Bi 1:. Khi nim chung v phng tin dy hc 1.1 Khi nim v phng tin dy hc a.

Cc vt liu mang tin ( Medien) Gm nhng c s vt cht cha ng nhng vn ho c sn xut theo yu cu ca ni dung chng trnh hc ca cc mn nh: sch gio khoa, ti liu tham kho, m hnh mu vt a bng ghi m, ti liu chng trnh. C loi vt liu mang tin hc sinh s dng trc tip khng cn nh ti s h tr ca cc phng tin chiu nh sch go khoa, bn v, cng c loi vt liu mang tin trong , ch c th s dng c vi s h tr ca cc phng tin k thut, nh a CDR, bng ghi m, a ghi m...vv. b. Cng c dng ch bn phng tin: L nhng dng c, thit b dng pht trin cc vt liu mang tin c. Cc phng tin trnh din: L cc dng c v thit b k thut dng trnh din cc thng tin c lu tr trong cc vt liu mang thng tin. 1.2 Vai tr ca phng tin dy hc Nh nu, trong mi quan h gia cc thnh phn tham gia qu trnh dy hc, phng tin ch thng ip i theo mt phng php dy hc no . Phng tin c th ng nhiu vai tr trong qu trnh dy hc. Cc phng tin dy hc thay th cho nhng s vt, hin tng v cc qu trnh xy ra trong thc tin m gio vin v hc sinh khng th tip cn trc tip c. Chng gip cho thy gio pht huy tt c cc gic quan ca hc sinh trong qu trnh truyn th kin thc, do gip cho hc sinh nhn bit c quan h gia cc hin tng v ti hin c nhng khi nim, quy lut lm c s cho vic c rt kinh nghim v p dng kin thc hc vo thc t sn xut. Thc tin s phm cho thy, phng tin dy hc c vai tr ch yu nh sau: - C th cung cp cho hc sinh cc kin thc mt cch chc chn v chnh xc, nh vy ngun tin h thu nhn c tr nn ng tin cy v c nh lu bn hn. - Lm cho vic ging dy tr nn c th hn. V vy tng thm kh nng ca hc sinh tip thu nhng s vt, hin tng v cc qu trnh phc tp m bnh thng hc sinh kh nmvng c. 1

- Rt ngn thi gian ging dy m vic lnh hi kin thc ca hc sinh li nhanh hn. - Gii phng ngi thy gio mt khi lng ln cc cng vic tay chn, do lm tng kh nng nng cao cht lng dy hc. - D dng gy c cm tnh v s ch ca hc sinh. - Bng vic s dng phng tin dy hc, gio vin c th kim tra mt cch khch quan kh nng tip th kin thc cng nh hnh thnh k nng, k xo ca hc sinh. 1.3. Tnh cht ca phng tin dy hc a. Tnh cht ngng gi: Ghi chp bo tn v ti to mt s vt, hin tng bin c hay qu trnh no . Phim nha nhip nh, bng nha ghi m l nhng nguyn liu ngng gi. Khi mt cnh vt c chp, mt ging ni c thu th cc thng tin lin quan c lu gi, c th in thnh nhiu bn ging y bn chnh. Cc su tp nh, bng v phim l cc ngun t liu quan trng ti to cc s kin ch xy ra mt ln trong lch s. b. Tnh cht gia cng Mi hin vt hoc s kin, qu trnh u c th c bin ch theo nhiu li, c th thc y, km hm, gim tc..V d: mt phn ng ho hc, quay ngc li (my chiu phim quay ngc li, video...). Phng tin c th bin tp c. Bng ghi m c th ct ni cc on trch, bi ni hoc b i cc phn khng lin quan. Phim quay cc bin c xy ra hng chc nm v trc, c th la chn sp t cc on trch, rp ni thnh phim khoa hc dy hc. c. Tnh cht phn phi Tnh cht ngng gi cho php lu tr thng tin qu thi gian, cn tnh phn phi cho php truyn ti thng tin qua khng gian. V d: c th cng lc trnh by cho hng triu khn gi v cc kinh nghim c trnh by bi cng mt gio vin i pht. Mt s h thng Tivi, pht thanh, video s dng tnh cht ny nhm dy hc t xa.

1.4 Tnh hiu qu ca phng tin dy hc

phng tin km hiu qu

Li Bng phn trng Phn mu Tranh Hnh v bng M hnh tnh M hnh b M hnh hot
mc tng hiu qu s dng ca cc phng tin

phng tin khng chiu

Tranh c tm su n chiu o Slide en trng Slide Phim vng Hnh chiu Phim hot ng trng Phim hot ng mu c Phim vng TV Thc hnh Thc hnh c nhn n, tham quan
phng tin trc tip hiu qu nht phng tin chiu hiu qu hn phng tin khng chiu

Cu hi v bi tp: 1. Trnh by vai tr v tnh cht ca cc phng tin dy hc, cho v d minh ho. 2. Thit lp bng so snh tnh hiu qu ca cc phng tin dy hc

Bi 2: Phn loi phng tin dy hc 2.1 Phn loi theo tnh cht ca phng tin dy hc Cc nh gio dc phn loi cc phng tin dy hc thnh hai thnh phn: phn cng (hardware) v phn mm (software). Phn cng l c s thc hin cc nguyn l thit k, pht trin cc loi thit b c, in, in ttheo cc yu cu biu din ni dung bi ging. Cc phng tin chiu radio, cassette, my thu hnh, my dy hc, my tnhc gi l phn cng. Phn cng l kt qu tc ng ca s pht trin khoa hc k thut trong nhiu th k. Phn cng c gii ho, in t ho qu trnh dy hc, nh thy gio c th dy cho nhiu hc sinh, truyn t ni dung nhiu v nhanh hn m khng tiu hao nhiu sc lc. Phn mm s dng cc nguyn l s phm, tm l, khoa hc k thut cung cp cho hc sinh mt khi lng kin thc hay ci thin cch ng x cho hc sinh. Chng trnh mn hc, bo ch, sch v, tp ch, ti liu gio khoac gi l phn mm. Phn mm c c trng bng s phn tch, m t chnh xc i tng, s la chn mc tiu, s nh gi cng c kin thc. S phn loi trn mang tnh cht tng qut. Ngoi ra i su vo cc loi phng tin dy hc c th, chng ta c th chia ra lm nhiu loi tu theo tnh cht, cu to, mc phc tp ch to Phn loi theo tnh cht Cc phng tin dy hc c chia thnh hai nhm:

a. Nhm truyn tin cung cp cho cc gic quan ca hc sinh di dng ting hoc hnh nh hoc c hai cng mt lc. Nhng phng tin truyn tin trong gio dc phn ln l cc thit b dng trong sinh hot gm c: 1. My chiu phn x 2. My chiu qua u 3. My chiu slide 4. My chiu phim 5. My chiu phim dng bn 6. My ghi m 7. My quay a 8. My thu thanh b. Nhm mang tin l nhm m bn thn mi phng tin u cha ng mt khi lng tin nht nh. Nhng tin ny c b tr trn nhng vt liu khc nhau v di cc dng ring bit. Cc phng tin mang tin c nghin cu, thit k theo cc nguyn tc s phm v khoa hc k thut nhm chuyn ti cc thng ip n ngi hc mt cch thun li v chnh xc. Nhng phng tin mang tin gm c cc loi nh sau: Cc ti liu in: l cc phng tin mang tin v cc s vt, hin tng v cc qu trnh xy ra trong t nhin c th hin di dng vit, vgm c: + Nhng ti liu chp tay, v vit, cc ti liu in v v; + S tay tra cu, cc ti liu hng dn; + Sch gio khoa, sch chuyn mn; + Sch bi tp, chng trnh mn hc. Nhng phng tin mang tin thnh gic: l cc phng tin mang tin di dng ting gm c: 5 9. 10. My thu hnh My dy hc

11. My tnh 12. Camera 13. My truyn nh 14. Phng dy ting 15. Cc phng tin ghi chp

+ a m thanh; + Bng m thanh; + Chng trnh pht thanh; Nhng phng tin mang tin th gic: l cc phng tin c trnh by v lu tr tin di dng hnh nh gm c: + Tranh tng, bn , biu bng, th; + nh en trng v mu; + Phim dng bn; + Slide; + Phim cm; + Phim vng. Nhng phng tin mang tin nghe nhn: l nhm hn hp mang tin c ting ln hnh. C mt yu t tm l r rng l nu nh cng nhiu gic quan tham gia vo vic tip nhn nhng tc nhn kch thch th vic hnh thnh nhng khi nim v ghi nh kin thc cng d dng hn. Nh trn trnh by, trong vic lnh hi kin thc th c quan thnh gic v th gic ng vai tr quan trng nht v tt nhin nh hng tng hp ca hai c quan s mnh hn so vi tng c quan ring r. T c th ni rng phng tin mang tin nghe nhn chim v tr quan trng trong vic truyn v tip th kin thc. Cc phng tin mang tin nghe nhn gm c: + Phim c ting; + Slide c bng m thanh km theo; + Cc bui truyn hnh; + Cc bui ghi hnh; + Video; + Phng tin a chc nng (mutilmedia). Nhng phng tin mang tin dng cho vic hnh thnh khi nim hay tp dt: Vi s gip ca nhng phng tin ny, hc sinh c th lm quen vi cc thit b v cng c sn xut trong thc t. Cc quy trnh sn xut v cc thao tc lm vic cng nh cc hot ng ca my mc c th 6

c m hnh ho v sao chp li. Cc phng tin ny to kh nng v thi quen ngh nghip, k nng, k xo v nng lc ng x theo yu cu o to. Cc phng tin thuc loi ny gm c: + Cc nguyn vt liu c o ( vt, ch phm, b su tp); + M hnh (tnh v ng); + Tranh lp ghp hoc dn; + Phng tin v vt liu th nghim; + Cc thit b luyn tp; + Cc phng tin sn xut. T hp mang tin: Nt c trng ca nhm ny l s nh hng ca chng gip ch rt nhiu cho gio vin v hc sinh trong vic dy v hc t c ng mc ch ca qu trnh o to. T hp phng tin dy hc l phng tin dng dy tp th di s iu khin ca thy gio to iu kin thc y tnh tch cc v cc hot ng hc tp ca hc sinh. 2.2 Phn loi theo cch s dng Cc phng tin dy hc c chia lm hai nhm: a. Phng tin dng trc tip dy hc Nhm ny li chia thnh hai nhm nh: Cc phng tin truyn thng l cc phng tin c s dng t lu i v ngy nay tng lc, tng ni vn cn c s dng. Cc phng tin nghe nhn c hnh thnh do s pht trin ca cc ngnh khoa hc k thut, c bit l ngnh in t. Do c hiu qu cao trong truyn thng dy hc nn phng tin nghe nhn c s dng ngy cng nhiu trong qu trnh dy hc. b. Phng tin dng chun b v iu khin lp hc Nhm ny gm c cc phng tin h tr, phng tin ghi chp v cc phng tin khc.

 Phng tin h tr: Cc loi bng vit, cc gi c nh v lu ng dng t cc phng tin trnh din, thit b thay i cng nh sng trong lpnhm gip cho thy gio s dng phng tin c d dng, c hiu qu cao v khng lam gin on qu trnh ging dy cu thy gio. Phng tin ghi chp: Cc phng tin gip cho vic chun b bi ging, lu tr s liu v kim tra kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh c nhanh chng v d dng. Ngy nay my vi tnh c s dng nhiu trong cc trng hc v c coi nh mt phng tin c dng trc tip dy hc, va c th dng cho vic kim tra, lu tr ti liu v chun b bi ging. Hnh 2-2 trnh by cc loi phng tin theo mi nhm. 2.3 Phn loi theo mc ch to phc tp Cc loi phng tin cng c chia lm hai nhm: a. Loi ch to khng phc tp: Loi ny c cc tnh cht sau: - Do thy gio t nghin cu, pht trin - Cn t thi gian ch to - Sn phm ca mi thy gio lm ra ch thch hp ring vi thy gio khi dy hc - Gi thnh ch to khng qu cao - C th d dng ci tin - Tui th s dng thng ngn (khng qu hai nm) b. Loi ch to phc tp Loi ny c cc tnh cht sau: c nghin cu v pht trin bi mt nhm ngi (gm k thut vin v gio vin) Cn nhiu thi gian ch to Sn phm lm ra c dng ph bin cho nhiu thy gio v nhiu ni, thng l cc phng tin dng cho nhm hc sinh c km theo cc ti liu hng dn cho thy v tr Gi thnh ch to tng i cao 8

 Thng l sn phm hon ho (c thm nh cn thn) Tui th s dng thng di (t 2 n 5 nm). Cu hi v bi tp: 1. Trnh by cc cch phn loi phng tin dy hc v minh ho bng v d. 2. Thit lp bng phn loi phng tin cho mn hc chuyn ngnh. Bi 3: La chn phng tin dy hc 3.1 Cc yu t nh hng n vic la chn phng tin dy hc La chn phng tin dy hc ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: 1. Mc tiu, nhim v hc tp 2. Ni dung v phng php dy hc 1. c im ca ngi hc. 4. C s vt cht k thut ca nh trng 5. Thi v k nng ca thy gio 6. Khng gian, nh sng v c s vt cht ca lp hc H 3-1: Cc yu t nh hng n vic la chn phng tin dy hc. Vn v cc cng vic yu cu i vi hc sinh Cc phng php la chn c tnh hc sinh - Phong cch hc tp - K nng. Thi , k nng ca thy gio

Kiu nhim v hc tp (cc mc tiu)

Ngi hc - Ni - S lng v.v Cc cn tr thc t - Tin, thi gian Khng gian dy hc, nh sng, c s vt cht v.v

Chn phng tin ( Quyn nh cui cng )

Ngi thit k bi ging v thy gio phi tng hp cc yu t nh hng trn v xut pht t thc t ca nh trng m la chn cc lo phng tin dy hc thch hp nht cho mnh mi m bo hiu qu s dng cao. Chng ta cng phi lun nh rng vic la chn phng tin dy hc l mt phn vic trong s tip cn h thng ca qu trnh dy hc hay l mt phn ca cng vic thit k mt bi hc v mc ch cui cng l phi xy dng c mt danh mc cc phng tin dy hc c la chn mt cch h thng cho mt mc, mt bi ging hay mn hc. 3.2 Yu cu i vi phng tin dy hc nh gi cht lng ca cc loi phng tin dy hc c ch to, c th cn c nm tnh cht sau y: Tnh khoa hc s phm. Tnh nhn trc hc Tnh thm m. Tnh khoa hc k thut.

Tnh kinh t. 3.3 Cc giai on ca vic la chn phng tin dy hc S tip cn h thng khi thit k mt cng ngh dy hc qua m la chn phng tin dy hc thng qua 4 giai on. 3.3.1 Phn tch. Nhim v chnh ca giai on ny l: a. Xc nh cc mc tiu s phm. Phn tch ni dung cc vn cn truyn thng- ni dung thng tin nh trn nu, mi ni dung i hi phi c cc phng tin thch hp truyn ti, v d khi k mt cu chuyn c th trc tip truyn li ni hay kch truyn thanh . Phn tch cc mc tiu cn truyn thng l cc mc tiu m hc sinh phi t c sau khi kt thc mt qu trnh day hc. Cc mc tiu l: + Lnh vc nhn thc c th hin qua cc thng tin bng li hay hnh nh hay k nng tr

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tu .Cc k nng bng li va hnh nh yu cu ngi hc a ra cc cu ch li c bit tng ng vi mt s kch thch no , chng thng i hi phi nh hay nhc li, mt khc k nng tr tu yu cu cc hot ng t duy v s iu khin cc thng tin . Lnh vc nhn thc bao gm cc kh nng t duy n gin n phc tp. Kin thc th hin cc kh nng ni li cc c trng ,nh li ,nh ngha ,xc nhn nhc li . Lnh hi : truyn t li ,gii thch ,ch gii tng kt ngoi suy p dng : s dng nhng t tng va thng tin d hc c . Sng to : phn tch mt v d hay mt h thng thnh cc thnh phn ;t hp cc thnh phn ;t hp cc thnh phn to ln cc sn phm mi \+ Lnh vc tnh cm c hnh thnh tu theo mc thay i bn trong hay to ln mt thi hay mt gi tr ca c nhn . Tip nhn l s nhn bit va quan tm n mt s kch thch no (lng nghe hay nhn). Tr li la s tham gia nng ng hay s phn ng theo mt vi cch i vi thng ip c truyn . nh gi l s t nguyn by t mt thi hay biu th mt s thch th c trng ho l s biu din mt h thng gi tr bn trong ,pht trin mt phang cch sng c trng da trn mt gi tr hay mt h thng gi tr. + Lnh vc k nng hnh ng : Lnh vc k nng hnh ng c th c thy nh mt s tin b theo mc iu phi cc cng vic c yu cu ca hc sinh: Bt chc l s nhc li cc hnh ng c xem biu din. Vn hnh l s thc hin mt hnh ng c xem. Tnh chnh xc l s thc hin mt hnh ng c hc mt cch chnh xc. ng khp, thc hin mt cch c tim thc, hiu qu, nhp nhng, phi kt hp cc k nng. 11

+ Lnh vc tng tc c nhn bao gm 6 loi: Tm kim v cung cp thng tin: hi v a ra s kin, d lun hay gn lc thng tin t mt hay nhiu c nhn. xut: t ra mt khi nim mi, mt li ngh hay mt lp hnh ng. Xy dng v h tr: M rng, pht trin v nng cao vai tr mt c nhn, cc ngh hay cu mong ca ngi y. a vo v ly ra: Tng kt hay li ko cc hc vin khc vo cuc tranh lun hay tr chuyn. Phn i v quan tm : Tuyn b trc tip cc kin khc nhau hay ph phn cc lun im ca ngi khc. Tng kt: Nu li di mt hnh thc tng hp ni dung ca cc cuc tranh lun trc hay mt cuc quan st tin hnh. b. Xc nh cc yu t con ngi v mi trng bao gm cc vn sau: Phn tch c tnh ca hc sinh. ( xem mc 3. m hnh truyn thng hai chiu). Phn tch c tnh ca thy gio. ( xem mc 3. m hnh truyn thng hai chiu). Phn tch mi trng s phm, a bn dn c. Cc vn lin quan n mi trng s phm v b tr lp hc 3.2.2 Thit k Giai on ny gm c cc bc: a. Chun b: La chn cc ti liu sn c Chn phng tin kt hp vi ni dung v phng php ging dy Bng 3 3 trnh by mi quan h gia phng tin dy hc vi cc ni dung thch hp. Bng 3-4 trnh by mi quan h gia phng tin v cc cng vic dy hc khc nhau Son cc tiu chun k thut ca phng tin b. Sn xut mu.

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- Sn xut th mt mu hay mt s lng nh a ra thc hnh s phm, tham kho kin chuyn gia, c rt kinh nghim 3.2.3 Trin khai Giai on ny gm hai bc: a. Th nghim Tham kho kin gio vin v cc chuyn gia s phm Tin hnh s phm Phn hi cc nhn xt cho ni nghin cu thit k v sn xut b. nh gi nh gi hiu qu o to nh gi gi tr tng th 3.2.4 Ph bin. Giai on ny cng gm hai bc: a. Ph bin Son cc ti liu hng dn Ph bin phng tin dy hc n cc ni s dng b. Hon thin Sau mt thi gian s dng di hay ngn, tu theo loi phng tin, tin hnh cc cng vic hon thin tng hiu qu s dng ca phng tin. Hon thin, b bt cc phn tha, b sung cc phn cn thiu Lp ti liu chnh thc s dng lu di

Cu hi v bi tp 1. M t cc giai on la chn phng tin dy hc. 2. Lp bng la chn phng tin dy hc ph hp tng bi hc ca mn hc chuyn ngnh t chn

Bi 4: K thut s dng cc loi bng v th k nng

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4.1 Cc loi bng trnh by 4.1.1 Cc im chung Cc loi bng trnh by c xp vo cc loi phng tin khng cn c ngun sng chiu di mt cch trc tip. Chng c mt s im chung nh sau: Khng cn ngun in hoc nh sng C nhiu kch c hnh dng thu ht s ch D kim, d ch to D thch nghi vi bt k mt mn hc no Bng l mt phung tin nhn dng trnh by cc hnh thc dy hc trc quan tng trng v trc quan vt, v d : ch vit, k hiu, s , th...v trn bng phn nh tranh nh trnh by trn bng thng t, m hnh nh c th trnh by trn bng t, cc nguyn bn v cc m hnh nng c th trnh by trn bng cht, bng khoen moc. Gio vin s dng bng ny kt hp vi li ni trong khi trnh by bi dy, thuyt minh, chng minh, n tp. Cc loi bng trnh by cn c dng h tr hoc b sung cc phng tin v hot ng dy hc khc nh trng by, trin lm. Tu theo v tr rng hp, ni t, c bng l thnh phn ca mt bc tng mt chm hay ni, c loi bng mt mt treo hoc gn c nh trn vch gm t mt ti vi ba tm, hai u thng ng c rnh trt ko ln xung; hoc bng hai mt gm ba hay bn tm nh, xp dc theo mt cnh nh bn l c th lt gi nh trang sch, c loi bng bn hoc c gi ba chn, c bnh xe mt mt hoc hai mt c th quay 180o theo trc thng ng hoc nm ngang. Hnh dng v kch thc ca bng c lm theo yu cu ti ch va tm tay, tm mt. Bng thng c hnh vung hay hnh ch nht vi kch thc thng dng trong cc trng hc nh sau: Rng: Di : 0,6 0,6 0,9 0.9 1,2 1,2 1,5 1,8 3,0 3,6 (m) (m) 14 H 4-1: Sinh vin lm bng biu

Khi dng cc loi bng ny dy hc, hc sinh thng c c hi tham gia cng vic thit k v lm ly ti liu trnh by di s hng dn ca gio vin. Cng vic giao cho c nhn v tp th ny c gi tr rt ln trong qu trnh hc tp ca hc sinh. 4.1.2 c im v cng dng ca mt s kiu loi bng trnh by
4.1.2.1 Bng phn

Bng phn l mt phng tin nhn quen thuc tin li v rt cn thit dy hc. Gio vin c th xy dng tng chnh ca bi dy trn bng tng bc mt ttong khi va dng li ging chi tit. Cch thc s dng bng phn c th coi nh mt ch ch dn hoc thc o v hiu qu ging dy ca gio vin c s sng to. Bng phn chim v tr hng u trong bng k cc dng v n lun c sn, khng i hi ti ngh c bit, r tin, c th vit, v, sa i hoc thm bt mt cch d dng. 1.Cng dng ca bng phn Bng phn c nhiu cng dng trong dy hc, c bt l dng trnh by: Hnh v S th Bn Lc Thut ng nh ngha Dn bi T kho Tm tt Chng minh Bi tp Th nghim Minh ho n tp Ch dn Ghi ch Thng bo Giao bi tp Thng bo

2. Tnh hung s dng bng phn Ging tng im, trin khai tng mt, t n ti phc xy dng mt khi nim .V lc , s ,.......km theo ng lc hc sinh theo di bi hc, minh ho bng hnh v, bng cu vit trong khi thuyt trnh. Lit k cc giai on thc hin mt d n, mt ng tc.v.v. 3. Nhng iu lu khi s dng bng phn D liu chia ct chia khong vit v v Sa son mi dng c cn thit vit v v, k... V hnh phc tp trc gi hc. 15

Dng phn mu vit v v, v hoc gch di C th dng n bng b la. ng sang bn, dng thc ch nu cn. Khi ni khng c quay mt vo bng. Che hoc bi xo nhng phn khng cn thit ti phn bi ang ging, m l tng phn bng phn theo trnh t bi dy. Vit v v sao cho n cui gi dy nhng phn chnh trn bng vn cn nguyn th t, r rng tm tt bi hc. Nn a gi lau ln xung theo chiu thng ng ca bng 4. K thut s dng bng phn Vit r rng, chnh xc, d c, vn tt, th t. Dng hnh n gin k ho. Vit thng hng V phc, phc hnh ton b theo t l bng vch m, sau xo nhng nt khng cn thit, ch gi li nhng ng cn t m. Thm chi tit, dng phn mu nu cn. 5. Lm bng phn Nguyn liu thng dng: vn p hoc g nha, p bng bng xi mng.v.v.
4.1.2.2 Bng t Bng t tnh c lm bng l tn, st thp phng vi nhng ming nam chm c mt dt, to nh c c th bt cht trn mt bng. H 4-2: Bng biu gn trn bng t

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+ Cng dng Gn trn bng cc trang nh, bn v... nh nam chm gi cht trn mt bng, khng cn inh hoc keo dnh, nng ln g ra mt cch nhanh chng. Trng by vt tht v cc loa m hnh nh lm bng g nh, ba cnggn ln mt bng nh cc thanh nam chm hoc keo dnh Gii thiu cc b phn ch yu, chc nng, nguyn tc hot ng ca m hnh my mc hc sinh hnh dung c ton din v nhng b phn trc khi quan st trong thc hnh. Cc chi tit hay tng phn hoc ton b c th di ng v mi pha ca bng. Gii thch hoc thit k v vc b tr ngi + Lm bng t Lm bng cc vt liu nh tn, thp mng....cc ti liu biu din thng bng giy ba, v hp st ty ct theo hnh dng thch hp Nam chm c th ct theo nhiu c: trn hnh ch nht, dy hoc mng.
4.1.2.3 Bng n

H 4-3: Phng tin gn trn bng t

Bng n l mt tm bng g hay ba cng, trn mt bc mt th vi mt nhm nh n, vi mu, vi x....cc hnh ct trn vi cng loi n nh ln mt bng s dn cht vo . Nhng hnh ct trn sch bo hoc giy nh pha sau c dn ming vi cng loi cng c th bm dnh trn . a. Cng dng: V sc bm ca bng ny km bng t tnh nn n dng trnh by tng mc ca dn bi hc, cc im chnh cn nhn mnh. Trng by trong chc lt hnh nh minh ho nh v mt im no nh v an ton , lch s nhng pht minh. Trnh by nhng hoc khi nim tng hnh cn lp li, hoc thay i theo th t v trc quan trong khi thuyt trnh, tho lun, hi p. Trnh by cc thng k, biu , th, s . 17

b. Dng bng n

Tu thuc vo c im ca ni dung bi dy, nhm hc sinh. Cn vch k hoch chi tit cho bi, phn tch tm ra cc im chnh, sp xp theo th t logic ca ni dung, xc nh cc chi tit dng m t: cc hnh ct, hnh v, k hiu, th
c. Lm bng n

C th thay vi n bng vi mn hoc dng mt tri ca loi bng c s lng

4.1.2.4 Bng khoen moc

Bng lm bng tm g phng bc vi mn trn c v s nhng mu n hnh vng khoen. Mun dng bng ny cng cn c nhng bng ni lng mt sau cso keo dnh, mt trc c c v s nhng moc nh cng c vi vng khoen trn, cha v nhiu hng. Dn bng ny vo vt trng by, n nh vt ln mt bng khen. Cc khoen s dnh cht vo nhau gi vt rt chc trn mt bng. 4.1.2.5 Bng cht L loi bng dng trng by hoc lm ga cc dng phc v cng vic dy hc ti lp, xng. Bng lm bng mt tm g cng phng, trn khp mt bng c khoan nhng l trn ng knh khong 3mm ( tu theo ng knh ca st lm cht) cch nhau khong 2,5mm u n theo hng ngang v hng dc. Tranh nh hoc vt ba chiu nh sch, m hnh, dng c c gi v tr la chn trn bng bng cc inh cht xuyn qua l hoc bng cc gi c mc un theo nhiu kiu bng dy ng, st hoc km . 4.1.2.6 Bng thng t Trong nhiu trng hp, bng thng t hu nh ch dnh ring nim yt cc thng bo v tin tc thng nht. a. Cng dng: l ni thch hp trnh by ti liu hc tp hoc tham kho him, ch c mt bn. Gii thiu trc v ti liu mi, bi hc, sch bo, mn hc 18

mi...kch thch s ch , ng vin hc sinh. Gip cho hc sinh nhng ti liu hay cn trin khai nhng khng thi gian. Dng bng thng t trnh by cc loi ti liu nh: th Lc , s Bn v Bu nh Tranh nh M hnh
b. Mt s nguyn tc sp t

Bi ct cc bo Sng tc vn hc Tin khoa hc k thut Thng bo Khu hiu

Hp dn, va tm mt ngi xem Nht qun( ta , mi tn ch...vv. Gin n( d sp t, c t thi gian) Dng mu sc khi cn tng hp dn. Sp t cn i, ho hp
c. Lm bng thng t

C nhiu c khc nhau, thng thng lm bng ba cng 4.1.2.7 Bng giy lt Bng giy lt l loi bng gm nhiu t giy c l, c vt trn mt thanh p vo bng, c th lt i lt la c. Kh giy khong 70 X 100 cm. Thanh m bo cho cc t giy khng b gi c nh m c th lt tng t ra pha sau gi sau khi vit ht. a) u im - Gn nh, i chuyn d dng hn bng vit 19

- C nhiu t vit khi ging - C th lt i lt li nhiu ln trnh by ging Nh thay t phim trong trn my chiu OHP, nhng c ng hn v c th vit thm cc vn nu thy cn thit

H 4- 4: Bng giy lt

- C th x ra treo ring tng t nhm cng mt lc gii thiu ton b cc vn ging dy c vit trn bng khng ph thuc vo ngun in - C th chun b trc - C th s dng nhiu mu sc khc nhau - C th s dng tranh nh - C th s dng cho cc bi thuyt trnh t pht - Dng trc quan ho nhng dim tho lun chnh trong bi thuyt trnh b) Nhc im - Bng giy hp trin khai c t vn - Ch c th s dng vi nhm nh - Mt thi gian chun b - Tn km vt liu - Khng xo c vit li nh bng phn. Nu ht giy s khng th tip tc s dng m rng cc ni dung bi ging - Phi bo qun cc thit b - Khng s dng kt hp vi cc loi khc nh bng nh, bng phoc c my chp. c) Tnh hung s dng - Dnh cho nhng nhm nh - Nh l phng tin h tr cho cc phng tin khc - Khi khng c in - Khi phi chuyn ba thuyt trnh ca bn t ni ny sang ni khc - Trnh by nng tng u tin m bn d nh s pht trin cc tng ny khi lm vic vi c nhm 20

d, K thut s dng - Kim tra li bi trc khi bt u - Vit ln v r rng, ti a by dng - Khng nn vit ton ch hoa - Vit ni dung xong, quay mt v pha ngi nghe trc khi trnh by - ng nt bt sau khi vit - Gp li pha sau hoc x i nhng t giy vit - Lm nh nhng, trnh gy ting n - Kim tra cc iu kin k thut ca bng git lt trc khi thuyt trnh - t v tr m tt c mi ngi u c th nhn thy c - ng c bi thuyt trnh hy s dng chng h tr cho vic thuyt trnh - S dng que ch 4.1.2.8 Bng ghim Cn gi l bng nh: l loi bng dng ghim, nh, kp hoc dn ln cc hnh v, s , biu , cc th giy ba trng hoc mu hnh ch nht, hnh vung, hnh elip, hnh trn vi nhiu kch thc khc nhau, cha ng ni dung hoc vit sn ni dung. Trong cc cuc hi tho, hoc lp hc vi s lng ngi tham d t 15 n 25 ngi hoc trong tho lun t, nhm, ngi ta c th s dng mt lot bng ghim mt cch linh hot, nhm gii thiu chng trnh lm vic, cc ch v cu trc ca chng, cng nh thu thp cc kin nh gi ca cc thnh vin tham d. Bng ghim c thit k theo nhiu kiu khc nhau, t n gin nh: bng nh treo trc tip trn tng n phc tp nh h thng bng nh. C lai c 21 H 4-5: Bng ghim

chn c nh, li c th quay gp c. Bng ghim thng oc lm t tm xp, vt liu bt giy trn vi keo p mm ri cn phng. Trn th trng c bn nhiu loi ghim thch hp ghim ln loi bng ny. Bng ghim trung bnh cao t 1,2m n 1,5m a) u im Thc hin s ho bi ging, chng trnh hc tp thun li. Cc phn trnh by cng nh gi khc u qc cng khai ghim ln bng to ra phn x trc tip v ni dung vn c trnh by hoc s tho lun. Ging vin c th chun b trc ni dung v ghi sn trn phiu C ng, c th di chuyn cc t giy trn bng theo mun ca ging vin lm sng t nhng ni dung v nhn xt trong khi ging. Khuyn khch ti a tch tch cc ca hc sinh ng vin hc sinh tham gia vo bi ging, tit ging thm sinh ng, hc sinh phn khi hc. C th ti s dng Rt thch hp vi nhm nh b) Nhc im Cn c thi gian chun b mi c th s dng bng nh c hiu qu Cn c mt s cc ph kin, vt liu nh giy mu cc loi, phim v bt d. Sau khi tho cc th, phiu khi bng, trt t nh s mt, phi lm li t u. Cng knh, bt tin khi vn chuyn Phi bo qun cc thit b Khng thch hp vi nhng bi thuyt trnh trang trng v chnh thc H 46: Kiu b tr th

22

Ngoi ra, bng ghim cn c nhc im l khun h c hn nn cc vn trnh by cn hn ch. c, Tnh hung s dng Cho nhng nhm nh v trnh by kt qu nhm Nh l phng tin h tr cho cc phng tin khc Khi khng c in Khi phi di chuyn ba thuyt minh cu bn t ni ny n ni khc. Trnh by nhng tng u tin m bn d nh s pht trin, nhng ny s lm vic vi c nhm. Trc quan ho cc tng Nhm cc thng tin v xp xp theo th t u tin

- Thc hnh 1. Trnh by k thut s dng cc loi bng trnh by. 2. Tp thc hnh s dng cc loi bng trn.

4.2 Th k nng trong dy hc 4.2.1 Tc dng D kim, r, d lm C th ngi hc cng tham gia lm D trnh by, khng cn in Mu sc hp dn p dng hp l cho cc hnh thc, mc ch dy hc khc nhau

4.2.2 K thut lm th k nng Chun b th mu, ghim chun b 23

bt v kim tra bt trc khi vit. Cn c tiu trn bng ng bt sau khi vit xong Mi th ch vit mt Khng vit qu ba hng trn th Khng vit ton ch hoa Vit bng nt to ca bt d khng qu dy C th chun b giy kh rng lm nn v dng h dn li nhng g trnh by. 4.2.3 Cc quy tc trc quan vi cc th Vit Bng bt d Ch in vit to v r Ti a ba hng trn mt th Ch c mt tng trn mt th Dng th mu v to ra cc hnh dng khc nhau Cng loi th cng mu, cng dng th H 4-8 Quy tc trc quan vi cc th 4.5 K thut s dng th trong dy hc D kin khong trng hp l trn bng (i vi bng vit) gn th. Cho xut hin tng th mt (thuyt trnh hoc m thoi ) Kt qu tng trn th l tng ca nhm th c th so snh hai nhm th rt ra tng ti u. C th thay th th (thay i tng). H 4-7 nh th trn bng gim

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Cu hi v bi tp 1. Trnh by k thut v nguyn tc s dng th trong dy hc. 2. Tp Thit k v s dng th Bi 5: Ti liu n ho Thi gian: ..02.... gi 5.1 Khi nim chung Trong i sng x hi cng nh trong cuc sng thng nht, nhng sn phm in v v nh: sch, bo, ti liu khoa hc k thut, tranh nh l nhu cu khng th thiu c. Ti liu n ho thuc loi phng tin trc quan truyn thng hai chiu trn giy hoc phim, c kh nng thu ht s ch v truyn t nhng thng tin kin thc mt cch r rng do kt hp nhng t, ch s, k hiu, hnh v v nh chp b sung cho bi ging, gip ngi hc lnh hi c kin thc k nng mt cch thun li c h thng, cng c v m rng kin thc m hc sinh tip thu. Cc ti liu v d ln hay nh u c th nhn thnh nhiu bn ging bn chnh, hoc c th sa i, thm bt, ng c, thu nh hoc phng to bng nhiu cch nh: in, chp,.
Cc ti liu n ho bao gm:

1- Tranh nh 2-Ti liu v 3- Ti liu sao

4- Ti liu chp 5- Ti liu in

Cc ti liu v bao gm: lc , s , th v biu ... 5.2 Phn loi Lc , s : trnh by nhng s kin n gin n phc tp gia nhiu hoc s kin chnh, khng nht thit km theo s liu. Lc l nhng hnh tng nhn dng nhng ng k, nhng hnh hnh hc, k hiu trnh by, gii thch s sp t v s lin h ca nhiu phn hp thnh mt kha nim, mt phng php hoc mt sn phm. 25

V d: Lc cu trc ca cu ting Vit, cu trc ca ng c in...vv Khi s dng lc nn i t nhng iu c th n tng trng bng cc k hiu tru tng hn. S : l hnh tng nhn tm lc, so snh, i chiu tng phn v gip thm phng tin tm hiu vn . Mt vi loi s thng gp l: S ghi thi gian: trnh by gi kin theo thi gian S hnh cy; trnh by su pht trin, tng trng thay i bt u t mt ngun S t chc: dng cc hnh ch nht trn, gch k v mi tn trnh by s lin h chc nng ca cc b phn trong mt h thng t chc. S cng: nh bng ch dn, dn bi. S bng ct so snh tng phn cc i lng cng loi. th, biu : l loi hnh ca vt mang thng tin, dng trnh by, phn tch cc ti liu thng k hoc i chiu, so snh cc s kin v cc s liu phc tp. th l ng v trn mt h trc biu th mt cch trc quan s thay i cc gi tr gia hai hoc nhiu i lng cng loi. th : dng biu hin qu trnh pht trin ca cc hin tng: v d s bin thin ca sn lng vi thi gian. Mi lin h gia cc i lng, v d th dng in xoay chiu hnh sin, tnh hnh thc hin k hoch ca cc c quan Biu : l hnh v biu th mt cch trc quan cc gi tr ca nhiu i lng cng loi, hoc cc gi tr ca cc phn cu cng mt i lng so snh. H5-1 S Mind-Map

26

Biu trnh by cc ti liu thng k mt cch khi qut, sinh ng gip ngi xem d nh. Nhiu ti ging dy c th c trnh by mt cch y v r rng bng cc loi biu sau y: Biu hnh thanh hoc hnh ct dng so snh gin n cc s lng. Cc hnh c nht, rng hay hp st nhau hoc cnh nhau thng ng hay nm ngang tu . Cc thanh thng c chia lm nhiu phn theo t l phn trm. Tr s ng c vit trn mi thanh. Cc thanh thng c bt u bng tr s khng. Biu hnh trn, hnh qut. Gc d ca hnh qut c xc nh bng cch nhn 306( tc l 1% ca hnh trn vi s phn trm ca mi b phn). Biu din tch trong cc ti liu thng k c biu hin bng tranh v hay du hiu tng trng cho mt s liu nht nh. S lng cng c th c tng trng bng ln din tch ca tranh. Bn v kh ln: Cn gi l bn v treo, tng hp cc ti liu nh tranh nh, hnh v biu , lc .v.v.Mt s bn v cn gn thm cc vt mu nh: bn v v bng, ch, si... M hnh cc bnh rng, cc khp truyn ng... Bn v kh ln c th thay th cho hnh v trn bng phn khin hc sinh ch theo li ging v hnh v cng lc. Khi lm bn v kh ln cn lu : Phi ln cho c lp, hay nhm cng trng thy. Phi r rng ngha l b tr v k thut in hay v phi truyn thng bo mt cch trn vn, khng kiu cch. Phi n gin khng qu nhiu chi tit, nhm ln Phi thu ht c s ch ca hc sinh. Nu c mu th mu phi c dng ng k thut t mc ch, khng lo lot. 27 H5-2 S m t tng t

Tranh nh: tranh nh c dng theo ngha rng bao gm nhng nh chp v nhng hnh v theo hin thc minh ho. Tranh nh ging dy trong lp hc bao gm cc bn in ca nh chp, hoc hnh nh minh ho in trong sch bo, tp ch, n phm k thut m gio vin thu thp c. Tranh nh c th coi nh l ct sng ca cc ti liu m gio vin c th dng trong dy hc v: C rt nhiu loi tht phong ph C th dng cho tt c cc mn hc Khng cn my mc hay thit b g c bit trng by chng Ti liu v chp c th thch ng vi mi mc ch v trong mi iu kin ging dy Tranh nh c chia lm hai loi: Khng chiu di c Chiu di c gm cc loi phim chp thu nh dng cho cc loi n chiu S dng tranh nh: tranh nh c th dng: gi s ch ham thch, gii thiu mn, bi hc mi, minh ho cc bc thi cng, xy dng thi lm vic tt, trc nghim kin thc, n tp v cng c bi hc. s dng tranh nh c hiu qu, i hi gio vin v hc sinh phi c s kho lo v tr tng tng. Tu theo la tui hc sinh mc ch v yu cu bi dy m gio vin nn: cho hc sinh gip la chn nhng tranh nh s dng Trnh dng qu nhiu mt lc v c th khin hc sinh ln ln.Cho hc sinh th gi xem v phn tch chi tit ni dung tranh nh. Dng tranh nh tn phn trnh by bng li Hng dn hc sinh hc tp trc tip bng tranh nh nh cc cu hi chin thut, gip hc sinh c c tranh nh ch khng xem lt qua. Lu v ba im: tng phn, so snh v th t lin tc. Tng phn gia ngi v s vt trong nh, gia mi v c, gia xa v gn, gia ci bit v ci ang hc. So snh cc nh, cc phn ca mt nh, tm nhng im 28

ging nhau, suy din khi qut ho. Sau cng hc sinh phi hiu c ngha lin tc gia hai tm nh v quy trnh sn xut chng. Kch thch s sng to ca hc sinh, dng tranh nh d nghin cu cc kiu mu sc, kiu mu, ri em p dng vo hc tp, sn xut. 5.3 Mt s cch s dng cc loi ti liu n ho Gi tranh nh ln trc lp v m t. Hc sinh cui lp c th khng r tranh Sau khi ging bi c th truyn cho hc sinh xem. Cch ny c th gy cho hc sinh ng tr, ln ln. Tranh nh c th dng ging gii, xem ti lp sau trng by trn bng thng t. Tranh nh kh nh c th ri bng n chiu phn quang c lp tho lun, t to tranh nh. Ngoi mt s phng tin ni trn, trong dy hc cn s dng cc ti liu sao chp, ph t copy, ti liu in... khi dng c th pht tay cho cc nhn hay nhm ngi hc. Cc phng php sao, in, chp chng ta khng xt n trong ti liu ny. Cu hi v bi tp 1. Nu cc loi ti liu n ho v cch s dng ti liu y trong dy hc. 2. Lm ti liu n ho bng th cng (hnh v, bng biu, s ...) v bng my vi tnh. 3. Bi 6: Ti liu pht tay 6. 1 Khi nim Ti liu pht tay l nhng ti liu ging dy c pht cho hc sinh trong qu trnh dy hc tham kho v thc hin nhng nhim v hc tp. 6. 2 Vai tr ca ti liu pht tay trong ging dy Gip gio vin s dng c hiu qu thi gian ging dy trn lp. 29

 Gim bt thi gian ghi chp ca hc sinh. C v v khi dy nim hng th. Gip hc sinh nh lu. Lm cho qu trnh hc tp thm phong ph. m bo cp ti tt c nhng im quan trng ca bi 6.3 Cn chun b ti liu pht tay khi: Cn cp nht thng tin mi khng c trong sch gio khoa. Nhng thng tin trnh by phc tp hoc qu chi tit H thng tm tt thng tin theo cc ch . Khng c sch gio khoa hoc ngun ti liu thch hp Hc sinh gp kh khn trong vic hc hoc thc hin k nng. 6.4 Phn loi ti liu pht tay C cc ti liu pht tay chnh sau y: a. Thng tin t ri: Loi ti liu pht tay ny cung cp cho hc sinh nhng thng tin khng d thy t cc ngun khc. N cha ng thng tin v cc s kin, v khi nim v nguyn l. N cng c th l nhng bi vit, bn v, tranh nh v cng thc.

b. Phiu bi tp: N gip cho hc sinh p dng kin thc, quy trnh cn thit cho vic pht trin k nng. N gm: Nhng vn cn gii quyt, cu hi cn tr li, quan st cn thc hin, nhng ti liu cn c hoc nhng nhim v cn lm, k c cc thng tin tham kho. c. Phiu m t cng vic

30

Loi phiu ny c s dng trong cc bui hc ti phng th nghim, xng thc hnh hoc trn hin trng, n hng dn cch lm mt cng vic hon chnh (cng vic c mt vi k nng hay mt d n). Trn phiu ny m t: Danh sch thit b, dng c, vt t cn thit Thng tin v an ton, s tranh nh d. Bn hng dn thc hnh Loi phiu ny dng hng dn tng bc thc hin cng vic. V d: Cch s dng cng c, my mc thit b v thng tin v an ton (phiu ny cng c iu chnh cho ph hp vi mi vn hoc k nng mi xut hin) 6.5 K thut v quy trnh chun b ti liu pht tay. Trc ht chun b bn gc ca ti liu pht tay. Nn chun b bn gc bng cch: Ct dn: sao chp cc ti liu gc, ct theo ng kch c cn thit v lp rp trn trang ca bn gc. Lm mt trang ba v nh s trang, c th vit li gii thiu. T vit: thu thp thng tin t cc ngun khc nhau v tp hp chng trn trang giy Sao chp: my pht c th cho bn y nhng ti liu nhn bn. Lu gi v bo qun: sp xp ti liu theo chng trnh hc d tm. Nn kim tra d liu, trnh thng tin sai.

Cu hi v bi tp 1. Nu cc loi ti liu pht tay, quy trnh chun b v cch s dng. 2. Lm mt s ti liu pht tay cho mn hc t chn

Bi 7: Vt tht, m hnh, ma kt v mun luyn tp 31

7.1 Nguyn hnh Nguyn hnh, m hnh, maket, v modull luyn tp l nhng phng tin dy hc dng ba chiu khng chiu hnh, c s dng rng ri trong dy hc. Nguyn hnh l nhng chi tit, b phn my, nhng s vt tht v nguyn bn c th lm vic c trong thc t sn xut. Tnh cht c trng ca n l xc thc v nguyn bn. C th lit k vo loi phng tin dy hc ny cc thit b cc thit b ca xng trng( chi tit my nh bu lng, ai c, trc, cc b phn ca my nh: cc c cu cam, khp vu, mu thc vt...vv.). H7-1 My khoan bn

Nguyn hnh c xem nh mt phng tin thng tin cho kh nng thc hin mt cch d hiu hn bc chuyn tip t hnh nh c th n t duy tru tng, lm quen vi cc tc ng tng h ring bit, quan st s vt, hoc mu thc. C th quan st nguyn bn bao lu tu cc gc khc nhau, do vy hc sinh s c c hiu bit ng n v hnh dng, mu sc v kch thc ca vt. Nguyn bn c th c dng rng ri vi danh ngha l ngun tin khng ch trong qu trnh trnh by ti liu mi m cn c trong vic kim tra kin thc, gp phn tch cc trong vic pht trin th gii quan khoa hc, khiu thm m cho hc sinh. Vi danh ngha l ngun tin, khi ging dy trn lp khng nn s dng nhng vt qu nh, song khi tin hnh cc cng vic th nghim, hoc trong qu trnh dy thc hnh sn xut th c th s dng bt k loi no khng ph thuc vo kch thc v khi lng ca chng. Trong qu trnh dy hc cc nguyn bn c s dng khi khng th truyn t thng tin bng cc

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phng tin khc hu hiu hn, v d : bng b mt ca chi tit, kha nim v khp cc ng, c cu vi sai. Vi cc ngyn bn c kch thc qu ln, qu nng khng mang ti lp c th tt nht dng hnh thc tham quan. Nguyn hnh c th c, gia cng v mt s phm, lm ni bt nn nhng chi tit chnh, tng phn, to nn s khc bit gia cc chi tit, cc b phn bng cch s mu, ct b, v d: ct b hp s, thn xi lanh ng c t trong, ct dc bnh rng, ct b cc van thu lc, van kh...vv. gip thun tin cho vic quan st. Vic tho lp cc vt tht trong lc hc s gip cho hc sinh kh nng tm hiu cu to ca chnh v s b tr tng h gia cc chi tit. i khi cc nguyn bn cng c b tr theo mt trnh t nht nh trn mt phng. Thuc loi ny c th l cc chi tit hng b tr theo trnh t cng vic, mu vt gii thch trnh t gia cng, cc dng c o kim, mu vt ph phm. Cc chi tit mu xc nh cht lng cng vic theo nguyn cng ring, nguyn cng phi hp, dng c g... Danh mc cc nguyn bn c s dng trong dy hc l rt ln, chng thc s tr thnh cc i tng la chn gip cho vic hnh thnh cc khi nim tru tng, nm vng kin thc, k nng v k xo c tt hn.Vic s dng nguyn bn cng gip cho hc sinh bc vo sn xut trn thc t c d dng, sm thnh tho trong cng vic.Trong tt c mi trng hp, khi s dng nguyn bn, hc sinh c s ch dn ca thy gio, hoc cn c vo bn thuyt minh, cc bn hng dn nghin cu thc hin. 7.2 M hnh v maket 7.2.1 M hnh 1. Khi nim chung Hin nay c nhiu cch nh ngha v m hnh, hiu theo cch thng thng. M hnh l nhng mu c ch to phng theo cc 33

s vt hin tng nguyn bn. Theo cch nh ngha chung nht, m hnh c hiu l biu hin bng thc th hay bng khi nim mt s thuc tnh ca quan h c trng ca mt i tng no (gi l nguyn hnh) (GS.TS Nguyn Xun Lc : L thuyt m hnh). M hnh phn nh cu trc khng gian ca i tng nghin cu,dng biu din cu to cc cht, cu to vn hnh my mc, cc b phn trong c th, cc quy trnh sn xut, s vn ng pht trin ca s vt hin tng trong t nhin v trong x hi. S dng m hnh lm i tng quan st thay cho nguyn hnh Lm i tng nghin cu (thc nghim hay suy din) v nguyn hnh. Theo ngha rng ni trn cc m hnh c th l: M hnh ca mt ng c, c cu vi sai, m hnh tu thu, m hnh nguyn t ca Bohr. Trong dy hc vic s dng m hnh nhm khc phc mt s kh khn v gii hn nh: + Kch thc cc nguyn hnh ln qu hoc nh qu. + Cc nguyn hnh khng kim c do hn ch thi gian khong cch. + S hnh thnh cc nh ngha cc khi nim tru tng + M hnh ch yu gip cho vic quan st cm tnh, hnh thnh cc biu tng, b sung do t duy tru tng, tm ra bn cht ca i tng, b sung cho t duy tru tng nhm hnh thnh cc khi nim v cc lun chng. Nhim v ca m hnh l: i din cho nguyn hnh hay cn gi l tnh hp thc ca m hnh Cho php bin i kt qu t m hnh thnh kt qu tng ng v nguyn hnh 2. Phn loi H 7-2 M hnh my khu

34

Theo GSTS Nguyn Xun Lc th hin cha c l thuyt tng qut v m hnh ni chung, m ch c l thuyt c xy dng cho tng loi m hnh, cn c vo cc c s l thuyt ny c th phn loi m hnh nh sau : a. M hnh trch mu : L mt tp hp c th (thng gi l mu) trch t mt tng th c xt, y m hnh l mt thc th cng cht vi nguyn hnh. L thuyt m hnh l l thuyt thng k ton hc, cho php chn dung lng tp mu theo chnh xc v mc tin cy cho trc,t nh gi thng k ng n v tng th . M hnh mu c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc quen thuc nh : nh gi cht lng sn phm, iu tra x hi hc, nghin cu mi trng sinh thi . b. M hnh ng dng Hai thc th c coi l ng dng khi cc i lng vt l cng tn ca chng t l vi nhau, ng dng hnh hc nu c t l v cc vn tc tng ng, tuy nhin nu ng dng ng lc hc th cng ng dng hnh hc. M hnh ng dng l mt thc th cc thng s vt l cng tn vi nguyn hnh (tc ging cht vi nguyn hnh ) v c xt theo l thuyt ng dng . Tu theo chun c ng dng: hnh hc, ng hnh hc, hay ng lc hc c nhng m hnh ng dng tng ng. Bn v k tht, m hnh ng c t trong, m hnh c cu nng vv... l nhng m hnh hnh hc, song cng c th l ng dng ng hnh hc. M hnh ca my bay, tu v tr tu trng hp s dng, c th l mt m hnh ng dng hnh hc, ng hnh hc hoc ng lc hc. V d nghin cu sc cn ca khng kh i vi my bay thc, m hnh my bay trong thit b thi phng th nghim phi l mt m hnh ng lc hc c cng chun s ng dng vi nguyn hnh trong mi trng thc . c. M hnh tng t (analoge model) Hai thc th khc nhau v bn cht vt l c gi l tng t khi trng thi ca chng c m t bng cng mt h phng trnh vi phn v iu kin n v. M hnh tng t l mt thc th c nhng thng s khc tn vi nguyn hnh (tc l khc cht so vi nguyn hnh )v c xc nh theo l 35

thuyt tng t (Analoge theorie) M hnh ny c gi tn theo cht liu ca m hnh v nguyn hnh, v d : m hnh in c , trong qu trnh dao ng c hc nguyn hnh c m t bng cng mt phng trnh vi phn vi qu trnh dao ng in m hnh (l mt mch in tng t trn my tnh tng t ) . T nhng tn s hay p ng thi gian (dng tn hiu tng t )trn m hnh in, theo l thuyt tng t , c th d dng suy ra trng thi dao ng ca nguyn hnh c .

i lng c Lc Chuyn v Vn tc Khi lng Ma st nht cng T s truyn f,m x v=x m,j M k i1,2 = n1/n2 in p

i lng in e q i=q L R L/c k=n1/n2 in tch Dng in in cm in tr Dung khng T s bin p

d. M hnh ton hc (mathematical model ) Ba m hnh ni trn l nhng m hnh thc th vt l. M hnh ton hc l m hnh khi nim di dng mt cu trc hay mt h thc ton hc, v d : t chc tinh th hay chuyn ng ca vt rn, c th m hnh ho bng cu trc nhm ; cc trng thi ca h phn t hai tr c th m hnh ho bng cu trc i s Boole, m hnh ton hc ca mt h iu khin no l mt phng trnh vi phn. e. M hnh dng s (Schematic model) l m hnh biu din bng hnh hc trc quan nhng thuc tnh hay quan h no (hnh hc hoc phi hnh hc) ca i tng c xt v d : cc s , lc cu trc ca h thng, ca mt thit b, biu tin ca qu trnh. Ngoi cch phn loi theo cc l thuyt v m hnh nh trn, cn c th da 36

vo tnh cht: tnh, ng, thc, o. Hoc mc ch: cu trc, nghin cu, l thuyt, thc hnh hoc cc ngnh khoa hc phn bit . V d: theo cu trc v theo tnh cht tnh ng v mc ch c th phn loi m hnh theo m hnh theo mt s dng nh sau : M hnh t l: m phng nguyn hnh theo kch thc t l th nh hoc phng to. M hnh n gin ho: phng theo nguyn hnh khng cn theo mt t l no c, nh: m hnh qu cu , m hnh h thi dng . M hnh ct: phng theo nguyn hnh song c ct b nhm biu din cu trc bn trong ca s vt v hin tng . M hnh tho lp: gm nhng b phn c th tho lp c cho thy cc b phn ca ton th v s lin h gi chng . M hnh phng to: c m t nh lc ba chiu c th chuyn c . 3. S dng m hnh Tu vo mc ch hc tp, thc hnh nghin cu la chn s dng m hnh. Tuy nhin s dng m hnh c hiu qu cn theo cc bc c th sau y: Bc 1: La chn v tr t m hnh sao cho hc sinh cc v tr khc nhau c th quan st c d dng, c trng hp ln t chc cho hc sinh theo tng nhm tin quan st hoc lm vic vi m hnh. Bc 2 : Gii thiu cho hc sinh mc ch quan st, ch dn cch thc quan st, nhng trng tm cn quan st. Bc 3: Quan st m hnh , bc ny gm cc ni dung sau: - Nu tn m hnh v nguyn hnh m n phn nh - Phn tch cc b phn chc nng ca n vic phn tch cc b phn c th theo 37

nhim v hoc dng nhin liu hoc vt liu. - Nu mi lin h gia cc b phn - Nu b phn chnh ng vai tr nguyn l. - Rt ra kt lun tng hp sau khi quan st m hnh. Vic la chn m hnh cn ch nhng nguyn tc sau: - Thch hp vi mc ch hc tp v thi gian ging dy - C cn thit hay khng ? Hay c th vn dng vt tht - Cc chi tit quan trng c ng hay khng M hnh c bn chc m bo an ton hay khng Tu vo loi m hnh. i vi cc m hnh l nhng thc th vt l, vt liu thng dng l : giy, ba cng, bt giy, thch cao, cao su, vi, nha, g, mt ca, vi, ct, xi mng, keo h, sn mi. Chi tit trn m hnh cn c cu to sn mu ni bt trn bi cnh ca n ngi quan st d nhn bit . Cc m hnh dng s c th c v trn giy hoc bng computer. Tu vo mc ch s dng v iu kin ch to . 7.2.2 Maket Maket khc vi m hnh ch, n khng th truyn c tin v s hot ng ca i tng v c th ch to trc khi c vt tht nhn bit .v d: Maket kin trc ca mt to nh... Maket ch phn nh b ngoi ca nguyn hnh, khng th hin ni dung bn trong ca n v vy v mt thng tin maket ngho hn m hnh. 7.3 Modulle -luyn tp Vi s tin b ca khoa hc k thut v ca khoa hc s phm, nhng nm gn y ngi ta a vo trong o to cc modull- luyn tp s dng. Thc cht n l mt h thng k thut phc v cho vic hc tp, thc hnh ca hc sinh. V d: cc modulle - luyn tp cc 38 4. Lm m hnh

bi tp lp rp cc mch in chiu sng, ccmodulle - luyn tp cc bi tp lp rp o c cc mch H 7-3 Mdun luyn tp v h thng in trn t

thng s cc mch khuych i, cc mch tn hiu; cc modulle- luyn tp dng thit k lp rp cc mchiu khin h thng thu lc bng in, in t...c nhng modulle luyn tp c ch to m phng theo nguyn hnh v d modulle luyn tp ca h thng nh la h thng in t t ... Trong trng hp ny n c quy m v m hnh. Cc modulle luyn tp c mt s c im c bn l: - Chng c th dng cho cc cp bc o to khc nhau, cng nhn, k thut vin hoc i hc. Vic thit k s dng n gn lin vi phng thc o to ca MES, c trng cho vic s dng phng php dy hc mi l dy hc chng trnh ho, dy hc ly vic t chc cchot ng hc tp, ngi hc thc s ng vai tr trung tm trong qu trnh dy hc. - Chng c s dng ging dy khng nhng l thuyt trong vic hnh thnh cc khi nim k thut, nng cao kh nng thit k k thut v thc hnh ca hc sinh m cn c s dng dy trong thc hnh gip hc sinh nhanh chng pht trin cc kin thc chuyn mn, kinh nghim ngh v k nng, k xo. - Vi modulle- luyn tp c th s dng kt hp vi cc thit b k thut khc nhau nh computer, cc dng c o c khc .. to thnh mtt my dy hc hon chnh, a nng va thc hin chc nng hng dn nghin cu l lun, thc hnh, hng dn luyn tp v chc nng nh gi kt qu hc tp. - Vi mt modulle luyn tp c th thc hin v s cc bi luyn tp thc hnh khc nhau nh vo vic thay i v tr, thm bt chi tit k thut trn modulle. Cc kh nng ny c cc nh thit k tnh ton t trc cn c vo chng trnh hc tp. thit k cc modulle luyn tp trc ht phi thit k cc chng trnh p to phn tch ni dung chng trnh sp xp cc n v kin thc k thuyt v thc hnh cc modulle hc tp. Trn c s nh ra cc thit b cn c, xy dng phng n cu trc modulle v cui cng l hng dn s dng modulle xy dng 39

cc ti liu ging dy v hc tp. C trng hp cn thit phi thit k chng trnh dy vi s tr gip ca computer. Cc chng trnh c ghi trn a CD n c tc dng iu khin iu chnh v nh gi vic hc tp ca hc sinh. s dng modulle trong ging dy gio vin v hc sinh c th theo tnh t sau. - Gip hc sinh hiu r mc ch v nhim v hc tp - Gii thiu ni dung hc tp - Gii thiu cc chi tit lp rp v tc dng ca chng trn modulle, cch thc lp rp. - Gii thiu cc phng tin h tr khc - Gii thiu cc phng php s dng thit b v trnh t luyn tp t chc lp thnh nhm. - Hc sinh nghin cu ni dung ca bi hc sau tin hnh thc hin bi hc trong qua trnh hc sinh thc hin cng vic hc tp vi cc modulle- luyn tp gio vin cn theo di cht ch a ra cc hng dn c th trng hp cn thit, m bo cht lng v an ton. Cu hi v bi tp 1. Phn bit cc loi trc quan i tng, cho bit cch s dng mi loi trong dy hc. 2. Lm mt s phng tin cn thit trong s cc phng tin trn Bi 8: phim trong v my chiu qua u 8.1 Phim trong (Folien) 8.1.1Vt liu thng dng khi ch to Folien Khi ch bn Folie bng tay cn c cc folie dng vit v v, cc loi bt vit ,v ln folie c c d dng. Tng t nh vy c th ch bn folie bng Computer, cc chng trnh - phn mm, bng my in hoc cc my Fotocopy. 8.1.2 Ch bn folie bng th cng Cc Folie dng cho Overheadprojektor u c th ch bn bng tay nh cc loi bt vit, 40

v ln Folie. Cc Folie khi cha c trnh by hnh v, ch vit hoc cc k t trn gi l cc Folie trong hay bn trong. Khi vit v bng tay ch cn dng loi Foile r tin. N c ch to t cc vt liu Acetaten, PVC Polyester hay polyprotylen. ng nhin cc loi folie ny khng c bn nhit, thng chy do trong cc my Fotocopy hoc my in laser. Ngc li cc Folie dng coppy c bn nhit, khng chy do trong cc dng c in hoc Fotocopy. Folie cun rt mng khong 0,03mm, cho php vit khng hn ch trn , thng dng thay bng phn. Folie n dng vit v v c bo qun trong bao gi hoc tp c giy k ngn cch, cc giy ny c tc dng tr gip cho vic vit v v c thng hng. Loi ny gi l Folie vi giy k . Khi cn Folie vi cc giy k , c th copy cc trn Folie hoc mua loi Folie c giy k dng cho OHP. Giy ny c nhiu v cc ng chm. Bng k thut hai mt (v folie vo mt khng dng in) ngi ta c th sa cha, xa hnh v, ch vit trn Folie. i vi cc th v cc m t hnh hc (v d: cc h thng ta , ng trn, cc ct c th c cc Folie c in t trc, khi s dng, ch cn in thm ch ci hoc k t. Cc folie dng vit v v c th c 4 mu khc nhau. H 8-1 Phim trong

8.1.3 Cc loi bt dng ch bn folie Ngi ta c th v trn Folie bng cc bt d, bt sp. Tuy nhin khi chiu, cc loi bt chuyn dng cho folie nh: Cc loi bt vit OHP, bt sp projektor, bt si OHP c mu ni bt hn c v bn v Folie khng t ht m nn phi lm kh nhanh chng lp mc. Song nhc im ca n l cc bt li chng kh. Vi 41

np kn c th ko di kh nng s dng ca bt . Cc loi bt c th xa bng nc v loi bt khng th xa bng nc. ng k c v bng loi bt khng th xa c bng nc ch ty c bng cht ty c hm lng ru (v d: nc co ru, ru cn hoc bng ty OHP. Cc loi bt vit khng xo c, khng thch hp cho ta dng. Loi bt mc c th ra c bng nc i hi s ch cao v tay m, khi vit v nu tay t vo ng nt cc nt s b m. Chiu rng ca ngi bt Chiu rng ca cc ng vch phn bit r rng bng kh nng c th c c v tc dng ca folie khi chiu. t nht c 5 loi bt c chiu rng ngi khc nhau la chn: S,F,M,B v EB. Bt kiu S c u ngi bt nh, mnh dng k vit cc ch nh. Cc ng c v bng bt kiu F m hn. t khong cch xa c d dng nn s dng loi bt M . i vi cc tt ln, c bit l cc ng ranh gii, nn s dng loi bt OHP- Maker(EB). Loi bt ny c u bt hnh nm. Ty vo vic dng n, nt ch c th m hay mnh. Chn mu Ngoi chiu rng nt, mu sc cng quyt nh ti kh nng c v tc dng ca n. Cc loi bt vit trn Folie thng c 8 mu. Mu vng, mu da cam khi chiu rt kh nhn.Vi mu nht, tc dng ca n cng km. Cc mu thch hp thng l en, xanh bic, xanh da tri, tm v xanh l cy. To mu bng th cng. Folie c mu sc s to s ch hn so vi folie en trng. Theo quy tc cc ng k hoc cc b mt t mu lm cho hnh v r rng hn. Cc chi tit ln quan trng, on vn, ch s hoc on trch dn ca hnh v nn dng ch c mu, qua vic nhn mnh mu bng bt hoc bng k thut dn mu. Cc Folie mu OHP dng dn

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Loi Folie ny c bn nhit, nhiu mu sc v kiu dng khc nhau. Ngi ta c th ct n v dn vo v tr cn dn trn Folie. C hai phng n lm folie mu, c hai u i hi s nhn li v s kho lo ca i tay, hoc l v hnh v mun c nn mt sau ca giy bo v ct n bng ko hoc bng dao, hay t v mt mu trn folie OHP. i vi cc hnh cho trc, thay vo ngi ta dn giy mu vo cc v tr cn dn trn mt sau Folie v ct sa bng dao tr. 8.1.4 Sa cha bng bin php th cng Vic v bng tay lm ngi ta khng tha mn. i khi phi sa cha li trn folie OHP hoc xa cc v tr cn thit . i vi cc vt mc c th xa c bng nc th thc hin vic xo bng giy m. Vi vt mc khng th xo c th ty bng ty Folie OHP m khng li cc vt xc trn Folie. Cc bt xa ty OHP: v d: OHP- marker dng xa bt mc khng ty ra bng nc folie, s nhanh kh. Bng loi bt ny ngi ta t dy ln cc im cn phi ra, thm nh cc vt mc tan bng giy.

8.1.5 Ch bn Folie bng Software, my in hoc my fotocopy. Rt nhiu Folie hin nay khng c ch to bng phng php th cng, m bng computer v my in laser hoc my plotter. Nhiu loi Software ha v Software trnh din c th s dng nhm mc ch ni trn. Vic coppy cng ng mt vai tr ch yu dng ch to cc folie n gin theo t l 1:1 vi cc ch bn c sn, cng nh vic phng to thu nh v chp ni cc on vn, cc hnh v. Nhiu hng sn xut cc loi folie chuyn dng khc nhau, c th c mu, dng cho cc loi my in laser, my in li my plotter v my coppy . Cc Folie dng in tip nhn mu tt hn v c bn nhit cao, do vy khng b chy do trong my in hoc coppy. Bi th khi coppy bng cc my coppy cn ch ti li khuyn ca cc hng. Phn mm ha my in v cc my coppy lm gim cc cng vic th cng i hi nhiu thi gian. Tuy vy n khng ngu nhin cho cc m t c cht 43

lng. Cht lng m cc folie- OHP ch bn bng computer ph thuc vo phn mm v my in. Quyt nh cht lng ca folie l ngi s dng chng trnh. H quyt nh cc hnh thc miu t c th chn la cho mi ni dung v mc tiu s dng cho ph hp (v d :cc ng cong, cc biu hnh ct hay cc bng). Khng nht thit phi m t mi s vic trn 3D, nht l nhng g ch cn cc ng v bng ca n dn n cc gi thit d hiu. Ngi ch bn Folie c u c tng tng tt cng hn ch vic thay i cc phn mm ha khi n tng t nhau, qua c th c Folie hon thin hn. Cc phn ha phn ln c pht trin cho vic in n trn giy cc phng tin in n, trng hp cn thit ngi c c th dch gii m cc ch vit nh, N c li ch c th xem li bt k thi gian no, khi chiu th khc. Ngc li vi phng tin in n l Folie, mi trang c t cc mnh , khong cch ln, ng k m v ch vit phi to. 8.1.6 Cc nguyn tc trnh by trn Folie a. Nhiu hnh nh, t phn thuyt minh bng ch Cc bng biu s v cc hnh v thch ng trng cm gic hn l ch vit. Mt hnh nh c tc dng mt ngn t. Vi folie iu nay c nghi l nn dng t ch m t, thay vo l cc hnh nh (cc hnh ny tng t nh i tng tht, v cc hnh nh mang tnh cht pht trin logic, v d : cc s , cc loi bng biu, cc ng th, cc dn ). Mt trong cc loi hnh c u tin s dng l s di dng Min- Map.

b. Mt thng tin hn ch trn mi folie Nu tt c mi thng tin u c trnh by trn folie ngi dy ch cn c to n trc lp, iu ny khng c li v ngi thy cn phi thuyt minh, gii thch v b sung thm. Do vy s kch thch c s ch ca hc sinh, tnh logic ca ni dung v ca hot ng dy hc s c m bo. Mt nguyn do na l xa v gc nhn trong khi quan st cng nh thi gian trnh by b hn ch. Mt thng tin t trn folie c li v n bt buc ngi dy phi ly dn 44

chng, chng minh. m bo vic b sung bng li. Nhng trng hp c bit th theo cng thc Faust sau y: Mi folie ch nn trnh by mt mnh , mt s vt Khng nn c thng tin ngoi l m bo nguyn tc 6/6 c. Hnh thc v cu trc m bo logic Ngi quan st nhn ra mt cch nhanh chng ni dung, nu ngay t pht u tin nhn nhn ra c cu trc logic ca n hoc ca mt s thng nht khi dng cc hnh tng trnh by. Nhn ra mt cch nhanh chng cc mc (hoc cc ch s cc gch di cc ch ci c ghi to) Vic to khi (vi d: khong cch ln trn hoc xung di, vic li dng ,s dng ngch ngang, hoc nh du tng t) S dng mu khc nhau (v d: cc phn chnh nn trnh by cng mu) 8.1.7 K thut trnh by Folie 1. Trnh by fim trong hon chnh (Fertig Folie) L loi Folie c ch bn m ngi dy em theo. Ngi dy t n trn mt my chiu, trnh by b sung thm . Phn ln loi Fertig folie c ch bn bng computer, my in hoc my Fotocopy, rt t khi c ch bn bng tay. Cc trung tm pht trin phng tin bn rt nhiu loi folie ny cc mc khc nhau, c th dng tp. 2. K thut pht trin folie (Entwiklungtechnik) Ngc li vi loi folie c ch bn hon chnh, Live- folie c v bng tay trc tip trc ngi hc Ngi dy bt u vi folie, pht trin n trong tin trnh dy hc, tng bc, tng bc. 3. Folie c ch bn sn cha y (k thut b sung) L loi Folie khai thc im mnh ca K thut pht trin Folie v Folie hon chnh. Trong khi trnh by ngi dy b sung thm trn Folie bng tay. c th 45

s dng loi folie ny lm nhiu ln, cc b sung bng tay c thc hin trn folie khc v thc hin php chng ln folie c bn. 4. K thut chng folie a.Chng hnh Hnh hoc cc m t y trn folie c hon chnh tng bc thng qua vic chng cc folie n c ch bn sn. Folie c bn ch cho thy b phn chnh ca i tng nghin cu. Cc folie 2,3 tip theo b sung mt cch chi tit cc b phn cn li . Tuy nhin t khi s dng n folie th 3 b sung v qua nh sng b hn ch, hnh s ti. b. Chng mu Trong trng hp ny ngi ta chng ln folie c bn 1 folie khc c phn mt ct c t mu. Thng qua vic chng mu nhn mnh dng, ct, hoc cc b phn cn thit ca i tng nghin cu. 5. K thut lt t Ngc li vi k thut chng, k thut ny ngi trnh by bt u vi nhng folie c chng ln nhau (V d 1+2+3) v mi bc gii thch lc b ra mt folie. Cui cng ch con li 1 folie c bn. H 8- 2 K thut s dng phim trong 6. K thut m l tng phn Tng bc m l tng phn ca Folie c ch bn hon chnh l th php n gin ca vic lt t. Ngi trnh by t folie ln mt bn my, folie ny c che bi mt mt giy. Ngi quan st ban u ch nhn thy chi tit khng b che trn

46

folie v mt ti. Trong qu trnh gii thiu folie vo thi im thch hp din gi m l tng phn. Kt thc c th quan st ton b s vt . 7. Phi hp gia k thut chng v k thut lt t i khi c th phi hp gia k thut chng vi k thut lt t. Hnh nh u tin khi chiu (pha trn bn tri) m t k hoch xy dng thnh ph lu Folie (1+2). Folie 1 trnh by cng trnh xy dng c khng th thay i, folie 2 m t s trang tr bng cc cng vin. php chiu th 2(bn phi pha trn) ngi ta lc b folie 2. c c bn thit k ngi ta cn folie 3 (trnh by cc cy xanh cn trng mi). t chng folie 3 ln Folie 1(1+3), khi chiu c hnh nh mi nh hnh di pha phi. 8.K thut ko V nguyn tc l k thut chng c tnh chuyn ng. Thng qua vic ko tng on nh m t cc giai on ca qu trnh, cc chuyn ng cng c th c m t bng cch thc ny thng qua mt loi cc nh tnh, tng t nh film, k thut ko ngi ta trnh by bng cch ko cc di folie chnh trn folie m t cc chi tit chuyn ng thng c mu xm. Khi ko di folie c th nhn bit chi tit ang chuyn ng . 9. K thut xoay, folie xoay L phng n n gin th cng ca m hnh chc nng. Mi folie chnh cho thy mt min ph cn n c mt l nh tm. Qua tm ny ngi ta cm trc xoay. Thm na l chi tit quay qua l nh tm. Dng nt bm ghp folie chnh v chi tit quay qua l nh. Tuy nhin sau khi ghp chi tit quay vn c th xoay c. Thng chi tit quay c lm bng loi folie dy c hnh v l chi tit c dng hnh trn c th chuyn ng . V d: Ra a theo di my bay, folie chnh pha trn m t thc t sn bay c ng bng, ta nh v my bay. Chi tit quay c dng trn khuyt mt phn ch cho thy mt phn ca ph cn. Nh vy raa ch theo di mt phn khng gian theo mt hng xc nh. Ni chung k thut ko v k thut xoay thch hp

47

m t s vt hin tng hoc qu trnh c tnh chuyn ng. thc hin c hiu qu, cn c th phi vic chng mu. Cc v d khc gio vin c th trnh by qua cc folie ko ,xoay ch bn sn c. Ngoi cc k thut trnh by trn cn c k thut che lm ni bt i tng c m t, hay k thut dng con tr.

Cu hi v bi tp 1. Trnh by k thut lm v s dng phim trong trong dy hc 2. Lm phim trong theo trnh t cc bc.

Bi 9: S dng my chiu phim trong v dias 9.1 My chiu qua u (Overheadprojektor)

5 6

9.1.1 Cu to chung 1.Thn my 2.Ct ng knh 3.ai c iu chnh tiu c 4.Tay ng knh 5.Gng phn x 6.ai c iu chnh cao hnh nh 7.u ng knh 8.ng i ca tia sng 9.Folie 10.Thu knh 11.ai 12.Qut

4 3 7 2 9 10 8 1 11 13

12

9.1.2 Nguyn l

48

Chm nh sng t n Halogen c cng sut 600 - 650 W, (hin nay mt

s loi my mi ngi ta s dng loi n c cng sut nh hn khong 250 W, tuy nhin vn m bo cht lng nh sng) c gng lm t pha di n phn x qua thu knh hi t qua phim trong, ri ti mn nh. Do n Halogen khi lm vic sn sinh ra nhit lng tng i ln, nn khi ng mch my ng thi c lm ngui. Thc hin vic ny l nh qut t pha trc n, cc my th h c k c khi tt my h thng lm mt vn hot ng, sau s t ngt nh Rle nhit. Nn tt nht khi tt my khng nn rt phch cm khi in ngay. 9.1.3 Cch s dng t my trc hc sinh, ng knh hng vo mn nh Cm in, bt my Vn nm iu chnh cao nh t phim ln mt bn my, pha c xui ln trn Ly nt hnh Khi vit trn Folie, cn thn trnh che lp Ch : Khong cch gia my v mn hnh cng ln th hnh cng ln c th sa bng cch u hi chc xung, hoc k cao u my chiu hng vo mn nh . 9.1.4. K thut trnh chiu : Dng que ch trn folie hng ngi coi ch v mt chi tit . Dng bt chuyn dng vit v b xung . 49 Mn hnh cng cao th hnh cng b bin dng trn to, di nh ,
H 9 -2: My chiu qua u

Che folie bng t giy en v m l tng phn, phn tch tng khi ging ti phn . Ghp chng nhiu t folie ln nhau, mu khc nhau, chiu ln lt hoc cng lc trnh by phn tch. Chiu vt ba chiu c bng en trn mn nh .

Cu hi v bi tp 1. Nu k thut s dng my chiu v trnh chiu phim trong 2. Tm hiu v tp tho lp v s dng my chiu qua u

9.2 My chiu Dia a. Cu to b. S dng my chiu phim Dia t my ln bn, tin hnh xem xt tnh trng k thut ca my La v xem xt loi phim, on phim s chiu Lp vo my chiu Ly nt hnh Xc nh cch chiu H 9-3: Cu to my chiu Dia Tiu c vt knh cc n chiu phim on thng bng 13cm, khi cn c phng i ln vi khong cch chiu ngn th dng vt knh c tiu c 5cm . Nu chiu trong ging ng th v tr n chiu cch mn nh kh xa nn dng vt knh tiu c 18cm . 50
iu khin t xa chnh tiu c Gi t phim phim dng bn ng knh

My chiu t xa th hnh chiu cng ln , nhng sng gim i Tin hnh chiu phim Khi chiu phim xong ct phim vo hp bo qun Mt s ch : Khng nht thit l hnh chiu bao gi cng cn bao khp mn nh, c khi nh ,sng ri d xem hn . Chiu phim on c th kt hp vi bng, a ghi m pht li bnh 9.2.1 Phim dng bn C th s dng phim dng bn truyn t lng tin bng hnh nh, ho, s tng trng cho bi kho . Phim dng bn c th cung cp lng thng tin phc tp hn so vi folie, song vic ch to kh khn . Phim dng bn c dng trong tt c cc giai on ca bi ging, song nhiu hn c trong dng bi tp, hoc gii thiu b xung i tng nhn thc. Phim dng bn tng i a dng v lng thng tin trong c s dng theo mun ca gio vin theo bt c trnh t no . Trong hng loi phim c th chn hnh nh no l cn thit p ng vi ni dung ca bi. Trong thc t c hai loi phim dng bn thng s dng: Phim on l mt lot cc hnh nh mu hoc en trng chp theo 1 th t nht nh b rng bng 3,5ly, hai ra c c l (nh loi phim chp nh thng dng). Mt cun phim trung bnh c t 20 n 80 khung hoc nhiu hn . Phim la l mt ming phim c khung nh, thng c kp bng ba cng c t 5x5 cm n c 8x10cm . Gi l phim la v trong nhng kiu my chiu phim dng bn u tin, phim chiu c t trong ci khung c 2 ngn, trong khi chiu c y lui, y ti np phim mi, thay phim chiu xong. 51

Phim dng bn khi s dng c th kt hp vi cc phng tin dy hc khc, c bit l m thanh. Qu trnh s dng phim dng bn, c th khng hn ch lng phim, thi gian quan st hc sinh tranh lun v ni dung. Phim dng bn gip cho gio vin c th gii thiu cho hc sinh cc thit b khng th a n c lp, v hng s ch ca hc sinh vo nhng chi tit kh thy c trong iu kin thc t. Ni dung ca phim dng bn c th l cc dn bi kha, hnh v, s , biu , m hnh v nh ca cc s vt hin tng thc. 9.2.2 Phim Slide (phim vng) Phim Slide l mt h thng phim dng bn c ct truyn gn b vi nhau v c th hin trn mt cun phim. Do cng nh sng ca my chiu ln (My Slide) nn khi s dng, lp hc khng cn phi che ti . Hc sinh c th ghi chp vo v cc s liu v cc hnh v n gin chiu trn mn nh. Phim Slide c th dng dy l thuyt v thc hnh, ngoi ra cng co th s dng trong cng tc ngoi kha. Cu hi v bi tp 1. Nu cng dng v phm vi s dng my chiu Dia 2. Tm hiu v tp s dng my chiu Dia

Tn bi 10: My chiu Prjector v kamera 10.1 My chiu k Prjector 10.1.1 Tc dng ca ca my chiu Prjector Hin nay t nh nc n t nhn, t cng ty n 52

trng hc, khi ngi ta mun trnh din cc d liu my tnh, cc thng tin a dng trn mn hnh cho nhiu ngi th cn c mn hnh rng. Mun vy ngi ta s dng my chiu k thut s. H 10-1: My chiu prrektor chiu c cc thng tin ln mn nh rng cn c t hp thit b l my chiu v my vi tnh. Hai thit b ny kt ni vi nhau bi cp chuyn dng Nh thit k t tm LCD trong my chiu. Tm LCD l chi tit tip ni gia my tnh hoc mn hnh vi my chiu, n ch dy vi cm v c ni vi may tnh bng cp chuyn dng, hoc c ghi sn d liu. Ngi ta t n vo trong my chiu c ngun sng mnh, mn hnh c di c kch thc ln, do vy c tc dng phng i hnh nh. Mt vi nh ch to c loi my chiu, trong tm LCD tch hp c ni cng v vi thit b in t km theo. hnh 3 l th d v my chiu k thut s.

10.1.2 K thut s dng Khi s dng my vi tnh c nhn, sau khi kt ni, bt ngun m khng xut hin phng mn hnh vi tnh th phi chn my vi tnh ca bn ph hp vi my chiu bng cch nhn: FN + F8, FN + F7 hay FN + F6... Hai nm chnh nt v chnh tiu c b tr u ng knh. Cu hi v bi tp 1. Tc dng ca my chiu Projector ? 2. Tm hiu v tp kt ni s dng my chiu k thut s trnh chiu hnh nh v cc thng tin.

10.2 Kamera 10.2.1 Cu to

` Mn hnh phm chc nng ng knh Phm chc nng Np bng Nm chnh tiu c

53

H 10-2: Cc b phn chnh c bn ca my 10.2.2 Phm vi s dng Camera thng dng quay cc thao tc mu khi th phm, cc thao tc k nng ngh, nguyn l hot ng ca cc c cu my, cu to bn trong ca cc chi tit my 10.2.3 K thut quay camera b. Quay ton cnh i tng Hnh nh thu c c lin quan sau khi quay cha ng ton b i tng chnh v mt s i tng c lin quan phc v trc tip hoc gin tip cho i tng chnh, v d quay cnh sinh vin ang thc tp ging dy. c. Quay mt phn i tng Hnh nh thu c sau khi quay ch cha mt phn no i tng nhm gip cho ngi quan st r hn i tng, v d th cng dn nhy cho hoa. d. Quay pht trc tip L hnh quay khng cn n bng hnh m ni trc tip my quay vi mn hnh bng gic ni, hnh thc ny thng s dng khi cn lm r cc i tng c kch thc nh, khi camera c tc dng phng to gip ngi hc d quan st.

Cu hi v bi tp 1. Trnh by k thut quay Kamera. 2. Tm hiu v tp s dng camera quay cnh 54

Tn bi 11: To ngn hng tranh nh trong phn mm Photoshop cho dy hc 11.1 Cch to th vin nh trn Photoshop C kh nng lm vic vi phtoshop l vic rt quan trng i vi ngi gio vin tng lai, chng ta c th gia cng hnh nh, bn v v cc ho theo tng tng ca mnh. Nh vy c th n rng, vi s tr gip ca phtoshop gio vin c kh nng th hin bi ging ca mnh mt cch sng ng. Chuyn ny cung cp cho ngi hc khng nhm mc ch gip ngi h tr thnh chuyn gia phtoshop m ch gip h hiu c mt cch tng i v cc chg nng ca photoshop lm c s cho vic ch bn hnh nh phc v cho vic ln lp ca mnh. Bin i hnh nh bng k thut s Mun hnh nh vo c Computer theo dy cp in gia cng, chng ta phi qut hnh nh vo . Ngha l hnh nh s c phn tch t cc im ring r (Pixel) thnh mt ma trn (Matrix). ln ca mi thng tin mu sc trong tong im s ph thuc vo phn gii su ca mu sc v phn gii ca ci gi l Bit. Mi chiu su mu ca mt hnh th c th t mt Bit n 48 Bit. Chiu su ca mt Bit s to thnh mt hnh trng_en, 8 Bit to ra 256 mu sc, 16 Bit to 65536 mu (High Color) v 24 Bit ca mi hnh th c th to ra 16777216 mu (True Color). su mu cng ln th i hi b lu gi cn thit cng cao. 11.2 My qut hnh Nguyn l hot ng ca mt my qut hnh gn ging nh my Coopy. nh sng chiu vo ti liu, vi s tr gip ca cc cm bin m nh sng s ri theo tong dng ch v phn tch 55

cc im (Pixel). Bn cnh vic qut vn bn, my c th qut tranh nh, phim chiu phn gii Khi qut, hnh nh s c phn tch thnh cc im hnh vung trong ma trn. th hay mn ca ma trn ny l tu thuc vo vic xc nh chn phn gii. phn gii xc nh s lng cc im hnh vung , y hnh c phn tch ra thnh cc Zoll (1 Zoll = 25.4mm). V d, bn qut mt hnh c phn gii 200 dpi, iu ny c ngha l mi Zoll phn tch thnh 200 vung nh. Mt b mt ca mi Zoll, vung s phn tch thnh 200 x200 vung (c 40 000 vung). Chn phn gii cng cao th a vo cng nhiu chi tit hn, nhng i hi lu cng ln. phn gii tng gp i th d liu tng gp 4 ln. Trong thc t, my qut hnh c phn gii chn tiu chun l 300 dpi nhm mc ch nhn r tt c cc b phn ca tranh nh hay ho so vi bn gc. D dng phng to cc hnh ct ri. Cc d liu ca hnh, sau khi gia cng c th thu nh li (t 3MB xung cn 250 KB) m cht lng ca hnh khng b gim nhiu. Trng hp mun qut hnh rt nh, v d mt tem th, th ch cn chn phn gii 600 dpi hay ln hn, ta s c mt hnh nh vi cht lng tt c phng to. 11.3 Lu cc d liu Hnh nh gia cng trn photoshop s c lu theo tiu chun d liu PSD. S nh dng ny s tr gip vic s dng nhiu ln v nhiu knh ch. ng tic l Word hay Power Point khng nhn bit c chng trnh ny. Trc khi bn a hnh nh vo s dng chng trnh, bn phi chuyn i v Format JPEG_hay GIF. Format_GIF 56 H 11-1: My qut hnh

Format_GIF thch hp cho Bitmaps vi ti a 256 mu, n cn c cng khai trong WWW. Bitmaps s c nn t ng trong nh dng (Format) ny s khng b tht thot. Format_JPEG Format_JPEG l Format s dng m t hnh nh. i lp vi GIF, JPEG ch nhn nhng thng tin mu ca mt hnh RGP. Ngoi ra JPEG cn m nhn vic nn d liu, vi n bn c th nn c ln ca chi tit. Trong d liu, khi vic m t hnh nh khng cn thit na th b i, nu bn m mt hnh t ng JPEG th s khng nn c. Cng c Marquee Tool Dng to cc vng chn c hnh dng khc nhau - Chn cng c trong hp Toolbox Marquee - Di chuyn con chut n hp thoi ca Marquee. - Nhn gi chute v r con tr chut n bn chn

Marquee gm c cc vng chn: - Vng chn hnh ch nht - Vng chn l hnh vung th bn nhn km phm Shift trong lc chn. - Vng chn l bu dc (Elip). - Vng chn l hnh vung th nhn km phm Alt trong lc chn. 57

- Vng chn l mt bng n. - Vng chn l mt ct n. - La chn cui trong nhm l cng c Cooping, dng ct mt hnh nh v loi b phn cn li. - Ngoi ra cn c th nh li kch c hnh nh. Lu i vi tt c cc cng c chn nu bn mun: Chn thm vng chn, ch cn nhn km Shift trong lc chn.

Tr bt vng chn: Nhn phm Alt. Nhn douple mouse trn m bn v, xut hin hp thoi Marquee Tool Options - Feather (lm m): 0 pixel. - Style: Normal. Cng c Move Dng dch chuyn cc vng chn v cc lp. Nu bn ang lm vic trong mt lp bn c th nhc v r cc cng c Move dch chuyn mi i tng cng lc trong lp . Lasso Tool L cng c dng v tay, c dng vin cc vng chn c hnh dng khng u 1. Lasso: v theo vt th mun chn 2. Polygon: Click + Drag + Click theo vt th mun chn 3. Magnetig: Cn click phi mt im, sau dng chut drag theo vt th munchn. Vt th mun chn phi c mu tng pn vi mu nn 4. Mun chn thm vng chn bn nhn km ALT. 58

Magic Wand Tool Magic Wand chn s tng ng ca cc mu, khi bn mun chn vng khc vi vng trong hnh ca bn. Nhn p chut vo Magic Wand TooL, xut hin hp thoi:

Toolerance: thay i kch c Kch c cng ln th gim mu cng nhiu, vng chn rng Ngc li, kch c cng nh th vng chn cng hp Lu : i vi cc mu thun khit th dng: Toolerance l 1 pixel Nu vt cn chn c nhiu mu sc hin phng nn bn ngoi th bn nn trn phng nn, sau chn Menu Select/ inverser i vi mu khng thun khit dng: Toolerance l 40 piexel

Cu hi v bi tp 1. Trnh by k thut qut, chnh sa v lu hnh nh. 2. Tp qut, chnh sa v lu hnh nh my vi tnh

Tn bi12: Thit k bi ging bng phn mm Pewerpoint v mt s phn mm khc- Khai thc mng internet 11.1Cch thit k bi ging bng Microsoft Powerpoint Microsoft Powerpoint l mt phn mm trong b phn mm Microsoft Ofice, tng i n gin, d s dng v c dng ch yu cho vic trnh din, dy trc 59

din. Vi nhng phin bn gn y Microsoft Powerpoint c th t to cc trang Web hoc phi hp vi cc phn mm chuyn thit k trang Web (Front Page). 1. Cng dng ca Powerpoint a. To cc trnh din (Presentation) a phng tin (multimedia): - Th hin cc vn bn, hnh v, s , bng biu trn nhiu trang (Slide) vi nhng cng c ht sc tin dng. - Cho php to cc lin kt trn cc i tng ca trang nh Text, Pictuer,... chuyn nhanh n mt Slide bt k cho trc, hoc thc hin mt lnh ngoi Powerpoint (chy n mt tp vn bn, Video, m nhc...) Vi nhng kh nng ny, gio vin c th chuyn linh hot n cc ch khc nhau trong bi ging, trnh din phim hoc m thanh minh ho cho bi ging. - Vi nhng hiu ng linh hot (Animation) v chuyn tip (translation) gn lin vi cc thao tc iu khin cc hiu ng ny, c th to ra cc hnh nh sinh ng m phng, iu khin,...to nn nhng ba ging sinh ng sng to. b. Bin cc t liu trn y thnh cc t liu thit k trang Webe 11.2 Bi ging trn Powerpoin Ni dung ca bi ging c lu trong cc Slide ring bit, mi Slide c th hiu nh mt trang giy c lp. Bi ging c trnh by theo trnh t ca cc Slide c thit k t trc theo su phm ca ngi thit k trren c s ca s ph thuc, mi lin h gia cc thnh ph ni dung, ca phn ch v phn hnh, iu khin bng tay (chut) hoc t ng vi thi gian dng (Delay) tu chn, cng c th truy cp mt Slide bt k theo mun. Mt tp trnh chiu Slides gi l mt Presentation C th trnh din: - Trc tip trn PC - Thng qua my chiu Data/projector/ PC Projector - Thng qua trang Webe

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11.3 Cc thanh cng c chnh trn Slide ca Powerpoint Trn Slide ca Powerpoint c th a vo cc i tng chnh sau: (1) Text Object Cc i tng l ch, s, k hiu ton...c khi tho t cc Text Layouts H Text Box (2) WordArt Object Cc dng ch trang tr ckhi to t cc mu c sn

(3) Drawing Object Cc hnh hnh hc, mi tn c to bi cng c AutoShapes

(4) Thc n to hiu ng cho ch v hnh nh (5) Thc n to lin kt gia cc trang Slide

61

Trong Powerpoint cn c rt nhiu thc n, tuy nhin y ch gii thiu mt s cc thc n c bit phc v cho vic vit, v to tranh nh tnh v ng, to cc hiu ng cho ch v tranh, cng nh vic to cc lin kt gia cc trang, gia cc mc vi cc Slide, hoc vi cc tp, khc. Mt s cng c khc bn c c th tm hiu thm trong sch chuyn mn

- Cu hi v bi tp 1. Cho bit tc dng ca powerpoint trong dy hc? 2. Tp thit k bi t chn trn Powerpoint

12.3 Gii thiu mt s phm mm dy hc khc 12.4 Khai thc phng tin dy hc trn Internet 62

- Thc hnh Tp thit k i tng/ni dung t chn trn phn mm v trn mng

4. Ti liu cn tham kho : 1.T Xun Gip: Phng tin dy hc, NXB K thut, 1998
2. Nguyn Xun Lc, mt s bi ging v cng ngh dy hc, i hc BK H ni 3. H Ngc Vinh, Phm Vn Nin, Phng tin dy hc, i hc SPKT- Hng yn, nm 1997. 4. inh Cng Thuyn( Ch bin), H Ngc Vinh, Trn S Lm, Phng tin dy hc, i hc SPKT- Hng Yn, nm 2000. 5. Helmut Menschenmosen, Lernen mit Medien, Schneider Verlag Hohengehren GmBH, 1998. 6.Wolf Gang Ihbe, Bildungtechnologie, Tu Dresden, 2000.

7. ClausE. Baumler, Lernen mit Computer, Beltz Verlag und Basel 1991

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