Problems Of Turkish Cities,*

Will Public Education And Change Of Public Opinion Be Sufficient Enough To Solve The Problems? igdem Berdi GKHAN, (Instructor) ankaya University Faculty of Architecture and Engineering
Ankara, TURKEY

The specific Urban Character of Turkish cities have been changed a lot in the past 100 years and continue to change. Under this evolution, wether it is for the good or the bad, cities identify have changed so much that, one may say they have almost no reminders of the past . The worst part is, most of the new developing cities are getting similar and similar in character to each other and from various perspective they even did not improve. stanbul, Bursa and Amasya are few examples of cities which try to resist their original identity, while, Ankara, Konya and Izmir have changed a lot and lost their original character. There are several factors or problems, which effect the change of these cities, where one may say that, these problems are the very cause of the change of the identity of these cities. So in this paper we try to analyze the elements that constitute urban character, and then try to exemplify how these aspects give a city its character and in the mean time, problems of Turkish cities, are tried to be evaluated over this evaluation canvas. We try to figure out a common denominator affecting these problems, and wether by manipulating education these problems can be solved

1. Urban Identity
Urban identity constitutes of many aspects which characterizes the cities. These aspects can be grouped into 4 in general: Tangible aspects; such as demographic character, climate, geographic, topographic, geologic, flora and fauna blanket, human factors; Intangible aspects, social, economical, political, cultural, religious aspects; Technical aspects are, the current level of science, production techniques and available materials; The environment of todays and the past also characterizes the cities. (Ertrk, T.; Erton,M.; Rappaport, A.,1977)1 The grouping may differ from different approaches but the contents would be similar if one uses these effecting factors for the evaluation of any settlements.

U R B A

S E T T L E M

E N T S

S E S C O T R N U

O L I T I C A L T R U C T U R CE U O C

Fig: 1 Factors effecting urban settlements. (Gokhan, 2001) 2

L T U R E & S O C IA L M IS C O A C L I A L T S U T R R E U C T V UA R L EU E S

* This paper is presented and printed in the symposium of Our Intriguing Cities, Bucharest,2001

Therefore we can assume that, these are the total effecting factors where urban settlements thrive accordingly, which at the end characterizes the settlement. From this perspective with these conditions one can conclude that another thing could not be achieved, but this opinion will also give us the opportunity that by changing some effecting factors we can control the final product. Constituents Of Urban Identity:
1. Tangible constituents (Gokhan, 2001) 3:

a) Human geography - Demographic character The population and population per square meter, rate of women men in that demographic area, age group distribution, level of education, distribution of educated groups on urban geography, working groups, unemployment rate, power of purchasing, producing power, rate of domestic and international traveling, rate of attendance to cinema, rate of reading books, rate of reading news papers, rate of watching TV and specific programs, rate of daily travel and interaction within the urban environment, and other similar demographic constituents effect character of our cities. b) Such as Geographical, Geological and Topographic environment: Old towns usually adopt themselves to the land on which they are seated on. These lands may have steep slope, or streams or rivers passing through, hills all around, or surrounded by rocks or sand dunes. So the settlements may have similar basic organization but the physical out come may show a quite different view at the end like ancient towns, Miletus and Priene Wether the land is susceptible to earthquakes and other disasters or not also affect the urban texture and building types, their production technique etc, and in time the general layout sometimes may not reveal its past because of such reasons an in some examples many of the historical towns have been developed one on top of each others ruins. Almost all citadels, fortifications, towns like Urgup show this layered structure. Climate also affects our towns in many ways, the location on land and allocation of buildings on land , use of materials, and shape of buildings. As we see as in examples of Turkish vernacular: courtyard houses of Urfa , Obas of Antalya (raised wooden houses on seaside), and mud brick houses in central Anatolian villages. Flora and fauna also show their reflection on the settlements beneath. Serenders and wooden houses of Blacksea coast houses. Available materials which can be found in the near vicinity undoubtedly can be seen on buildings and create the character of the building and the totality of the settlement. Starting from 20th century these factors seem to lose their importance because of the tremendous change in technology and materials. c) Architectural and urban heritage i. Existing urban layout and texture: Sizes of streets, their slopes, their forms, existing lots, and parcels, their size and ownership, distribution of urban services, schools, religious buildings, parks, commercial and industrial buildings, all would show its impact on next generation settlement. We all now that if there is a big difference the new settlement flourishes just next to old settlement, as we call new city. In stanbul Beyolu district inherited its urban texture from Bizantium so a new development was very difficult unless the old areas were to be demolished, which might have ended up with a social incident. Some parts are demolished but Galata area shows its old fabric quite well even if that part had also chaged a lot. (Pic.1)galata-ist, zmir alsancak

ii. Architectural heritage: Past forms , shapes, color combinations and details usually show their effects on new buildings and environment, as well as existing urban character before the latest development. These elements usually have meaning on social conscious and difficult to forget, or leave, for example big entrance gates of Seljuks had survived many years, ( Orthodox Church in Urgup of 1860s show Seljuk type enterance gates and some ornaments after more than 500 years. (pic-urgup-church) Arches, vaults, survive as reminders of slamic architecture, intricate ornamentation of Ottoman architecture also survives in mosques. If one look into the details of the past buildings, one can easily conclude that, post modernist historicism is not new but an old current as an architectural style. d) Available natural materials There is no doubt that available natural materials once effected the settlements, so that we had marble columns of Ephesus, stone columns of Egypt and wooden posts of ancient Japan. 2. Technological level and available new materials

a) Level of industrialization Wether in the bronze age or in the internet age, where the society stands, reveal its effect on building types and their internal organization. In the last century, textiles for example were produced in small workshops which were usually located under the dwellings. So there were no specified areas within the cities or towns, but today there are very few hand looms within the country, and since, almost all of the textiles are sewn in factories today we need industrial districts, and with the transport problem created we need undergrounds wide avenues etc.. b) Available building materials and available building techniques Known building techniques depends on available building materials. And available building techniques depend on the available materials and known way of using them in construction industry. New high rise apartments are the result of technological development in steel and concrete. Thus, accumulation of population have become a possibility therefore urban texture urban land use with the increase in sizes of lots, and definitely urban transport systems, directly effected,. c) Character of workforce of building industry Knowledge of building is transfered through either by education or through practice as in the relation of master and apprentice. The quality of knowledge and how it is transfered through effects the quality of the final product. It is very difficult to have buildings with high standards in remote areas where this was not that important with naturally available materials in contrast with todays materials which need precision. d) Socially accepted building standards It is accepted that, building standards are the subject of codes and regulations, but social values regarding tolerances, therefore, socially accepted standards, show their effect on the final quality of the object. Precision seems a technical value, but how precise it should be depends on the social values of the citizens. Intangible Constituents: a) Economic structure and level What are the economic activities, how these activities take place on urban layout, landuse, and type of economic activities and their proportions within the overall added value defines the economic character of the cities. Accumulation of wealth within the hands of certain groups, level of wealth of the City within the country and general characteristics of distribution of wealth, all effect this identity as well. Istanbuls rocks and soil is made of gold saying, is translation of economic level of Istanbul which also made Anatolian small town 3.

citizens to migrate Istanbul in bulks, beside other reasons.( Gecekondu) 4Once cities are known what they produce, like pastrami city Kayseri, silk city Bursa. And silicon valley of Los Angeles. b) Political structure and policy of the local governments and municipality i. Type of government: One of the most important factors today which make our cities as they are. Strong governments have big and prestigious buildings to show of their power, as in Hitlers Germany and SSCB. White House having the Palladian style also may try to give of a power of classizm, show they have strong roots. therefore eternal power ii. .Laws and regulations : Governments and policies make the law and thus regulations, codes and standards. These are difficult to change and we can see the effect of previous political power and with the attitude of todays governments we may predict the future by the new laws assigned, in terms of land uses, urban fabric, transport network, and buildings appearances. iii. Budget of local governments or municipalities. Central governments with the aid of laws and other legislative aspects directly allocate some amount of central budget or give authority to the municipal level government to rais its own budget., thus give municipality to invest on new or renewal of urban infrastructure, urban services and development of urban systems. quality of the city. Investment on new or old urban transport means, new or renewal of urban infrastructure, new or renewal of urban services and facilities may sustain or restructure our cities. c) Social structure ; Socio-cultural character i. Family structure and family types Social structure usually depends on the economic relations and economic strata take into place according to distribution of wealth. As in the rich neighborhoods of Hollywood and or belief systems would not be same with the areas of Indias where cast system continues.. Sometimes socially accepted values may change its reflection on urban texture like old Turkish cities. Big families were living together as three generation within the same house., as in the example of Ankara citadel houses. Since the family structure is changed, these buildings now is divided into small dwelling units to provide space for more than one nucleus families. ( Ankara research area plan) Size of the families, life styles and available technological means used in the household, all effect the size and form of the dwellings therefore urban texture. Again the courtyards of the Ankara houses similar to many traditional Turkish house types were handling cooking, washing the clothes and drying and family and close neighbors gathering.. Solidarity among groups of families, kinship and others once reflected their reflection on our cities a lot. ii. Ethnicity or cosmopolitan character of the society Social groups of different national or religious backgrounds usually allocated at different quarters of the cities and their cultural background and values show their reflection on building plans and elevations of the buildings and on urban fabric as ethnic districts as in the Ayvalk houses. ( Gonul, 2001)1 Old Ayvalk Rum districts and their housing character was different though they were effected by regional architectural style as well. On the other hand, in none of the Turkish cities there were Kurdish districts, the reason probably being that, there was and is no discrimination at all, from both sides, or there is no cultural distinction from either inhabitants of the settlements. iii. Level of education of the society Behavior of culturally educated people of society give their environment a style, namely they try to give distinctive character to their buildings and kind of stylistic similarity to show their identity. ( Beysukent houses) One can understand the cultural values of people by examining their environs; how do they cultivate their gardens, or how they hang their washed clothes on streets, taking care of the immediate environs, were giving these districts their character.. Consideration of the borders of their environment is another cultural
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acceptances. Feeling of belonging to a certain place is a socio-cultural necessity, but taking care of it, taking its responsibility is another thing and our city environs are effected from this behavior a lot We cannot see these differences anymore in our new environs, since, most of the families live together in apartment blocks, and there is almost no room for them to show their identity. Probably because of that nowadays in Ankara there is social segregation in a way that similar cultural background families prefer to live in the similar districts. How it starts, wether the city planning principle guide people in a way, or some other social reasons trigger these incidences is a broad subject of research, but one can see the cultural differences of these districts by only wandering around streets. d) Social values and belief systems Social values especially the religious belief systems effect the human behavior a lot, even one might say the major factor which show its reflection on our built environment Fengshui of Chinese may result in different orientation in and of building, thus layouts; and seclusion of women in slamic societies ended up with kafes mashrabia, (wooden perforated elements used in front of windows). High privacy considerations result in curtains of various sorts. Also social behaviors like, waiting everything from authorities and doing nothing for their environs or doing everything as much as possible; taking the responsibility and warning authorities and doing the rest by themselves are three different kind of approaches of citizens, if not all. So social behavior of the neighbors, and others and, positive or negative reaction to authorities, reflect the behavior of the groups and show its reflection as a total social value systems towards their environs. Territoriality (Mehrabian, 1976; 108) e) Written and visual media One of the most effecting factors of today must be media, especially televisions. The environments praised on TV.s, encourage people to have similar life style, which may result in alien environment to the society. Having a dog within the boundary of the house is new in Turkey and encouraged through media, which is against basic Islamic belief of cleanness, and since the culture of having a dog is not settled, created problems resulted in conflicts among people living in the same environment. 4. Impacts of other cultures and societies, international contacts Other cultures and contact with them effected the built environment in the past, historians always try to find links between different cultures and their way of influence and try to find of proofs for that. As claiming the effect of Egyptian column development on columns of Hellenistic style found in western Anatolia, or pottery ornaments found on Roman potteries are accepted the Egyptian influence through trade among these ancient cultures. Wars were other factors of influencing, especially for the development of technology thus other after effects of technological change. The way of influence is never one sided in the past, though the powerful ones were dominating. In todays society international relations of all sorts affect our life styles, our tastes and our life styles. That is what we call globalization of societies, and the difference among countries, once were very strong are fadeing away. Their impact on our lives are tremendous, so much that, probably in the near future we can hardly mention the national or regional character. The following are the main factors of change in societies in terms of interaction. a) Wars, terrorist acts b) International economic affairs c) International educational affairs and contacts d) Recent changes affecting todays society i. Information Age 1. Telephones- cell phones and other communication means 2. Computer technology 3. Internet as an interaction and source of information 4. Satellites GIS technology, are important for technological infrastructure of above as well as controlling device of the powerful ii. Tourism

2. Common Problems Of Turkish Cities :

Historical heritage and old identity: If we try to characterize the Anatolian cities of the 19th century, which might have similarity with other Balkan cities, were centralized around market and bazaar area with djami or church next to it, and one or two storey houses forming narrow streets and where in ground floors there were shops, workshops, whenever there was a necessity., These cities usually did not have industrial districts rather small artisan shops scattered around the city. This urban fabric was not suitable for the developments of the modern era, automobiles, high rise buildings, therefore, above mentioned urban identity components changed either by physical exertion or by the pressure of social, cultural and economical factors which have changed in time. Old Ankara and old zmir have converted into a different, totally new characters. Physical damage done by 1st world war and terrorist acts in recent years: Some cities like, zmir, Manisa, Gaziantep and others, had been destroyed and burnt just after 1st World War, this damage was so big that very few vernacular examples survive, from the previous centuries. And the terrorist acts, especially in southeastern part of Turkey effected the rural settlements, and thus the sizes of towns and big cities, where these cities became big villages in terms of social definition. Government and private sector take into several actions to develop the area as it should be and the government investments allocated for that purpose effected in less investment allocation of other cities. Recent earthquakes: Turkey is on an earthquake region, we always have earthquakes but the recent one in zmit and Adapazar area resulted in severe changes in those areas. In Duzce, Golyaka for instance all civic center and most of the houses were demolished. Not only the physical urban layout and character but also the social structure is effected. Most of the citizens migrate to other cities. Rapid urbanization: After Republican Period, Ankara became the capital of Turkey and the population has changed from 10 thousand to 3,5 million within less than 80 years. Many cities like Istanbul, Izmir and Bursa got more than 10-30 times bigger in size. This rapid urbanization was not backed up with industrialization thus the reflection exposes as squatter housing and unurbanized citizens who carry on their rural habits and values. After 1950s industrialization of agriculture had started with the introduction of tractors through American aids, since then, in contrast with the previous period rapid migration to cities had begun.
Between Feb.1, 1985-1990, migration rate, migration to towards inside, towards exterior, net migration, and migration rate. Population Turkey Central Anatolia Ankara Migration towards the city 4 065 173 671 609 326 301 Percentage within the total migration 1000 165 80 Percentage in 1990 population ( o/oo ) 80 75 111 Towards outside the city 4 065 173 821 715 256 790 Percentage within the total migration 1 000 202 63 Percentage in 1990 population 80 92 87 Net migration (1) -150 106 69 511 Net migration speed o/oo (2) -17 24

FIG. 2. Migration towards cities

In the total numbers for Turkey, migration towards inside and outside is equal. Depends on the population census of 1990 ( Greater Ankara Municipality, ANKARA, Publication of Ankara Municipality,1994)

 Effect of rapid industrialization: Turkey had not completed industrialization during the Ottoman reign. Starting from 1920s an increase had been observed and government institutions started with great efforts as Sumerbank in textiles, Sugar factories, Cement factories are all government establishments, since capitalization was not achieved. Small

06. ANKARA
1.9 Population distribution according to economic affairs, 1990 (1) Active working population Turkey-total Central Anatolia Total 23 381 893 3 871 817 .....Agriculture, forestry, fishing 12 547 796 (53.6%) 1 954 586 (50.4%) .....Mining and aggregate mining 130 823 18 320 .....Production industry 2 781 717 (11%) 395 498 (10%) Electricity, gas and water 80 324 19 284 .....Construction 1 184 242 ( 5%) 203 689 (5%) .....Wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotel industry 1 854 306 288 385 .....Transportation, communication and storage 775 427 144 958 Financial institutions, insurance sector 541 742 121 253 .....Social and private services sector 3 344 033 (14 %) 711 215 (18%) .....Undefined affairs 141 483 14 629 (1) Population above 12 years of age Not. Facts do not cover unemployed people. ANKARA 1 103 325 200 191 (18.1%) 4 792 142 966 (12%) 9888 79 612 (7%) 132 700 61 991 86088 381 907 ( 35%) 3190

FG.3. Working population distribution according to sectors 1990 The above table shows how Ankara is a little more industrialized than total Turkey and Central Anatolian towns, but at the same time how services sector is more than twice in Ankara, depending on the governmental institution, being as a capital of Turkey. industry has begun to emerge and small and medium size industrial districts have been established around the cities especially after 1950s. After 1950s industrialization of agriculture had started with the introduction of tractors through American aids,since then, in contrast with the previous period rapid migration to cities had begun. Increase of Environmental Pollution: Rapid urbanization and other factors written above and below resulted in water, air and other types of environmental pollution. (Malatya, 1992)2 Technological developments of the 20th Century: These developments can be grouped into five, which are capitalization which lead individualization of the citizens, technological developments in transport means-trains and automobiles; technological development in construction industry-possibility to construct high rise buildings; new materials, such as plastics, glass, aluminum etc.; and new life style dictated by new technology; interactive world-globalization. These Problems Could Not Be Solved Because Of The Following Facts According The Authors Point Of View: Loss of common values of public opinion:: In the past century citizens were living in the neighborhood and interaction was high among citizens, opposite to todays society, opinionized by mass media, which are ruled by the industry giants. Low rate of GNP and GNIPC: Terminologically, Turkey and Turks are in the group of third world countries. The income per capita never exceeded 3500 $. So it was very difficult to keep and repair old buildings by inhabitants. And at the same time government has no financial capability to subsidize of all the upgrading of the environment; either by repairing or by resolving the problems or providing healthy solutions.
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 Increase of criminal activities within the society: The crime rate especially in traffic accidents, and bribery seem are the major problems. Especially the bribery causes the societys misbelieve in authorities, which results in social detoriation. Lack of appropriate city planning goals: City planning efforts have begun since 30s which increased in pace in time, but the goals of the city planners has economical base rather than social and especially physical/aesthetical values. Thus the recent developments according to planned development also ruin the existing character of the cities as well. Lack of appropriate laws and codes: The change was so rapid that there were no existing codes and laws which were built up in centuries. Then there is always this question: which to keep and how to keep? Lack of public education: Educating the society starts from elementary level to higher education and it must continue afterwards as well. Unfortunately in Turkey, creating public consciousness in saving the built and natural environment and value systems, are not satisfactory. Neither organized education in schools nor enlightenment through media are sufficient because of the lack of commonly accepted and adopted goals and objectives related to keep and develop our cities for the 21st century and onwards. Lack of funds: Probably this is the most important constituent which effects the proper development of cities. This is stated in almost all of the sites of municipalities, like, stanbul, zmir, Ankara and others and in Malatya book.

3. Character Of Change And Effect Of Education On Change To The Better Side

No one claim the societies and their settlements are unchanged or should not change .If the dynamics of societies do not change abruptly, the environment would not change either. We can see some of these examples at the remote areas of countries, like villages of Anatolian remote areas even towns. Even in Ankara, citadel area and its life style had not been changed since recent times. (old Ankara picture, old Malatya).
TECHN. CH .

C C C
2

GE AN H E C TYL S E L IF

T I M E t1 t2 t3 Fig. 4. Change of Technology, Life Style and Built Environment, and their adaptation in time

With the pressure of economical development and improvement in scientific knowledge technological changes are achieved. This change is fast and general lifestyle cannot catch the change that fast and there is a gap between because of its nature. Change in human life style follows the change in technology. more closely. Information technology has known since 1950s but now we can talk about information society. In the Fig.6 we can follow it

graphically. The built environment is static and cannot follow up this rapid change because of its physical character. Therefore the gap increases with the rapid development of technology. Above factors also increases the gap. Thus, to cope with the problems created, one of the tools we can use is education. Of course there are other means, like new laws, appropriate funding from governments etc, but we will try to discuss will education be effective to control such a chaotic environment.
C H A N G E C O N T I N R E U N O O U S A D N A P ( C T A T I O A S E N B ) ( C A S E A )

V A T I O

V A T I O

( C T I M

A E

Fig. 5. Renovation is more difficult to adopt change because of the gap seen in a. Analysis For Conclusion In the table Fig.4, how can we educate people through which means and by these means of education what can we teach, is analyzed. The table actually needs a keen study which may last quite a long time. So one cannot consider it as a complete one, but rather a kind of a tool of beginning thoughts in this respect. Social behaviorists state that the human being learns through what he experiences and what he sees as well. as the he learns through formal education. ( social learning) 5 When we analyze what he experiences, we must state natural forces as well. Through natural forces, such as earthquakes and flood, like we experience in our Balkan cities, the citizens might experience distress and despair during these times, of course only a thorough research would show after affects of these natural trauma Education within the family,. depends on the family structure and how strong the ties of families of that particular society. Most of the psychologists claim that the behavioral basics structured within the first 2-5 years of the childhood, therefore education in family holds great impact on future of human being. Religious education starts with family education, therefore we can consider it as an informal education, formal religious education continues in schools or in outside religious bodies. Formal education structured according to governmental and political decisions instead of ideal education principles as we see in the change of curricula change of high schools in Turkey. In USA structuring the society through formal education has started in the beginning of 1990s and develop continuously. ( Negp) 6 Education through media is undoubtedly have great impact on our behavior, Consciosly or unconsciously we are putting in a format, having similar values which we do not have originally in our culture, therefore with the aid of media a society can be socially educated or manipulated, Laws and regulations and their results in terms of punishment or sanctions, arre taught through above mentioned means as well.

Social learning according to behaviorists, and social learner theorists, is just passive learning phenomena just by seeing it. If a governmental person behaves undependable citizen would feel free to do the same thing. Through sample behavior masses can be effected positively or negatively. What we should teach is another problem in the table a set of titles are put forward. Through the education media impacting on these subjects a nation can be build in every terms . Fig 6: Factors Effecting The Behavior Of A Person As A citizen In Terms Of Various Education Means
Consciousness historical background Scientific knowledge and thinking Moral values Social values Aesthetical values Behavioral patterns SUBJECTS regionalismConsciousness of nationalityTechnical knowledge

MEANS OF EDUCATION

Natural forces

Social behavior of Laws and Education Formal educationInformal others regulations through education media

Climatic changes Topography Flora and fauna Earthquakes and other natural disasters Education within the family Religious education

Elementary school High school University News papers and magazines Televisions Books Laws, rules, codes and regulations Degree or level of penalties against crimes Behaviors of neighbors friends and superiors Behaviors of governmental and administrative authorities Behaviors of security forces Behaviors of jurisdiction authorities 2 : Medium -1 : fairly negative 1 :fair -2 : totally negative -

Degree of affect: 3 : high 0 : none

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Actors of the society and conflicting resistance: Actors of the society can be considered as citizens, nongovernmental social groups, municipality, government, political parties and groups, capital owners, landowners, and producer groups, universities, legislature, juridical bodies These decisive actors of the society have certain powers in their hand and would never give up their power unless they are convinced. Only with consensus among these actors, a solution can be achieved. Education of the society including all actors, who are acting on formation of our cities, should not confined with regular scientific knowledge but must also cover social consciousness, human rights, non aggressive nationality or regionality, citizenship and other social values. Within the scope of this paper it is not claimed that education can solely solve the problem of our cities but it seems that it is quite a part of it Setting problems and putting them in order; goals and objectives and Strategic planning; fund raise; public education; consensus on problems of different parties; consensus on taking appropriate and coordinated action to solve the problems in accordance with strategic planning; action plan, creating legal base and action, and solidarity among Balkan Cities which have similar problems and common efforts would be some of the solutions and precautions to be taken.

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http://www.kultur.gov.tr/english/kultursanat/b-h-mimari.html
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Social learning theory-observational learning(Bandura 1986 Behaviorism-positive and ngative reinforcement ( Phillips and Soltis) ASLANTAMER, o.; The Congruent And Distinct Points And Defective Parts Of Architecture AND Interior Architecture, 2000 (Unpublished study) BANDURA, A.; Social Foundations Of Thought And Action, A social cognitive Theory, Englewood Cliffs, Prenticehall,NJ, 1986 PHLLPS,;D.C.and SOLTIS, Jonas; Perspectives On Learning MEHRABAN, Albert; Public Places,and Private Spaces, Harpertorchbooks, NewYork, 1976 DORSAY, atlla; Hayatmz Deitiren Filimler, 1985-1995 / Pictures Those Change Our Lives, 19851995, (Turkish), Remzi Kitabevi, stanbul, 1998 HAWLEY, Amos; Human Ecology , A Theory Of Community Structure; The Ronald Press Company, New York, 1969

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1 2

fghfghgh GOKHAN, C.B., Urban identity and effecting factors for the emergence of settlements are discussed in authors various papers of the author, and also in Hugh.s, Rapaports, Ertrks, Ertons Ilgns and others related works v Malatya Municipality; Malatya, from the point of city planning and municipal actions, Malatya,1993 3 GOKHAN, C.B., Urban identity and effecting factors for the emergence of settlements are discussed in authors various papers of the author, and also in Hugh.s, Rapaports, Ertrks, Ertons Ilgns and others related works 4 ggggg 5 Social behaviorists 6 NEGP reports