gauconcuame@gmail.com 1.Tng quan EMC 1.1.

Gii thiu vi EMC Mt my bay ch khch pht n gia khng trung git cht tt c 230 ngi trn my bay. Mt ng tim thuc ca bnh vin bm mt cch t nhin m khng cn kch hot bt k bo ng no. Mt nh my in ht nhn i vo tnh trng cnh bo khi van iu khin tua bin ng mt cch t nhin. Mi s kin ny thc t l mt triu chng ca mt vn l tng thch in t. Tng thch in t (EMC) c nh ngha rng l mt trng thi tn ti khi tt c cc thit b trong mt h thng c th hot ng m khng c li trong mi trng in d nh ca chng.Nm 1996, s kin TWA Flight 800 t New York n Paris pht n trn bin ngay sau khi ct cnh. Sau khi mt cuc iu tra ko di lin quan n vic trc vt v xy dng li phn chnh ca my bay, c kt lun rng nguyn nhn ca v n c th xy ra nht l mt tia la nhin liu trong h trung tm cnh t chy hn hp khng kh / nhin liu. Tia la ny l c kh nng kt qu trc tip ca mt in p thong qua, c th l mt ng dy in tm thi hoc phng in. Trong nm 2007, kt qu ca mt nghin cu tin hnh bi cc nh nghin cu ti i hc Amsterdam ti liu gn 50 s c nhiu in t s dng in thoi di ng trong bnh vin v c phn loi 75% trong s h l quan trng hoc nguy him. Mt nghin cu khc, c cng b trong nm 2008 bi cc nh nghin cu t Amsterdam, cho thy rng s can thip in t t cc thit b RFID cng c tim nng gy ra s c cho cc thit b chm sc y t quan trng. ng ca van t pht ti cc nh my in ht nhn Niagara Mohawk Nine Mile Point # 2 l do s can thip c to ra bi thit b cm tay khng dy ca ngi lao ng. Mc d nhn mnh to ln v an ton v an ninh c t trn cc thit k v xy dng ca tt c cc nh my in ht nhn, lng kh thi tng i yu t thit b cm tay khng dy ph bin kt qu trong mt s c ln. Tht khng may, y khng phi l ln xut hin him hoi b c lp. Vn tng thch in t kt qu trong nhiu trng hp t vong v hng t la trong thu nhp b mt mi nm. Thp nin qua nhn thy mt s gia tng bng n v s lng v mc nghim trng ca vn EMC ch yu l do s gia tng ca cc thit b b vi x l kim sot, cc mch tn s cao v cc my pht in nng thp. Cc yu t ca EMC C ba yu t cn thit cho vn EMC nh minh ha trong Hnh 1. Phi c mt ngun nng lng in t, th th (nn nhn) khng th hot ng ng do nng lng in, v ng dn gia cc cp nng lng t ngun n cc th th. Mi ba yu t ny phi c mt mc d h khng th d dng xc nh trong mi tnh hung. Vn tng thch in t thng c gii quyt bng cch xc nh t nht hai trong s nhng yu t ny v loi b (hoc gim nh) mt trong s h.

Hnh 1. Ba yu t thit yu ca vn EMC. V d, trong trng hp ca nh my in ht nhn, th th c d dng xc nh. Cc tuc bin van iu khin b hng hc. Cc ngun v ng dn ni ban u khng r, tuy nhin mt cuc iu tra tit l rng thit b cm tay khng dy c s dng bi cc nhn vin nh my l ngun. Mc d vo thi im ny, con ng ni khng c bit, vn c gii quyt bng cch loi b ngun (v d nh hn ch vic s dng cc thit b pht sng v tuyn in cng sut thp trong mt s khu vc nht nh). Mt cch tip cn ton din hn v c l an ton hn l xc nh con ng khp ni v thc hin cc bc loi b n. V d, gi s n c xc nh rng bc x pht thi t mt chic in thoi khng dy c cm ng dng in trn mt dy cp c kt ni vi mt th mch in c cha mt mch iu khin cc van tuabin. Nu hot ng ca cc mch c tm thy b nh hng bi nhng dng cm ng, mt con ng ni c th s c xc nh. Che chn, lc, nh tuyn cp, v lc hoc thit k li cc mch sau s l phng php c th gim nh cc con ng ni cc im ni m vn l khng tn ti. Ngun gc ca vn xe in c cho l da trn sc mnh ca xe in. Con ng ni c l l thng qua vic cp in cho cc mch iu khin tc , mc d cc nh iu tra khng th ti to tht bi do , cc ngun v ng dn ni khng bao gi xc nh kt lun. Cc th th, mt khc, c th hin r l mch iu khin tc v mch ny c sa i gi cho n tr nn bi ri bi cc yu t u vo ngu nhin khng ch . Ni cch khc, gii php l loi b cc th th bng cch lm cho cc mch iu khin tc min dch vi cc hin tng in t c sn xut bi ngun. Ngun tim nng ca cc vn tng thch in t bao gm thit b pht sng v tuyn in, ng dy in, mch in t, st, dimmers n, ng c in, th hn h quang, pho nng lng mt tri v ch l v bt c iu g m s dng

hoc to ra nng lng in t. Cc th th tim nng bao gm radio, cc mch in t, gia dng,con ngi, v bt c iu g m s dng hoc c th pht hin nng lng in. Phng php khp ni nng lng in t mt ngun ti mt th th ri vo mt trong bn loi. 1. Dn in (dng in) 2. Cng cm ng (t trng) 3. Cng in dung (in trng) 4. Bc x (in t trng) Con ng ni thng s dng mt s kt hp phc tp ca cc phng php ny lm cho con ng kh khn xc nh ngay c khi cc ngun v th c bit n. C th c nhiu con ng ni v cc bc thc hin suy bin mt con ng c th tng cng khc. 1.2.Tm tt lch s ca EMC Trong cui nhng nm 1880, nh vt l ngi c Heinrich Hertz thc hin cc th nghim chng minh hin tng truyn sng v tuyn in, do xc nhn l thuyt c xut bn bi James Clerk Maxwell hai thp k trc . Hertz pht trin mt tia la trong mt khong cch nh gia hai thanh kim loi c kt ni u kia cho cc tm kim loi nh th hin trong hnh 2. Kch thch tia la to ra mt dng in dao ng trn thanh dn n bc x in t gn tn s cng hng ca ng-ten. Cc ng-ten nhn c l mt vng dy kim loi vi mt khong cch rt mng. Mt tia la trong khong cch ch ra s hin din ca mt lnh vc thi gian khc nhau v tia la chiu di ti a khong cch cung cp mt thc o sc mnh ca lnh vc nhn c.

Hnh 2. ng-ten u c xy dng bi Heinrich Hertz.

Guglielmo Marconi nghin cu cc th nghim ca Hertz v ci thin chng. Nm 1895, ng pht trin in bo khng dy, thit b thng tin lin lc u tin chuyn ti thng tin bng cch s dng sng v tuyn. Mc d tm quan trng ca pht minh ca mnh ban u khng nh gi cao, Hi qun Hoa K quan tm do kh nng ca thit b ny tng cng thng tin lin lc vi cc tu trn bin. Nm 1899, Hi qun bt u th nghim trn tu u tin ca in bo khng dy. Trong khi cc cuc th nghim thnh cng trong nhiu cch, Hi qun khng th hot ng hai my pht ng thi. L do cho vn ny l tn s hot ng v bng thng khng dy in bo u ch yu c xc nh bi hnh dng, kch thc v xy dng ng-ten. ng-ten nhn c "iu chnh" (th nghim) cng mt tn s hot ng nh ng-ten truyn, tuy nhin bng thng l kh kim sot. V vy khi hai thit b pht sng c hot ng ng thi, thu pht hin cc lnh vc t c hai ngi trong s h n mc no v tn hiu nhn c ni chung l kh hiu. Vn tng thch in t u ny n c gi l giao thoa tn s v tuyn (RFI). Khi s ph bin ca in bo khng dy pht trin, do , nhng lo ngi v RFI. Nm 1904, Theodore Roosevelt k mt sc lnh trao quyn cho B Thng mi iu chnh tt c cc i pht thanh t nhn v Hi qun iu chnh tt c cc trm chnh ph (v tt c cc i pht thanh trong thi gian chin tranh). Cc loi thit b pht sng v tuyn in c ch nh phn b tn s khc nhau v thng ch c php hot ng ti thi im nht nh lm gim tim nng cho RFI. n nm 1906, cc phng n dp tt tia la v mch iu chnh c s dng gim bng thng ca thit b pht sng khng dy, thu ng k. Tuy nhin, n l s pht minh ra dao ng ng chn khng trong nm 1912 v thit b nhn siu phch nm 1918 lm cho truyn dn bng thc s thu hp v c th nhn. Nhng pht trin ny cng lm cho n c th truyn ti hp l r rng bi pht biu ca con ngi, m m ng cho cc chng trnh pht thanh thng mi. Thi gian t khong 1925-1950 c gi l thi k vng son ca pht thanh truyn hnh. Trong thi gian ny, s ph bin ca i pht thanh tng vt. Khi s radio n r, do , vn tng thch in t. RFI l mt vn ph bin bi v cc quy nh v can thip c hoc v vi mt i pht thanh thng mi l lng lo v nhiu ngi hn c quyn truy cp vo thit b v tuyn in. gim bt vn ny, y ban Truyn thng Lin bang (FCC) c thnh lp vo nm 1934 nh l mt c quan c lp ca Chnh ph Hoa K. N c trao quyn iu chnh gia cc bang v truyn thng nc ngoi i pht thanh, dy v cp. FCC quy nh v yu cu cp php gim ng k s lng cc vn nhiu tn s v tuyn in. Tuy nhin, do s lng ngy cng tng ca my thu v tuyn in ang c t trong nh, cng chng c gii thiu mt lot cc vn mi EMC. Ngun bc x in t khng ch nh sm st, ng c xng, v cc thit b in thng to ra vn can thip ln hn so vi cc thit b pht sng v tuyn in c .

Nhiu trong h thng cng l mt mi quan tm ngy cng tng. Thu siu phch cha dao ng cc b ca chng c phn lp t cc b phn khc ca mch ring ca i pht thanh. Radio v my ht c gp li vi nhau trong h thng gii tr ti nh. Radio c ci t trong xe t, thang my, my ko, v my bay. Cc nh pht trin v cc nh sn xut ca cc h thng tm thy n cn thit pht trin nn tng tt hn, che chn, v cc k thut lc lm cho chc nng sn phm ca h. Trong nm 1940 nhiu loi mi ca cc thit b pht sng v tuyn in, thu c pht trin s dng trong Th chin II. Tn hiu v tuyn ch c s dng giao tip, m cn xc nh v tr tu v my bay (RADAR) v thng tin lin lc v tuyn mt k th. Bi v s cn thit phi ngay lp tc, thit b ny c vi v ci t trn tu v my bay dn n nghim trng ca EMC. Kinh nghim vi vn tng thch in t trong chin tranh thc y s pht trin ca doanh u tin Hi qun Qun RFI tiu chun, JAN I 225, " Radio Interference Measurement," xut bn nm 1945. Quan tm nhiu hn na c dnh cho RFI ni chung, v k thut i t, che chn v c bit. Tng thch in t tr thnh mt chuyn mn k thut trong mt cch tng t nh thit k ng ten hoc l thuyt thng tin lin lc. Nm 1954, Qu nghin cu ca Armour u tin Hi ngh giao thoa tn s v tuyn c t chc. Hi ngh ny hng nm c ti tr bi c hai chnh ph v ngnh cng nghip. Ba nm sau, Tp on chuyn nghip v can thip Tn s v tuyn in c thnh lp nh l mi nht ca mt vi nhm chuyn nghip ca Vin K s v tuyn. Ngy nay, nhm ny c gi l Hi Kh nng tng thch in t ca Vin k s in v in t (IEEE). Trong nm 1960, cc thit b v h thng in t tr thnh mt phn quan trng ca x hi chng ta v quan trng i vi quc phng ca chng ti. Mt tu sn bay in hnh, v d, s dng 35 thit b pht sng v tuyn in, 56 my thu radio, 5 radar, 7 h thng tr gip nh v, v hn 100 ng-ten . Trong cuc chin tranh Vit Nam, tu hi qun buc phi ng ca h thng quan trng cho php cc h thng khc hot ng. Tnh trng ny ng bo ng tp trung s ch nhiu hn v cc vn tng thch in t. Bn ngoi qun i, mt s ph thuc ngy cng tng trn my vi tnh, v tinh, in thoi, i pht thanh v truyn hnh cm ng tim nng hin tng in t mt mi quan tm rt nghim trng. Nm 1970 chng kin s pht trin ca b vi x l v ph bin v kh nh, chi ph thp, thit b thp bn dn in. Mch s dng cc thit b cm ng hn vi trng in t yu hn so vi cc mch ng chn khng. Kt qu l, ch nhiu hn, hng vo vic gii quyt mt s lng ngy cng tng ca cc vn cm ng in t xy ra vi cc mch. Ngoi ra vn truyn thng in t cm bc x (RES) do cc my pht tn s v tuyn in c v khng ch , thm ba lp hc ca cc vn cm ng in t c ni bt trong thp nin 70. C l quen thuc nht trong s ny, bn ngoi qun i, x tnh in (ESD). Mt phng in xy ra bt c khi no hai i tng vi mt in th ng k khc nhau n vi nhau. "Sc" c cm nhn khi mt

ngi t n mt nm ca sau khi i b trn mt tm thm trong mt ngy kh l mt v d ph bin. Ngay c phng in qu yu c th cm nhn c tuy nhin, c kh nng ph hy cc thit b bn dn. Mt vn cm ng in t ni ting trong thp nin 70 c gi l EMP hoc xung in. Qun i nhn ra rng mt v n cao ca mt u n ht nhn s to ra mt xung cng cc mnh ca nng lng in trn mt din tch rt rng. Xung ny mt cch d dng c th gy tn hi hoc v hiu ha h thng in t quan trng. gii quyt mi quan tm ny, mt n lc ng k c thc hin pht trin che chn v k thut bo h tng m c th bo v h thng quan trng trong mi trng rt nghim trng. S xut hin ca mt vn in cm th ba, dng in cm thong qua (PLT), cng l mt hu qu trc tip ca vic s dng tng ln ca cc thit b bn dn. ng chn khng mch thng i hi ngun cung cp nng lng ln c xu hng c lp cc thit b in t t ting n trn ng dy in. Tc cao, thit b bn dn in nng thp, mt khc rt cm ng vi transients v quyn yu cu khim tn ca h thng kt qu trong vic s dng cc vt t chi ph tng i thp m khng cung cp s c lp nhiu t dng in. Ngoi ra, chi ph thp ca cc thit b ny c ngha rng nhiu ngi trong s h c t ti nh v vn phng phn phi in ni chung l khng tt quy nh v tng i n o. Nhn mnh v kh nng nhim in trong nm 1970 c minh ha bng s lng cc nhm nhim v, th tc kim tra, tiu chun sn phm i ph vi tnh cm ng ni ln trong thp k ny. Mt t chc c thnh lp vo cui nhng nm 70 c bit n nh l Hip hi EOS / ESD (EOS l vit tt ca Electrical Over Stress) c quyn vi nhng vn cm ng c cp trn. Mt s thay i xy ra trong 60 v 70 l s dch chuyn dn dn cathut ng RFI ging thut ng EMI hoc giao thoa in t. V khng phi tt c cc vn can nhiu xy ra tn s v tuyn in, iu ny c coi l mt danh php m t hn. EMI thng c phn loi nh bc x EMI hoc tin hnh EMI ty thuc vo con ng ni. Hai s kin trong nm 1980 c ngha, tc dng trn phm vi rng v lnh vc tng thch in t. Vic gii thiu v ph bin ca gi thp my tnh c nhn v my trm. Bn sa i Phn 15 ca Quy nh FCC v cc quy nh m t gii hn v lng pht thi in t cc thit b my tnh. S gia tng ca my tnh gi thp l rt quan trng v hai l do. u tin, mt s lng ln ca ngi tiu dng v nh sn xut c gii thiu mt sn phm m l c mt ngun quan trng v th th ca cc vn tng thch in t. Th hai, s sn c ca chi ph thp, tnh ton tc cao thc y s pht trin ca mt lot cc k thut phn tch s c mt nh hng rt ln n cc kh nng ca cc k s phn tch v gii quyt cc vn EMC. Cc quy nh FCC qun EMI t cc thit b tnh ton theo tng giai on gia nm 1980 v 1982. H yu cu tt c cc thit b in t hot ng tn s t 9 kHz hoc ln hn v s dng "k thut k thut s" p ng cc gii hn

nghim ngt quy nh lng pht thi in t bc x in thoi hoc cng vi cc ng dy in. Hu nh tt c cc my tnh v thit b ngoi vi my tnh bn, qung co bn M phi p ng cc yu cu ny. Nhiu quc gia khc thnh lp cc yu cu tng t. Trong nm 1990, Lin minh chu u (EU) thng qua quy nh EMC cng i vt ra ngoi cc yu cu FCC. Cc quy nh chu u hn ch lng kh thi khng ch t cc thit b gia dng, trang thit b y t v s a dng ca cc thit b in t c min t cc yu cu FCC. Ngoi ra, Lin minh chu u thit lp cc yu cu min nhim in t ca cc thit b v th tc quy nh th nghim tnh cm ng ca h thng in t bc x in t trng, thc hin quyn lc v ting n ng tn hiu, v phng in. Tc ng ca cc quy nh ny l p o bi v ln u tin cc k s, qun l, v Ch tch cng ty c thc hin au n nhn thc c nhng g n c ngha l c mt vn EMC. Ti mt thi im khi th trng cho cc my tnh c mc ln nh nm, nhiu ngi trong s mi nht, thit k tin tin nht c t chc tr li bi v h khng th p ng yu cu chnh ph EMI. Cc cng ty thnh lp EMC phng ban v qung co cho k s EMC. Ton b mt ngnh cng nghip xut hin cung cp cc vt liu che chn, ferrites, v cc b lc cho cc cng ty my tnh. EMC cc kha hc ngn hn, cc phng th nghim th nghim, tp ch, v t vn bt u xut hin trn khp th gii. S ch ca quc t tp trung vo EMC khuyn khch nghin cu b sung. Tin b ng k c thc hin i vi s pht trin ca th tc kim tra ton din hn v cc tiu chun c ngha. Ngy nay, xu hng ny ang tip tc. Thit b my tnh ang ngy cng dy c hn, nhanh hn, v phc tp hn vic to ra nhng thch thc mi cho cc k s EMC trong khi tin b trong in t trng s c cuc cch mng nh nc ca ngh thut trong phn tch EMC. Cc quy nh hn ch pht thi in tip tc c nng cp v quy nh mi lin quan n tnh cm ng ca cc thit b in t ang c pht trin v gii thiu. Tng lai ca tng thch in t Nu bn nghe mt gim c iu hnh cng ty my tnh gii thch chin lc ca cng ty i ph vi EMC vn trong tng lai, bn rt c th s nghe thy mt ci g nh "Chng ti ang phn u lm cho EMC l mt phn khng th tch ri ca qu trnh thit k sn phm, thay v c gng gii quyt vn ny bng cch 'v' mt thit k gn nh hon chnh. " Tt nhin y khng phi l mt tng mi. K t khi vn RFI u vi cc in bo khng dy, cc k s nhn ra rng n l r hn, d dng hn v hiu qu hn thit k mt sn phm tng thch hn l "sa cha" mt thit k hin ti c mt vn EMC. mt mc , s tham gia u EMC l mt mc tiu tt c cng tin b vng chc c thc hin. V d, i pht thanh nh thit k mch nhn thc rt r yu cu v bng thng v bc x ban nhc him khi l mt vn na, ngay c vi thit k nguyn mu. Khi cc mch k thut s u tin xut hin, giao thoa gia cc phn ca mt

thit b k thut s v tng t c ph bin, tuy nhin cui cng ny tr thnh mt vn nh thit k mch hc c lp cn c tng t v k thut s. Ngy nay, my tnh thng xuyn c thit k vi mt mc che chn, lc, v nn tng k thut c bit. L do rng "s tham gia ca EMC u" tip tc c tn dng nh l mt tng m c thi gian l phm vi v phc tp ca cc vn EMC u n tng. Cc cng ngh mi to ra tnh hung duy nht v hin EMC "sa cha" v cc quy tc thit k qu c. K s ngi quen thuc vi khi nim c bn EMC v phn tch k thut c th d dng p dng kin thc cng ngh ang ni ln v d on tim nng EMC vn trong qu trnh giai on thit k ca sn phm. Trong qu kh Tuy nhin, s nhn mnh v giao tip cc quy tc thit k v sa cha bn thn ch khng phi l "gnh nng" cc nh thit k mch vi khi nim c bn ca EMC. Kt qu l, cc vn EMC gi trc mt bc ca cc nh thit k mch v cc cuc gi cho "s tham gia ca EMC u" vn tip tc. May mn thay, tnh trng ny ang bt u thay i. Nhng li khuyn v th thut m gy ra nhiu k s xem EMC l mt ngh thut en ang c kim tra cht ch hn v c s dng thn trng hn. Quan trng hn, ang c cng nhn tm quan trng ca nguyn tc c bn c rt ra t in t v l thuyt mch. Nhng nguyn tc ny l rt cn thit cho mt s hiu bit ca mt mch tng tc vi mi trng in t ca n. Trong nhng nm ti, nh EMC tip tc pht trin t mt ngh thut k thut l mt khoa hc k thut, s cn thit phi lm cho cc nguyn tc ca EMC mt phn ca chng trnh ging dy k thut in s tr nn r rng hn. Nhng tin b trong phn cng my tnh v cc m hnh k thut s s cho php cc ng dng hiu qu ca nhng nguyn tc ny phn tch mch v cc h thng phc tp.