ST.

FRANCIS TOWERS SHANGRI-LA PLACE

BUILDING CASE STUDY

BEHRENS, ANA TERESA | ONOZAWA, ARISA | SURTIDA, FRANCIS TANTUICO, RAISA | VILLA, MA. EDISA ARCH 134 - TABAFUNDA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Background: St. Francis Towers Shangri-la Place Building Facts Architectural | Technical Specifications

Structure
Structural Strategy Conjecture and Structural Diagrams Structural Computations

Environment
Climate Data Environmental Responses: Daylighting Environmental Responses: Ventilation

Construction
Foundation Cladding Fire Protection System Plumbing and Drainage System

Reference

BACKGROUND
The St. Francis Towers Shangri-La Place is located at Mandaluyong City in Metro Manila. It is the tallest residential high-rise building in the country. This landmark development comprises two towers, each rising 60 floors to 217m high and providing a total of 1,200 units.

The towers are the 6th and 7th-tallest buildings in the country and are currently the tallest twin towers in the Philippines surpassing Pacific Plaza Towers with a height of 212.88 meters from the ground to its architectural spire. It also has two of the most number of floors in the Philippines. The buildings have 60 floors above ground, including a podium which connects the two towers, and 5 basement levels for parking, and are considered as one of the most prestigious residential buildings in the Philippines. The St. Francis Shangri-La Place was master planned and designed by Wong Tung International Ltd., in cooperation with local architectural firm Recio + Casas Architects. Structural design for the building was provided by Arup, and reviewed by international engineering firm Magnusson Klemencic Associates. The buildings mechanical, electrical, and sanitary engineering works were designed by WSP Hong Kong Ltd. Interior design was made by Brennan Beer Gorman Monk Architects (Interior Design). The construction team is composed of Jose Aliling & Associates (Project / Construction Management); Davis Langdon & Seah Philippines Inc. (Quantity Surveying); and EEI Corporation (General Constractor).

ENTRANCE

EXTERIOR

PODIUM

LOBBY

NORTHEAST VIEW

NORTHWEST VIEW

SOUTHWEST VIEW

SOUTHEAST VIEW

BUILDING FACTS
Project Team Owner Architect Kuok Group Wong Tung International Ltd., in cooperation with Recio + Casas Architects Developer Structural engineer Shang Properties, Inc. Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Ltd. in cooperation with Magnusson Klemencic Associates Main contractor Project Floor Area (sq.m) Occupant Load Cost Program Site Site Description Site Type urban, rural, etc. Parking Spaces Structure Foundation Type Gravity Force Systems Secondary structure/ Backup Envelope Glazing Types Cladding Type Passive System HVAC Day lighting Cooling Equipment List Cooling System Type Duct Vertical Chases yes/no yes/no yes no 10mm thick, heat strenghtened, fully tempered glass Viscous Damping System EEI Corporation Tower 1: 107,473 mTower 2: 214946 m 1200-3600 occupants Php 3,000,000,000 60 story High Rise Residential Building 6,172 m urban 7 podium parking levels, 1 basement parking

The building is located on Shaw Boulevard corner in Ortigas center and has a direct link to the Edsa Shangri-La Hotel and Plaza mall which means easy access to the Metro Rail Transit. This location is described as the Business Center which makes it a strategic spot and thus creates high expectations for buildings in that site, hence this particular building. Being surrounded by San Miguel Corporation, Asian Development Bank, Meralco , the Philippine Stock Exchange, he New Medical City Hospital and the Wack Wack Golf and Country Club, and a number of other educational and business attractions, affects the form of the building immensely to make it fit within the context. And thus, the building takes the very professional, modern, static shape that it does. The building, being as high as 60 floors and being in an area that is prone to earthquakes creates a critical challenge considering the structural system. the structural system must be strong enough to support the building against reacting to all the loads (dead or live) exerted on it. The use of dampers is to protect the building from the earthquake forces. The building is located in a relatively warm zone area which has a big influence on the HVAC systems installed in the building. In a warm atmosphere ventilation as well as air conditioning are necessary, and keeping in mind that the building is one of the tallest residential building in Philippines, installing the most convenient and efficient HVAC is not an easy task.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICTATIONS
At 60 stories high, with each tower St. Francis Shangri-La Place housing 600 units, seven podium parking levels, and one basement parking level, the numbers give the impression of density, but looking closer, its in the planning and details that the design shines through. Floor density determines the towers four zones: the 16 unit per floor Low Zone, the nine unit per floor High Zone, two levels of four Simplex Penthouse units per tower on the 57th and 58th floors, and four three-level Grand penthouses topping off each tower. Security and access is controlled by zone-specific high speed elevators with the Low Zone lifts servicing the lobbies and basement parking levels, the Ground to the thirty-third floor, while the High Zone lifts run from the second to seventh level podium lobbies, and to the thirty-fourth to sixtieth floor.

Figure 2. Site Development Plan

Figure 3. Ground Floor Plan

Figure 4. Tower 1 Low Zone (Typical 11th -14th and 26th 28th Floor Plan)

Figure 5. Tower 1 High Zone (Typical 46th 58th Floor Plan)

Figure 5. Tower 2 Low Zone (Typical 11th-33rd Plan)

Figure 5. Tower 2 High Zone (Typical46th-58th Plan)

STRUCTURE
The location of the towers subjected it to high levels of seismic activity due to the nearby active fault line, and high winds due to typhoon winds. In order to design a safe, cost effective building, the engineers at Ove Arup & Partners came up with an idea that was the first of its kind in buildings. They came up with a revolutionary damping system that was not only cheaper than traditional methods of damping, it is arguably much better as well. This landmark development comprises two towers, each rising 60 floors to 217m high and providing a total of 1,200 units. Arup provided civil and structural engineering services for the project. The firms trademark damped-outrigger system, for which patents have been applied, will help to reduce the motion of the towers in windy weather and will result in construction cost savings. A total of 32 dampers were installed, 16 for each of the twin towers. For buildings of about 40 storeys and more like St. Francis Towers, the dynamic resonance in wind starts to have a significant effect on the design. A buildings dynamic resonance is similar to that of a tuning fork the higher the building, the lower the frequency. Unfortunately the lower the frequency, the more the building is excited or resonated by the wind, which has two effects: The occupants start to feel the movement potentially leading to complaints or even panic and the design loading due to wind needs to be increased.
Figure 7. How overturning moment varies with damping in St Francis Towers Figure 6. Construction of St. Francis Towers

The dynamic response of a tall building is governed by several factors, including shape, stiffness, mass, and the damping. While engineers can predict with reasonable certainty the effect of the first three, it is more difficult to do this for the level of damping. Damping is the degree of energy dissipation that a structure can provide, helping to reduce build-up of the resonant response. It comes from two main sources: intrinsic and supplementary. All buildings have intrinsic damping - from the structural materials, the foundations, the cladding, etc - but it is very difficult to predict as it depends on so many factors. Supplementary damping is added by the engineer and is only currently used in a small minority of buildings. As it is engineered, however, predicting it is much easier. The degree to which damping affects structural loading can be seen in Fig 7, which shows the global overturning load in a 400m high building. By increasing the level of damping from a typical intrinsic level of 1%, it I possible to reduce this overturning load by a factor of three.

Figure 8. Intrinsic Damping of tall Building

Due to the tower's location being close to an active fault in a highly seismic region and also subjected to typhoon winds, the St. Francis Shangri-La Place was the first building in the world to feature a revolutionary damping system designed by international engineering company Ove Arup & Partners. The new system, which minimizes the standard wobble in high-rise buildings, employs the same technology used to strengthen the Millennium Bridge in London. This makes the St. Francis Shangri-La Place one of the safest buildings. The usual methods employed to strengthen buildings are to reinforce it with significant extra structure or to install tuned mass dampers. Both methods are not only expensive, but also make the building stiffer and heavier while consuming valuable space. The Arup solution works by inserting Viscous Dampers into the St. Francis Shangri-La Place to act as energy absorbers and damp out vibrations. Viscous dampers connect deep reinforced concrete outriggers from the central core of each building to the perimeter columns at one level. The added damping so

derived, in excess of 6% of critical controls wind-induced motions, achieving occupant comfort objectives, and reduces the design wind overturning moment by a factor of 1.7. Not only is this a lower-cost solution, it is also more sustainable as it uses less material, and leaves more valuable space inside the building.

Figure 9. Floor Framing Layout

The image above shows a typical floor plan of the towers. The thick black lines and boxes represent the thick concrete core walls and perimeter columns. The towers are technically considered to be of a bearing wall system since a majority of the gravity load is supported by the building core. The lines closer to the perimeter of the building represent shear walls which act as the laterally resisting components of the building. Both the walls increase in size towards the base of the building due to the obvious increase in gravity loads. The floors are a concrete slabon-beam design.

Viscous dampers connect deep reinforced concrete outriggers from the central core of each building to the perimeter columns at one level. The added damping so derived, in excess of 6% of critical controls wind-induced motions, achieving occupant comfort objectives, and reduces the design wind overturning moment by a factor of 1.7. Not only is this a lower-cost solution, it is also more sustainable as it uses less material, and leaves more valuable space inside the building. Reductions in the quantities of concrete and reinforcing steel in the St Francis Towers structure due to the incorporation of the Arup damping system and performance based seismic design saved the building's developer in excess of $5 million in construction cost and more net floor space (through smaller columns and core walls, and no need for space for TMDs).

Figure 10. Concrete Outriggers and Structural Damping System

One of the most interesting features of the towers is their structural damping system. Half-way up each building there is a large concrete mass that seems to be "floating" and not directly attached to the core of the building. This concrete mass spans two floors and has outriggers that connect to the perimeter columns where it is supported. At each outrigger-to-column connection there are two viscous dampers which support the mass, but allow it to move in high wind situations, such as typhoons, and during earthquakes. This movement helped absorb a lot of the energy of the building and dissipates it as heat.

Figure11. Detail of Viscous Damper Connection

As shown in Figure 10, the concrete outriggers and core mass hang from the columns by the viscous connectors. The picture below shows just how massive each one of these connectors is.

Figure12. Installation of Viscous Dampers

Figure13. Dramatic Representation of Wind/Seismic Load Deflection

The diagram on Figure 12 shows a building section while the building is experiencing deflection due to seismic of wind loads. The mass in the middle represents the concrete outriggers and viscous damper connections moving up and down to absorb the energy from the high loads.

Figure 14. Installation of the Dampers

STUCTURAL COMPUTATIONS FOR ST. FRANCIS TOWERS

LOADS
Area of Average Floor Number of Floors Height of Building Average Horizontal Area of Concrete in Core Density of Major Materials 18658.5 SQF/ 1734.06 60/building above ground 5/building underground parking 212.88 m/ 698.9 ft 1300 square feet Steel=490 PCF Concrete=145 PCF Reinforced Concrete=150 PCF Glass=185 PCF

8" thick concrete slabs for each floor, and 12" thick slabs for the parking levels underground.

DEAD LOAD
Floor Weight: (# of floors)x(floor area)x(floor thickness)x(unit weight of reinforced concrete)=(60) x (18658.5 sf) x (0.667 feet) x (150 PCF)= 112,006,975.5 lbs = 112,000,000 lbs Parking Floor Weight: (# of floors)x(floor area)x(floor thickness)x(unit weight of reinforced concrete)=(5) x (18658.5 sf) x (1 ft.) x (150 PCF)= 13,993,875 lbs = 13,900,000 lbs Building Core Weight: (Height of Building) x (Area of Concrete in Core) x (Unit Weight of Concrete)=(698 ft.) x (1300 sf) x (150 PCF) = 136,110,000 lbs = 136,000,000 lbs Vertical Load: (1.5%)x(Floor Area)x(Height of Building)x(Unit Weight of Concrete)=(1.5%) x (18658.5 sf) x (698 ft.) x (150 PCF) = 29,303,174.25 lbs =29,300,000 lbs GLASS LOAD PARTITION LOAD EQUIPMENT LOAD CEILING LOAD TOTAL DEAD LOAD (Glass Area)x(Glass Thickness)x(Unit Weight of Glass) = (381,376.4 sf) x (1 in) x (185 PCF) = 5,879,552.8 lbs = 5,880,000 lbs (Partition Weight per Unit Floor Area)x(Total Floor Area) = (5 PSF) x (1119510 SF) = 5,597,550 lbs = 5,500,000 lbs (Equipment Weight per Unit Floor Area)x(Total Floor Area) = (5 PSF) x (1119510 SF) = 5,597,550 lbs = 5,500,000 lbs (Ceiling Weight per Unit Floor Area)x(Total Floor Area) = (2 PSF) x (1119510 SF) = 2,239,020 lbs = 2,200,000 lbs 310,280,000 lbs

CONCRETE

LOADS
Residential LIVE LOAD (Residential weight per unit floor area)x(Total Floor Area) = (40 PSF) x (1119510 SF) = 44,780,400 lbs = 45,000,000 lbs (Dead Load) + (Live Load) = (310,280,000 lbs) + (45,000,000 lbs) = 355,280,000 lbs (Total Load on Building Foundation)/(Area of Land Coverage) = (355,280,000 lbs)/(18658.5 SF) = 19,041 PSF Design wind speed for Mandaluyong City, Philippines is 124 mph, which equals 28.9 PSF. (horizontal load per square foot) (Elevation Area)x(Horizontal Wind Load per Unit Area) = (13,023,633 SF) x (28.9 PSF) = 376,382,994 PSF = 376,000,000 PSF

LOAD ON FOUNDATION LOAD ON BUILDING FOOTPRINT

Maximum Horizontal Wind Load

The building used a load bearing wall system due to the fact that the central concrete core takes most of the gravity load of the building. The massive loads of this building made the structure of the building massive, causing a need for a very strong, and effective lateral resisting system. Like any high rise design, wind load and seismic loads are a significant factor in how the building will be designed. The typhoon-force winds and the high seismic activity of the area made the design of the structure all that more challenging for the engineers at Arup. Their challenge was to find a way to make the building safe, being able to resist high seismic and wind loads, and also making it cheaper. Their Patent pending viscous damper connection system was what they came up with. They were able to design this system to absorb enough of the energy that they did not have to beef up their members and connections throughout the building. Even after the cost of design and construction of the dampers and concrete outriggers the engineers saved the owner about five million dollars in construction costs. The dead load alone of the building would be enough to cause it to need extremely large concrete foundations. The high lateral loads caused by the seismic activity and wind coupled with the height of the building caused the need for extremely stable foundations that could resist overturning.

ENVIRONMENT
CLIMATE DATA AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE
Average Minimum and Maximum Temperature of Mandaluyong City
Monthly mean minimum and maximum daily temperature.

Indoor and outdoor air temperature can be modified through a combination of passive or active design strategies. Daily average temperatures remain pleasant in Mandaluyong City, Philippines for a good portion of the year, However, temperature is only part of the equation when considering occupancy comfort as relative humidity is also a contributing factor. Average Monthly Precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow) This is the mean monthly precipitation, including rain, snow, hail etc

Average Monthly Hours of Sunshine in the Philippines

The building is mainly composed of glass material on all four facades and thus, it is highly exposed to direct sunlight. This has a major effect on the cooling system, especially regarding the fact that this building falls in a hot climate zone.

The building is mostly cooled through air conditioning and not through natural ventilation. Each of the 1200 units has its own separate air conditioning system. Air conditioning diagram is illustrated below:

Ventilation The arrows below indicate the motion of the air (cool air in blue, and hot air in red). As mentioned before, the building relies mainly on air conditioning, but wen natural ventilation could be used depending on the weather and the prevailing wind, the cool air comes in from one side of the building and then it escapes as warm air from the other side. That happens as a cycle that keeps the indoor air refreshed.

CONSTRUCTION

SHEAR WALL RETROFITTING Installation of Formworks for Beams, Girders & Slab SLAB OF POER TROWEL

STRAIGHT TO FINISH SLAB

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

SPRINKLER

LOBBY

FPS CROSS MAIN

PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

VENT AND POTABLE WATER LINES

RISER

SEWER LINE
DOWNFEED WATER LINE