FAULT STUDY PROJECT

ECE 433 05/27/2011 VINCENT POWER

DESCRIPTION In power systems, a fault is defined as any abnormal flow of electricity. Three phase power is the standard for the generation and transmission of electric power in the world and is subject to multiple types of faults. Possible faults associated with three phase power include: line to line, line to ground, and double line to ground. These faults are known as unbalanced faults because the three phases are not affected equally and thus the system becomes unbalanced. In order to analyze a system that is unbalanced, symmetric components must be used. A power system can be viewed as a superposition of the following three components: positive sequence network, negative sequence network, and zero sequence network. In a positive sequence network all of the phases are in the same order as the original network. In a negative sequence network all of the phases are opposite to that of the positive sequence network. In a zero sequence network all of the phases are aligned. The three sequence networks are uncoupled before a fault, however, when a fault occurs, these three networks become interconnected at the point of the fault. A system must be broken into its sequence components in order to analyze the effects of unbalanced faults. An impedance matrix must be constructed for each of the component networks. The diagonal of each matrix represents the Thevenin equivalent impedance at each bus of a network. Depending on the type of fault, Thevenin equivalent sequence networks can be viewed as being connected in series or parallel at the point of the fault. In general, different equations to solve for the fault current for different types of faults can be derived based on the way the sequence networks are connected. For this project, a double line to ground fault analysis was performed on a five bus system. The system was broken down into its symmetric component networks as shown later in this report. Y-buses were then constructed for each of the sequence networks. These Y-buses were then inverted in MATLAB in order to obtain the Z-bus matrices. The following equations can be used to analyze a double line to ground fault assuming that phases b and c are involved in the fault. =

= 3 =

is the fault current and if the prefault voltage which is assumed to be constant at each of the five busses. A MATLAB script that uses the above equations to calculate the fault current at each of the five busses is included in this report. A fault analysis of this five bus system using Power World Simulator is also included in this report. Youll notice that the results yielded from Power World are exactly the same as the results produced by the MATLAB script.

POWER WORLD RESULTS Schematic

Positive Sequence Y-bus

Negative Sequence Y-bus

Zero Sequence Y-bus

Power World Fault Currents BUS 1 2 3 4 5 MAGNITUDE 21.127 pu 3.36 pu 23.365 pu 38.627 pu 25.51 pu ANGLE 90 deg 90 deg 90 deg 90 deg 90 deg

MATLAB RESULTS Positive /Negative Sequence Impedance Matrix 0 + 0.0462i 0 + 0.0281i 0 + 0.0136i 0 + 0.0203i 0 + 0.0327i 0 + 0.0281i 0 + 0.1348i 0 + 0.0240i 0 + 0.0359i 0 + 0.0441i 0 + 0.0136i 0 + 0.0240i 0 + 0.0322i 0 + 0.0284i 0 + 0.0213i 0 + 0.0203i 0 + 0.0359i 0 + 0.0284i 0 + 0.0426i 0 + 0.0320i 0 + 0.0327i 0 + 0.0441i 0 + 0.0213i 0 + 0.0320i 0 + 0.0514i

Zero Sequence Impedance Matrix 0 + 0.0500i 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.3920i 0 0 + 0.0086i 0 + 0.0228i 0 0 0 + 0.0500i 0 0 0 0 + 0.0086i 0 0 + 0.0187i 0 + 0.0026i 0 0 + 0.0228i 0 0 + 0.0026i 0 + 0.0349i

MATLAB Fault Currents

MATLAB Code
%DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT STUDY - 5 BUS SYSTEM %Pre Fault Voltage (pu) Vf = 1.03; %Base Values: Buses 1 and 3 use Vbase1; Buses 2,4,5 use Vbase2. Vbase1 = 15*10^3; Vbase2 = 345*10^3; Ibase1 = (400*10^6)/(Vbase1*sqrt(3)); Ibase2 = (400*10^6)/(Vbase2*sqrt(3)); %Holds magnitude in per unit of fault current. I_fault_pu = zeros(1,5); %Holds angle of fault current. I_fault_angle = zeros(1,5); %Holds actual magnitude of fault current. I_fault_actual= zeros(1,5); %Positive Sequene Admittance Matrix Y1 = zeros(5,5); Y1(1,1) = -39.29i; Y1(1,5) = 25i; Y1(2,2) = -10.67i; Y1(2,4) = 4i; Y1(2,5) = 6.67i; Y1(3,3) = -75i; Y1(3,4) = 50i; Y1(4,2) = 4i; Y1(4,3) = 50i; Y1(4,4) = -79i; Y1(4,5) = 25i; Y1(5,1) = 25i; Y1(5,2) = 6.67i; Y1(5,4) = 25i; Y1(5,5) = -56.67i; %Negative Sequence Admittance Matrix Y2 = Y1; %Zero Sequence Admittance Matrix Y0 = zeros(5,5); Y0(1,1) = -20i; Y0(2,2) = -2.67i; Y0(2,4) = 1i; Y0(2,5) = 1.67i; Y0(3,3) = -20i; Y0(4,2) = 1i; Y0(4,4) = -54.33i; Y0(4,5) = 3.33i; Y0(5,2) = 1.67i; Y0(5,4) = 3.33i; Y0(5,5) = -30i;

%Positive Sequence Impedence Matrix Z1 = inv(Y1) %Negative Sequence Impedence Matrix Z2 = inv(Y2) %Zero Sequence Impedence Matrix Z0 = inv(Y0) %This loop calculates the double line to ground fault current for each %bus assuming that phases b and c are involved in the fault. for n = 1:5 Ia1 = Vf/(Z1(n,n)+ ((Z2(n,n)*Z0(n,n))/(Z2(n,n)+ Z0(n,n)))); Va0 = Vf - Ia1*Z1(n,n); Ia0 = -Va0/Z0(n,n); I_fault_pu(1,n) = abs(3*Ia0); I_fault_angle(1,n) = angle(3*Ia0)*57.2957795; %Convert radian to degrees. if(n == 1 || n == 3) I_fault_actual(1,n)= I_fault_pu(1,n)* Ibase1; else I_fault_actual(1,n)= I_fault_pu(1,n) * Ibase2; end fprintf('FAULT CURRENT BUS %g: %5.4g pu ACTUAL = %10.4g A ANGLE = %.4g deg \n', n, I_fault_pu(1,n), I_fault_actual(1,n),I_fault_angle(1,n)); end