Axit sunfuric li kt hp vi mangan oxit
thnh mangan sunfat. Trong phm vi nhit ca khi thi nu trn kh nng kh
Kh
vo
Kh sch thot ra
Tro
Nc
O
2

H
2

+
-
NaOH
H
2
SO
4

1
2
3
4
5
6
2
theo qu trnh mangan
1- Thit b hp ph ; 2- My sng; 3- Thng in phn; 4Thng
phn ng; 5- My lc ly tm; 6- My sy
- 99 -
SO
2
ca cht hp ph t 25 37% trng lng bn thn v kh nng hp ph tng
khi nhit tng.
Cht hp ph no SO
2
t thit b hp ph i ra c a qua my sng 2 ri
vo thng phn ng 4 c my khuy kt hp vi dung dch NaOH theo phn
ng:
O H SO Na MnO NaOH MnSO
2 4 2 4
2 + + + = +
Sau cht kt ta c tch ra v gii nc trong my ly tm 5, MnO
oxy ho thnh Mn
2
O
3
. Sau khi hon nguyn cht hp ph m c a qua my sy
6 quay tr li chu trnh lm vic.
Dung dch t my li tm 5 chy ra c cha natri sunfat c a vo thng in
phn 3 phn gii thnh axit sunfuric long v dung dch NaOH. Axit sunfuric
long c lm bay hi nc, c c v thnh sn phm ca h thng. Dung dch
NaOH c tun hon tr li thng phn ng 4 tip tc chu trnh hon nguyn
cht hp ph.
2. Qu trnh DAR mangan ca hng Mitsubishi:
Cht hp ph s dng l hn hp ca mt s oxit, gi l oxit mangan hot tnh
S h thng:

Cht hp ph nghin nh c phun vo dng khi thi cn x l v cng vi
khi thi i vo thit b hp ph 2, trong mangan oxit kt hp vi SO
2
, oxy v
hi nc mao dn to thnh mangan sunfat.
Vn tc kh trong thp hp ph khong 13m/s. Lng cht hp ph cn cp cho
1m
3
kh thi l 150 250g.
H
2
O
NH
3

Khng kh
Khng kh
Tro
H
2
O
Kh sch thot ra
Kh
vo (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

Thi ra kh quyn
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
theo qu trnh DAR-mangan
1- np cht hp ph ; 2- thp hp ph ; 3- xiclon; 4Thit b lc bi bng in; 5- thng cha
dung dch; 6- Thp hon nguyn amoniac; 7- thp oxi ho; 8,10- my ly tm; 9- thng tuyn ni
- 100 -
Mc kh SO
2
ca cht hp ph ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: t l gia lng
cht hp ph v lu lng kh thi, nhit v thi gian lu ca cht hp ph trong
thp. Trung bnh mc kh SO
2
theo qu trnh ny t 98%.
T thp 2 i ra, cht hp ph c tch ra khi kh thi trong xiclon 3 v tip
theo kh thi c lc sch bi trong thit b lc bi bng in 4. Mc lc bi l
99.96% 99.98%
Hon nguyn:
Mt phn cht hp ph thu c xiclon 3 quay v phu np 1, phn cn li cng
vi bi i ra t thit b lc bi tnh in 4 i vo b cha 5 ho trn vi nc.
Cht cn nho trong b 5 c a sang thp hon nguyn amoniac 6 ri i tip
sang thp oxy ho 7, trong xy ra phn ng:
4 2 4 2 4 4
) ( ) ( 2 SO NH OH Mn OH NH MnSO + = +
Tip theo l phn ng oxi ho hydrat bng oxi trong khng kh v hi nc:
O nH MnO O H n n iO OH Mn
i 2 1 2 2 2
. ) 1 ( 5 . 0 ) (
+
= + +
Trong : i=0.50.8 v n=0.11.0
Amoniac tha trong thp 7 theo khng kh vo thp 6 v c tch ra
quay li thp 7 tham gia vo cc phn ng nu trn.
Cc tinh th mangan oxit hon nguyn c trong thp 7 c tch ra my
lc 8 v tr li chu trnh lm vic, cn dung dch (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
vt ra t my lc 8
c cho bc hi v ng bnh lm phn bn, hoc c th x l vi vi thu
thch cao CaSO
4
.
B tuyn ni 9 c s dng x l tro bi bm trong h thng cng vi cn
bn my lc ly tm 8 thu hi mangan oxit tr tr li h thng. Cn ghi ch rng
vic s dng du ho b tuyn ni 8 khng lm gim kh nng kh SO
2
ca cht
hp ph, du ho s bc hi hon ton trong kh thi m khng thm nhp vo
amoni sunfat.
3.2.9 X l kh SO
2
bng vi v olomit trn vo than nghin
Phn ng gia vi (CaO) v olomit (CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
) vi SO
2
xy ra nh sau:
2CaO + 2SO
2
+ O
2
= 2CaSO
4

2 CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
+ 2SO
2
+ O
2
= 2[CaSO
4
+ MgO] + 4CO
2

Phn ng gia vi v SO
2
xy ra mnh nht nhit 7601040
o
C, cn phn
ng gia olomit v SO
2
- nhit 6001200
o
C.
Phng php ny l s kt hp gia qu trnh chy v qu trnh kh kh SO
2

thnh mt qu trnh thng nht trong bung t ca l m khng i hi phi lp
t thm nhiu thit b ph tr.
Trn hnh 3.24 l s l hi t nhin liu than nghin c trn vi kh kh
SO
2
.

- 101 -

Than nghin vi c ht c kch thc trn 6 mm c trn vi vi bt kch
thc 1.6 6 mm thnh lp dy bn trn ghi phn phi khng kh 1. Khng kh
c thi qua lp ghi t di ln trn vi vn tc trn ton tit din ngang ca
bung t 0.6 4.6 m/s. Khng kh xuyn qua lp than chy nhit 760
1040oC lm cho cc ht nhin liu v vi chuyn ng, nhng ht to v nng bc
ln ri ri xung, cn cc ht mn th bay theo sn phm chy. Lp than trong
bung t si ng do ngi ta gi l qu trnh t gi lng hoc gi si.
Bung t c bao quanh bng cc vch ng 2 hp th nhit bc x, trong
lu thng nc v hi. Ngoi ra trong lp than gi lng cn c b tr cc dy ng
xon 3 nhn nhit trc tip t lp than chy. Bn trn lp than cn b tr dy ng
nm ngang 4 va nhn nhit va c tc dng cn tr khng cho cc ht than bc
ln cao v theo khi ra ngoi. Trn ng khi c b tr cc dn ng nhn nhit i
lu 5 v dn ng 6 tn dng nhit trong khi thi hm nng nc trc khi cp
vo cc dn ng chnh. Khi thi i ra khi l c cha tro, cc ht vi hoc olomit
v than c lc cp th trong xiclon 7 thu hi than cha chy ht, tip theo
c lc tinh b lc 8 ri thi ra kh quyn.
Lp than ni bn trn phn ln l tro, cc cht tr, vi v sunfat c ln mt t
than cha chy ht s c thi ra ngoi v nhin liu cng cht hp ph SO
2
c
b sung vo bung t qua ghi phn phi khng kh hoc qua ca cp than trn
vch l.
Nhit chy ca lp than gi lng c chn trong khong 760 1040
o
C l
vi mc ch t hiu qu kh SO
2
cao nht ca vi (kh c 90% SO
2
). Vi nhit
Hnh 3.25: S l hi vi lp than gi lng
1- Ghi phn phi khng kh ; 2- Vch ng; 3- Dn ng chm trong lp than; 4Dn ng chn; 5-
Dn ng nhn nhit i lu; 6- Dn ng tn dng nhit; 7- xiclon lc th; 8- Thit b lc tinh
Khng kh
Vi hoc
olomit
Than
Tro, sunfat
Tro, bi
Khi thi
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
- 102 -
trn th s hnh thnh v pht thi kh NO
x
c gim thiu mc 250
600ppm v vn ng cng x than cng c hn ch.
Hiu qu kh SO
2
ca cht hp ph ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: nhit ,
kch thc ht v t l gia cht hp ph v lng kh SO
2
trong sn phm chy.
Ngoi phng php trn cht hp ph vo than t trong lp nhin liu gi
lng, ngi ta cn c th thc hin cng ngh x l SO
2
bng cch phun cht hp
ph c 0 - 60m vo bung t bng mi phun ng knh 2mm t cao 4m
bn trn vi t.
3.2.10 So snh li ch kinh t ca mt s phng php x l kh SO
2

C rt nhiu phng php khc nhau x l kh SO
2
trong khi thi, tuy nhin
hin nay cha c cng trnh nghin cu no y v ton din khng nh
phng php no l hp l nht, kinh t nht.
Vn kinh t k thut ca cc phng php x l ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu
kin c th ca tng a phng, tng cng trnh.
Theo kt qu so snh ca Vin nghin cu lm sch kh ca Lin x i vi 3
phng php: magie, vi v amoniac c chng ct cc nh my nhit in cng
sut 600, 1200, v 2400MW th phng php magie l phng php c ch tiu
kinh t k thut cao hn c.
Cc nh nghin cu Tip khc tin hnh so snh kinh t ca bn phng
php x l kh SO
2
: vi, vi nung, amoniac c chu k v magie i vi nh my
nhit in cng sut 300MW v kt qu cng cho thy phng php magie c hiu
qu kinh t cao nht mc d chi ph u t cho phng php ny cao hn so vi cc
phng php vi nung v vi.
Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ca mt s phng php kh x l SO
2
cho nh
my in cng sut 8000MW.

Phng
php
Sn phm thu
hi
Chi ph u t Hiu
qu x
l ,%
Chi ph sn xut
Chung,
10
6
la
Cho
1KW
la
Cho 1000
kWh, xen
Cho 1 tn
nhin
liu, la
Kh SO
2

bng
nhm
kim ha
- Axit
-Lu hunh
14,217
8,51
17,77
10,64
100
100
7,2
7,9
0,55
0,61
Kh SO
2

bng
phng
php phun
vi bt
-Axit
-Khng thu
hi sn phm
17,0
0,8
21,25
1,0
100
90
67
34
5,5
14,35
10,6
5,9
0,4
1,13
0,78
0,43

- 103 -
H
2
S
Khng kh
v hi axit
Kh vo
Kh sch
thot ra
1
2
3 4
5
6
Hnh 3.27: S h thng x l kh H
2
S bng natri cacbonat Na
2
CO
3

1. thp hp th, 2. thp gii hp th, 3. qut, 4. thit b sy nng khng kh,
5. iu chnh mc dung dch, 6. iu chnh lu lng dung dch ti
3.3 CNG NGH X L KH IHIRO SUNFUA H
2
S
Kh H
2
S l loi kh ch yu sinh ra trong qu trnh luyn cc t than , qu
trnh lc du, qu trnh sn xut cng nghip. Kh H
2
S cn l mt trong nhng
thnh phn ca kh t thin nhin. Ngoi ra, trong mt s ngnh cng nghip khc
nh ch bin xenlulo, si nhn to, nu bt giy, thuc da, nu thuc nhum, x l
nc thi, lng kh H
2
S sinh ra cng ng k.
Trc kia cc h thng x l v thu hi kh H
2
S ch yu l phc v cho vic lc
sch kh cng nghip nh kh t thin nhin. Ngy nay ngoi vic lc sch kh
cng nghip, vic x l v thu hi H
2
S cn gim thiu nhim mi trng, kh
H
2
S thu hi c tn dng sn xut lu hunh n cht v axit sunfuric.
3.3.1 X l H
2
S bng Natri cacbonat, amoni cacbonat, hoc kali phtpht
Qu trnh x l kh H
2
S bng Na
2
CO
3
c da trn c s cc phn ng sau:
H
2
S + Na
2
CO
3
= NaHS + NaHCO
3

Phn ng ny din ra trong thp hp th 1 ca h thng x l. Dung dch bo
ha t thp 1 chy ra c lm bc hi bng khng kh nng trong thp gii hp th
2 thu hi li Na
2
CO
3
. v chu trnh lm vic c th tip din.
Kh H
2
S thu c t thp 2 s c a sang cng on tip theo thu hi lu
hunh n cht v hon nguyn vanadat.

- 104 -
Phn ng thu hi lu hunh c s tham gia ca natri vanadat NaVO
3
:
2NaHS + H
2
S + 4NaVO
3
+ O
2
= Na
2
V
4
O
9
+ 4NaOH +3S
hon nguyn vanadat ngi ta dng cht xc tc ADA (natri-amoni vanadat
v isunfonat):
Na
2
V
4
O
9
+ 2NaOH + O
2
+ 2ADA = 4NaVO
3
+ 2ADA
Ngi ta c th thay th natri cacbonat bng kali photphat K
3
PO
4
vi nhng u
im l:
- C tnh cht bn vng
- Phn ng ca n vi H
2
S mang tnh cht chn la khi c mt ca kh SO
2

trong kh thi.
- S dng hi nc lm bay hi v thu hi H
2
S.
Phn ng kh H
2
S xy ra nh sau:
K
3
PO
4
+ H
2
S = K
2
HPO
4
+ KHS
Ngoi ra, c th dng amoni cacbonat v kali cacbonat lm dung dch hp th
i vi H
2
S:
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ H
2
S = (NH
4
)
2
S + H
2
O + CO
2

Amoni sunfua (NH
4
)
2
S thu c trong dung dch ra khi thp hp th s c
phn hu thnh NH
3
v H
2
S. Dung dch NH
3
quay tr li chu trnh kt hp vi
CO
2
v H
2
O trong khi thi to thnh amoni cacbonat v phn ng trn tip tc
xy ra.

Khng kh
Kh vo
Kh sch
thot ra
1
5
2
S bng amoni cacbonat (NH
4
)
2
CO
3

1. thp hp th, 2. thp oxy hoa, 3. thng phn ly, 4. thng cha lu hunh,
5. thng ra, 6. my lc ly tm
6
4
2
3
Khng
kh
Lu hunh
- 105 -
3.3.2 X l kh H
2
S bng dung dch amoniac
Dng amoniac kh H
2
S trong kh thi l qu trnh kh n gin v c p
dng rng ri. Trong thp hp th, H
2
S trong kh thi tip xc vi dung dch
amoniac v chng kt hp vi nhau theo phn ng:
2NH
3
+ H
2
S = (NH
4
)
2
S
nhit v p sut thch hp amoniac sunfua (NH
4
)
2
S phn gii thnh NH
3

v H
2
S. Amoniac quay li chu trnh lm vic, cn H
2
S c a sang cng on
iu ch axit hoc lu hunh n cht.
S h thng x l c trnh by hnh 3.28. y l qu trnh tun hon
100% dung dch hp th.

3.3.3 X l kh H
2
S bng than hot tnh
Qu trnh hp ph kh H
2
S bng than hot tnh xy ra nh hin tng oxy ho
kh H
2
S trn b mt ca than theo phn ng:
H
2
S + O
2
= H
2
O + S + 222kJ/mol
thc y qu trnh oxy ho ngi ta thm vo kh cn lc mt lng nh
amoniac (0.2g/m
3
).
Lu hunh c gii phng ra trong phn ng oxy ho nu trn dn dn tch t
trong lp than v lm cho vt liu hp ph tr nn bo ho, lc cn tin hnh
hon nguyn vt liu hp ph bng (NH
4
)
2
S theo phn ng:
2(NH
4
)
2
S + 6S = 2(NH
4
)
2
S
4

hoc l:
Kh vo
Kh sch thot ra
Hi nc
H
2
S
NH
3

1
2
3
4
5
6
2
S bng amoniac
1. thp hp th, 2, 3. Bnh cha, 4. thit b lm ngui, 5. b
mt trao i nhit, 6. thp ct kh H
2
S
- 106 -
(NH
4
)
2
S + 9(n 1)S = (NH
4
)
2
S
n

Sau dung dch c phn hu bng hi nhit 125 130
o
C v p sut
(1.7 2).10
5
Pa thu li (NH
4
)
2
S v lu hunh n cht:
(NH
4
)
2
S
n
(NH
4
)
2
S + (n 1)S
Lu hunh thu c c th tch ra khi dung dch nh s khc nhau v khi
lng n v. tinh khit ca lu hunh c th t 99,9%, cn hi ngng t li
trong qu trnh phn hu dung dch l (NH
4
)
2
S sch.
Sau khi tch lu hunh ra khi than bo ho, ngi ta ra than bng nc cho
ti khi khng cn SO
2
trong nc mi thi, sau than c sy kh dng tr
li.
Kt qu nghin cu thc t cho bit kch thc ht than hot tnh cng nh th
ngm H
2
S ca than cng ln. thng ngi ta sn xut than c c ht 1 2mm.
Ngoi ra, qu trnh hp ph ca than hot tnh xy ra c trit , kh thi cn
c lc sch bi a nng bi xung cn 2 3mg/m
3
trc khi a vo h
thng hp ph.
3.3.4 X l H
2
S bng cht hp ph st oxt Fe
2
O
3

y l phng php c in nht c da trn cc phn ng sau:
Fe
2
O
3
+ H
2
S = Fe
2
S
3
+ H
2
O
2Fe
2
S
3
+3O
2
= 2 Fe
2
O
3
+6S
Sau khi bo ha H
2
S, oxit st c hon nguyn bng khng kh (cp oxi)
thu lu hunh.
Tc phn ng hp ph H
2
S ca oxit st ph thuc vo mc tip xc gia
kh v b mt vt liu hp ph. Do nng cao tc phn ng, rng (xp)
ca vt liu hp ph phi ln. thng rng ca oxit st khng nh hn 50%.
iu kin tt nht cho qu trnh hp ph kh H
2
S bng oxit st l: nhit trong
khong 28 30
o
C v m ca vt liu hp ph khong 30%.
hon nguyn c th p dng cc phng php sau:
- Oxy ho vt liu hp th bng oxy trong khng kh.
- Thi hn hp kh c cha 2 3% oxi qua lp vt liu hp ph, nhit hon
nguyn khong 600 800
o
C.
- Hon nguyn lin tc khi vt liu hp ph bng cch b sung vo dng kh
cn x l mt th tch khng kh vi tnh ton sao cho lng oxi trong hn hp gp
1,5 ln lng oxi l thuyt cn cho qu trnh oxi ha. Nh vy qua 1tri2nh hon
nguyn xy din ra song song vi qu trnh hp ph.
Ngoi ra c th dng Fe(OH)
3
kh H
2
S theo phn ng sau
3H
2
S +2Fe(OH)
3
= Fe
2
S
3
+6 H
2
O +Q
iu kin ti u cho phn ng l nhit 28 30
o
C, m vt liu khng di
30%. Qu trnh ny c p dng khi nng kh H
2
S di 0.5% tc l di
7.5g/m
3
.
t,p
- 107 -
Sau khi bo ha, vt liu hp ph c hon nguyn bng oxy trong khng kh
vi s tham gia ca hi nc. Kt qu thu c l st s chuyn thnh hydroxit v
lu hunh n cht c tch ra:
2Fe
2
S
3
+ 3O
2
+ 6H
2
O = 4Fe(OH)
3
+6S +606 kJ/mol
Th tch khng kh cp cho qu trnh hon nguyn c iu chnh ty theo
nhit v hm lng oxy trong hn hp kh i vo h thng.
Vt liu hp ph c xem l ht tc dng khi hm lng lu hunh chim
50% khi lng vt liu. Lu hunh tch t trong vt liu dn dn bao bc cc ht
Fe(OH)
3
v gy tr ngi cho s thm nhp ca kh H
2
S vo b mt ca cc ht vt
liu hp ph. Lc phi thay mi vt liu hp ph, cn vt liu hp ph ht tc
dng th c hon nguyn bng phng php nhit.
H thng lc rt n gin, bao gm nhiu bnh lc lp song song nhau theo
chiu i ca kh, trong mi bnh c nhiu lp vt liu hp ph kh ln lt i qua
ht lp ny n lp khc. B cao ca mi lp khong 0,3 0,5 m. H thng van
trn ng ng dn kh cho php ct bt k bnh hp ph no bo ha thay
mi vt liu hp ph khc hoc tin hnh hon nguyn. Nu bnh hp ph c 4 lp
th hiu qu kh H
2
S c th t 99,0 99,9%. Ngoi h thng hp ph kiu nhiu
bnh ngi ta cn ch to thit b hp ph kiu thp.

Ngoi ra c th dng ZnO lm cht hp ph kh H
2
S theo phn ng
ZnO + H
2
S = ZnS + H
2
O
Khng
kh
Hi nc
Nc
Kh vo h thng lc
Kh sch
Fe
2
O
3

1 1
2
Hnh 3.30: S hp ph H
2
S bng oxit st
1. thp hp ph, 2. ejector
- 108 -
Dung dch ti
Kh vo
Kh sch
thot ra
1
2
S bng natri thioasenat
1. thp hp th, 2. bm, 3. thit b lm nng dung dch, 4. thp oxy ha, 5. thng
phn ly lu hunh, 6. thng lng lu hunh, 7. my lc ly tm,
4
2
3
Khng kh
5
6
7
Lu hunh
Khi loi vt liu hp ph ny ht tc dng ngi ta thay mi ch khng hon
nguyn v qu trnh hon nguyn phc tp v khng kinh t. v vy phng php
ny ch p dng x l mt lng kh thi nh vi nng ban u ca H
2
S
khng ln lm.
3.3.5 X l H
2
S bng Natri thioasenat Na
4
As
2
S
5
O
2

Phn ng hp th kh H
2
S bng dung dch natri thioasenat xy ra nh sau:
H
2
S + Na
4
As
2
S
5
O
2
= Na
4
As
2
S
6
O + H
2
O
Tip theo, natri thioasenat c hon nguyn theo phn ng:
Na
4
As
2
S
6
O + O
2
= 2Na
4
As
2
S
5
O
2
+ 2S
Hai phn ng nu trn xy ra rt nhanh v l hai phn ng ch yu trong hu
ht cc iu kin vn hnh.
Khi nng ban u H
2
S trong kh thi rt cao hoc khi thi gian tip xc gia
H
2
S v dung dch hp th ko di th cc phn ng ph, chm hn s c th xy ra:
Hp th:
Na
4
As
2
S
6
O +H
2
S = Na
4
As
2
S
7
+ H
2
O
Hon nguyn:
2Na
4
As
2
S
7
+ O
2
= 2Na
4
As
2
S
6
O + 2S
Dung dch hp th natri thioasenat c chun b bng cch ha tan As
2
O
3
v
Na
2
CO
3
trong nc vi t l: 1mol As
2
O
3
: 2mol Na
2
CO
3
. Trong dung dch s c:
natri cacbonat, bicacbonat, natri asenit v axit asenic, cc cht ny s phn ng xen
k vi H
2
S v oxy to thnh natri thioasenat.
S h thng x l kh H
2
S bng natri thioasenat vi sn phm cui cng thu
c l lu hunh:

- 109 -
Dung dch bo ha chy ra t y thp hp th 1 c bm qua thit b cp
nhit 3 hm nng n nhit 45
o
C ri i vo thp oxi ha 4, trong dung
dch v khng kh chuyn ng cng chiu t di ln trn. Khng kh c tc dng
tch lu hunh ra khi dung dch v c tc dng nh cht to bt, lu hunh dng
bt s ni ln trn b mt thp oxy ha v trn qua vch ngn trong thng phn ly 5
chy vo b lng 6. Dung dch c hon nguyn t thng phn ly 5 s c a
v ti cho thp hp th 1.
Hiu qu x l c th t t 8095%
3.3.6 X l H
2
S bng xt NaOH
C s ca phng php ny l kh H
2
S kt hp vi NaOH theo cc phn ng
sau:
H
2
S + 2NaOH = Na
2
S + 2H
2
O
Na
2
S + H
2
S = 2NaHS
Na
2
S + H
2
O = NaHS + NaOH
Song song vi cc phn ng trn, xt cn c tc dng vi cacbonic:
CO
2
+ NaOH = NaHCO
3
NaHCO
3
+ NaOH = Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Ngoi phn ng kh H
2
S, trong dung dch cn xy ra qu trnh oxy ho natri
sunfua Na
2
S to thnh NaHS v Na
2
S
2
O
3
.
Na
2
S + H
2
O = NaHS + NaOH
2NaHS + 2O
2
= Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ H
2
O
V mt bo v mi trng th 2 phn ng ph ny l c li v chng gp phn
lm gim nh khu x l dung dch dng xong trc khi thi ra h thng thot
nc (NaS cn phi c x l trc khi thi ra mi trng)
Ngoi ra NaOH c th thay th bng sa vi. Kt qu thu c ca qu trnh l
cht cn nho c cha CaS, cht ny cng cn c x l trc khi thi ra mi
trng.
Dung dch xt s dng cng nh cn nho thu c khi dng sa vi thay
th c th c x l bng cch dng vi clorua (hn hp cc cht Ca(ClO)
2
, CaCl
2

v Ca(OH)
2
) oxi ho cclin kt sunfit.
u im:
- Phng php ny m bo kh c 100% H
2
S trong kh thi
- H thng khng i hi ch to bng vt liu chng axit
S h thng x l H
2
S bng xt hoc sa vi:
Kh thi c x l trong thp ra kh 1 vi lp m l khu s Raschig. H
thng c thit k vi mt lng dung dch s dng c thi lin tc ra ngoi
sau khi qua x l vi vi clorua (hn hp bao gm cc cht: Ca(ClO)
2
, CaCl
2
v
Ca(OH)
2
). Nng cht kim i qua thp ra kh 1 c khng ch mc 7g/l.
Vn tc kh trong thp 1 l 0,6m/s. Lng NaOH hoc CaO tiu hao quy v cho 1
kg lu hunh l 8kg. Phng php ny m bo kh 100% H
2
S trong kh thi
- 110 -

3.4 CNG NGH X L KH NIT OXIT NO
x

3.4.1 Hp th NO
x
bng dung dch amoni cacbonat
Atsukawa M v cng s hng cng nghip nng Mitsubishi (Nht Bn)
nghin cu qu trnh x l NO
x
bng amoni cacbonat (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
trong thp hp th
ng knh 0.4m v cao 2.6m c m bng khu Raschig 25mm. Hiu qu ca
qu trnh hp th cn c nng cao ng k khi dng cc tm nha polyvinyl gn
sng lm lp m trong thp hp th, hiu qu t n 95.1%
Bng 3.8: Kh nng hp th NO v NO
2
trong thp hp th c lp m
Lu lng, kg/m
2
.h
H s trao i
cht K
G
a,
kmol/m
2
.h.kPa
Nng NO + NO
2
, ppm
Hiu
qu hp
th, %
Kh Dung dch NO + NO
2

ban u
NO
2
cui
Lp m: khu Raschig 25 mm
2063 15050 0,29 1970 630 68
2580 15050 0,34 2040 700 65,7
2990 15050 0,37 19201 710 63
Lp m: tm nha polyvinyl gn sng
1180 5250 0,405 2100 270 95,1
2360 5250 0,77 2100 590 89,6
2950 5250 0,875 1800 800 84,6
Kh vo
Kh sch
thot ra
Nc thi
1
5
6
4
2 3
2
S bng NaOH hoc sa vi
1. thp ra kh, 2. thng cha dung dch dng, 3. thng x l dung dch trc
khi thi ra ngoi, 4. thng cha dung dch mi, 5. thng vi clorua, 6. bm
- 111 -

3.4.2 Hp th kh NO
x
bng nc
Trong cng nghip cc loi kh thi c cha oxt nit vi nng thp thng
c x l bng phng php dng nc ra kh trong cc loi thit b nh thp ra
kh, thit b sc kh si bt,Hiu qu kh NO
x
theo cc phng php nu trn
thng khng cao, ti a l 50%.
Hiu qu hp th NO
2
v N
2
O
4
bng nc ph thuc vo nng ban u ca
NO
x
trong kh thi v loi vt liu hp th.
Khi hp th NO
2
bng nc, mt phn axit nitric c sinh ra pha kh:
3NO
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3
+ NO + Q
x l cc oxit nit, ta c th s dng dung dch oxi gi long:
NO + H
2
O
2
NO
2
+ H
2
O
3NO
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3
+ NO
N
2
O
3
+ H
2
O
2
N
2
O
4
+ H
2
O
N
2
O
4
+ H
2
O HNO
3
+ HNO
2

Yu t c bn xc nh kinh t ca qu trnh l lu lng oxi gi (vo
khong 6 kg trn 1 tn axit).
Hp th NO
x
thnh axit HNO
3
tng theo tng ca nng axit v p sut
ring phn ca NO
x
. thc y qu trnh c th dng cht xc tc. Hiu qu x l
c th t 97%.
Kh vo
V trm lnh
Cht ti lnh
Kh sch thot ra
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3

1
2
3
4
Hnh 3.33: S h thng x l NO
x
bng dung dch amoni
cacbonat
1. thit b hp th, 2. b trao i nhit lm ngui dung dch, 3. b cha
dung dch, 4. bm
- 112 -
3.4.3 Hp ph kh NO
x
bng silicagel, alumogel v than hot tnh
Kh thi c cha 1 1.5% NO
x
c th c x l bng cc cht hp ph nh
silicagel, alumogel, than hot tnh,v.v
Khi trong cht hp ph c cha ioxt nit th n tr thnh cht xc tc oxy
ho cc oxt nit thnh nit ioxt. Nit ioxit b hp ph vo cc cht nu trn v
c th c tch ra khi chng bng cch un nng.
Kh nng hp ph NO
x
ca cc cht rn nu trn ni chung l rt thp. Do
mun t yu cukh NO
x
mt cch trit cn lp h thng c nhiu tng hp ph
ni tip nhau, dn n tiu hao nhiu nng lng thng sc cn kh ng ca h
thng.
Mt khc, bi trong kh thi cng lm gim nhanh chng kh nng hp ph ca
vt liu, do kh thi trc khi i vo h thng hp ph cn c lc sch bi, tro.
Tuy nhin bn cnh nhng nhc im trn, s dng cht hp ph kh NO
x
c
nhng u im ca n l c kh nng thu hi NO
2
nng cao iu ch axit
nitric phc v cho nhiu nhu cu khc nhau trong cng nghip.
3.4.4 Gim thiu c xc tc lng kh NO
x
bng cc cht gy phn ng
kh khc nhau
1. Kh nitrogen oxide c xc tc v nhit cao
Qu trnh din ra khi tip xc NO
x
vi kh kh trn b mt xc tc. Xc tc c
th l kim loi nhm platin (paladin (Pd), ruteni (Ru), rodi (Rh), platin (Pt)) hoc r
hn nhng km hiu qu v km n nh hn nh niken, crm, ng, km, vanadi
(V), xeri (Ce) Vi mc ch tng b mt tip xc, chng c ph ln cc vt liu
xp nh: s, oxide nhm, silicagen, bng kim loi c hnh dng khc nhau.
Cht kh l methane, kh t nhin, kh tan hoc kh du m, CO, H
2
hoc hn
hp nit - hidro.
Hiu qu kh NO
x
ph thuc hot tnh ca xc tc.
Kh thi cha NO
x
ca sn xut axit nitric cn phi un t 30 35
o
C ln nhit
chy ca xc tc. Nhit ny ph thuc cht kh: 450 n 480
o
C i vi
metan, 350
o
C i vi propan v butan, 150 200
o
C i vi hydro v oxide cacbon.
Bn cht ca qu trnh kh c biu din bng cc phn ng sau:
4NO + CH
4
2N
2
+ CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2NO + CH
4
N
2
+ CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2NO + 2CO N
2
+ 2CO
2

2NO
2
+ 4CO N
2
+ 4CO
2

2NO + 2H
2
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
2NO
2
+ 4H
2
N
2
+ 4H
2
O
Trn thc t thng s dng kh t nhin do d kim v r. Cc qu trnh kh l
phn ng ta nhit nhng nhit lng un nng hn hp phn ng ch yu l
- 113 -
nhit phn ng ca cht kh vi oxi v nng trong kh ln hn nng NO
x

nhiu ln. Trong qu trnh kh nhit kh tng nhanh n 700
o
C v ln hn, do
cn phi s dng xc tc bn nhit hoc cht kh c nhit chy thp hoc tip
xc theo bc vi s lm ngc trung gian.
Qu trnh kh NO
x
bng xc tc nhit bo m hiu qu x l cao. Tuy nhin
cn tn ti cc nhc im sau: tiu hao nhiu kh kh, cn lm sch kh khi oxide
cacbon (nng khong 0,1 0,15%), ch c s dng kh c nng thp (n
0,5% i vi NO
x
v n 4 5% i vi oxi)
2. Kh NO
x
vi xc tc chn lc.
Qu trnh ny thun li hn qu trnh kh nhit cao ch cht kh phn ng
ch yu vi NO
x
v hu nh khng tng tc vi oxi. Cht kh l ammoniac vi
lu lng tng ng hoc ln hn 10 15% so vi lng cht kh c tnh
theo phng trnh lng ha hc. Qu trnh din ra cc phn ng ta nhit sau:
6NO + 4NH
3
5N
2
+ 6H
2
O
6NO
2
+ 8NH
3
7N
2
+ 12H
2
O
8NO + 2NH
3
5N
2
O + 3H
2
O
5NO
2
+ 2NH
3
7NO + 3H
2
O
V vy, sn phm phn ng khng c (nit v nc).
xi trong kh thi thc y phn ng kh:
4NO + 4NH
3
+ O
2
4N
2
+ 6H
2
O
Nhit phn ng kh tng i thp 180 360
o
C v ta ra lng nhit khng
ln. V vy, nhit ca kh tng ln trong vng xc tc ch 10 20
o
C.
Kh ammoniac d s b oxi trong kh thi:
4NH
3
+ 3O
2
2N
2
+ 6H
2
O
Qu trnh ny yu cu thit b n gin v c ng dng trong sn xut
HNO
3
di p sut 0,35 MPa. Kh thi cha 0,2% (th tch) (NO + NO
2
). Hiu qu
x l > 96%, tng hm lng (NO + NO
2
)trong kh x l khng vt qu 0,01%
(th tch), NH
3
n 0,015% (th tch).
x l kh thi cha 1 30% NO
x
bng NH
3
c th s dng xc tc l zeolit.
Quy trnh t hiu qu cao nhit 330 480
o
C.
Quy trnh x l kh thi cha NO
x
, khng cha bi v SO
2
thng c tin
hnh vi vn tc th tch (3 9).10
-3
1/h, nhit trong thit b phn ng 220
400
o
C v vi t l mol NH
3
: NO
x
trong khong 0,8 1,3 ph thuc xc tc.
X l kh thi NO
x
cha bi v SO
2
cng c tin hnh vi cng lu lng
th tch, nhit 350 400
o
C v t l mol NH
3
: NO
x
= 0,8 1,2. Xc tc trong
trng hp th nht l oxide st, ng, vanadi, crm ph trn oxide nhm.
3. Phn hy NO
x
bng cht kh ng th v d th khng c xc tc.
Phng php phn hy nhit NO
x
trong kh thi ca sn xut axit oxalic cha 2
3% v 10 15% O
2
da trn cht kh l kh t nhin. Kh c un nng n
- 114 -
400
o
C trong thit b truyn nhit (nh nhit lng ca kh sau x l) v cho vo
thit b phn ng cng vi kh t nhin v khng kh t chy n. Trong thit b
phn ng 1.000 1.100
o
C din ra s phn hy NO
x
thnh cc sn phm khng
c. Kh nng ny i qua bung t ph tr 600
o
C i qua thit b truyn nhit
nhng nhit lng cho kh thi ban u v sau 200
o
C nh qut y qua ng
khi thi vo kh quyn.
Th tch thit b phn ng (V, m
3
) v mc phn hy NO
x
(q, %) c tnh
theo cng thc:
q = 38,75 - 0,055t
V =
22,4 G 100
KQC
NO

Trong :
Q - lu lng kh thi, (m
3
/h).
C
NO
- nng NO trong kh thi, (% th tch).
K - h s bng 2,1 2,2
G - vn tc phn hy NO
x
, (kmol/m
3
.h)
G = 0,2805 0,66.10
-3
t
t - nhit , (
o
C)
Lu lng kh t nhin cn thit Q
k
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
( ) | |
q
H Q t C Q QC t C Q K
Q
NO NO v kk kk R R R 1
k
+
=
Trong :
Q, Q
NO
, Q
kk
- lu lng kh thi, oxide nitrogen v khng kh i vo
thit b phn ng, (m
3
/h).
Q
R
- lu lng kh ra khi thit b phn ng, (m
3
/h).
C
R
, C, C
kk
- nhit dung ring kh ra, kh vo, khng kh, (J/m
3
).
AH
NO
- hiu ng nhit phn ng phn hy, (J/m
3
).
q - nhit tr kh t nhin, (J/m
3
).
K
1
- h s tht thot nhit vo mi trng xung quanh (K
1
= 1,1 1,2)
Khi x l mt th tch tng i nh kh thi cha NO
x
phng php phn hy
nhit cao NO
x
bi cht kh ng th v mt kinh t c li hn so vi phng
php xc tc v kim. Vi nhit trong cng phn ng 1000
o
C phng php ny
bo m mc phn hy NO
x
trong kh thi cn 0,05 0,7% v sau khi pht tn
vo kh quyn qua ng khi cao 50m, bo m nng mi trng xung quanh
tha mn nng cho php.
x l mt th tch ln kh thi vi nng NO
x
nh cht kh c th dng l
kh ammoniac, khi cho php gim ng k nhit ca qu trnh phn hy.
nhit 30 40
o
C din ra cc phn ng ta nhit nh sau:
- 115 -
NH
4
+ H
2
O NH
4
OH
2NO
2
+ 2NH
4
OH NH
4
NO
2
+ NH
4
NO
3
+ H
2
O
N
2
O
3
+ 2NH
2
OH 2NH
4
NO
2
+ H
2
O
S un nng dng kh tip theo dn n s phn hy cc acrosol nitric v nitrat
to thnh cc sn phm khng c.
NH
3
NO
2
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
NH
4
NO
3
N
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2

Nitric amon phn r mnh lit 70 80
o
, cn nitrat amoni phn hy nhit
230 240
o
C. Nu nng NO
x
trong kh thi 0,4% (tt) v ammonia c nhp vo
vi s lng ln theo phng trnh lng ha hc th mc phn hy cc mui
250
o
C l 98%, cn 300
o
C l 100%.
S dng cacbamit dng dung dch vi nc hoc trong axit HNO
3
, H
2
PO
4
,
H
3
PO
4
lm gim nhit phn hy. Tuy nhin, vn tc khng ln v hiu qu lm
sch khng qu 80%.
S dng dung dch nc cacbamit:
NO
2
+ H
2
O HNO
3
+ HNO
2

2HNO
2
+ CO(NH
2
)
2
2N
2
+ CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
N
2
O
3
+ CO(NH
2
)
2
2N
2
+ CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
S dng dung dch axit nitric - cacbamit:
NO + NO
2
+ HNO
3
+ 2CO(NH
2
)
2
2N
2
+ NH
4
NO
3
+ 2CO + H
2
O
Cacbamit c dng dng bt hoc ph trn cc cht mang xp hay c p
cng vi n. Hiu qu x l NO
x
c th t 85 99% v ln hn.
3.4.5 Gim thiu s pht sinh kh NO
x
bng cch iu chnh qu trnh
chy
S pht thi kh NO
x
trong qu trnh t nhin liu ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu
t:
- Nhit chy: y l yu t quan trng nht ca s hnh thnh kh NO
x
trong
sn phm chy. Nhit chy cng cao th nng NO
x
trong sn phm chy cng
ln.
- T l nhin liu - khng kh: h s tha khng kh cng ln th cng to iu
kin cho nit ca khng kh cng nh nit ca nhin liu kt hp vi oxy ca khng
kh hnh thnh cc oxt nit.
- Mc ho trn gi nhin liu, khng kh v sn phm chy: nu nhin liu v
khng kh c ho trn sao cho phn ln qu trnh chy xy ra trong iu kin
giu nhin liu th s hnh thnh kh NO
x
s c hn ch. Ngoi ra ho trn mt
phn sn phm chy (khi) ngc tr li vo bung t lm cho nhit chy gim
thp v nh s hnh thnh kh NO
x
cng gim theo.
- Cng hp thu nhit ca l cng ln tc nhit ca qu trnh chy truyn
cho cht mang nhit (nc, hi) qua cc b mt hp thu nhit bc x, i lu ca l
- 116 -
cng mnh, cng nhanh th nh nhit ca qu trnh chy cng gim v s hnh
thnh kh NO
x
cng c hn ch.
- Loi nhin liu: cng mt lung nhit sn sinh ra nh nhau th th t sp xp
cc loi nhiu liu pht thi kh NO
x
t nhiu n t l: than, du, kh t.
Da vo cc yu t nh hng trn i vi s hnh thnh kh NO
x
ca qu trnh
chy, ngi ta c th ra mt s gii php sau nhm gim thiu mc pht thi
kh NO
x
. y l phng php kinh t nht, gii quyt vn t gc.
H thp h s tha khng kh:
Cp kh cho qu trnh chy st vi t l tnh ton v nhu cu oxy theo cc
phng trnh phn ng chy ca cc thnh phn chy trong nhin liu, t hn
ch c lng oxy tha c kh nng kt hp vi nit to thnh NO
x
. Gii php
ny c p dng cho nhin liu du v kh t.
T chc qu trnh chy hai giai on:
u tin cp khng kh di mc nhu cu tnh ton i vi nhin liu du v
kh trong bung t, sau cp khng kh b sung nhit nhit thp hn
phn nhin liu cha chy ht cng nh sn phm chy h bt nhit trc khi
chy tip n hon ton. Nh vy s trnh c s tip xc ca nit v oxy vng
nhit cao v phn ln qu trnh chy s xy ra trong iu kin giu nhin liu.
Tun hon sn phm chy
Mt phn sn phm chy (10 20%) c tun hon tr li vng ngn la vi
mc ch h thp nhit ngn la v gim bt lng oxy tha. C th thc hin
gii php ny bng cch thi hn hp khng kh sn phm chy vo bung t
theo t l thch hp.
Ngoi cc gii php nu trn, vn cu to bung t cng ng vai tr quan
trng trong vic hn ch pht sinh kh NO
x
. Khi b tr vi t theo phng tip
tuyn xin gc vi thnh l, sn phm chy s chuyn ng xoy c t di ln trn
to iu kin cho khng kh v nhin liu ho trn u n, nh s phn b nhit
vt qua gii hn hnh thnh kh NO
x
. Ngc li, khi b tr vi t theo phng
trc giao vi thnh l, kh nng c xu hng tp trung vo gia ca bung t, do
nhit ngn la c xu hng tp trung vo vng gia ca bung t, do
nhit ngn la tng cao v kh NO
x
c iu kin hnh thnh nhiu hn.
3.5 CNG NGH X L KH FLO V HP CHT CA FLO.
Nhiu hp cht ca flo nh: Hydroflorua (HF), silic tetraflorua (SiF
4
), axit
hexaflosilixic (H
2
SiF
6
) c tm thy nhiu trong khi thi ca ngnh cng nghip
sn xut phn supephotphat, qu trnh nu nhm, in phn nhm.
Flo v hp cht ca n rt c hi, nng trung bnh ngy m cho php ca
HF trong khng kh xung quanh l 5 g/cm
3
(TCVN 5938 2005). Do vic x
l flo v cc hp cht ca n l ht sc cn thit.
3.5.1 Hp th kh florua bng nc.

- 117 -
Florua rt d tan trong nc, do dng nc hp th florua c th m bo
gim nng florua trong kh thi xung di mc cho php.
Cc dng thit b hp th nh thp ra kh ti nc cng chiu hoc ngc
chiu, c lp m hoc khng lp m.
Mt dng thit b ra kh khc rt d ch to l loi bung phun ngang trong
c cc tm li bng si thu tinh c ti nc. Bung phun c chia lm
nhiu phn on, cc phn on c ngn cch nahu bng tm chn nc.
S liu thc t ca h thng ra kh florua bng nc cho bit: khi nng HF
ban u trong kh thi l 850 mg/m
3
, cng ti 2l/m
3
, hiu qu ca h thng t
c l 98% (nhit u vo 300
o
C, nhit u ra l 70
o
C).
Nc ra t thp hp th c cha axit c th dng nc vi trung ho trc
khi x ra ngoi.
3.5.2 Kh kh flo v florua bng dung dch xt NaOH.
Khi trong kh thi c cha flo dng kh th khng th dng nc hp th
c v khng phi lc no flo cng chu tc dng vi nc, hn na h thng c
th hnh thnh hn hp gy chy n. Trong trng hp cht hp th thch hp l
dung dch NaOH 5 10%.
Phn ng gia flo, hydroflorua vi NaOH xy ra nh sau:
F
2
+ 2NaOH = 2NaF + O
2
+ H
2
O
HF + NaOH = NaF + H
2
O
Natri florua thu c t cc phn ng trn t ho tan trong dung dch kim, d
gy tc lp m trong thit b hp th. Ngoi ra, natri florua l cht c hi, khng
th thi trc tip ra ngoi c. gii quyt vn ny, ng thi hon nguyn
dung dch NaOH, ngi ta dng vi ti CaO. Phn ng hon nguyn l:
2NaF + CaO + H
2
O = CaF
2
+ 2NaOH
hoc 2NaF + Ca(OH)
2
= CaF
2
+ 2NaOH

Hnh 3.34: S h thng x l Flo bng NaOH
1- Thp hp th; 2 B hon nguyn; 3 B lng; 4- B trao i nhit
Vi tha, CaF
2

S
a

v
i

N
a
O
H

2
5
%

NaOH 5 10%
Dung dch NaF
2 Kh vo
Kh sch
1
3
4
- 118 -
Kh thi cha flo v hydro florua i vo thp hp th 1v c ti dung dch
NaOH 5 10% qua vi ti . Kh sch theo ng thi thot ra ngoi. Dung dch t
thp hp th chy ra c bm vo b hon nguyn 2 ho trn vi sa vi bm
t b cha vi ln, ti xy ra phn ng hon nguyn vi iu kin c khuy
u. Hn hp b 2 chy vo b 3 lng trong, phn cn lng xung y b c
canxi florua v vi cn tha. Phn dung dch lng trong ca b 3 c bm ln
ti tr li vo thp hp th. Cc b trao i nhit 4 c tc dng khng ch nhit
dung dch ti nm trong khong 38 65
o
C.
Sa vi c chun b bng cch b sung vi cc hoc vi ti t thng cha
qua bng ti vo b ngm vi.
Dung dch NaOH ban u c nng 50% c bm vo b cha, c
pha thm nc c nng 25% v b sung vo b lng 3 theo nhu cu. Khi
cn bn trong b lng 3 tch t nhiu, phn dung dch trong bn trn c bm
ln thng phn ly, cn cn bn c ht thi ra ngoi.
Nng ca dung dch NaOH ti vo thp khng c thp hn 2%, bi v
lc s hnh thnh iflo oxit (F
2
O) rt c. Ngoi ra, nu thi gian tip xc gia
kh thi v dung dch hp th qu ngn (1 giy) th hin tng pht sinh F
2
O cng
xy ra. Do h htng hp th phi c thit k vi thi gian tip xc tng i
di trnh hin tng trn v cc phn ng gia flo v NaOH mi xy ra hon
ton.
3.6 CNG NGH X L KH CLO.
Kh clo c sinh ra t mt s nh my ha cht nh: nh my sn xut clo,
clorua vi, axit clohyric, cc hp cht v c v hu c ca clo, magie v.v
C hai phng php chnh kh clo l: phng php dng sa vi v phng
php dng sunfua ioxit.
3.6.1 Kh kh clo bng sa vi.
C s ca phng php dng sa vi kh clo l cho clo phn ng vi vi ti
Ca(OH)
2
nh sau:
Giai an mt:
2Ca(OH)
2
+ 2Cl
2
= Ca(OCl)
2
+ CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
Phn ng trn xy ra trong iu kin mi trng kim (c y vi) v cho ra
cc cht canxi hypoclorit, canxi clorua v nc.
Giai an hai: bt u khi vi tc dng ht vi clo m clo vn tip tc c
b sung vo qu trnh, lc ta s c:
Cl
2
+ H
2
O = HCl + HclO
Ca(OCl)
2
+ 4HClO = Ca(ClO
3
)
2
+ 4 HCl
2Ca(OCl)
2
+ 4HCl = 2CaCl
2
+ 4HclO
Nh vy trong iu kin bnh thng, khi cung cp tha mt lng nht nh
cht kim th qu trnh ch din ra theo giai an mt.
- 119 -
Khi trong kh thi c cha CO
2
v HCl, ta s c cc phn ng km theo sau y:
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
= CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
V Ca(OH)
2
+ 2HCl = 2CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
Cht canxi hypoclorit thu c ca qu trnh kh clo theo giai an mt cn
c x l trc khi thi ra ngoi trnh gy c hi cho mi trng xung quanh.
C th phn gii canxi hypoclorit bng xc tc nhit 70 80
o
C. Cht xc tc l
hn hp trong nc ca cc mui sunfat ca 3 kim loi: niken, ng v st theo t l
1:1:3. Kt qu thu c l:
Ca(OCl)
2
CaCl
2
+ O
2

Kh thi sau khi c lm ngui n nhit 70
o
C i vo thp hp th 1 c
ti bng dung dch sa vi, cc cht kh clo, HCl v CO
2
b sa vi hp th,
ng thi kh c lm ngui n nhit 30 40
o
C. Kh sch i qua b phn chn
nc 2 ri thot ra ngoi. lp m ca thit b hp th cng nh tm chn nc
khng b ng cn, ngi ta b tr h thng cp nc gii ra nh k.
Dung dch sa vi s dng t thp hp th 1 chy vo b tun hon 3, phn
cn lng xung di, cn phn lng trong bn trn c bm ln ti tr li cho
thp hp th 1. Mt phn dung dch t b 3 a qua b phn hy 4, c cp
hn hp xc tc qua b phn khng ch liu lng 5, sau dung dch t b 4 c
Hnh 3.35: S h thng x l Clo bng sa vi
1- Thp hp th; 2 Tm chn git cht lng; 3 B tun hon; 4- b phn
hy ,5 B phn iu chnh lu lng xc tc; 6 Thp x l nhit
Kh vo
Kh sch
V
i

m
i

D
u
n
g

d
c
h

x
c

t
c

5
Hi nc
Cht thi
Nc gii nh k
H
2
O, O
2

1
2
3
4
6
9
- 120 -
bm vo thp x l nhit 6 thc hin qu trnh phn hy hypoclorit trc khi thi
ra ngoi.
Sa vi mi vi nng 150g/l CaO c b sung nh k vo b tun hon 3
b li s dung dch thi ra ngoi. Qua 1trnh phn hy canxi hypoclorit phi ko
di 45 90 pht.
Theo s liu thc t ca Vin nghin cu Lm sch kh ca Lin X c, phng
php trn cho hiu qu x l 95 98%.
u im:
- n gin
- Nguyn liu c sn
- R tin
Nhc im:
- S hnh thnh canxi hypoclorit trong dung dch sa vi i hi phi x l
trc khi thi ra cng rnh.
- Tiu hao nhiu sa vi nht l khi trong kh thi cha nhiu CO
2
.
3.6.2 X l kh clo theo phng php axit.
Phng php ny c p dng khi trong kh thi ngoi clo ra cn cha nhiu
kh sunfua ioxit. Qu trnh x l c th hin bng cc phn ng sau:
SO
2
+ H
2
O = H
2
SO
3

H
2
SO
3
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O = H
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl
Phng php axit cho kh nng kh ng thi clo v SO
2
, kt qu thu c l
HCl 10 15% c th tn dng cho nhiu mc ch khc trong cng nghip.
Mt dng tng t ca phng php axit c p dng x l kh thi t l
in kiu ng ca nh my sn xut magie nh sau:
Kh thi cha HCl v SO
2
nng trung bnh khang 1.3% theo th tch, bi
vi nng 15 g/m
3
gm cc clorua canxi, natri v magie. Kh thi nhit
200
o
C i vo h thng hp th. Thp hp th u tin c ti bng dung dch axit
clohydric long theo s tun hon, ch yu l kh c bi v h nhit
xung khang 65
o
C. Tip theo kh s i vo thp hp th th 2 ti bng dung dch
axit clohydric 9.7%, ti y 97% HCl trong kh thi c kh, nhit gim xung
cn 55 56
o
C. Sau kh i qua b phn tch git nc ri thot ra ngoi. Trong
qu trnh ti, axit clohydric s m c n nng 10% hon, ti axit c
lc cn bn v pha thm nc vi t l thch hp bm ln ti tr li cho cc
thp hp th.
Mt phn axit HCl tha thi c c nng 10% c th c tr li nh sn
phm ca h thng cung cp cho cc ni tiu th.

- 121 -
3.7 CC PHNG PHP X L NHIM MI
3.7.1 Khi nim chung v mi v cc cht c mi
Trong cc loi nhim khng kh c l nhim mi l vn phc tp nht bi
v mi l hin tng mang bn cht va vt l, va ho hc v c sinh hc.
a. c im ca cc cht gy mi:
- D bay hi
- D b hp th vo b mt nhy cm ca biu m khu gic.
- Thng thng khng c mt trong vng biu m khu gic. iu ny c
ngha l cc biu m khu gic khng thng xuyn tip xc vi cht c mi,
khi phn t ca cht y thm nhp vo mi l biu m khu gic c nhng thay i
mt cc tng ng v chnh s thay i gy ra s cm nhn mi. Nhiu nh
nghin cu tha nhn rng mi khng nhng ph thuc vo cu trc phn t ca vt
cht m cn ph thuc vo s thu nhn mi ca t bo khu gic ca tng c nhn
con ngi. iu gii thch c thi , mc phn ng nhiu lc rt khc
nhau ca tng c nhn i vi mt loi cht c mi c th no ng vi mt nng
nht nh no ca n trong khng kh.
- Mt s nguyn tc chnh m Moncrieff xc nh c v mi quan h
gia thnh phn ho hc, cu trc phn t ca cht c mi vi mi ca n:
- Mi mnh lun gn lin vi tnh cht d bay hi v hot tnh ho hc cng
nh khng bo ho ca cht c mi.
- Yu t chnh to ra mi l cu trc phn t ca vt cht.
- Cc cht c cu trc mch vng th s lng mch vng xc nh mi ca
chng:
+ S vng 5 6: Mi thm gt ca hnh o.
+ S vng 6 9: Mi thay i.
+ S vng 9 12: Mi long no hoc mi bc h.
+ S vng 13: Mi g mc hoc xc thi
+ S vng 14 16: Mi x hng v mi o
+ S vng 17 18: Mi x hng mnh
+ S vng ln hn 18: Mi rt m nht hoc khng mi.
b. K thut o mi:
C quan khu gic ca con ngi vi s tr gip ca cc thit b chuyn dng
thch hp c hot ng theo mt qui trnh nht nh l c s nh gi mi pht
ra t mt cht c mi no . Thng thng vic nh gi mi c tin hnh bi
mt nhm chuyn gia gm 2 15 ngi c kinh nghim trong lnh vc ny khi h
tip xc vi cht c mi nng nht nh iu chnh trong khng kh.
Cc thng s cn o ca mi l:
- 122 -
- Nng nhn bit ca cht c mi trong khng kh: gii hn thp nht ca
nng cht c mi trong khng kh m mi ngi ta c th nhn bit s hin din
ca n trong mi trng xung quanh.
- Xc nh loi v cng mnh yu ca mi trong khng kh
Thng s th nht ch yu lin quan n mi ca mt cht duy nht (n gin,
khng pha trn), cn thng s th hai c th l mi ca nhiu cht c mi cng to
ra v gy cm gic nh mi ca mt cht duy nht.
C bn c im ca cm nhn khu gic c p dng xc nh mi l:
+ Cng mi: mnh yu ca phn x khu gic.
+ lan to ca mi: s thay i cng mi.
+ Cht lng mi: tng t nh cm gic mi, bn cht ho hc, c tnh ca
cht c mi, th loi mi.
+ Thi , kin tip nhn: mc a thch hoc khng a thch, d chu hoc
kh chui vi mi no .
Tng hp cc c im trn, cm nhn khu gic c th c nh gi theo
thang immang tnh cht ch quan tng i do mt nhm cc chuyn gia ngi
mi cho im. c nhiu loi thang im khc nhau, bng trnh by di y l mt
loi thang im t im 0 n im 4 ng vi 6 mc cm gic mi khc nhau t
thp n cao:

Mc cng mi P Cm gic khu gic
0

1
2
3
4
Khng nhn bit
Ngng nhn bit (nhn bit rt m nht)
Nhn bit m nht
Nhn bit d dng
Mi mnh
Khng chu ng ni

Mc cng mi ca mt cht no tng ng vi mt tr s nng
nht nhca n trong khng kh tnh theo ppm hoc mg/m
3
.
xc nh mc cng mi v nng tng ng ca cht c mi, ngi ta
ch to ra nhiu loi dng c o khc nhau.
Nng nhn bit ca mi c th thay i t 30 50% i vi nhng ngi
quan st khc nhau, do cn tin hnh o mi bi mt nhm nhiu chuyn gia
quan st lp i lp li nhiu ln v ly kt qu trung bnh.
Thi gian tip xc cng lm thay i cm gic mi. Thng thng t mt ni
trong lm bc vo phng kn hoc khu vc sn xut ta cm thy c mt ci mi l
no nhng sau mt thi gian ngn ta khng cn cm nhn c mi na.
l do khu gic ca ta khng nhy cm vi mi na, hay ni cch khc l ta
quen mi.
- 123 -
Nhit v m ca khng kh xung quanh cng lm nh hng n kh
nng nhn bit mi ca khu gic. Nhit tng th lm cho cm gic v mi cng
tng.
c. Cc phng php x l nhim mi:
C hai hng chnh gii quyt vn nhim mi:
- Mt l: gim thiu nng pht thi cht c mi cho mi ca n bt m
c v do t gy nh hng xu n mi trng xung quanh. Mi c x l
bng cch gim thiu lng pht thi t ngun, pha long kh c mi bng qu trnh
khuch tn trong kh quyn, kh cht c mi trong kh thi bng hp th, hp ph,
oxy ho, sinh hc hoc bin i ho hc cht c mi kh chu thnh cht t to mi
hn.
- Hai l: lm thay i hoc ngu trang cht lng ca mi mi to ra c
d chu hn, c ngi dn chp nhn. Mi gc ban u c ngu trang bng
cch trn thm cht c mi mnh hn nhng d chu hn t bt mi kh chu ca
kh thi vi iu kin cht ho trn khng c phn ng ho hc vi cc cht c mt
trong kh thi to thnh nhng hp cht mi gy phc tp hn cho vn
nhim mi trng.
3.7.2 Chng nhim mi i vi mi trng bn trong nh
Trong nh v nh cng cng ngun gy nhim ch yu l bp nu thc n
v khu v sinh.
Bin php chng mi trong trng hp ny l t chc thng gi tt cho khu
ph. i vi bp n cn lp t h thng ht cc b bn trn bp un, nu cn c
th lp t thit b kh mi bng than hot tnh trn h thng ht cc b khng
gy nh hng cho khu vc bn ngoi. Cn khu v sinh th lp t h thng ht
chung v thi ra ngoi cao thch hp cch xa cc cng trnh ln cn.
i vi nh cao tng h thng ht cc b cho khu ph cn c t chc theo
phng ng, tc l ming ht cc b t cc tng c ni vo ng gp ng dn
ln mi v thi ra ngoi cao thch hp bng sc ht t nhin hay c kh (qut
ht)
Lu lng khng kh cn ht thng gi cho khu ph thng c xc nh
theo bi s trao i khng kh m, tc th tch khng kh cn ht thi ra ngoi trong
n v thi gian gp m ln th tch cn phng.
i vi nh cng nghip, bin php thng gi ht thi cc b cho tng thit b
cng nghip c to mi l bin php hu hiu v hp l nht cng ging nh ht
cc b i vi ngun thi bi v kh c hi khc: t ht, chp ht, ming ht trn
thnh b cha cht c hi k c mi... Song song vi bin php ht thi cc b, trong
cng nghip thng c b tr h thng thng gi thi cc b hoc thi chung
cp khng kh sch nhm pha long nng cc loi hi kh c mi, c hi cn li
trong phng xung n gii hn cho php.

- 124 -
3.7.3 X l nhim mi bng phng php hp th
Dng nc hp th kh c mi l bin php n gin, t tn km. Tuy nhin
ho tan ca cc cht kh cn kh trong nc iu kin bnh thng l khng
cao, do hiu qu ca qu trnh hp th bng nc l kh thp. Thng thng,
nng ban u ca cc cht kh c mi trong kh thi l tng i thp v nng
cui sau x l phi rt thp p ng yu cu v mi trng, do vic dng
nc hp th cc cht c mi trong nhiu trng hp khng p ng c yu
cu ra .
Ngi ta c th dng cc loi dung dch khc nhau ti trong cc thit b ra
kh nh bung phun, thp ra c lp m, thp si bt kh cc cht c mi. V
d nh kh kh H
2
S ta dng dung dch natri cacbonat, amoni cacbonat, kali
photphat
Cn lu rng cc cht c mi c th ngm vo bi hoc lin kt vi bi trong
kh thi v khi dng nc hoc dung dch ra kh th hiu qu kh mi cng
phn no c nng cao v cc thp ra kh c tc dng kh c kh ln bi. Ngoi ra
nu nhit cht lng thp, kh c mi c th ngng t trn b mt cc cht lng
v do b loi khi kh thi.
3.7.4 X l nhim mi bng phng php hp ph
Dng than hot tnh hoc cc cht hp ph khc nh silicagel, alumogelv.v
kh mi l phng php n gin, thun tin v cho hiu qu kh cao i vi nhiu
loi cht c mi khc nhau. c bit l than hot tnh c s dng rt ph bin cho
nhng trng hp sau:
- Kh mi i vi kh thi trc khi x ra bu kh quyn.
- Kh mi i vi khng kh ngoi tri trong cc h thng thng gi thi vo
cp khng kh trong sch theo yu cu v sinh cho gian phng, phn xng sn
xut.
- Kh mi i vi khng kh tun hon: trong cc h thng iu ho khng kh
hoc si m bng gi nng, tit kim nhit (lnh) ngi ta p dng phng
php tun hon mt phn khng kh thi v phng, lc nu trong phng c
ngun to mi th cn phi kh mi i vi khng kh tun hon trc khi s dng.
Trong nh , trn bp un thc n cng thng c p dng phng php kh
mi bng than hot tnh theo nguyn tc tun hon, khng kh trn bp c ht qua
b phn kh mi bng than hot tnh ri thi tr li vo phng.
3.7.5 X l nhim mi bng phng php thiu t
Kh mi bng phng php thiu t c p dng rng ri khi trong kh thi
c cha cc cht hu c c mi vi nng cao. C th t trc tip hoc t c
xc tc. Trng hp t trc tip cn m bo nhit trong phm vi 600 800
o
C
v dng kh t thin nhin t. Trng hp t c xc tc, nhit cn duy tr
mc 250 450
o
C
Phn ng chy ca mt s cht c mi v d bay hi nh sau:
- 125 -
2H
2
S + 3O
2
= 2H
2
O + 2SO
2

2C
6
H
6
+ 15O
2
= 6H
2
O + 12CO
2

4(CH
3
)
3
N + 25O
2
= 18H
2
O + 4NO + 12CO
2

CH
3
SH H
2
O + SO
2
+ CO
2

Sn phm ca qu trnh oxi ha cc cht c mi phn ln l nc v CO
2
.
Ngoi ra, mt s trng hp cn c th c SO
2
, NO
x
v.v.. Tm li qu trnh oxi
ha bin nhng cht c mi v rt c hi thnh nhng cht khng hoc t c hi
v mi cng bt kh chu hn.
Ngai cc phng php x l mi trn, ngi ta cn s dng cc phng php
x l mi khc nh x l mi bng phng php sinh hc, qu trnh ngng t,
phng php pha long khuch tn hay ngy trang mi.

Oxy ha c xc tc
- 126 -
Ti Liu Tham Kho

1. Trn Ngc Chn, 2001, Nhim Khng Kh & X L Kh Thi, tp 1
NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut.
4. Hong Kim C, Lc bi v lm sch kh thi, NXB Khoa Hc v K
Thut.
5. L Vn Ct, (2002). Hp ph v trao i ion trong k thut x l nc v
nc thi. Nh xut bn Thng K.
6. Http:/www.Alumia actived.htm.
7. Http:/www.bojistones.com

Ky Thuat Xu Ly Khi Thai

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ky Thuat Xu Ly Khi Thai

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bi ging: K Thut X L Kh Thi

You might also like