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TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.

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E CNG TH NGHIEM CHUYEN E CONG NGHE CHE BIEN CH BIN CA PHE CA CAO
I. 1. TONG QUAN VE CA PHE ac iem sinh hoc, hnh thai Tren the gii co rat nhieu loai ca phe nhng ch co 3 loai giong ca phe sau c trong pho bien tren the gii :
- Ca phe che (coffee Arabica): ca phe thuoc cac

giong Coffea arabica Linnaeus.


- Ca phe voi (coffee Robusta): ca phe thuoc cac

giong Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner .


- Ca phe mt (coffee Liberica): ca phe thuoc cac giong

Coffea liberica Hiern Hnh thai va cau tao cua qua ca phe: Qua ca phe gom nhng phan sau: lp vo qua, lp nht, lp vo trau, lp vo lua, nhan .
- Lp vo qua: la lp vo ngoai, mem, ngoai b co

mau o, vo ca phe che mem hn ca phe voi va ca phe mt.


- Lp vo tht: di lp vo mong la lp vo tht

goi la trung b.Vo tht ca phe che mem, cha nhieu chat ngot, de xay xat hn . Vo tht ca phe mt cng va day hn.
- Vo trau: hat ca phe sau khi loai bo cac chat

nhn va phi kho goi la ca phe thoc, v bao boc nhan la mot lp vo cng nhieu chat x mem goi la vo trau tc la noi b. Vo trau ca phe che mong hn va de ap hn la vo trau cua ca phe voi va ca phe mt.
- Vo lua: bao boc quanh nhan ca phe con mot lp

mong, mem goi la vo lua, chung co mau sac khac nhau tuy theo tng loai ca phe. Vo lua ca phe che co mau trang bac rat mong va de bong
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TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

ra khoi hat trong qua trnh che bien. Vo lua ca phe voi mau nau nhat. Vo lua ca phe mt mau vang nhat bam sat vao nhan ca phe.
- Nhan ca phe: trong cung. Lp te bao phan

ngoai cua nhan cng, co nhng te bao nho, trong co cha nhng chat dau. Pha trong co nhng te bao ln va mem hn. Mot qua ca phe thng co t 1, 2 hoac 3 nhan. Thong thng ch co 2 nhan. Bang 1: Ty le thanh phan cau tao cua qua ca phe(% khoi lng chat kho) Cac loai vo Ca va nhan -Vo qua -Lp nht -Vo trau -Nhan va vo lua 2. Thanh phan hoa hoc a. Vo qua Vo qua khi chn co mau o, la chat antoxian, trong o co vet cua alcaloid, tanin, cafein, va cac loai enzim. Trong vo qua co t 21,5-30% chat kho. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua vo qua c xac nh nh sau: Bang2: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua vo qua (% so vi khoi lng chat kho vo qua) Thanh phan -Protein -Chat beo -Cellulose -Tro Ca che 9,2-11,2% 1,73% 13,16% 3,22% phe che 43-45% 20-23% 6,0-7,5% 26-30% phe

TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

-Hp -Cafein b. Vo tht

chat

khong 66,16% 0.58%

cha nit

Pha di vo qua la lp nht, no gom nhng te bao mem khong co cafein, tanin, nhng co nhieu ng va pectin . Bang3:Thanh phan hoa hoc cua lp nht (% so vi khoi lng kho cua lp nht). Thanh phan -Pectin -ng kh -ng kh -Cellulose va tro o pH cua lp tht phu thuoc vao o chn cua qua, thng t 5.6-5.7, oi khi len en 6.4. Trong lp nht co enzim pectinase phan giai pectin trong qua trnh len men . c. Vo trau Vo trau cha cellulose la chu yeu. Sau ay la thanh phan hoa hoc cua vo trau ca phe: Bang 4: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua vo trau ca phe a len men sau 40 gi va ra sach (% so vi khoi lng chat kho vo trau) Thanh phan -Hp dau -Protein -Cellulose -Hemicellulose chat Ca phe che co 0.35% 1,46% 61,8% 11,6% 0,96% khong Ca phe che 33% 30% 20% 17%

TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

-Tro -ng -Pentosan

27,0% 0,20%

Trong vo trau co mot t cafein, khoang 0,4% do t nhan khuech tan ra luc len men hoac luc phi kho. Vo trau dung lam chat ot, de chay, co the ong thanh banh khong can chat dnh bang cac loai ep than, ep mun ca. Nhan ca phe. Trong nhan ca phe nc chiem 10-12%, protein chiem 911%, lipit chiem 10-13%, cac loai ng chiem 5-10%, tinh bot chiem 3-5%. Ngoai ra trong nhan con cha cac chat thm, cac alkaloid. Thanh phan hoa hoc trong nhan ca phe bien oi phu thuoc vao chung loai, o chn, ieu kien canh tac, phng phap che bien va bao quan. o Nc Trong nhan ca phe a say kho , nc con lai 10-12% dang lien ket. Khi ham lng nc cao, cac loai nam moc phat trien manh lam hong hat. Mat khac, ham lng nc cao se lam tang the tch bao quan kho, kho khan trong qua trnh rang , ton nhieu nhien lieu va nhat la lam ton that hng ca phe. Ham lng nc trong ca phe sau khi rang con 2,7%. o Chat khoang Ham lng chat khoang trong ca phe khoang 3-5%, chu yeu la kali, nit magie, photpho, clo. Ngoai ra con thay nhom, sat, ong, iod, lu huynhNhng chat nay anh hng khong tot en mui v ca phe. Chat lng ca phe cao khi ham lng chat khoang cang thap va ngc lai.
o

Glucid Chiem khoang tong so chat kho, ai bo phan

khong tham gia vao thanh phan nc uong ma ch cho

TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

mau va v caramen. ng co trong ca phe do trong qua trnh thuy phan di tac dung cua axit hu c va enzim thuy phan. Ham lng saccharose co trong ca phe phu thuoc vao mc o chn: qua cang chn th ham lng saccharose cang cao. Saccharose b caramen hoa trong qua trnh rang nen se tao hng v cho nc ca phe. Hat ca phe con cha nhieu polysaccarit nhng phan ln b loai ra ngoai ba ca phe sau qua trnh trch ly.
o

Protein Ham lng protein trong ca phe khong cao nhng no

ong vai tro quan trong trong viec hnh thanh hng v cua san pham. Bang phng phap thuy phan, ngi ta thay trong thanh phan protein cua ca phe co nhng axit amin sau: cysteine, alanine, phenylalanine, histidine, leucine, lysine, serine . Cac axit amin nay t thay trang thai t do, chung thng dang lien ket. Khi gia nhiet, cac mach polypeptit b phan cat, cac axt amin c giai phong ra tac dung vi nhau hoac tac dung vi nhng chat tao mui va v cho ca phe rang. Trong so cac axit amin ke tren ang chu y nhat la nhng axt amin co cha lu huynh nh cystein, methionine va proline, chung gop phan tao nen hng ac trng cua ca phe sau khi rang. ac biet, methionine va proline co tac dung lam giam toc o oxi hoa cac chat thm, lam cho ca phe rang gi c mui v khi bao quan. Trong qua trnh che bien ch co mot phan protein b phan giai thanh axit amin, con phan ln b bien thanh hp chat khong tan. o Lipid Hat ca phe cha lng ca phe kha ln (10-13%). Lipid trong ca phe gom chu yeu dau va sap. Trong o sap chiem 7-8% tong lng lipid, con dau chiem 90%. Trong qua trnh che bien, lipid b bien oi, song mot phan axit beo tham gia phan ng di tac dung cua nhiet o cao tao nen hng thm cho san pham, lng lipid khong b bien oi la dung moi tot hoa tan cac chat thm. Khi pha

TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

ca phe th ch mot lng nho lipid i vao nc con phan ln lu lai tren ba.
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Cac alcaloid Trong ca phe co cac alcaloid nh cafein, trigonulin, colin.

Trong o quan trong va c nghien cu nhieu hn ca la cafein va trigonulin. Cafein chiem t 1-3% phu thuoc vao chung loai, ieu kien kh hau, ieu kien canh tac. Ham lng cafein thap hn trong che nhng no kch thch he than kinh vi thi gian dai hn v khi uong ca phe toc o lu thong cua mau khong tang len nen cafein thai ra ngoai cham, mat khac khi pha ca phe trong nc, cafein c giai phong hoan toan trang thai t do, khong hnh thanh nhng chat co kha nang ket tua hoac nhng chat khong co hoat tnh cua ancaloit. Trigonellin (acid metyl betanicotic: C7H7NO2) la ancaloit khong co hoat tnh sinh ly , t tan trong ru etylic, khong ta trong clorofoc va ete, tan nhieu trong nc nong, nhiet o nong chay la 218oC. Tnh chat ang quy cua trigonellin la di tac dung cua nhiet o cao no b thuy phan tao thanh acid nicotic ( tien vitamin PP). Nhieu ket qua nghien cu cho thay trong ca phe nhan khong co acid nicotic nhng no c hnh thanh trong qua trnh gia nhiet trong o s nhiet phan trigonellin gi v tr quan trong. o Chat thm Trong ca phe ham lng chat thm nho, no c hnh thanh va tch luy trong hat. S tch luy chu nhieu yeu to nh at ai, kh hau va nhat la chung loai ca phe. Mat khac no c hnh thanh trong qua trnh che bien , ac biet trong qua trnh rang. Chat thm bao gom nhieu cau t khac nhau: acid, aldehid, ceton, ru, phnol, este. Trong qua trnh rang, cac chat thm thoat ra ban au co mui hac sau chuyen thanh mui thm. Cac chat thm cua ca phe de b

TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

bay hi, bien oi va dan en hien tng ca phe b mat mui thm nen can ng trong bao b kn va tieu thu nhanh. Bang 5: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca phe hat Thanh hoa hoc Nc Chat beo am Protein Cafein Axit clorogenic Trigonenlin Tamin Axit cafetanic Axit caferic Pantosan Tinh bot Dextrin ng Cellulose Hemicellulose Linhin Tro Trong o co:Ca P Fe Na Mn Rb, Cu, F phan Tnh g/100g 8-12 4-18 1.8-2.5 9-16 0.8-2 2-8 1-3 2 8-9 1 5 5 -23 0.85 5 -10 10 -20 20 4 2.5 - 4.5 85 -100 130 -150 3 -10 4 1 - 45 vet bang Tnh mg/100g bang

TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

Ca phe nhan

Lam sach

Tap chat

II. CONG NGHE SAN XUAT CA PHE HOA TAN 1. S o quy trnh cong nghe
Xay

Rang

N c

Trch ly

Ly tam

Ca n

Phu gia

Co ac

N c

Say phun

Bao goi

Ca phe8hoa tan

TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

2.

Thuyet minh quy trnh cong nghe Qua trnh rang Rang la cong oan x ly nhiet cho hat ca phe tai nhiet o cao t 190oC en 240oC nham at c cac bien oi mong muon ve mau sac va hng v. Trong thi ky au cua cong oan rang, nhiet o rang ln hn 100 oC. Nhiet o lam boc hi nc co trong hat t 12% xuong con khoang 2%. Khi nhiet o at en 50oC th co mot lng chat kh san sinh ra (cacbondioxit, cacbonmonooxit, hi nc). Hat ca phe tr nen gion, trng n 40%-100% the tch de xay xat thanh boo1 . Co the cho them b vao cuoi cong oan rang nham gi lai cac hng tao ra trong qua trnh rang. Sau qua trnh rang, lam nguoi bang nc thng. Trong khoang nhiet o 180-200 oC, hat bat au c rang nt va mui hng tao ra. Thong thng ca phe rang nhiet o 180-240 oC trong vong 15-25 phut th ton that ve khoi lng khi rang la 16-18%. Nhng bien oi trong qua trnh rang dien ra nh sau: - Ngoai s mat nc , cong oan rang san sinh ra cac chat kh chu yeu la kh cacbondioxit va s phat trien cua hng v ma chung se hoa tan trong khi pha che.

TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

- Cac chat bay hi b mat mat mot so (co the xem trong bang nhng thay oi cua hng ca phe). - Cac chat ng trong hat ca phe b caramel hoa mot phan. - Protein b phan huy mot phan hay toan phan do nhiet, ham lng cafein cung b bien oi. - Thanh phan trong hat ca phe rang phu thuoc vao giong, phng phap che bien va cng o rang. - Trong qua trnh rang, trigoneline se mat i mot lng ln tao thanh cac san pham gom Nicotinic(niacin), nicotiamide va cac chat thm bay hi nh la pyridine va pyrol. Co ba phng phap rang ca phe nh sau: - Gia nhiet trc tiep: ap dung t lau i. - Gia nhiet gian tiep. - Gia nhiet theo nguyen ly tang soi. Xay ca phe Sau khi phat trien c mui hng trong qua trnh rang, cong oan tiep theo la nghien. Muc nh qua trnh nghien la giup cho cac chat trong ca phe de dang i vao dung moi khi tien hanh trch ly. Cong oan nghien nham tao ra be mat tiep xuc cua cac phan t ln hn, e de dang giai phong CO2 va e hap thu nc nong. Qua trnh trch ly Qua trnh trch ly la cong oan quan trong nhat trong san xuat ca phe hoa tan. Yeu cau cua viec trch ly: phai thu hoi cho c toan bo chat tan vi thi gian trch ly va lng dung moi dung t nhat. Ca phe nghien xong se c trch ly bang nc nong 90oC. Co the trch ly lien tuc (cung chieu hoac ngc chieu) hoac gian oan. Ngoai ra, ngi ta con co the dung phng phap trch ly bang sieu am. Phng phap nay co the lay het toan bo chat hoa tan mot cach lien tuc, nhanh vi nc lanh. u viet na la gi c chat boc hi at hng v tot nhat. Tuy nhien, phng phap nay kha phc tap, phai thuy phan
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TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

bot ca phe roi trung hoa, cong vi viec hoa nghiem xac nh chat lng cua dung dch chat hoa tan rat phc tap. Lang trong dung dch Phng phap ly tam th tot nhng thiet b hien ai, gia thanh at. Cho nen, ngi ta thng dung loc khung ban ep tuy co nhieu ong tac nhng kinh te hn. Qua trnh co ac Trc khi lam kho triet e th bc phu trc la can co ac e tang them nong o chat tan trong dch, e thi gian say tiep theo cang nhanh, gi c mui hng cua ca phe. Thng co ac trong noi chan khong nhiet o thap. Cung co the mang dch a loc lam lanh triet e trc khi say bang nit long e khi say am boc hi nhanh. Phng phap nay cho phep gi c hng ca phe tot nhat. Qua trnh say Muc ch cua qua trnh say la thu hoi lng chat kho hoa tan trong dch trch cua ca phe di dang bot. Co nhieu phng phap say khac nhau c s dung trong san xuat ca phe hoa tan: Say phun Thng dung nhat hien nay. Phng phap say phun la dch ca phe phun thanh dang sng va c lam kho bang luong khong kh nong. Dch ca phe c phun thanh nhng hat bui rat nho va c lam kho trong buong say bi s tiep xuc vi khong kh nong co nhiet o vao la 180-250
o

C. nhiet o, nay hat bui c say kho ngay lap tc va

ri xuong, c thu hoi trong mot cyclon ay thiet b, va bot c lay ra ngoai lien tuc. Mac du dch ca phe c say trong buong co nhiet o 180-250oC nhng ca phe ch nong ti 70-80 oC la kho ngay trong thi gian rat nga. Do o thanh phan va chat lng cua ca phe hau nh khong oi, v vay tnh hoa tan cua no rat cao cung nh la gi c cac chat tao hng, v (la nhng chat de bay hi). Say chan khong
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TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

Dch ac ca phe a en buong boc hi chan khong nhiet o thap. Dung dch c dan mong tren cac truc ln co hi nong i trong truc. Bot kho thanh nhng mang mong quanh ong co bo phan c gii cao ra roi tan nho, ray. Bot say theo kieu nay hoa tan c nhanh, tot. Say thang hoa a dung dch ac ca phe vao lam lanh ong tao thanh dang ran, sau o dung tia hong ngoai e gia nhiet nhanh trong ieu kien chan khong. Nc t the ran boc hi nhanh (thang hoa), ca phe con lai dang bot. Bot ca phe thu c thu c de tan, gi c hng v, chat lng tot nhat. ong goi va bao quan Bot hoa tan thu c mang lam nguoi, ong goi trong phong chan khong v bot hoa tan rat de hut am. Bot can ong trong lo thuy tinh mau, hop bang kim loai khong g chong am gan tuyet oi, tui nha ngoai co vo kim loai mong. Hien nay, e tang hng v ca phe ngi ta co them thiet b thu hng trong quy trnh san xuat. Thng thiet b nay thu hng tao ra trong qua trnh rang. Hng c gi bi CO2 long (CO2 khong pha huy hng va no rat de nha hng ra khi can thiet). Sau o, hng c tam vao ca phe thu c sau khi say phun va em i bao goi ngay. III. NOI DUNG TH NGHIEM. 1. Muc ch Muc ch cua bai th nghiem la th san xuat ca phe hoa tan co bo sung bot au nanh theo phng phap say phun, khao sat mc o a thch cua ngi s dung oi vi san pham ca phe hoa tan (sau khi tron vi coffee mate).
2.

Noi dung cu the: - Khao sat ty le bot au nanh rang bo sung vao ca phe rang theo ty le (khoi lng) 10%, 20%, 25% (them mau oi chng).
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TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15 - Khao sat kha nang trch ly ca phe hoa tan 90oC

theo cac ty le nc : ca phe la 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, 1:25, 1:30. - Khao sat mc o a thch cua ngi s dung oi vi ca phe hoa tan theo ty le bot ca phe lan lt la 5%, 10%, 15%. Ca phe
nhan

S o che bien ca phe hoa tan thc hien tai PTN


Nghien au nanh

Tron

Nghien

Trch ly

Thi gian: 60 phut Nhiet o: 95oC Ty le dung moi:c chat: 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, 1:25

Ly tam loc

Co ac

Nhiet o: 50oC o chan khong: 0.95 bar

Say phun

Nhiet o kh vao: 220oC Ap suat kh nen: 4bar. ng xay

Phoi tron Coffee mate Bao goi

Ca phe hoa tan

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TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

3.

Yeu cau nguyen lieu, hoa chat va thiet b a. Nguyen lieu Do ieu kien thi gian th nghiem, chung toi khong thc hien cong oan rang ca phe ma s dung dung ca phe nhan a rang san ang co tren th trng. Nguyen lieu chung toi e ngh nh sau: Ca phe nhan a rang san: 4 kg. au nanh kho: 2kg. Coffee mate: 3.5kg. B: 500g. ng: 2 kg.

b. Dung cu: - Erlen 500: 10 cai. - Erlen 250: 10 cai. - Chao rang: 1 cai (rang au nanh). - Bep ien: hai cai (co ac). - May nghien ca phe nhan. - Can ong ho. - Can ky thuat (can nguyen lieu). - Nhiet ke 100oC: 5 cai. - May ly tam (thc hien lang trong). - Bm chan khong: co ac chan khong. - Be ieu nhiet: gi nhiet e co chan khong va trch ly. - Thiet b say phun: thu hoi bot ca phe. - May ong goi chan khong: ong goi. - May say hong ngoai (o o am va ham lng chat kho). - May ray: xac nh kch thc hat sau say phun.
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TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15

- May ly tam sieu toc: xac nh kha nang hoa tan. - May o o nht: xac nh o nht ca phe hoa tan. - pH ke: o pH dch ca phe hoa tan - Bo ly tach th cam quan. - Tui nylon: cha san pham. 4. Cong viec thc hien
- Ngay th I: tien hanh khao sat dch trch ca phe

vi lng au nanh va ty le dung moi khac nhau nh a trnh bay. Tien hanh trch ly che o c xac nh la tot nhat trong cac che o a khao sat e chuan b cho cong oan say phun.
- Ngay th II: Tien hanh say phu thu hoi san pham,

kiem tra mot so tnh chat hoa ly cua san pham nh: o am, kha nang hoa tan, kch thc hat.
- Cam quan: Xac nh mc o a thch cua ngi

tieu dung da tren phng phap cho iem. (Neu co san hoi ong anh gia, chung toi se tien hanh anh gia chat lng cam quan cua cac san pham tren c s anh gia cua cac chuyen gia o). Moi
ngi se c th lan lt cac mau, sau o tien hanh cho iem cac yeu to theo thang t 1 en 9. Tren c s o, se s dung cac phng phap phan tch thong ke e chon ra san pham phu hp vi th hieu ngi s dung nhat.

Phieu anh gia chat lng cam quan cua san pham ca phe hoa tan

H v tn:.................. Mu:.......................... Ngy:.

1. Mc a thch v trng thi:

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TN CHUYEN E CA PHE, CA CAO CAO HOC CNTP K.15


Cc k khng thch 1 2. Mc a thch v mi Cc k khng thch 1 3. Mc a thch v v: Cc k khng thch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 cc k thch 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 cc k thch 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 cc k thch

4.Mc a thch v hng: Cc k khng thch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 cc k thch

5. Mc a thch v mu sc: Cc k khng thch 1 6. Mc a thch chung: Cc k khng thch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 cc k thch 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 cc k thch

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO


[1]. Hoang Minh Trang- Ky thuat che bien ca phe- NXB Nong nghiep- Ha Noi- 1983 . [2].PGS Tran Minh Tam- Cac qua trnh cong nghe trong che bien nong san thc pham- NXB Nong nghiep- 1998 . [3]. Bo noi thng trng H Thng nghiep- Thng pham hoc hang thc pham, tap1- NXB Ha Noi- 1981 . [4]. Nguyen Th Tung Lan- Khao sat quy trnh san xuat ca phe hoa tan va xac nh cac thong so c ban cho thiet b say phunLuan van tot nghiep trng H nong lam- 2001-NHD : Nguyen Knh . [5]. Michael Sivetz , M.S- Coffee processing technology- the Avi publishing company, Inc- 1963 .

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