MIS (Referred book Akhil Rathi,saha and kalavathi) Module 1 and module 2 Data: Data represent facts, symbols,

events, activities and quantities. It can be referred as collection of unprocessed facts Information: Processes data is referred as information. It is meaningful processing of facts which helps to initiate action System: It can be defined as set of inter related components that work together to achieve a common objective by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an integrated manner. It consists of various inter related systems Super system and sub system: Super system can be referred as main system which contains large and complex systems. Sub system can be referred as set of elements which are part of main system and it co-ordinates with the main system System Interface: System interface denotes boundaries between the systems. Through interface information can be exchanged between systems Business system: A business system is a combination of policies, personnel, and equipment and computer facilities to coordinate activities of a business organization. It decides about rules and regulation of organization Information system: It is an organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications and data resources that collects, transforms and disseminates information for decision making. It is the collection of inter related components that collect, process, store and provide output in the form of information needed to accomplish a business objective. Management: It can be defined as an act of getting things done effectively and efficiently by utilizing resources available. It is both art and science Management Information System: It is an integrated man machine system that provides information to support management decision making functions in an organization. It is a system of people,equipment,procedures,documents and communication that collects,operates,stores,retrieves and presents data for use w.r.t various management processes Decision Making: Decision making can be defined as the process of selecting the most optimally feasible alternativeamong alternatives to solve a problem to arrive at an objective

Difference between Data and information Data Unprocessed facts User independent Unstructured It can be meaningless Referred as raw material Information Processed facts User dependent Structured It is meaningful Referred as finished product

Classification of data

1) Numerical data: contains numbers(Integer and real) 2) Non Numerical Data: contains characters and string variables 3) It is also classified as facts, event , and transaction ***************************************************************************** Classification of Information 1) Based on Source: Internal, external, primary and secondary information 2) Based on nature: Qualitative, quantitative, Formal and Informal information 3) Based on organizational Level: Strategic, tactical and operational level Information 4) Based on Application: Planning, knowledge and control based information

5) Based on structure: Detailed,Summarized,Sampled and aggregated information 6) Based on time: Historical, current and future information 7) Based on frequency: Real time, hourly Daily and monthly information 8) Based on form: Written,visual,Aural and sensory information 9) Based on flow: Vertical and horizontal information 10) Based on other aspects; Action, No action, recurring and non-recurring information

Components of System: Input Process Output

The basic components of system are a)Input b)Process and output. The most common system components are 1)Input 2)Process 3)Output 4)Feedback 5)Control 6)Environment 7)Boundary or inter face Types of systems: 1)Open and close systems 2)Adaptive and non adaptive systems 3)Empirical and abstract systems 4)Deterministic and probabilistic systems 5)Temporary and permanent systems 6)Natural and manmade systems Components and activities of Information System The physical components of Information systems are 1) Operating people 2) Data 3)Hardware 4)Software 5)Procedures and 6)Networking Activities of information System: 1) Inputting raw data 2) Processing of data into information 3) Output of information 4) Storage of data Resource 5) Control of system performance Resources of Information System 1) People 2)Hardware 3)Network 4)Data 5)Software Specific types of information systems that respond to each organizational level 1) At the operational level: Transaction processing systems 2) At the Management level: Management Information System and decision support system 3)At strategic Level: Executive support/Information systems Types of information Systems: 1)Transaction processing system 2)Management Information system 3)Executive Information/Support system 4)Decision support system 5)Expert systems 6)Office automation systems Characteristically Features Of Information system and system Information system Assists managers to visualize and solve problems It contains meaningfully System It is inclusive of sub systems Each component in the Information System It contains info about people,place and things It catalyses decision System It is organized It has boundary and an

processed facts It assists all levels of organization

system is inter related A system is bound by constraints or limitations

making and problem solving It acts as basis for new services and products

interface It is integrated and inter dependent

Elements of decision making: 1) Model 2) Criteria 3) Constraints 4) Optimization Classification of Decisions: 1) Programmed and non programmed decisions also referred as structured and unstructured decisions 2) Strategic and tactical decisions 3) Individual and group decisions

Structured / Programmable Decisions: O Decisions that are repetitive, routine and have a definite procedure for handling them. O For e.g. Inventory reorder formula, Rules for granting Credit. Unstructured / Non-Programmable Decisions: O Non-routine decision in which the decision maker provides judgment, evaluation, and insights into the problem definition. Semi-Structured Decisions: O Decision where only part of the problem has a clear cut answer provided by an accepted procedure Steps involved in decision Making: 1)Problem recognition and definition 2)Gathering relevant information 3)Planning and designing alternative courses of action 4)Evaluating alternative solutions 5)Selecting of alternative that best gives the solution 6)Implementing and evaluating the solution Simons model of decision making: It involves 3 stages namely intelligence activity where identifying of aspects that require decision making is done after environmental scanning. The second stage is design activity where in alternative courses of action are deliberated upon. The 3rd stage is choice activity where prioritizing of decision alternatives are done. Systems approach to problem solving: It involves 3 steps 1)Understanding problem or an opportunity which involves stages like Defining problem or an opportunity ,and gathering of data and information 2)Developing a solution which involves Designing alternative solutions, Evaluating alternative solutions, and selecting the best solution. 3) Implementing a solution involves putting solution into practice and post implementation review

Support systems for planning control and decision making: At the operational level transaction processing system supports where as at middle level management information systems and decision support systems support and finally at the top level management executive information systems and strategic information systems support