Disaster management for buildings-I

ASSIGNMENT

25.03.13 By: Anil sharma, 8007, 10th sem.-INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

CONTANTS:

A approach to the disaster management. Earthquake, problems, design issues general requirements, principles of building design for FIRE SAFETY.

Submitted to: Ar. Harbax singh (lecturer) DM-1

INTRODUCTION
Emergency management is a public authority field, a group of professions and an interdisciplinary research field that deals with the processes used to protect populations or organizations from the consequences of disasters. A disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. A disaster can be ostensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events such asearthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people.

Ruins from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, remembered as one of the worst natural disasters in United States history

In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions.

Classifications

Natural disaster Man-made disasters

Natural disaster
A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural hazard affects humans and/or the built environment. Human vulnerability, and lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability. Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. However, natural hazards can strike in unpopulated areas and never develop into disasters. However, the rapid growth of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environments has escalated both the frequency and severity of natural disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disasters

Man-made disasters
Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an event.

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY : Who undertaking the disaster management service in emergency
To build a safer and disaster resilient India by developing a holistic, pro-active, multi-disaster and technologydriven strategy for disaster management through collective efforts of all Government Agencies and NonGovernmental Organisations. EMPOWERING STAKEHOLDERS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister of India, is the Apex Body for Disaster Management in India. The setting up of the NDMA and the creation of an enabling environment for institutional mechanisms at the State and District levels is mandated by the Disaster Management Act, 2005.

Till recently, the approach to Disaster Management has been reactive and relief centric. A paradigm shift has now taken place at the national level from the relief centric syndrome to holistic and integrated approach with emphasis on prevention, mitigation and preparedness. These efforts are aimed to conserve developmental gains as also minimize losses to lives, livelihood and property. A typical Disaster Management continuum as shown below, comprising of six elements i.e., Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness in pre-disaster phase, and Response, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction in post-disaster phase, defines the complete approach to Disaster Management.

EARTHQUAKE An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that createsseismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the fault surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behaviour. Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake.

Effects of earthquakes The effects of earthquakes include, but are not limited to the following: Shaking and ground rupture Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from the epicenter, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce wave propagation

 Landslides and avalanches Earthquakes, along with severe storms, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildfires, can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel are attempting rescue.

Fires Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging electrical power or gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started. Soil liquefaction Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated granular material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. Tsunami sunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water. In the open ocean the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometers (62 mi), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600-800 kilometers per hour (373497 miles per hour), depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes.

 Floods A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land.Floods occur usually when the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However, floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods.

Seismic Design Principles

INTRODUCTION This resource page provides an introduction to the concepts and principles of seismic design, including strategies for designing earthquake-resistant buildings to ensure the health, safety, andsecurity of building occupants and assets. The essence of successful seismic design is three-fold. First, the design team must take a multi-hazard approach towards design that accounts for the potential impacts of seismic forces as well as all the major hazards to which an area is vulnerable. Second, performance-based requirements, which may exceed the minimum life safety requirements of current seismic codes, must be established to respond appropriately to the threats and risks posed by natural hazards on the building's mission and occupants. Third, and as important as the others, because earthquake forces are dynamic and each building responds according to its own design complexity, it is essential that the design team work collaboratively and have a common understanding of the terms and methods used in the seismic design process.

Effects of Earthquakes on Buildings The aforementioned seismic measures are used to calculate forces that earthquakes impose on buildings. Ground shaking (pushing back and forth, sideways, up and down) generates internal forces within buildings called the Inertial Force (FInertial), which in turn causes most seismic damage. FInertial = Mass (M) X Acceleration .

Height is the main determinant of fundamental period each object has its own fundamental period at which it will vibrate. The period is proportionate to the height of the building.

Tall buildings will undergo several modes of vibration, but for seismic purposes (except for very tall buildings) the fundamental period, or first mode is usually the most significant.

 Seismic Design Factors The following factors affect and are affected by the design of the building. It is important that the design team understands these factors and deal with them prudently in the design phase. Torsion: Objects and buildings have a center of mass, a point by which the object (building) can be balanced without rotation occurring. If the mass is uniformly distributed then the geometric center of the floor and the center of mass may coincide. Uneven mass distribution will position the center of mass outside of the geometric center causing "torsion" generating stress concentrations. A certain amount of torsion is unavoidable in every building design. Symmetrical arrangement of masses, however, will result in balanced stiffness against either direction and keep torsion within a manageable range. Damping: Buildings in general are poor resonators to dynamic shock and dissipate vibration by absorbing it. Damping is a rate at which natural vibration is absorbed. Ductility: Ductility is the characteristic of a material (such as steel) to bend, flex, or move, but fails only after considerable deformation has occurred. Non-ductile materials (such as poorly reinforced concrete) fail abruptly by crumbling. Good ductility can be achieved with carefully detailed joints. Strength and Stiffness: Strength is a property of a material to resist and bear applied forces within a safe limit. Stiffness of a material is a degree of resistance to deflection or drift (drift being a horizontal story-to-story relative displacement). Regular Configuration buildings have Shear Walls or Moment-Resistant Frames or Braced Frames and generally have: Low Height to Base Ratios Equal Floor Heights Symmetrical Plans

Uniform Sections and Elevations Maximum Torsional Resistance Short Spans and Redundancy Direct Load Paths

Irregular Configuration buildings are those that differ from the "Regular" definition and have problematic stress concentrations and torsion.

Building Configuration: This term defines a building's size and shape, and structural and nonstructural elements. Building configuration determines the way seismic forces are distributed within the structure, their relative magnitude, and problematic design concerns.

principles of building design for FIRE SAFETY.

Scope This part covers the requirements for fire prevention, life safety and fire protection of buildings. The code specifies construction, occupancy and protection features that are necessary to minimize danger to life and property.

Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm System :- Fire alarm system comprising components for automatically detecting a fire, initiating an alarm of fire and initiating other actions as appropriate. Automatic Sprinkler System :- A system of water pipes fitted with sprinkler heads at suitable intervals and heights and designed to actuate automatically control or extinguish a fire by the discharge of water. Building :- Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereof whether used as human habitation or not and includes foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building services, fixed platforms, verandah , balcony, cornice or projection, part of a building or anything affixed thereto or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space and signs and outdoor display structures. Building, Height of :- The vertical distance measured in the case of flat roofs, from the average level of the ground around and contiguous to the building or as decided by the Authority to the terrace of the last livable floor of the building adjacent to the external wall; and in the case of pitched roofs, up to the point where the external surface of the outer wall intersects the finished surface of the sloping roof; and in the case of gables facing the road, the mid-point between the leaves level and the ridge. Architectural features serving no other function except that of decoration, shall be excluded for the purpose of measuring heights.

Combustible Material :- The material which either burns itself or adds heat to a fire, when tested for non-combustibility in accordance with accepted standard [4(1)]. Covered Area :- Ground area covered by the building immediately above the plinth level. The area covered by the following in the open spaces is excluded from covered area a) Garden, rockery, well and well structures, plant nursery, waterpool, swimming pool (if uncovered), platform round a tree, tank, fountain, bench, Chabutara with open top and unenclosed on sides by walls and the like; b) Drainage culvert, conduit, catch-pit, gully pit, chamber, gutter and the like; c) Compound wall, gate, unstoreyed porch and portico, slide, swing, uncovered staircases, ramp areas covered by Chhajja and the like; and d) Watchman's booth, pumphouse, garbage shaft, electric cabin or substations and such other utility structures meant for the services of the building under consideration. Note : For the purpose of this part, covered area equals the plot area minus the area due for open spaces in the plot. Downcomer :- An arrangement of fire fighting within the building by means of downcomer pipe connected to terrace tank through terrace pump, gate valve and nonreturn valve and having mains not less than 100 mm internal diameter with landing valves on each floor/landing. It is also fitted with inlet connections at ground level for charging with water by

pumping from fire service appliances and air release valve at roof level to release trapped air inside. Dry Riser :- An arrangement of fire fighting within the building by means of vertical rising mains not less than 100 mm internal diameter with landing valves on each floor/landing which is normally dry but is capable of being charged with water usually by pumping from fire service appliances. Emergency Lighting :- Lighting provided for use when the supply to the normal lighting fails. Emergency Lighting System :- A complete but discrete emergency lighting installation from the standby power source to the emergency lighting lamp(s), for example, self-contained emergency luminaire or a circuit from central battery generator connected through wiring to several escape luminaries. Escape Lighting :- That part of emergency lighting which is provided to ensure that the escape route is illuminated at all material times, for example, at all times when persons are on the premises, or at times the main lighting is not available, either for the whole building or for the escape routes. Fire Door :- A fire-resistive door approved for openings in fire separation. Fire Exit :- A way out leading to an escape route.

Fire Lift :- The lift installed to enable fire services personnel to reach different floors with minimum delay, having such features as required in accordance with this part. Fire Load :- Calorific energy, of the whole contents contained in a space, including the facings of the walls, partitions, floors and ceilings. Fire Load Density :- Fire load divided by floor area. Fire Resistance Rating :- The time that a material or construction will withstand the standard fire exposure as determined by fire test done in accordance with the standard methods of fire tests of material/structures. Fire Resistance, Criteria of :- Fire resistance is a property of an element of building construction and is the measure of its ability to satisfy for a stated period some or all the following criteria : a) Resistance to collapse b) Resistance to penetration of flame and hot gases, and c) Resistance to temperture rise on the unexposed face up to a maximum of 1800 C and/or average temperature of 1500C. Fire Separation :- The distance in metres measured from the external wall of the building concerned to the external wall of any other building on the site, or from other site, or from the opposite side of street or other public space to the building for the purpose of preventing the spread of fire.

Fire Separating Wall :- The wall provides complete separation of one building from another or part of a building from another or part of a building from another part of the same building to prevent any communication of fire or any access or heat transmission to wall itself which may cause or assist in the combustion of materials of the side opposite to that portion which may be on fire. Fire Stop :- A fire resistant material, or construction, having a fire resistance rating of not less than the fire separating elements, installed in concealed spaces or between structural elements of a building to prevent the spread/propagation of fire and smoke through walls, ceilings and like as per the laid down criteria. Fire Tower :- An enclosed staircase which can only be approached from the various floors through landings or lobbies separated from both the floor areas and the staircase by fire-resisting doors, and open to the outer air. Fire Resisting Wall :- A Fire resistance rated wall, having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to at least 1 m above the roof. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) :- The quotient obtained by divided the total covered area (plinth area) on all floors by the area of the plot; FAR = Total covered area of all floors/Plot Area High Rise Building :- For the purpose of this part, all building 15m or

above in height shall be considered as high rise buildings. Horizontal Exit :- An arrangement which allows alternative degress from a floor area to another floor at or near the same leveling an adjoining building or an adjoining part of the same building with adequate fire separation. Means of Egress :- A continuous and unobstructed way of travel from any point in a building or structure to a place of comparative safety. Occupancy or Use Group :- The principal occupancy for which a building or a part of a building is used or intended to be used; for the purpose of classification of a building according to the occupancy, an occupancy shall be deemed to include subsidiary occupancies which are contingent upon it. Plinth Area :- The built-up covered area measured at the floor level of the basement or of any storey. Pressurisation :- The establishment of a pressure difference across a barrier to protect a stairway, lobby, escape route or room of a building from smoke penetration. Pressurisation Level :- The pressure difference between the pressurized space and the area served by the pressurized escape route, expressed in pascals (Pa). Roof Exits :- A means of escape on to the roof of a building, but acceptable

only where the roof has access to it from the ground. The exit shall have adequate cutoff within the building from staircase below. Site Plot :- A parcel (piece) of land enclosed by definite boundaries. Stack Pressure :- Pressure difference caused by a temperature difference creating an air movement within a duct, chimney or enclosure. Travel Distance :- The distance to be traveled from any point in a building to a protected escape route, external escape route or final exit. Ventilation :- Supply of outside air into, or the removal or inside air from an enclosed space. Venting Fire :- The process of inducing heat and smike to leave a building as quickly as possible by such paths that lateral spread of fire and heat is checked, fire fighting operations are faciliated and minimum fire damage is caused.

Volume to Plot Area Ratio (VPR) :- The ratio of volume of building measured in cubic metres to the area of the plot measured in square metres and expressed in metres. Wet Riser :- An arrangement for fire fighting within the building by means of vertical rising mains with landing valves on each floor/landing for fire fighting purposes and permanently charged with water from a pressurized supply.

Note :- For definitions of other terms, reference shall be made to good practice