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i hc thi nguyn
TRNG i hc k thut cng nghip
DNG ha an
B gio dc v o to
i hc thi nguyn
TRNG i hc k thut cng nghip
DNG ha an
LI NI U
Cng vi qu trnh pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc, ngnh in lun phi i
trc mt bc trong cng cuc cng nghip ha v hin i ha. Cc nh my x
nghip, cc khu cng nghip ngy cng pht trin nhanh chng i hi tiu th cn g
sut phn khng cng tng, iu ny lm gim h s cos , gim cht lng in
nng, tng tn tht.V vy cc h tiu th in b p dng bng gi pht i khi c h
s cos
thp.
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
quan x nghip, gip ti kho st tm hiu thc t v ly s liu phc v cho lun
vn.
Mc d bn thn c nhiu c gng, song bn lun vn ny vn cn nhiu hn ch,
ti rt mong c s ch bo, gp ca cc thy c v cc bn ng nghip lun
vn ny c hon thin hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n.
Thi Nguyn ngy thng nm 2008
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Mc lc
Li Cam oan.....1
Li ni u:....2
Mc Lc:....4
Chng I: TNG QUAN.......7
1.1Vn b cng sut phn khng trong h thng in:....7
1.2 Ngun cng sut phn khng :... 8
1.3.B kinh t cng sut phn khng:...9
1.4. Phn tch nh hng ca t b n tn tht cng sut tc dng v tn tht
in nng li phn phi :..........10
1.4.1 li phn phi mt ph ti:.10
1.4.2 Li phn phi c ph ti phn b u trn trc chnh.14
1.5 Mt S phng php tnh b cng sut phn khng : .......16
1.5.1 Phng php xc nh dung lng t b theo biu cng sut phn
khng ca ph ti :
1.5.2 B cng sut phn khng nng cao h s cos :....19
1.5.3 M hnh b cng sut phn khng theo iu kin cc tiu tn tht cng
sut:..20
1.5.4 M hnh b cng sut phn khng da trn ch tiu ti a ha cc tit
kim..23
1.5.5 M hnh tnh b theo iu kin chnh in p..24
1.5.6 M hnh b cng sut phn khng da trn ch tiu cc tiu hm chi ph
tnh ton..26
1.5.7 Phng php xt n nhy ca chi tiu n nh in p, lch in
p v tn tht cng sut tc dng i vi s bin i cng sut phn khng
nt.......28
1.5.8 M hnh quy hoch hn hp..... ..31
1.6. Tm hiu cos
v b cos
ti mt s nh my x nghip...32
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3.4 Phn tch kinh t ti chnh v nh gi hiu qu kinh t b cng sut phn
khng.............................................................................................. .................65
Chng 4: TH TRNG IN NNG PHN KHNG...............................69
4.1Th trng in nng phn khng vit Nam:..........................................69
4.1.1 Phn tch m hnh kinh doanh in nng phn khng hin ti
Vit Nam:................................................................................................69
4.1.2 Phng php xc nh tin mua cng sut phn khng:..................70
4.2 Cc m hnh kinh doanh in nng c th c p dng:......................74
4.3 V d p dng:.............80
Chng V : KT LUN V KIN NGH...............84
5.1 Kt lun : ...............................................................................................84
5.2 Kin ngh:...............................................................................................84
Ti liu tham kho............................................................................................. 86
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CHNG I ;
TNG QUAN
1. VN B CNG SUT PHN KHNG TRONG LI IN:
1.1 Vn b cng sut phn khng trong h thng in:
Trong h thng in lun c phn t tiu th v ngun pht cng sut phn
khng. Phn t tiu th l my bin p, ng c khng ng b, trn ng dy in
v mi ni c t trng. Yu cu cng sut phn khng ch c th gim ti thiu ch
khng trit tiu c v n cn thit to ra t trng, yu t trung gian trong qu
trnh chuyn ha in nng. yu cu cng sut phn khng c phn chia nh sau:
- ng c khng ng b tiu th khong 70-80%.
- My bin p tiu th 25-15%.
- ng dy ti in v cc ph ti khc 5%.
Kh nng pht cng sut phn khng ca cc nh my in rt hn ch,
cos = 0,8-0,85. Cc my pht ch m ng mt phn yu cu cng sut phn
khng ca ph ti. Phn cn li trng vo cc ngun cng sut phn khng t thm
tc l ngun cng sut b.
C 2 con ng m bo cn bng cng sut phn khng trong h thng in :
(1) - Cng bc ph ti m ch yu l cc x nghip cng nghip phi m
bo cos
khng.
(2)- t b cng sut phn khng trong h thng in gii quyt phn thiu
cn li.
Tm li trong h thng in phi b cng bc hay b k thut mt lng cng sut
phn khng nht nh m bo cn bng cng sut phn khng trong h thng
in.
H thng in thiu cng sut phn khng th vic b k thut l bt buc, gi l b
cng bc.
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn
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Sau khi b cng bc, mt lng cng sut phn khng ng k vn lu thng qua
li phn phi trung p gy ra tn tht cng sut tc dng v tn tht in nng kh
ln.
gim tn tht ny c th thc hin b kinh t.
B kinh t ch c thc hin khi n thc s mang li li ch, ngha l li ch kinh t
m n mang li phi ln hn chi ph vn hnh v lp t trm b.
Trong cc x nghip cng nghip lng cng sut phn khng phi b cng bc
m bo cos cng c phn phi hp l nhm gim ti a tn tht in nng.
1.2 Ngun cng sut phn khng :
V ngun cng sut phn khng thy rng : Kh nng pht cng sut phn
khng ca my pht rt hn ch. V l do kinh t ngi ta khng lm cc my pht
c kh nng pht nhiu cng sut phn khng cho ph ti, c bit l ch
max. Cc my pht ch m ng mt phn yu cu cng sut phn khng ca ph
ti, ch yu lm nhim v iu chnh cng sut phn khng trong h thng in p
ng nhanh chng cc yu cu lun thay i ca ph ti. Phn cn li trng vo cc
ngun cng sut b.
C hai loi ngun cng sut phn khng l my b ng b v t in.
-T in c s dng rng ri b cng sut phn khng trong mng in, n c
th mc trn thanh ci ca cc trm bin p, hoc ti cc im nt ca mng in. T
in c th mc c lp hoc mc thnh tng nhm theo yu s u Y, hoc u
tam gic.
~
QC
S=P+jQ
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Tui th cao.
Lp t v vn hnh n gin .
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10
+ Tn tht kinh doanh : L tn tht trong khu kinh doanh in nng do: in nng
tiu dng khng o c, in nng o c nhng khng vo ha n, in nng
vo ha n nhng khng c tr tin hoc tr chm.
1.3.2 Phng thc b kinh t cng sut phn khng trong li phn phi v bi
ton b kinh t :
Li ch khi t b :
- Gim c cng sut tc dng yu cu ch d max ca h thng in do gim
c d tr cng sut tc dng hoc tng tin cy ca h thng.
- Gim c tn tht in nng.
- Ci thin c cht lng in p.
- Gim nh ti cho my bin p trung gian v ng trc trung p gim c yu cu
cng sut phn khng, tng tui th cho thit b.
Chi ph khi t b:
- Vn u t v chi ph vn hnh cho trm b.
- Tn tht in nng trong t b.
Gii bi ton b cng sut phn khng l xc nh : S lng trm b, v tr t ca
chng trn li phn phi, cng sut b v ch lm vic ca t b sao cho t
hiu qu kinh t cao nht.
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11
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12
Q max [KVAr]
Qb[KVAr]
a)
Qmax
Q max
qb1(t)
Qb=Qmax
Qb=Qtb
Q tb
+
0
b)
Qminkhng
+ cng sut phn
n ti.
- cng sut phn khng i
0
t
v ngun.
t
b)
T
qb2 (t) -
0
c)
Qmax
qb2(t)
Q b=Qmax
+
Qmin
0
d)
c)
qb3(t)
Hnh 1.2
V mt tn tht in nng hai trng trng hp ny ging nhau hon ton, ta
thy th cng sut phn khng ca chng c dng ging nhau ch ngc du m
thi.
Trong trng hp Qb=Qtb(hnh 1.2 c), trong 1 na thi gian cng sut phn khng i
t ngun n ph ti cn trong na thi gian cn li cng sut phn khng i t t b
i ngc v ngun. Yu cu cng sut phn khng khng gim c nhiu nhng
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn
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13
q 2 (t )
R [ KW, MVAr, ,KV] U l in p nh mc ca li in.
U2
Sau khi b:
2
Pb
(q(t ) Qb ) 2
q 2 (t ) 2.q(t )Qb Qb
R
R
U
U2
L ch v tn tht cng sut tc dng sau khi b chnh l gim tn tht cng sut
tc dng do b:
2
DP(t )
Pb
2.q (t ).Qb Qb
R.Qb (2.q(t ) Qb )
R
2
U
U2
(1.1)
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14
gim tn tht in nng trong thi gian xt T l tch phn ca DP(t) trong
khong thi gian xt T:
T
2
2.TQb .Qb T .Q 2 b
U2
1
q(t )dt Qtb v Ksdq=Qtb/Qmax.
T
Ly o hm ring ca 1.3 theo Qb, t =0 ri gii ta c gi tr ca Q b cho gim
V
2.TQtb 2Qb
R
U2
DAmax
Q 2 tb
RT 2
U
0 rt ra Qbopt =Qtb
Khi
q0 [KVAr/km]
Qb
lb
a)
b)
QN
0
A
L
Hnh 1.3
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn
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15
P1
Ta t b sao cho cng sut phn khng Q N t ngun cp cho on lx (on 0B) cn
t b cung cp cng sut phn khng Qb cho on L-lx (on BA )
QN=lx.q0
Qb=(L-lx).q0
D rng nhn thy rng mun tn tht cng sut tc dng v tn tht in nng sau
khi b l nh nht th trm b phi t chnh gia on c, cng sut phn khng
ca t s chia u v 2 pha c di (L-lx)/2 v cng sut phn khng Qb/2. V tr
b s l:
lb= lx+ (L-lx)/2=(L+lx)/2
Tn tht cng sut tc dng trn on lx l:
(l x .q0 ) 2 .l x .r0
3.U 2
PN
l x .q0 .r0
3.U 2
( L l x ) 3 .q0 .r0
12.U 2
2
P2
PN
Pb
q
l x .qo .r0 /(3.U ) r0 ( L l x ) 0 2
12.U
3
r0 q0 [l x
( L l x ) 3 / 4].3.U 2 .
DP
P1
P2
q0 .r0 3
L
3.U 2
q0 .r0 3
[l x ( L l x ) 3 / 4]
2
3.U
(1.4)
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16
q0 .r0
2
[3.l x 3( L l x ) 2 / 4] 0
2
3.U
DP
lx
L
3
lbop
T y ta c v tr b ti u
l xop
2L
3
Qb ( ci
ngct )
Qmax
(1.5)
0.7
(1.6)
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17
in p t c khng vt qu ch ti cc tiu.
Khi c biu cng sut phn khng ca ph ti c th xc nh d dng dung
lng t b theo phng php ny. y cng l phng php n gin xc nh
dung lng t ng ct trn li nhm m bo cho iu kin v chnh lch in
p ti h dng in. Tuy nhin phng php ny ch cho php xc nh khong thi
gian cm t ng vo hoc ct ra khi li do chnh xc khng cao, n ph
thuc vo vic ly s liu ban u trong yu cu chnh xc l tng i cao.
Hnh di y cho cch xc nh dung lng t b p ng nhu cu cng sut phn
khng .
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18
[KVAr]
(1.7)
Trong :
-P l ph ti tnh ton ca h tiu th in KW.
- 1 l gc ng vi h s trung bnh (cos 1) trc khi b.
- 2 l gc ng vi h s cng sut mong mun (cos 2) sau khi b.
- = 0.9 1 l h s xt ti kh nng nng cao cos bng nhng phng php
khng i hi t thit b b.
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19
[KW]
(1.8)
Trong :
Kkt ng lng kinh t ca cng sut phn khng, KW/KVAr (l lng
cng sut tc dng (KW) tit kim c khi b 1 KVAr.
K kt
DPp
Qb
Qb
QR
(
2
)
Q
U2
(1.9)
DPp lng gim tn tht cng sut tc dng do cng sut phn khng gy ra khi
t mt n v cng sut b.
KW/KVAr.
Q- Cng sut phn khng h tiu th, KVAr.
Nu Qb <<Q c th coi Qb /Q=0 nn kkt =2.Q.R/U2.
(1.10)
kkt
T my pht
0,02 0,04
Qua mt cp bin p
0,04 0,06
0,05 0,07
Qua 3 cp bin p
0,08 0,12
Qbopt
U2
kb
2R
[KVAr]
(1.11)
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
20
T cng thc 1.9 rt ra thnh phn U 2/(2R) v thay vo cng thc trn ta c:
Qbopt
kb
)
k kt
Q(1
[KVAr]
(1.12)
Qbopt khng nht thit trng vi Qb c tnh theo cng thc 1.7, ng v
pha cc h tiu th th nn b mt lng bng Q bopt l kinh t hn c, song do li
ch chung ca ton h thng in, thng nh nc quy nh h s cng sut tiu
chun m cc h tiu th nht thit phi t c, mc d i vi tng h dng in
c th cos tiu chun cha phi l tt nht.
V vy, trong thc t ngi ta thng tnh dung lng b theo cng thc (1.7)
Phng ny c bit n gin, d p dng nn c s dng rng di, bit cng sut
P, h s cos
ca ph ti, h s cos
Pi
Pi
Qi
Ui
.Ri .10
[KW]
(1.13)
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21
Q1
Pi
Qi
Ui
. X i .10
[KVAr]
(1.14)
Q1
Pi
Ui
Pi
Qbi ) 2
(Qi
2
Qbi ) 2
(Qi
Ui
.Ri .10
. X i .10
(1.15)
3
(1.16)
in p ti cc nt m bo t gi tr ln cn gi tr nh mc v vi cc iu kin
bin Qb min Qb Qb max .
Vi bi ton gii tch mng in c n nt, cc hm F(Q bi)= P(Qbi) tr thnh
hm a bin vi i=1 n.
Bi ton b ti u cng sut phn khng theo iu kin cc tiu tn tht cng
sut tc dng c pht biu nh sau:
Cn xc nh cc gi tr Qb1,Qb2,.Qbn sao cho:
F(Qb1,Qb2,.Qbn)= P(Qb1,Qb2,.Qbn i)
min
(1.17)
Trong Qbi - Gi tr b ti u ti nt i.
Qb min, Qb max _- Cc gi tr gii hn b min v b max ti nt i.
F(Qbi) tn tht cng sut ng vi gi tr Qbi t ti nt i.
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22
F (Qbi )
P1
P(Qi )
(Q1 Qbi ) 2
U1
.R1
(1.18)
Cc rng buc trong bi ton ti u l nh lut Kirchof 1 cho cng sut phn khng
ti cc nt c yu cu b v cng.
m
g j (Q b1 , Q b2 , .Q bn )
Ij
I 1
(1.19)
1
T y thnh lp hm lagrange:
m
L(Q b1 , Q b2 , .Q bn ; 1 ,
2 3
.... n ) F (Q b1 , Q b2 , .Q bn )
g j (Q b1 , Q b2 , .Q bn )
i 1
Trong
j).
Xem xt cc hng s
P(Qbi )
Qbi
P(Qbi )
L
Qbi
L
m
i
j 1
m
ta c h phng trnh:
g
Qbi
g
i
j
j 1
j
2
Vi i=1 n; j=1 n.
(1.20)
Q 2 bi
Gii h (m+n) phng trnh trn kt hp vi iu kin bin ta tm c n nghim
Qbi v nghim
j.
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23
Pi+jQ i
Pn+jQn
Qb
Q bn
(1.21)
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24
1
2
100U n
( Pi Ri
Qi X i )
(1.22)
Ub
1
2
100U n
Xi
(1.23)
ly im t b.
Sau khi b: U= U- Ub
Bn cht vn khng thay i nu ta coi tn tht
U ca li vn gi
Ek
Ub
1
Qb
2
100U n
Xi
(1.24)
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25
Qb
10.U n
Ek / X [KVAr]
(1.25)
X- l in khng ca ng dy tnh n im b,
Qb 2 . X 2 .... 10.U n
Ek
(1.26)
Xi
X1
Qb1
Qbi
Qbn
Hnh
mng
in
Hnh 1.6
1.6 Phn
Phnphi
phicng
cngsut
sutttbbtrong
trong
mng
in
Trn c s phn tch, so snh cc phng n ta s la chn c a im t dung
lng b hp l.
*u im: n gin, c th d dng xc nh c dung lng t khi bit dung
lng tng thm in p.
-
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26
Pi
Qi
Ui
Ri .10
Ai
Bi .Qi
[KW] (1.27)
( Ai
Bi .Qi )
[KW] (1.28)
i 1
(1.29)
Vn u t cho thit b b ti nt i:
Vi=koi+KiQbi [ng]
(1.30)
Vi
i 1
(k 0i
k i Qbi )
(1.31)
i 1
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
27
atc .V
[atc (k 0i . y k i .Qbi ) C . ( Ai
Bi .Qi )]
min
(1.32)
i 1
yi
0khiQbi
1khiQbi
(1.33)
Qi
Qb Qti
Qk
(Ck
Dk .Qk )
(1.34)
Vi i=1,2n.
Tng k ly ng vi cc nhnh xc nh theo thng s nhnh :
Pk
Ck
Un
Xk
Dk
Xk
Un
(1.35)
(1.36)
(k 0i
k i Qbi ) V
(1.37)
i 1
(1.38)
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28
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29
P
P
Q
P
U
Q
U
Nu coi P/ U=0,
Q/
[ Q]= P/ U=0.
[ Q]=[JQ]. [ U]
(1.39)
=0, ta c :
(1.40)
Jacobi JQ.
(1.41)
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
30
min
(1.42)
Vi cc rng buc :
Theo iu chnh in p ngun in :
UG min
UG
UG max
(1.43)
QL
Q L max
(1.44)
-Theo iu chnh in p di ti :
T min
T max
(1.45)
QG
J QG
J QL
J QT
QL
J LG
J LL
J LT
QG
J 'QG
J 'QL
J 'QT
QL
J ' LG
J ' LL
J ' LT
(1.46)
Bin i ta c :
UG
. UL
(1.47)
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
31
*u im :
-Vic xc nh th t u tin cc nt t b kh ton din, ch tiu kinh t k thut
ng thi c quan tm.
*Nhc im :
-i vi mt mng li in gm nhiu nt, nhnh vic xt th t t b cc nt
theo cc ch tiu trn l phc tp.
-M hnh ph hp vi h thng ph ti ln, bin thin cng sut lin tc.
1.5.8 M hnh quy hoch hn hp :
M hnh quy hoch hn hp gm quy hoch phi tuyn v quy hoch tuyn
tnh nguyn. M hnh ca bi ton nh sau:
n
Cc tiu ha hm Z
Vi
i 1
( k 0 i . yi
k i .Qbi )
i 1
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
32
Cos
AP
AP2
AQ2
(1.48)
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
33
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
P;
kW
Q ph ti Q b;
kVar
kVar
1484
1344
1319
1187
1338
1260
1230
1147
1361
1387
1337
1346
1134
1294
1321
1325
1186
1320
1135
1092
1104
1106
1313
1042.00
1086.00
961.00
1018.00
1078.00
958.00
1040.00
1014.00
1055.00
1080.00
1081.00
1010.00
1079.00
1007.00
1054.00
1078.00
1075.00
1248.00
1040.00
907.00
920.00
881.00
1079.00
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
Cos
Sau bu
0.96
0.94
0.96
0.94
0.94
0.96
0.94
0.94
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.96
0.92
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.90
0.93
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.94
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
34
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
1
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
GIO
Hnh 1.7
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
35
* Mt s ph ti khc trong khu cng nghip Thi nguyn, kt qu tnh ton ghi trn
bng 3.
Bng 3. Gi tr Cos
TT
Ph ti
CT Vn dm TN
CT Gch p lt Vit
7 912 541
3 565 217
0,912
14 743 344
0,909
3 178 244
1 277 213
0,928
1 296 620
0,922
6 622 560
2 801 242
0,921
CT Ph tng my s 1
7 040 412
2 112 536
0,958
CT Thp Hin Sn
5 613
1527
0,978
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
36
P;kW
452.63
450.00
445.00
447.00
445.00
447.00
460.00
5.50
5.00
4.60
4.60
4.70
4.70
5.50
5.50
5.70
5.70
7.00
550.00
500.00
450.00
457.00
451.00
Q ph ti
125.45
121.00
126.00
127.00
129.00
119.00
125.00
0.30
0.50
0.40
0.40
0.13
0.40
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.50
0.40
145.00
121.00
126.00
128.00
130.00
Cos
0.96
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.97
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
37
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
38
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
39
CHNG II:
CHNG TRNH TNH TON B CNG SUT PHN
KHNG, C XT N CHT LNG IN NNG V
PHN TCH TI CHNH.
2.1. PHNG PHP LUN V S KHI THUT TON
2.1.1 M hnh tng qut bi ton b cng sut phn khng trong li phn
phi:
Xt li in phn phi gm n+1 nt nh s 0,1,2,,n. Cc nt u c ph ti
P i+jQi v c th t b cng sut phn khng Q Bi.
Cc ngun pht ra cng sut phn khng t ti cc nt ph ti l cc t in tnh
khng iu khin v c thang cng sut ri rc. Gi s ti cc nt ca li in c
t t in tnh b cng sut phn khng, cng sut t b cc nt l Q Bi;
i=1..N. Khi y tn tht cng sut trn ton li s l:
2
Pi
Qi
QBj
j Ji
3
i 1
10 U 2
Ri
(2.1)
Ji: theo chiu cng sut tc dng, tp nhng nt j nm sau nt i ang xt.
Biu thc trn chng t rng sau khi t t in tnh b cng sut phn khng
ti cc nt ph ti th tn tht cng sut trn li in gim, chi ph cho tn tht cng
sut gim. Nhng thay vo cn u t cho xy dng trm b, gi tin mua t in
tnh, chi ph cho tn tht cng sut trn t in tnh.
Vn t ra l cn so snh gia hai chi ph: trc khi b v sau khi b tm ra
mt phng n ti u vi tng chi ph l t nht m vn m bo cc yu cu k
thut. tm c li gii ti u th trc ht phi xy dng c hm mc tiu ca
bi ton. Hm mc tiu y l hm tng chi ph tnh ton, s c trnh by trong
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
40
phn sau. Gii bi ton b kinh t cng sut phn khng tc l i tm li gii hm
tng chi ph tnh ton l cc tiu vi cc rng buc v mt k thut.
Sau y s thnh lp m hnh bi ton b cng sut phn khng trong li in
phn phi gm hm mc tiu v cc rng buc.
2.1.2. Hm mc tiu
Hm mc tiu l hm tng chi ph tnh ton bao gm chi ph do tn tht in
nng trn ng dy, chi ph do tn tht trong t b v chi ph lp t thit b b. C
th:
Z1
Z2
Z3
Min
(2.2)
Trong :
Z Tng chi ph tnh ton quy v mt nm(ng);
Z1 Vn u t quy i mt nm cho thit b b;
Z2 Chi ph tn tht in nng trong thit b b;
Z3 Chi ph tn tht in nng trong ng dy.
- Vn u t quy i mt nm ca thit b b:
N
Z1
vh
tc
K0
K B i .QB i
(2.3)
i 1
tc -
h s khu hao;
Z2
P0 . B . .
QBi
(2.4)
i 1
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
41
Trong :
p0 tn hao cng sut tc dng cho mt n v dung lng
b,kW/kVAr;
- thi gian tn tht cng sut cc i ca thit b b, gi/nm; (c
Z3
N
.
2
. Ri .Qnhi
3
2
3.10 .U i 1
(2.5)
Trong :
- thi gian tn tht cng sut cc i ca li, gi/nm;
( cn lu l
Ri - in tr ca dy dn nhnh i,
U - in p nh mc ca li, kV;
Qnhi- cng sut phn khng ti trn nhnh i khi c b cng sut phn
khng ti cc nt.
Cng sut phn khng ti cc nhnh khi xt n c cc cng sut b ti cc nt
c tnh tng t nh tnh dng cc nhnh, c th l :
Q nh
A . Q QB
(2.6)
Trong : Qnh - ma trn ct cng sut phn khng truyn trn nhnh;
A = Z . C - ma trn h s, ma trn vung NxN;
Q - QB - ma trn ct hiu cng sut phn khng ph ti v cng
sut b.
Hay vit di dng i s:
N
Qnhi
Aij . Q j
QBj
(2.7)
j 1
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
42
Trong :
Qjnh - cng sut phn khng truyn ti trn nhnh j;
Aij - phn t ca ma trn A (Nu nt i khng ni vi nt j th
Aij = 0);
Qj - cng sut phn khng ph ti ti nt j;
QBi - cng sut b ti nt i.
Ghi ch: trong Z3 nu tnh y phi c thnh phn tn tht cng sut do cng
sut tc dng P gy ra, nhng bi ton xt Min hm chi ph tnh ton b phn tn
tht ny i vn khng nh hng g v chng l hng s khng ph thuc vo Q B.
T (2.3), (2.4) v (2.5) ta thy cc tr s Z 1, Z2, Z3 u ph thuc vo tr s QBi.
Nh vy yu cu ca bi ton l xc nh cc gi tr cng sut phn khng thit b b
(QBi) t ti cc nt ca li in sao cho tng chi ph tnh ton Z l nh nht.
2.1.3 Cc rng buc
- Tng cng sut b ti cc nt khng vt qu gi tr b tng ton li:
N
QBi
QB
(2.8)
i 1
(2.9)
Cos
Trong :
Cos
Min
Cos
Cos
Max
;i 1 n
Pi
i
Pi
Qi
QBi
(2.10)
(2.11)
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
43
PC+jQ C
MBA
QBC
RMBA
+jXMBA
PC+jQ C
QBC
PH+jQ H
PH+jQ H
QBH
QBH
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
44
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
45
php quy hoch ng. Trong qu trnh thun tin hnh hp nht cc nhnh tm
quan h Z
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
46
0- QB ;
- 2 QB
QB
... m QB
cng cao. Nhng do thang cng sut TT c sn xut theo tiu chun nn ta chn
sao cho mc trn ca mi bc l bi s ca thang cng sut TT.
* i vi li in ng dy chnh (hnh 2-2a) trnh t bt u t ph ti cui
li in (nhnh 1).
Hnh 2.2a
Hnh 2.2b
0
Hnh 2.2c
Hnh 2.2: Cc loi s li phn phi
Bc 1: Tnh gi tr hm f1 (QB1 ) vi tt c cc gi tr c th ca QB1 (nhnh 1 hnh
2.2a). Quan h ny c k hiu l Z 1 (Q B 1 ) ; ngha l:
Z 1 (Q B 1 ) = f1 (QB1 )
(2.12)
min f1 (QB1 )
f 2 (QB 2 ; QB )
(2.13)
Thay f1 (QB1 ) ta c:
(QB
) min Z 1 (QB 1 )
f 2 (QB 2 ; QB
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
47
Bc i: bc th i, i vi mc k ca QB , tm t hp ti u ca Q Bi v tng
QB
i 1
QB1
QB 2
... QBi 1
Z i (QB i )
min
0 QBi QB
i 1
(QB
QBi )
f i (QBi ; QB i )
(2.14)
Z n (QB n )
min
0 QBn QB
n 1
(QB
QBn ) f n (QBn ; QB n )
(2.15)
Z i (QB i )
min
0 QBi QB
i 1
(QB
QBi )
f i (QBi )
(2.16)
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
48
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
49
a. S khi thut ton qu trnh thun: (Tnh hm chi ph tnh ton tng
ng vi tt c cc phng n b ti cc nt).
BEGIN
STOP
1
Stop = 0
B = nut[0]
Stop = 1
Stop = 1
0
B = nut[0]
0
Tnh b ti B
B=
Anhem[B]
0
B c nt con
B c anh em
1
0
B = Nutcha[B]
B = Nutcon[B]
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
50
HIN TH KT
QU
Stop = 0
B = nut[0]
1
Stop = 1
0
Stop = 1
0
B = nut[0]
B=
Anhem[B]
B c nt con
B c anh em
1
1
0
B = Nutcon[B]
B = Nutcha[B]
Tm Qb[B]
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
51
2.2.7 V d p dng :
Xt li in n gin nh hnh sau:
0
0
Hnh 2.5 S li in
Khi thc hin gii bi ton b bng phng php quy hoch ng, qu trnh thun
thc hin hp nht cc nhnh theo th t (t cc nhnh ct cho n nhnh u). Vi
v d ny s hp nht nh sau:
Bc 1 Hp nht nhnh 5 v 6.
Bc 2 hp nht 5-6 v 4.
Bc 3 Hp nht 2 v 3.
Bc 4 Hp nht nhnh 2-3 vi 4.
Bc 5 Hp nht nhnh 4 -2 vo 1.
Dng phng php quy hoch ng xc nh v tr v cng sut t b ti cc nt
ca li in ny, cho cc gi tr:
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
52
vh=0,1;
tc=0,125;
Ppt(KW)
Q(KVAr)
Qbmax(KVAr)
1000
1000
1000
600
600
600
500
500
500
400
400
400
300
300
300
5
S liu ng dy:
S R0
X0
( /km)
( /km)
0.27
0.391
380
AC-70
1.2
0.46
0.408
265
AC-50
1.5
0.656
0.418
210
AC-95
0.33
0.397
330
AC-50
1.2
0.656
0.418
210
AC-50
0.656
0.418
210
TT
Loi dy
Nt
Nt
Cui
AC-120
L(km)
Icp (A)
Kt qu tnh ton :
Kt qu tnh ch xc lp:
-------------------------------------Tng cng sut yu cu u ngun:
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
53
in p thanh ci tng:
Udm = 10.00/_0 kV
Nt c in p thp nht:
Tn tht in p cc i:
deltaUmax = 4.4%
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
54
Menu chnh
D liu
Load Flow
To mi
M
Lu
Lu vi tn khc
Nhp d liu
__ th ph ti
__ Bn a l
__ Xut d liu
__ Nt
__ Nhnh
__ My bin p
__ In n
__ Kt thc
__
__
__
__
Tnh ton
__ Thay i thng s
__ Nt
__ Nhnh
__ Bin p 2 cun dy
__ Bin p 3 cun dy
__ T
__ Khng
B CSPK
Tnh ton
__ Thay i thng s
__ Ccc h s
__ Cc rng buc
TR GIP
Hng dn s dng
__ Gii thiu PSA
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
55
FILE
To file mi
M file c sn
M PHNG
M phng
li mi
Thay i s cu
trc li
GHI VO
FILE
VO S LIU
Vo s
liu mi
Thay i
s liu c
XUT D LIU
TNH TON
Tnh
Loadflow
Tnh B kinh t
cng sut phn
khng
- S liu bi ton LF
- S liu bi ton b
- th ph ti
- th cos
- Bng
- File
- ha
- My in
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
56
Cng c m
phng li in
Ca s chnh
ca chng trnh
Ca s m phng,
hin th s li in
Hin th kt
qu Load Flow
Cc modul
Tnh ton
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
57
Vo s liu nt:
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
58
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
59
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Um1/U
m2 (KV)
I0
%
P
%
ng bm 2 180
6/0,4
1.03
ng bm 3 250
6/0,4
Cha hang
320
4
6/0,4
Lng ng
180
6/0,4
ng bm 1 250
6/0,4
Gia By
180
6/0,4
Cha hang
250
5
6/0,4
Tm Lp
400
UB Huyn
180
Tn TBA
Sm
(KVA)
PN
U N
Rn( )
Xn( )
4.47
0.86
5.10
4850
3.53
0.93
2.79
900
4200
3.83
0.49
2.44
850
2825
1.05
4.50
3.68
960
3700
6.5
0.71
5.36
1.03
500
2323
4.47
0.86
5.10
2.5
900
3650
3.8
0.70
3.08
6/0,4
2.3
1080
5500
4.5
0.41
2.30
6/0.4
1.6
620
2603
5.7
0.96
6.52
Nc ng
75
Bm
6/0.4
1.67
300
1161
3.89
2.48
10.51
Bu in
50
6/0.4
2.17
260
1073
4.07
5.15
16.14
250
6/0.4
3.68
960
3700
6.5
0.71
5.36
(W)
(V)
500
2323
3.83
1240
3.83
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
60
Nt u
Nt
Cui
Loi
Dy
L(Km)
S l
R( )
X( )
Icp (A)
AC70
0.686
0.46
0.408
265
AC50
0.64
0.65
0.418
210
AC50
0.035
0.65
0.418
210
AC50
0.15
0.65
0.418
210
AC70
0.58
0.46
0.408
265
AC50
0.04
0.65
0.418
210
AC70
0.116
0.46
0.408
265
AC50
0.45
0.65
0.418
210
AC50
0.08
0.65
0.418
210
10
AC50
0.24
0.65
0.418
210
11
AC50
0.025
0.65
0.418
210
12
AC70
0.14
0.46
0.408
265
12
13
AC50
0.055
0.65
0.418
210
12
14
AC70
0.095
0.46
0.408
265
14
15
AC50
0.64
0.65
0.418
210
14
16
AC70
0.408
0.46
0.408
265
16
17
AC50
0.02
0.65
0.418
210
16
18
AC70
0.302
0.46
0.408
265
18
19
AC50
0.64
0.65
0.418
210
18
20
AC70
0.52
0.46
0.408
265
20
21
AC50
0.108
0.65
0.418
210
20
22
AC70
0.24
0.46
0.408
265
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
61
TT
Tn nt
Pt(KW)
Qt(KWAr)
677
ng Bm 1
PQ
211
134
ng Bm 2
PQ
146
105
ng Bm3
PQ
218
123
Cha Hang 4
PQ
273
167
Cha Hang 5
PQ
207
139
Tm lp
PQ
326
231
UB Huyn
PQ
139
114
PQ
207
140
10
Bu in
PQ
41
29
11
Gia By
PQ
146
106
12
Lng ng
PQ
151
98
13
Nc ng Bm
PQ
57
49
tc=0,125;
in p thanh ci tng:
Udm =
6.00/_0 kV
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
62
Nt c in p thp nht:
Tn tht in p cc i:
deltaUmax = 12.3%
Tn nt
1
2
3
Cha Hang 5
4
Bu in
5
7
8
9
x
11
Tm lp
10
Cha Hang 4
12
13
UB huyn
14
16
18
20
21
Lng ng
22
Gia By
19
ng Bm 1
17
bm B
U nt
5.802
5.775
5.774
5.672
5.775
5.653
5.653
5.625
5.563
5.556
5.386
5.553
5.429
5.552
5.452
5.607
5.606
5.443
5.505
5.473
5.452
5.431
5.428
5.314
5.426
5.299
5.428
5.26
5.473
5.351
U(nt)%
3.3
3.7
3.8
5.5
3.7
5.8
5.8
6.3
7.3
7.4
10.2
7.5
9.5
7.5
9.1
6.6
6.6
9.3
8.3
8.8
9.1
9.5
9.5
11.4
9.6
11.7
9.5
12.3
8.8
10.8
Pmax(KW)
0
0
0
207
0
41
0
0
0
0
207
0
326
0
273
0
0
138.6
0
0
0
0
0
151
0
146
0
210
0
57
Q(max)
0
0
0
139
0
29
0
0
0
0
140
0
231
0
167
0
0
114
0
0
0
0
0
98
0
106
0
134
0
48
Cos
0.8302
0.8164
0.8283
0.8159
0.8531
0.7723
0.8388
0.8092
0.843
0.7649
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
63
31
32
33
34
15
ng Bm 3
6
ng Bm 2
5.482
5.38
5.652
5.531
8.6
10.3
5.8
7.8
0
218
0
146
0
123
0
105
0.8709
0.8119
Tn nt
Qb
Cos( ) trc b
Cos( ) sau b
ng Bm 1
130
0.843
ng Bm3
110
0.871
0.998
Cha Hang 4
150
0.853
0.998
Cha Hang 5
70
0.813
0.949
Tm lp
210
0.816
0.998
UB Huyn
90
0.772
0.985
120
0.828
0.995
Gia By
100
0.809
0.999
Lng ng
90
0.839
0.999
10
Nc ng Bm
40
0.765
0.99
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
64
Tn nt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1
2
3
Cha Hang 5
4
Bu in
5
7
8
9
x
11
Tm lp
10
Cha Hang 4
12
13
UB huyn
14
16
18
20
21
Lng ng
22
Gia By
19
ng Bm 1
17
bm B
15
Trc khi b
U(nt)%
U nt
5.802 3.3
5.775 3.7
5.774 3.8
5.672 5.5
5.775 3.7
5.653 5.8
5.653 5.8
5.625 6.3
5.563 7.3
5.556 7.4
5.386 10.2
5.553 7.5
5.429 9.5
5.552 7.5
5.452 9.1
5.607 6.6
5.606 6.6
5.443 9.3
5.505 8.3
5.473 8.8
5.452 9.1
5.431 9.5
5.428 9.5
5.314 11.4
5.426 9.6
5.299 11.7
5.428 9.5
5.26
12.3
5.473 8.8
5.351 10.8
5.482 8.6
Sau Khi B
U nt U(nt)%
5.861 2.32
5.838 2.70
5.837 2.72
5.775 3.75
5.838 2.70
5.717 4.72
5.76 4.00
5.742 4.30
5.698 5.03
5.693 5.12
5.644 5.93
5.691 5.15
5.657 5.72
5.69 5.17
5.658 5.70
5.73 4.50
5.73 4.50
5.676 5.40
5.665 5.58
5.645 5.92
5.631 6.15
5.618 6.37
5.616 6.40
5.58 7.00
5.615 6.42
5.586 6.90
5.615 6.42
5.581 6.98
5.645 5.92
5.6
6.67
5.648 5.87
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
65
32
33
34
ng Bm 3
6
ng Bm 2
5.38
5.652
5.531
10.3
5.8
7.8
5.604 6.60
5.759 4.02
5.641 5.98
in p thanh ci tng:
Udm =
6.00/_0 kV
deltaUmax = 7.0%
Tng tn
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
66
( A0
At )
At g m
1 At
(3.2)
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
67
Lt
(1 i) t
Lqd
Lt
(3.7)
Trong :
- tha s quy i
1 i
i - H s chit khu
3.4.2. Cc ch tiu c bn ca d n
1). Gi tr li sut thun quy v hin ti
Nh bit, li sut l hiu gia doanh thu v chi ph. Nhng phng n c
doanh thu ln hn chi ph l nhng phng n mang li hiu qu kinh t. Gi tr tng
li sut trong sut i sng d n quy v thi im hin ti k hiu l NPV (Net
Present Value) s l mt trong nhng ch tiu c bn nh gi cc d n.
n
( Bt
NPV =
Ct )(1 i) t =
t 0
Lt (1 i ) t ;
(3.8)
t 0
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R=
B
=
C
Bt (1 i )
C t (1 i )
t 0
n
(3.9)
t 0
Ct )(1 IRR ) t = 0;
( Bt
NPV =
(3.10)
t 0
NPV1
IRR = i1 + (i2 - i1)
;
NPV1 NPV 2
(3.11)
( Bt
NPV =
Ct )(1 i) t = 0 ;
(3.12)
t 0
NPV1
;
NPV1 NPV 2
(3.13)
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CHNG IV:
TH TRNG IN NNG PHN KHNG:
4.1 Th trng in nng phn khng vit nam:
4.1.1 Phn tch m hnh kinh doanh in nng phn khng hin ti Vit Nam:
Hin ti nc ta vic kinh doanh in nng phn khng c thc hin trn
c s pht h s cos thp. Thc hin theo thng t lin tch ca b cng nghip.
Nhm m bo cho s dng in tin cy, hiu qu v an ton.
4.1.1.1
cos( )
Ap
Aq
hoc cos
cos(artg
Aq
)
Ap
(4.1)
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Tq = Ta x k %
(4.2)
Trong : -T q: Tin mua cng sut phn khng (cha c thu GTGT)
-T a: Tin mua in nng tc dng (cha c thu GTGT)
- k: H s b p chi ph do bn mua in s dng qu lng cng sut
phn khng quy nh (%)
H s k c tnh theo bng sau :
Bng 4.1
TT
STT
(cos )
0,85
15
0,71
19,72
0,84
1,19
16
0,70
21,43
0,83
2,41
17
0,69
23,19
0,82
3,66
18
0,68
25,00
0,81
4,94
19
0,67
26,87
0,80
6,25
20
0,66
28,79
0,79
7,59
21
0,65
30,77
0,78
8,97
22
0,64
32,81
0,77
10,39
23
0,63
34,92
10
0,76
11,84
24
0,62
37,10
11
0,75
13,33
25
0,61
39,34
12
0,74
14,86
26
0,60
41,67
13
0,73
16,44
27
Di 0,60
44,07
14
0,72
18,06
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Mt s nhn xt:
Phng php tnh ton dung lng chi tr cho in nng phn khng cha thc s
hp l do:
-Trn c s no nh ra mc cos ti thiu phi np tin pht cos l 0,85.
- Cn c vo u xc nh mi quan h gia gi tr ca h s b k v h s cos .
Nh vy c th thy l phng php kinh doanh in nng phn khng hin ti cha
da trn c s phn tch kinh t k thut hp l. iu dn ti vic mt cng bng
gia cc nh kinh doanh in v khch hng, v gia cc khch hnh vi nhau.
Phng php kinh doanh ny ch n thun p t khch hng phi mua in nng
phn khng m khng khuyn khch h tham gia vo qu trnh iu tit ci thin ch
lm vic ca h thng in.
4.2 Cc m hnh kinh doanh in nng c th c p dng:
4.2.1 Phng n I: Vn p dng phng php kinh doanh cng sut phn khng
nh hin nay nhng thay i gi tr cc h s cos v t l tin pht cho hp l:
Xc nh h s cos ti thiu:
H s cos
kt =cos(artg kt )
tg
kt
tg cb
(1 k dk ).k tM
(4.3)
kQ
(4.4)
Trong :
tg
cb-
h s cng sut phn khng c bn, trn thanh ci th cp trm bin p trung
gian.
Gi tr h s cng sut phn khng tg trn thanh ci h thng c xc nh trn c
s h s cos ca cc ngun in c xt n in dung ca ng dy.
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Bng 4.2 H s cng sut phn khng c bn, ph thuc vo s cp in phn phi:
S cp in p 2 cp
1 cp
Trc tip t my
phn phi
110/35/10
110/(10-35)
pht
tg
0,4
0,425
0,55
0,93
0,92
0,88
cos
cb
cb
k tM
PtM
PM
(4.5)
PtM - cng sut tiu th trung bnh trong thi gian cao im ca h thng.
PM - cng sut cc i ca doanh nghip.
KQ- h s ng lng tiu chun b cng sut phn khng (kVAr/KW).
GQ- Gi thnh in nng phn khng, ng/kVArh.
H s ng lng kinh t cng sut phn khng c xc nh trn c s phn tch
hiu qu b ti u trn mng in phn phi. Nh bit, gi tr ng lng kinh
t b cng sut phn khng c xc nh theo biu thc:
kQ
1
k dl
(4.6)
k dl
Qb
QR
(
2
)
2
Q
U
(4.7)
Trong :
Q- Ph ti phn khng, kVAr.
R- in tr tnh t ngun n im t b.
Qb- cng sut ca thit b t b KVAr.
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U- in p nh mc ca mng in KV.
*Kt qu phn tch, tnh ton ng vi c im ca cc mng in cung cp cho cc
ph ti c trng cho thy c th ly gi tr trung bnh thng ca h s k Q theo bng
sau:
Bng 4.3 Gi tr trung bnh ca h s kQ i vi cc ngnh sn xut:
Ch ph ti
Cng nghip
Nng nghip
KQ
0,55
0,5
0,45
Loi ph ti c trng
H s in kn ca ph ti
H s tham gia vo cc i
Mt ca
hai ca
ba ca
Mt ca
hai ca
ba ca
Cng nghip
0,35
0,65
0,75
0,65
0,75
0,75
Nng nghip
0,25
0,5
0,65
0,5
0,65
0,65
Thng nghip
0,35
0,55
0,7
0,65
0,85
0,85
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kt
i vi cc ph ti c trng ph
hai cp
Mt cp
loi ph ti
Cos
kt
Mt ca
hai ca
ba ca
Cng nghip
0,92
0,9
0,88
Nng nghip
0,91
0,9
0,88
Thng nghip
0,91
0,9
0,87
Cng nghip
0,92
0,89
0,87
Nng nghip
0,9
0,89
0,86
Thng nghip
0,9
0,89
0,86
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KtM
Kdk
0.1
0.2
0.3
0,4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0,9
0.1
0,83
0,86
0,89
0,91
0,92
0,93
0,94
0,95
0,95
0,96
0.2
0,83
0,86
0,88
0,9
0,91
0,92
0,93
0,94
0,95
0,95
0.3
0,82
0,85
0,87
0,89
0,90
0,92
0,93
0,93
0,94
0,95
0.4
0,82
0,84
0,86
0,88
0,89
0,91
0,92
0,92
0,93
0,94
0.5
0,82
0,84
0,85
0,87
0,88
0,89
0,90
0,91
0,92
0,93
0.6
0,81
0,83
0,84
0,86
0,87
0,88
0,89
0,90
0,91
0,91
0.7
0,81
0,82
0,83
0,84
0,85
0,86
0,87
0,88
0,89
0,89
0.8
0,8
0,81
0,82
0,83
0,84
0,84
0,85
0,86
0,86
0,87
0.9
0,8
0,8
0,81
0,81
0,82
0,82
0,82
0,83
0,83
0,84
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
1
0,79
T l pht K:
kt )
(4.8)
(4.9)
Trong :
b- t l gia gi thnh in nng phn khng v gi thnh in nng tc dng
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cq
(4.10)
cp
kb=2-3).
kbAq.(tg n-tg kt ).
Cos
Cos
Cos
0.4
0.4
0.65
0.15
0.9
0.45
0.33
0.7
0.12
0.925
-0.02
0.5
0.27
0.75
0.09
0.95
-0.03
0.55
0.23
0.8
0.06
0.975
-0.06
0.6
0.19
0.85
0.03
1
-0.11
Tin mua cng sut phn khng c tnh theo cng thc:
T q=Ap .k.gp
(4.11)
Nhn xt:
Theo phng n 1 vic kinh doanh in nng phn khng s khng b thay i, so
vi phng thc kinh doanh hin ti nc ta.
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-M hnh ny cho php khuyn khch khch hng tham gia vo qu trnh iu tit
ch lm vic ca mng thng qua s iu chnh ch s dng in ( san bng
th ph ti, gim cng sut cc i) nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca h thng in.
-S minh bch ca cch tnh lng chi tr in nng phn khng ca phng n ny
c th hin qua vic xc nh cc h s kinh t k thut, m bo s cng bng
gia cc nh kinh doanh in nng v c khch hng dng in. Cng nh gia cc
khch hng vi nhau.
-Hn ch ca phng n ny l cha khuyn khch c khch hng lp t thit b
b iu chnh t ng.
4.2.2 Phng n 2 :Kinh doanh in nng phn khng trn c s lng tiu
th thc t:
Lng tin chi tr cho in nng phn khng c xc nh theo biu thc:
Tpk=(AQtt +
kd.AQsx-AQkt ).
kb.gQ
(4.12)
Trong :
AQtt - in nng phn khng tiu th thc t ca doanh nghip trong khong thi
gian xt, kVArh nu khng c ng h o th c th xc nh theo biu thc:
AQtt =tg
tb.Ap .
kd0.
(4.13)
kd-
kd0-
tg
tb-
kd=3).
kd0=1,3).
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Loi ph ti
H s cos
tg
Cng nghip nh
0,6
1,33
0,65
1,17
0,6
1,33
Nh my c kh
0,5
1,73
X nghip sa cha t
0,7
1,02
AQ.sx -in nng phn khng sn xut d tha trong thi gian thp im, kVAr.
Qb-Cng sut pht ca thit b b, KVAr.
Qmin-Ph ti phn khng trong thi gian thp im,KVAr.
Tpmin-khong thi gian ph ti cc tiu (gi thp im).h
AQkt - in nng phn khng kinh t (khng phi tr tin), KVArh.
AQkt =Ap .tg
(KVArh).
(4.14)
(4.15)
Trong :
-ckd- chi ph kinh doanh v chi ph ph tr khc, ly bng 40% gi thnh in nng
phn khng. Nh vy gi bn in nng phn khng l:
gQ=1,4cq
(4.16)
Zb
AQb
(4.17)
Trong :
Zb- Tng chi ph quy dn ca thit b b cng sut phn khng ng/nm.
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Zb
pKb
Pb .Qb .tb .g p
Qb
.R. .10 3.g p Cvh
2
U
(4.18)
Trong :
p- h s tnh n t l khu hao v thi gian thu hi vn, c th xc nh theo biu
thc: p=atc+kkh
atc- h s tiu chun s dng vn u t, xc nh theo cng thc:
atc
i.(1 i) Th
(1 i) Th 1
(4.19)
P b=0,0025
kW/KVAr.
T b- thi gian lm vic ca thit b b trong nm,h.
Gp - gi thnh tn tht in nng tc dng ng/kWh.
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Nh vy:
Kb=1,2.vob.Qb;
Cvh- chi ph vn hnh, ly bng 5% vn u t ca thit b b.
AQb- in nng phn khng sn xut trong nm kVArh.
AQb=Qb.tb.
U -in p ca li KV.
R- in tr t ch t t n ti.
- Thi gian tn hao cc i, h.
2
Zb
p.1,2.v0b .Qb
( p.1,2.v0b
Pb .Qb . b .c
Pb . b .c
0,05.v0b .Qb
0,05.v0b
Qb
.R. .10 3.g p
2
U
Qb
.R. .10 3.g p ).Qb
2
U
(4.20)
T :
Cq
Zb
AQb
(1,2. p 0,05)vob
tb
Qb
.R. .10 3.g p
2
U .t b
(4.21)
Nhn xt
Phng php kinh doanh in nng phn khng theo phng n 2 m bo c
nhng yu cu cn thit nh i vi phng n 1, thm vo phng n ny cn
cho php khuyn khch khch hng lp t cc thit b o m in nng phn
khng v t ng iu chnh dung lng b, gp phn n nh in p v nng cao
hiu qu lm vic ca h thng in.
4.3 V d p dng:
V d 1: Mt x nghip cng nghip s dng in vi cc s liu:
-in nng tc dng trung bnh hng thng: Ap =140234 kWh; in nng phn khng
AQ=109023 KVAr.
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Aq
Ap
tg
109023
0,777 suy ra cos =0,789.
140234
tg
kt
tg cb
(1 k dk ).k tM
kQ
0,425
0,576
(1 0,75).0,75 0,55
kt =0,866.
* Tnh ton lng chi tr cho in nng phn khng theo phng n 1:
H s pht cos theo phng n 1 trong trng hp ny l:
k=b.
kk.gQ=59459,3*2,5*75=5,296*10
ng.
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saiso%
T pk1 T pk 2
T pk1
*100
5,429 5,296
*100
5,429
2,45%
Aq
Ap
tg
156365
0,7761 suy ra cos =0,79.
201500
tg
kt
tg cb
(1 k dk ).k tM
kQ
0,425
0,437
(1 0,35).0,45 0,55
kt =0,916.
* Tnh ton lng chi tr cho in nng phn khng theo phng n 1:
H s pht cos theo phng n 1 trong trng hp ny l:
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k=b.
kk.gQ=1564365,5*2,5*75=12,8*10
ng.
saiso%
T pk1 T pk 2
T pk1
*100
13,288 12,8
*100 7,7%
13,288
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CHNG V :
KT LUN V KIN NGH
5.1 Kt lun :
-B cng sut phn khng trong h thng in c s dng khng nhng ch
m bo iu kin cn bng cng sut phn khng, m cn l mt trong cc
phng php quan trng nht gim tn tht cng sut v in nng, cng nh iu
chnh in p.
-t thit b b cng sut phn khng l mt trong nhng gii php quan trng
nng cao h s cos v cht lng in. Trong s cc ngun cng sut phn
khng th t in tnh t ra c u th v kinh t v k thut.
-Vic thit k, lp t thit b b c tnh ton vi ph ti cc i, nn trong
qu trnh lm vic thng t khng lm vic ht cng sut, dn n hin tng b
tha, lm nh hng n cht lng in v lm hiu qu kinh t ca mng in. V
vy nng cao hiu qu b cn phi trang b h thng t ng iu chnh dung
lng t b cho ph hp vi ph ti thc t.
- Phng php v chng trnh tnh ton a ra c th p dng thun tin cho
li phn phi ti hn hp nhiu nt nhiu nhnh hay ti n gin.
-Chng trnh p dng theo m hnh tnh ton b ti u cng sut phn khng
theo phng php cc tiu ho chi ph v c gii theo phng php quy hoch
ng xc nh c dung lng cn b ti u, cng nh v tr b hiu qu.
5.2.
Kin ngh:
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Ph Lc
Thm cc bng thng s trm bin p v thng s ng dy ca
anh hong
-trm bin p B1.
- s bin i tng ng.
- s
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