20 CHUYEN DE BD TOAN 8 - Chon PDF

Trung tm ton Olympic ISI Trn Thin 0913.
430999
Chuyn bi dng Hc sinh gii lp 8 1

20 chuyn bi dng
HC SINH GiI TON 8

1. PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T
2. TNH CHIA HET OI VI A THC
3. CC BI TON V S CHIA HT CA S NGUYN
4. PHNG TRNH NGHIEM NGUYEN
5. CAC BAI TOAN VE BIEU THC HU T
6. CAC BAI TOAN VE BIEU THC (TIEP)
7. PHNG TRNH BAC CAO
8. TM GIA TR LN NHAT, NHO NHAT CUA MOT BIEU THC
9. BAT ANG THC

10. HON V, T HP
11. LU THA BC N CA MT NH THC
12. CH SO TAN CUNG
13. SO CHNH PHNG
14. ONG D

15. CAC BAI TOAN VE TAM GIAC ONG DANG
16. VE NG THANG SONG SONG E TAO THANH CAC CAP
OAN THANG TY LE
17. CAC BAI TOAN VE NH L TA-LET
18. CAC BAI TOAN S DUNG NH L TALET VA TNH CHAT
NG PHAN GIAC
19. S DUNG CONG THC DIEN TCH E THIET LAP QUAN
HE O DAI CUA CAC OAN THANG
20. BO E HNH THANG VA CHUM NG THANG ONG QUY

Trung tm ton Olympic ISI Trn Thin 0913.430999
CHUYN
PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T
I. TCH MT HNG T THNH NHIU HNG T:
nh l b sung:
+ a thc f(x) c nghim hu t th c dng p/q trong p l c ca h s t do, q l c dng ca h
s cao nht
+ Nu f(x) c tng cc h s bng 0 th f(x) c mt nhn t l x 1
+ Nu f(x) c tng cc h s ca cc hng t bc chn bng tng cc h s ca cc hng t bc l th f(x)
c mt nhn t l x + 1
+ Nu a l nghim nguyn ca f(x) v f(1); f(- 1) khc 0 th
f(1)
a - 1
v
f(-1)
a + 1
u l s nguyn. nhanh
chng loi tr nghim l c ca h s t do
1. V d 1: 3x
2
8x + 4
Cch 1: Tch hng t th 2
3x
2
8x + 4 = 3x
2
6x 2x + 4 = 3x(x 2) 2(x 2) = (x 2)(3x 2)
Cch 2: Tch hng t th nht:
3x
2
8x + 4 = (4x
2
8x + 4) - x
2
= (2x 2)
2
x
2
= (2x 2 + x)(2x 2 x)
= (x 2)(3x 2)
V d 2: x
3
x
2
- 4
Ta nhn thy nghim ca f(x) nu c th x = 1; 2; 4 , ch c f(2) = 0 nn x = 2 l nghim ca f(x) nn
f(x) c mt nhn t l x 2. Do ta tch f(x) thnh cc nhm c xut hin mt nhn t l x 2
Cch 1:
x
3
x
2
4 =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2
2 2 2 4 2 ( 2) 2( 2) x x x x x x x x x x + + = + + = ( )( )
2
2 2 x x x + +
Cch 2:
( ) ( )
3 2 3 2 3 2 2
4 8 4 8 4 ( 2)( 2 4) ( 2)( 2) x x x x x x x x x x x = + = = + + +
= ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 4 ( 2) ( 2)( 2) x x x x x x x
(
+ + + = + +

V d 3: f(x) = 3x
3
7x
2
+ 17x 5
Nhn xt: 1, 5 khng l nghim ca f(x), nh vy f(x) khng c nghim nguyn. Nn f(x) nu c
nghim th l nghim hu t
Ta nhn thy x =
1
3
l nghim ca f(x) do f(x) c mt nhn t l 3x 1. Nn
f(x) = 3x
3
7x
2
+ 17x 5 =
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 3 2 2
3 6 2 15 5 3 6 2 15 5 x x x x x x x x x x + + = +
=
2 2
(3 1) 2 (3 1) 5(3 1) (3 1)( 2 5) x x x x x x x x + = +
V
2 2 2
2 5 ( 2 1) 4 ( 1) 4 0 x x x x x + = + + = + > vi mi x nn khng phn tch c thnh
nhn t na
V d 4: x
3
+ 5x
2
+ 8x + 4
Nhn xt: Tng cc h s ca cc hng t bc chn bng tng cc h s ca cc hng t bc l nn a
thc c mt nhn t l x + 1
x
3
+ 5x
2
+ 8x + 4 = (x
3
+ x
2
) + (4x
2
+ 4x) + (4x + 4) = x
2
(x + 1) + 4x(x + 1) + 4(x + 1)
= (x + 1)(x
2
+ 4x + 4) = (x + 1)(x + 2)
2

V d 5: f(x) = x
5
2x
4
+ 3x
3
4x
2
+ 2
Tng cc h s bng 0 th nn a thc c mt nhn t l x 1, chia f(x) cho (x 1) ta c:
x
5
2x
4
+ 3x
3
4x
2
+ 2 = (x 1)(x
4
- x
3
+ 2

x
2
- 2

x

- 2)
V x
4
- x
3
+ 2

x
2
- 2

x

- 2 khng c nghim nguyn cng khng c nghim hu t nn khng phn tch
c na
V d 6: x
4
+ 1997x
2
+ 1996x + 1997 = (x
4
+ x
2
+ 1) + (1996x
2
+ 1996x + 1996)
= (x
2
+ x + 1)(x
2
- x + 1) + 1996(x
2
+ x + 1)
= (x
2
+ x + 1)(x
2
- x + 1 + 1996) = (x
2
+ x + 1)(x
2
- x + 1997)
V d 7: x
2
- x - 2001.2002 = x
2
- x - 2001.(2001 + 1)
= x
2
- x 2001
2
- 2001 = (x
2
2001
2
) (x + 2001) = (x + 2001)(x 2002)

II. THM , BT CNG MT HNG T:
1. Thm, bt cng mt s hng t xut hin hiu hai bnh phng:
V d 1: 4x
4
+ 81 = 4x
4
+ 36x
2
+ 81 - 36x
2
= (2x
2
+ 9)
2
36x
2

= (2x
2
+ 9)
2
(6x)
2
= (2x
2
+ 9 + 6x)(2x
2
+ 9 6x)
= (2x
2
+ 6x + 9 )(2x
2
6x + 9)
V d 2: x
8
+ 98x
4
+ 1 = (x
8
+ 2x
4
+ 1 ) + 96x
4

= (x
4
+ 1)
2
+ 16x
2
(x
4
+ 1) + 64x
4
- 16x
2
(x
4
+ 1) + 32x
4

= (x
4
+ 1 + 8x
2
)
2
16x
2
(x
4
+ 1 2x
2
) = (x
4
+ 8x
2
+ 1)
2
- 16x
2
(x
2
1)
2

= (x
4
+ 8x
2
+ 1)
2
- (4x
3
4x )
2

= (x
4
+ 4x
3
+ 8x
2
4x + 1)(x
4
- 4x
3
+ 8x
2
+ 4x + 1)
2. Thm, bt cng mt s hng t xut hin nhn t chung
V d 1: x
7
+ x
2
+ 1 = (x
7
x) + (x
2
+ x + 1 ) = x(x
6
1) + (x
2
+ x + 1 )
= x(x
3

- 1)(x
3
+ 1) + (x
2
+ x + 1 ) = x(x 1)(x
2
+ x + 1 ) (x
3
+ 1) + (x
2
+ x + 1)
= (x
2
+ x + 1)[x(x 1)(x
3
+ 1) + 1] = (x
2
+ x + 1)(x
5
x
4
+

x
2
- x + 1)
V d 2: x
7
+ x
5
+ 1 = (x
7
x ) + (x
5
x
2
) + (x
2

+ x + 1)
= x(x
3
1)(x
3
+ 1) + x
2
(x
3
1) + (x
2

+ x + 1)
= (x
2

+ x + 1)(x 1)(x
4
+ x) + x
2
(x 1)(x
2

+ x + 1) + (x
2

+ x + 1)
= (x
2

+ x + 1)[(x
5
x
4
+ x
2
x) + (x
3
x
2
) + 1] = (x
2

+ x + 1)(x
5
x
4
+ x
3
x + 1)
Ghi nh:
Cc a thc c dng x
3m + 1
+ x
3n + 2
+ 1 nh: x
7
+ x
2
+ 1 ; x
7
+ x
5
+ 1 ; x
8
+ x
4
+ 1 ;
x
5
+ x + 1 ; x
8
+ x + 1 ; u c nhn t chung l x
2
+ x + 1

III. T BIN PH:
V d 1: x(x + 4)(x + 6)(x + 10) + 128 = [x(x + 10)][(x + 4)(x + 6)] + 128
= (x
2
+ 10x) + (x
2
+ 10x + 24) + 128
t x
2
+ 10x + 12 = y, a thc c dng
(y 12)(y + 12) + 128 = y
2
144 + 128 = y
2
16 = (y + 4)(y 4)
= ( x
2
+ 10x + 8 )(x
2
+ 10x + 16 ) = (x + 2)(x + 8)( x
2
+ 10x + 8 )
V d 2: A = x
4
+ 6x
3
+ 7x
2
6x + 1
Gi s x = 0 ta vit
x
4
+ 6x
3
+ 7x
2
6x + 1 = x
2
( x
2
+ 6x + 7
2
6 1
+
x x
) = x
2
[(x
2
+
2
1
x
) + 6(x -
1
x
) + 7 ]
t x -
1
x
= y th x
2
+
2
1
x
= y
2
+ 2, do
A = x
2
(y
2
+ 2 + 6y + 7) = x
2
(y + 3)
2
= (xy + 3x)
2

= [x(x -
1
x
)
2
+ 3x]
2
= (x
2
+ 3x 1)
2

Ch : V d trn c th gii bng cch p dng hng ng thc nh sau:
A = x
4
+ 6x
3
+ 7x
2
6x + 1 = x
4
+ (6x
3
2x
2
) + (9x
2
6x + 1 )
= x
4
+ 2x
2
(3x 1) + (3x 1)
2
= (x
2
+ 3x 1)
2

V d 3: A =
2 2 2 2 2
( )( ) ( +zx) x y z x y z xy yz + + + + + +
=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) 2( +zx) ( ) ( +zx) x y z xy yz x y z xy yz ( + + + + + + + +

t
2 2 2
x y z + + = a, xy + yz + zx = b ta c
A = a(a + 2b) + b
2
= a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
= (a + b)
2
= (
2 2 2
x y z + + + xy + yz + zx)
2

V d 4: B =
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
2( ) ( ) 2( )( ) ( ) x y z x y z x y z x y z x y z + + + + + + + + + + +
t x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
= a, x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= b, x + y + z = c ta c:
B = 2a b
2
2bc
2
+ c
4
= 2a 2b
2
+ b
2
- 2bc
2
+ c
4
= 2(a b
2
) + (b c
2
)
2

Ta li c: a b
2
= - 2(
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y y z z x + + ) v b c
2
= - 2(xy + yz + zx) Do ;
B = - 4(
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y y z z x + + ) + 4 (xy + yz + zx)
2

=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 ( ) x y y z z x x y y z z x x yz xy z xyz xyz x y z + + + + + + = + +
V d 5:
3 3 3 3
( ) 4( ) 12 a b c a b c abc + + + +
t a + b = m, a b = n th 4ab = m
2
n
2

a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)[(a b)
2
+ ab] = m(n
2
+
2 2
m - n
4
). Ta c:
C = (m + c)
3
4.
3 2
3 2 2
m + 3mn
4c 3c(m - n )
4
= 3( - c
3
+mc
2
mn
2
+ cn
2
)
= 3[c
2
(m - c) - n
2
(m - c)] = 3(m - c)(c - n)(c + n) = 3(a + b - c)(c + a - b)(c - a + b)

IV. PHNG PHP H S BT NH:
V d 1: x
4
- 6x
3
+ 12x
2
- 14x + 3
Nhn xt: cc s 1, 3 khng l nghim ca a thc, a thc khng c nghim nguyn cng khng c
nghim hu t
Nh vy nu a thc phn tch c thnh nhn t th phi c dng
(x
2
+ ax + b)(x
2
+ cx + d) = x
4
+ (a + c)x
3
+ (ac + b + d)x
2
+ (ad + bc)x + bd
ng nht a thc ny vi a thc cho ta c:
6
12
14
3
a c
ac b d
ad bc
bd
+ =
+ + =
+ =

Xt bd = 3 vi b, d e Z, b e { } 1, 3 vi b = 3 th d = 1 h iu kin trn tr thnh
6
8 2 8 4
3 14 8 2
3
a c
ac c c
a c ac a
bd
+ =
= = =

+ = = =

Vy: x
4
- 6x
3
+ 12x
2
- 14x + 3 = (x
2
- 2x + 3)(x
2
- 4x + 1)
V d 2: 2x
4
- 3x
3
- 7x
2
+ 6x + 8
Nhn xt: a thc c 1 nghim l x = 2 nn c tha s l x - 2 do ta c:
2x
4
- 3x
3
- 7x
2
+ 6x + 8 = (x - 2)(2x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c)
= 2x
4
+ (a - 4)x
3
+ (b - 2a)x
2
+ (c - 2b)x - 2c
4 3
1
2 7
5
2 6
4
2 8
a
a
b a
b
c b
c
c
=
=
=

=

=

=

Suy ra: 2x
4
- 3x
3
- 7x
2
+ 6x + 8 = (x - 2)(2x
3
+ x
2
- 5x - 4)
Ta li c 2x
3
+ x
2
- 5x - 4 l a thc c tng h s ca cc hng t bc l v bc chn bng nahu nn c 1
nhn t l x + 1 nn 2x
3
+ x
2
- 5x - 4 = (x + 1)(2x
2

- x - 4)
Vy: 2x
4
- 3x
3
- 7x
2
+ 6x + 8 = (x - 2)(x + 1)(2x
2

- x - 4)
V d 3:
12x
2
+ 5x - 12y
2
+ 12y - 10xy - 3 = (a x + by + 3)(cx + dy - 1)
= acx
2

+ (3c - a)x + bdy
2
+ (3d - b)y + (bc + ad)xy 3
12
4
10
3
3 5
6
12
2
3 12
ac
a
bc ad
c
c a
b
bd
d
d b
=
=
+ =

=

=

=

=

=

12x
2
+ 5x - 12y
2
+ 12y - 10xy - 3 = (4 x - 6y + 3)(3x + 2y - 1)

BI TP:

Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:

CHUYN 2 - S LC V CHNH HP,

1) x
3
- 7x + 6
2) x
3
- 9x
2
+ 6x + 16
3) x
3
- 6x
2
- x + 30
4) 2x
3
- x
2
+ 5x + 3
5) 27x
3
- 27x
2
+ 18x - 4
6) x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
- x - y - 12
7) (x + 2)(x +3)(x + 4)(x + 5) - 24
8) 4x
4
- 32x
2
+ 1
9) 3(x
4
+ x
2
+ 1) - (x
2
+ x + 1)
2

10) 64x
4
+ y
4

11) a
6
+ a
4
+ a
2
b
2
+ b
4
- b
6

12) x
3
+ 3xy + y
3
- 1
13) 4x
4
+ 4x
3
+ 5x
2
+ 2x + 1
14) x
8
+ x + 1
15) x
8
+ 3x
4
+ 4
16) 3x
2
+ 22xy + 11x + 37y + 7y
2
+10
17) x
4
- 8x + 63
CHUYEN E 2
TNH CHIA HET OI VI A THC

A. Da ng 1: Tm d cu a phep chia ma kho ng th c hie n phep chia
1. a th c chia co da ng x a (a la ha ng)
a) nh l Bdu (Bezout, 1730 1783):
So d trong phep chia a th c f(x) cho nh th c x a bang gia tr cu a f(x) ta i x = a
Ta co : f(x) = (x a). Q(x) + r
a ng th c u ng v i mo i x ne n v i x = a, ta co
f(a) = 0.Q(a) + r hay f(a) = r
Ta suy ra: f(x) chia he t cho x a f(a) = 0
b) f(x) co tong cac he so ba ng 0 th chia he t cho x 1
c) f(x) co to ng ca c he so cua hang t ba c chan bang tong ca c he so cu a ca c hang t ba c le th chia he t
cho x + 1
V du : Khong la m phe p chia, hay xe t xem A = x
3
9x
2
+ 6x + 16 chia he t cho B = x + 1, C = x 3
kho ng
Ke t qua : A chia he t cho B, khong chia he t cho C
2. a th c chia co ba c hai tr le n
Ca ch 1: Ta ch a th c b chia tha nh tong cu a ca c a th c chia he t cho a th c chia va d
Ca ch 2: Xe t gia tr rieng: go i thng cua phep chia la Q(x), d la ax + b th
f(x) = g(x). Q(x) + ax + b
V du 1: Tm d cu a phe p chia x
7
+ x
5
+ x
3
+ 1 cho x
2
1
Ca ch 1: Ta biet rang x
2n
1 chia het cho x
2
1 ne n ta ta ch:
x
7
+ x
5
+ x
3
+ 1 = (x
7
x) + (x
5
x) +(x
3
x) + 3x + 1
= x(x
6
1) + x(x
4
1) + x(x
2
1) + 3x + 1 chia cho x
2
1 d 3x + 1
Ca ch 2:
Go i thng cu a phep chia la Q(x), d la ax + b, Ta co :
x
7
+ x
5
+ x
3
+ 1 = (x -1)(x + 1).Q(x) + ax + b v i mo i x
a ng th c u ng v i mo i x ne n v i x = 1, ta co 4 = a + b (1)
v i x = - 1 ta co - 2 = - a + b (2)
H s
ca a
t hc chia
H s th 2
ca a t hc
b chia
+
H s th
1a thc b
chia
a
T (1) va (2) suy ra a = 3, b =1 ne n ta c d la 3x + 1
Ghi nh :
a
n
b
n
chia he t cho a b (a = -b)
a
n
+ b
n
( n le ) chia he t cho a + b (a = -b)
V du 2: Tm d cu a cac phep chia
a) x
41
chia cho x
2
+ 1
b) x
27
+ x
9
+ x
3
+ x cho x
2
1
c) x
99
+ x
55
+ x
11
+ x + 7 cho x
2
+ 1
Gia i
a) x
41
= x
41
x + x = x(x
40
1) + x = x[(x
4
)
10
1] + x chia cho x
4

1 d x nen chia cho
x
2
+ 1 d x
b) x
27
+ x
9
+ x
3
+ x = (x
27
x) + (x
9

x) + (x
3
x) + 4x
= x(x
26
1) + x(x
8
1) + x(x
2
1) + 4x chia cho x
2
1 d 4x
c) x
99
+ x
55
+ x
11
+ x + 7 = x(x
98
+ 1) + x(x
54
+ 1) + x(x
10
+ 1) 2x + 7
chia cho x
2
+ 1 d 2x + 7
B. S o HORN
1. S o
e tm ke t qua cu a phe p chia f(x) cho x a
(a la ha ng so ), ta s du ng s o horn
Ne u a th c b chia la a
0
x
3
+ a
1
x
2
+ a
2
x + a
3
,
a th c chia la x a ta c thng la
b
0
x
2
+ b
1
x + b
2
, d r th ta co
V du :
a thc b chia: x
3
-5x
2
+ 8x 4, a th c chia x 2
Ta co s o
1 - 5 8 - 4
2 1 2. 1 + (- 5) = -3 2.(- 3) + 8 = 2 r = 2. 2 +(- 4) = 0
r

= ab
2
+ a
3
a
3
b
2
= ab
1
+ a
2
b
1
= ab
0
+ a
1
a
2
a
1
b
0
= a
0
a
0
a
Va y: x
3
-5x
2
+ 8x 4 = (x 2)(x
2
3x + 2) + 0 la phep chia he t
2. Ap du ng s o Horn e tnh gia tr cu a a thc ta i x = a
Gia tr cu a f(x) ta i x = a la so d cu a phe p chia f(x) cho x a
1. V du 1:
Tnh gia tr cu a A = x
3
+ 3x
2
4 ta i x = 2010
Ta co s o :
1 3 0 -4
a = 2010 1 2010.1+3 = 2013 2010.2013 + 0
= 4046130
2010.4046130 4
= 8132721296
Va y: A(2010) = 8132721296

C. Chng minh mo t a th c chia he t cho mo t a th c kha c
I. Phng phap:
1. Ca ch 1: Pha n tch a th c b chia thanh nha n t co mo t tha so la a th c chia
2. Ca ch 2: bien o i a th c b chia thanh mo t tong ca c a th c chia he t cho a th c chia
3. Ca ch 3: Bie n o i tng ng f(x) . g(x) f(x) g(x) . g(x)
4. ca ch 4: Chng to mo i nghie m cua a th c chia eu la nghie m cu a a th c b chia
II. V du
1.V du 1:
Ch ng minh ra ng: x
8n
+ x
4n
+ 1 chia he t cho x
2n
+ x
n
+ 1
Ta co : x
8n
+ x
4n
+ 1 = x
8n
+ 2x
4n
+ 1 - x
4n
= (x
4n
+ 1)
2
- x
4n
= (x
4n
+ x
2n
+ 1)( x
4n
- x
2n
+ 1)
Ta la i co : x
4n
+ x
2n
+ 1 = x
4n
+ 2x
2n
+ 1 x
2n
= (x
2n
+ x
n
+ 1)( x
2n
- x
n
+ 1)
chia he t cho x
2n
+ x
n
+ 1
Va y: x
8n
+ x
4n
+ 1 chia he t cho x
2n
+ x
n
+ 1
2. V du 2:
Ch ng minh ra ng: x
3m + 1
+ x
3n + 2
+ 1 chia he t cho x
2
+ x + 1 v i mo i m, n e N
Ta co : x
3m + 1
+ x
3n + 2
+ 1 = x
3m + 1
- x + x
3n + 2
x
2
+ x
2
+ x + 1
= x(x
3m
1) + x
2
(x
3n
1) + (x
2
+ x + 1)
V x
3m
1 va x
3n
1 chia he t cho x
3
1 ne n chia he t cho x
2
+ x + 1
Va y: x
3m + 1
+ x
3n + 2
+ 1 chia he t cho x
2
+ x + 1 vi mo i m, n e N

3. V du 3: Ch ng minh rang
f(x) = x
99
+ x
88
+ x
77
+ ... + x
11
+ 1 chia he t cho g(x) = x
9
+ x
8
+ x
7
+ ....+ x + 1
Ta co : f(x) g(x) = x
99
x
9
+ x
88
x
8
+ x
77
x
7
+ ... + x
11
x + 1 1
= x
9
(x
90
1) + x
8
(x
80
1) + ....+ x(x
10
1) chia het cho x
10
1
Ma x
10
1 = (x 1)(x
9
+ x
8
+ x
7
+...+ x + 1) chia he t cho x
9
+ x
8
+ x
7
+...+ x + 1
Suy ra f(x) g(x) chia he t cho g(x) = x
9
+ x
8
+ x
7
+...+ x + 1
Ne n f(x) = x
99
+ x
88
+ x
77
+ ... + x
11
+ 1 chia he t cho g(x) = x
9
+ x
8
+ x
7
+ ....+ x + 1

4. V du 4: CMR: f(x) = (x
2
+ x 1)
10
+ (x
2
- x + 1)
10
2 chia he t cho g(x) = x
2
x
a thc g(x) = x
2
x = x(x 1) co 2 nghie m la x = 0 va x = 1
Ta co f(0) = (-1)
10
+ 1
10
2 = 0 x = 0 la nghie m cu a f(x) f(x) ch a th a so x
f(1) = (1
2
+ 1 1)
10
+ (1
2
1 + 1)
10
2 = 0 x = 1 la nghiem cua f(x) f(x) ch a th a so x 1, ma ca c
th a so x va x 1 khong co nha n t chung, do o f(x) chia he t cho x(x 1)
hay f(x) = (x
2
+ x 1)
10
+ (x
2
- x + 1)
10
2 chia he t cho g(x) = x
2
x

5. V du 5: Chng minh ra ng
a) A = x
2
x
9
x
1945
chia he t cho B = x
2
x + 1
b) C = 8x
9
9x
8
+ 1 chia he t cho D = (x 1)
2

c) C (x) = (x + 1)
2n
x
2n
2x 1 chia he t cho D(x) = x(x + 1)(2x + 1)
Gia i
a) A = x
2
x
9
x
1945
= (x
2
x + 1) (x
9
+ 1) (x
1945
x)
Ta co : x
2
x + 1 chia he t cho B = x
2
x + 1
x
9
+ 1 chia he t cho x
3
+ 1 ne n chia he t cho B = x
2
x + 1
x
1945
x = x(x
1944
1) chia he t cho x
3
+ 1 (cu ng co nghiem la x = - 1)
nen chia he t cho B = x
2
x + 1
Va y A = x
2
x
9
x
1945
chia het cho B = x
2
x + 1
b) C = 8x
9
9x
8
+ 1 = 8x
9
8 - 9x
8
+ 9 = 8(x
9
1) 9(x
8
1)
= 8(x 1)(x
8
+ x
7
+ ...+ 1) 9(x 1)(x
7

+ x
6
+ ...+ 1)
= (x 1)(8x
8
x
7
x
6
x
5
x
4
x
3
x
2
x 1)
(8x
8
x
7
x
6
x
5
x
4
x
3
x
2
x 1) chia he t cho x 1 v co to ng he so bang 0
suy ra (x 1)(8x
8
x
7
x
6
x
5
x
4
x
3
x
2
x 1) chia he t cho (x 1)
2

c) a th c chia D (x) = x(x + 1)(2x + 1) co ba nghie m la x = 0, x = - 1, x = -
1
2

Ta co :
C(0) = (0 + 1)
2n
0
2n
2.0 1 = 0 x = 0 la nghie m cu a C(x)
C(-1) = (-1 + 1)
2n
(- 1)
2n
2.(- 1) 1 = 0 x = - 1 la nghiem cua C(x)
C(-
1
2
) = (-
1
2
+ 1)
2n
(-
1
2
)
2n
2.(-
1
2
) 1 = 0 x = -
1
2
la nghie m cu a C(x)
Mo i nghie m cu a a th c chia la nghie m cu a a th c b chia pcm

6. V du 6:
Cho f(x) la a th c co he so nguyen. Bie t f(0), f(1) la cac so le . Chng minh ra ng f(x) kho ng co
nghie m nguyen
Gia s x = a la nghie m nguyen cu a f(x) th f(x) = (x a). Q(x). Trong o Q(x) la a th c co he so
nguye n, do o f(0) = - a. Q(0), f(1) = (1 a). Q(1)
Do f(0) la so le ne n a la so le , f(1) la so le nen 1 a la so le , ma 1 a la hieu cu a 2 so le khong the la
so le , ma u thuan
Va y f(x) kho ng co nghie m nguye n

Ba i ta p ve nha :
Ba i 1: Tm so d khi
a) x
43
chia cho x
2
+ 1
b) x
77
+ x
55
+ x
33
+ x
11
+ x + 9 cho x
2
+ 1
Ba i 2: Tnh gia tr cu a a th c x
4
+ 3x
3
8 ta i x = 2009
Ba i 3: Chng minh ra ng
a) x
50
+ x
10
+ 1 chia he t cho x
20
+ x
10
+ 1
b) x
10
10x + 9 chia he t cho x
2
2x + 1
c) x
4n + 2
+ 2x
2n + 1
+ 1 chia he t cho x
2
+ 2x + 1
d) (x + 1)
4n + 2
+ (x 1)
4n + 2
chia he t cho x
2
+ 1
e) (x
n
1)(x
n + 1
1) chia he t cho (x + 1)(x 1)
2
CHUYN 3
CC BI TON V S CHIA HT CA S NGUYN
I. Dng 1: Chng minh quan h chia ht
1. Kin thc:
* chng minh A(n) chia ht cho mt s m ta phn tch A(n) thnh nhn t c mt nhn t lm hoc
bi ca m, nu m l hp s th ta li phn tch n thnh nhn t c cc mt nguyn t cng nhau, ri
chng minh A(n) chia ht cho cc s
* Ch :
+ Vi k s nguyn lin tip bao gi cng tn ti mt bi ca k
+ Khi chng minh A(n) chia ht cho m ta xt mi trng hp v s d khi chia A(n) cho m
+ Vi mi s nguyn a, b v s t nhin n th:

2. Cc bi ton
Bi 1: chng minh rng
a) 2
51
- 1 chia ht cho 7

b) 2
70
+ 3
70
chia ht cho 13

c) 17
19
+ 19
17
chi ht cho 18 d) 36
63
- 1 chia ht cho 7 nhng khng chia ht cho 37
e) 2
4n
-1 chia ht cho 15 vi ne N
Gii
a) 2
51
- 1 = (2
3
)
17
- 1 . 2
3
- 1 = 7
b) 2
70
+ 3
70
(2
2
)
35
+ (3
2
)
35
= 4
35
+ 9
35
. 4 + 9 = 13
c) 17
19
+ 19
17
= (17
19
+ 1) + (19
17
- 1)
17
19
+ 1 . 17 + 1 = 18 v 19
17
- 1 . 19 - 1 = 18 nn (17
19
+ 1) + (19
17
- 1)
hay 17
19
+ 19
17
. 18
d) 36
63
- 1 . 36 - 1 = 35 . 7
36
63
- 1 = (36
63
+ 1) - 2 chi cho 37 d - 2
e) 2
4n
- 1 = (2
4
)
n
- 1 . 2
4
- 1 = 15
Bi 2: chng minh rng
a) n
5
- n chia ht cho 30 vi n e N ;
b) n
4
-10n
2
+ 9 chia ht cho 384 vi mi n l ne Z
c) 10
n

+18n -28 chia ht cho 27 vi ne N ;
Gii:
+) a
n
- b
n
chia ht cho a - b (a = - b)
+) a
2n + 1
+ b
2n + 1
chia ht cho a + b
+ (a + b)
n
= B(a) + b
n
+) (a + 1)
n
l BS(a )+ 1
+)(a - 1)
2n
l B(a) + 1
+) (a - 1)
2n + 1
l B(a) - 1
a) n
5
- n = n(n
4
- 1) = n(n - 1)(n + 1)(n
2
+ 1) = (n - 1).n.(n + 1)(n
2
+ 1) chia ht cho 6 v
(n - 1).n.(n+1) l tch ca ba s t nhin lin tip nn chia ht cho 2 v 3 (*)
Mt khc n
5
- n = n(n
2
- 1)(n
2
+ 1) = n(n
2
- 1).(n
2
- 4 + 5) = n(n
2
- 1).(n
2
- 4 ) + 5n(n
2
- 1)
= (n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) + 5n(n
2
- 1)
V (n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) l tch ca 5 s t nhin lin tip nn chia ht cho 5
5n(n
2
- 1) chia ht cho 5
Suy ra (n - 2)(n - 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2) + 5n(n
2
- 1) chia ht cho 5 (**)
T (*) v (**) suy ra pcm
b) t A = n
4
-10n
2
+ 9 = (n
4

-n
2
) - (9n
2
- 9) = (n
2
- 1)(n
2
- 9) = (n - 3)(n - 1)(n + 1)(n + 3)
V n l nn t n = 2k + 1 (k e Z) th
A = (2k - 2).2k.(2k + 2)(2k + 4) = 16(k - 1).k.(k + 1).(k + 2) A chia ht cho 16 (1)
V (k - 1).k.(k + 1).(k + 2) l tch ca 4 s nguyn lin tip nn A c cha bi ca 2, 3, 4 nn A l bi
ca 24 hay A chia ht cho 24 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra A chia ht cho 16. 24 = 384
c) 10
n

+18n -28 = ( 10
n
- 9n - 1) + (27n - 27)
+ Ta c: 27n - 27 . 27 (1)
+ 10
n
- 9n - 1 = [(
n
9...9 + 1) - 9n - 1] =
n
9...9 - 9n = 9(
n
1...1 - n) . 27 (2)
v 9 . 9 v
n
1...1 - n . 3 do
n
1...1 - n l mt s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3
T (1) v (2) suy ra pcm

3. Bi 3: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn a th
a) a
3
- a chia ht cho 3
b) a
7
- a chia ht cho 7
Gii
a) a
3
- a = a(a
2
- 1) = (a - 1) a (a + 1) l tch ca ba s nguyn lin tip nn tn ti mt s l bi ca 3
nn (a - 1) a (a + 1) chia ht cho 3
b) ) a
7
- a = a(a
6
- 1) = a(a
2
- 1)(a
2
+ a + 1)(a
2
- a + 1)
Nu a = 7k (k e Z) th a chia ht cho 7
Nu a = 7k + 1 (k eZ) th a
2
- 1 = 49k
2
+ 14k chia ht cho 7
2
+ a + 1 = 49k
2
+ 35k + 7 chia ht cho 7
2
- a + 1 = 49k
2
+ 35k + 7 chia ht cho 7
Trong trng hp no cng c mt tha s chia ht cho 7
Vy: a
7
- a chia ht cho 7

Bi 4: Chng minh rng A = 1
3
+ 2
3
+ 3
3
+ ...+ 100
3
chia ht cho B = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100
Gii
Ta c: B = (1 + 100) + (2 + 99) + ...+ (50 + 51) = 101. 50
chng minh A chia ht cho B ta chng minh A chia ht cho 50 v 101
Ta c: A = (1
3
+ 100
3
) + (2
3
+ 99
3
) + ... +(50
3
+ 51
3
)
= (1 + 100)(1
2
+ 100 + 100
2
) + (2 + 99)(2
2
+ 2. 99 + 99
2
) + ... + (50 + 51)(50
2
+ 50. 51 + 51
2
) = 101(1
2
+
100 + 100
2
+ 2
2
+ 2. 99 + 99
2
+ ... + 50
2
+ 50. 51 + 51
2
) chia ht cho 101 (1)
Li c: A = (1
3
+ 99
3
) + (2
3
+ 98
3
) + ... + (50
3
+ 100
3
)
Mi s hng trong ngoc u chia ht cho 50 nn A chia ht cho 50 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra A chia ht cho 101 v 50 nn A chi ht cho B

Bi tp v nh
Chng minh rng:
a) a
5
a chia ht cho 5
b) n
3
+ 6n
2
+ 8n chia ht cho 48 vi mi n chn
c) Cho a l s nguyn t ln hn 3. Cmr a
2
1 chia ht cho 24
d) Nu a + b + c chia ht cho 6 th a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
chia ht cho 6
e) 2009
2010
khng chia ht cho 2010
f) n
2
+ 7n + 22 khng chia ht cho 9

Dng 2: Tm s d ca mt php chia
Bi 1:
Tm s d khi chia 2
100

a)cho 9, b) cho 25, c) cho 125
Gii
a) Lu tha ca 2 st vi bi ca 9 l 2
3
= 8 = 9 - 1
Ta c : 2
100
= 2. (2
3
)
33
= 2.(9 - 1)
33
= 2.[B(9) - 1] = B(9) - 2 = B(9) + 7
Vy: 2
100
chia cho 9 th d 7
b) Tng t ta c: 2
100
= (2
10
)
10
= 1024
10
= [B(25) - 1]
10
= B(25) + 1
Vy: 2
100
chia chop 25 th d 1
c)S dng cng thc Niutn:
2
100
= (5 - 1)
50
= (5
50

- 5. 5
49
+ +
50.49
2
. 5
2
- 50 . 5 ) + 1
Khng k phn h s ca khai trin Niutn th 48 s hng u cha tha s 5 vi s m ln hn hoc
bng 3 nn u chia ht cho 5
3
= 125, hai s hng tip theo:
50.49
2
. 5
2
- 50.5 cng chia ht cho 125 , s
hng cui cng l 1
Vy: 2
100
= B(125) + 1 nn chia cho 125 th d 1
Bi 2:
Vit s 1995
1995
thnh tng ca cc s t nhin . Tng cc lp phng chia cho 6 th d bao nhiu?
Gii
t 1995
1995
= a = a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
n.

Gi
3 3 3 3
1 2 3 n
S a a + a + ...+ a = + =
3 3 3 3
1 2 3 n
a a + a + ...+ a + + a - a
= (a
1
3
- a
1
) + (a
2
3
- a
2
) + + (a
n
3
- a
n
) + a
Mi du ngoc u chia ht cho 6 v mi du ngoc l tch ca ba s t nhin lin tip. Ch cn tm s d
khi chia a cho 6
1995 l s l chia ht cho 3, nn a cng l s l chia ht cho 3, do chia cho 6 d 3
Bi 3: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 2
100
vit trong h thp phn
gii
Tm 3 ch s tn cng l tm s d ca php chia 2
100
cho 1000
Trc ht ta tm s d ca php chia 2
100
cho 125
Vn dng bi 1 ta c 2
100
= B(125) + 1 m 2
100
l s chn nn 3 ch s tn cng ca n ch c th l 126,
376, 626 hoc 876
Hin nhin 2
100
chia ht cho 8 v 2
100
= 16
25
chi ht cho 8 nn ba ch s tn cng ca n chia ht cho 8
trong cc s 126, 376, 626 hoc 876 ch c 376 chia ht cho 8
Vy: 2
100
vit trong h thp phn c ba ch s tn cng l 376
Tng qut: Nu n l s chn khng chia ht cho 5 th 3 ch s tn cng ca n l 376
Bi 4: Tm s d trong php chia cc s sau cho 7
a) 22
22
+ 55
55
b)3
1993

c) 1992
1993
+ 1994
1995
d)
1930
2
3
Gii
a) ta c: 22
22
+ 55
55
= (21 + 1)
22
+ (56 1)
55
= (BS 7 +1)
22
+ (BS 7 1)
55

= BS 7 + 1 + BS 7 - 1 = BS 7 nn 22
22
+ 55
55
chia 7 d 0
b) Lu tha ca 3 st vi bi ca 7 l 3
3
= BS 7 1
Ta thy 1993 = BS 6 + 1 = 6k + 1, do :
3
1993

= 3
6k + 1
= 3.(3
3
)
2k
= 3(BS 7 1)
2k
= 3(BS 7 + 1) = BS 7 + 3
c) Ta thy 1995 chia ht cho 7, do :
1992
1993
+ 1994
1995
= (BS 7 3)
1993
+ (BS 7 1)
1995
= BS 7 3
1993
+ BS 7 1
Theo cu b ta c 3
1993
= BS 7 + 3 nn
1992
1993
+ 1994
1995
= BS 7 (BS 7 + 3) 1 = BS 7 4 nn chia cho 7 th d 3
d)
1930
2
3 = 3
2860
= 3
3k + 1
= 3.3
3k
= 3(BS 7 1) = BS 7 3 nn chia cho 7 th d 4

Bi tp v nh
Tm s d khi:
a) 2
1994
cho 7
b) 3
1998
+ 5
1998
cho 13
c) A = 1
3
+ 2
3
+ 3
3
+ ...+ 99
3
chia cho B = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 99

Dng 3: Tm iu kin xy ra quan h chia ht
Bi 1: Tm n e Z gi tr ca biu thc A = n
3
+ 2n
2
- 3n + 2 chia ht cho gi tr ca biu thc B = n
2
-
n
Gii
Chia A cho B ta c: n
3
+ 2n
2
- 3n + 2 = (n + 3)(n
2
- n) + 2
A chia ht cho B th 2 phi chia ht cho n
2
- n = n(n - 1) do 2 chia ht cho n, ta c:
n 1 - 1 2 - 2
n - 1 0 - 2 1 - 3
n(n - 1) 0 2 2 6
loi loi

Vy: gi tr ca biu thc A = n
3
+ 2n
2
- 3n + 2 chia ht cho gi tr ca biu thc
B = n
2
- n th n { } 1; 2 e
Bi 2:
a) Tm n e N n
5
+ 1 chia ht cho n
3
+ 1
b) Gii bi ton trn nu n e Z
Gii
Ta c: n
5
+ 1 . n
3
+ 1 n
2
(n
3
+ 1) - (n
2
- 1) . n
3
+ 1 (n + 1)(n - 1) . n
3
+ 1
(n + 1)(n - 1) . (n + 1)(n
2
- n + 1) n - 1 . n
2
- n + 1 (V n + 1 = 0)
a) Nu n = 1 th 0 . 1
Nu n > 1 th n - 1 < n(n - 1) + 1 < n
2
- n + 1 nn khng th xy ra n - 1 . n
2
- n + 1
Vy gi tr ca n tm c l n = 1
b) n - 1 . n
2
- n + 1 n(n - 1) . n
2
- n + 1 (n
2
- n + 1 ) - 1 . n
2
- n + 1
1 . n
2
- n + 1. C hai trng hp xy ra:
+ n
2
- n + 1 = 1 n(n - 1) = 0
n 0
n 1
=
(Tm bi)
+ n
2
- n + 1 = -1 n
2
- n + 2 = 0 (V nghim)
Bi 3: Tm s nguyn n sao cho:
a) n
2
+ 2n - 4 . 11 b) 2n
3
+ n
2
+ 7n + 1 . 2n - 1
c) n
4
- 2n
3
+ 2n
2
- 2n + 1 . n
4
- 1 d) n
3
- n
2
+ 2n + 7 . n
2
+ 1
Gii
a) Tch n
2
+ 2n - 4 thnh tng hai hng t trong c mt hng t l B(11)
n
2
+ 2n - 4 . 11 (n
2
- 2n - 15) + 11 . 11 (n - 3)(n + 5) + 11 . 11
(n - 3)(n + 5) . 11
n 3 11 n = B(11) + 3
n + 5 11 n = B(11) - 5

.
.

b) 2n
3
+ n
2
+ 7n + 1 = (n
2
+ n + 4) (2n - 1) + 5
2n
3
+ n
2
+ 7n + 1 . 2n - 1 th 5 . 2n - 1 hay 2n - 1 l (5)
2n 1 = - 5 n = - 2
2n 1 = -1 n = 0
2n 1 = 1 n = 1
2n 1 = 5 n = 3

Vy: n { } 2; 0; 1; 3 e th 2n
3
+ n
2
+ 7n + 1 . 2n - 1
c) n
4
- 2n
3
+ 2n
2
- 2n + 1 . n
4
- 1
t A = n
4
- 2n
3
+ 2n
2
- 2n + 1 = (n
4
- n
3
) - (n
3
- n
2
) + (n
2
- n) - (n - 1)
= n
3
(n - 1) - n
2
(n - 1) + n(n - 1) - (n - 1) = (n - 1) (n
3
- n
2
+ n - 1) = (n - 1)
2
(n
2
+ 1)
B = n
4
- 1 = (n - 1)(n + 1)(n
2
+ 1)
A chia ht cho b nn n = 1 A chia ht cho B n - 1 . n + 1 (n + 1) - 2 . n + 1
2 . n + 1
`
n = -3
n 1 = - 2
n = - 2
n 1 = - 1
n = 0
n 1 = 1
n 1 = 2
n = 1 (khong Tm)
+
+

Vy: n e { } 3; 2; 0 th n
4
- 2n
3
+ 2n
2
- 2n + 1 . n
4
- 1
d) Chia n
3
- n
2
+ 2n + 7 cho n
2
+ 1 c thng l n - 1, d n + 8
n
3
- n
2
+ 2n + 7 . n
2
+ 1 th n + 8 . n
2
+ 1 (n + 8)(n - 8) . n
2
+ 1 65 . n
2
+ 1
Ln lt cho n
2
+ 1 bng 1; 5; 13; 65 ta c n bng 0; 2; 8
Th li ta c n = 0; n = 2; n = 8 (T/m)
Vy: n
3
- n
2
+ 2n + 7 . n
2
+ 1 khi n = 0, n = 8
Bi tp v nh:
Tm s nguyn n :
a) n
3
2 chia ht cho n 2
b) n
3
3n
2
3n 1 chia ht cho n
2
+ n + 1
c)5
n
2
n
chia ht cho 63

Dng 4: Tn ti hay khng tn ti s chia ht
Bi 1: Tm n e N sao cho 2
n
1 chia ht cho 7
Gii
Nu n = 3k ( k e N) th 2
n
1 = 2
3k
1 = 8
k

- 1 chia ht cho 7
Nu n = 3k + 1 ( k e N) th 2
n
1 = 2
3k + 1
1 = 2(2
3k
1) + 1 = BS 7 + 1
Nu n = 3k + 2 ( k e N) th 2
n
1 = 2
3k + 2
1 = 4(2
3k
1) + 3 = BS 7 + 3
V y: 2
n
1 chia ht cho 7 khi n = BS 3
Bi 2: Tm n e N :
a) 3
n
1 chia ht cho 8
b) A = 3
2n + 3
+ 2
4n + 1
chia ht cho 25
c) 5
n
2
n
chia ht cho 9
Gii
a) Khi n = 2k (ke N) th 3
n
1 = 3
2k
1 = 9
k
1 chia ht cho 9 1 = 8
Khi n = 2k + 1 (ke N) th 3
n
1 = 3
2k + 1
1 = 3. (9
k
1 ) + 2 = BS 8 + 2
Vy : 3
n
1 chia ht cho 8 khi n = 2k (ke N)
b) A = 3
2n + 3
+ 2
4n + 1
= 27 . 3
2n
+ 2.2
4n
= (25 + 2) 3
2n
+ 2.2
4n
= 25. 3
2n
+ 2.3
2n
+ 2.2
4n

= BS 25 + 2(9
n
+ 16
n
)
Nu n = 2k +1(ke N) th 9
n
+ 16
n
= 9
2k + 1
+ 16
2k + 1
chia ht cho 9 + 16 = 25
Nu n = 2k (ke N) th 9
n
c ch s tn cng bng 1 , cn 16
n
c ch s tn cng bng 6
suy ra 2((9
n
+ 16
n
) c ch s tn cng bng 4 nn A khng chia ht cho 5 nn khng chia ht cho 25
c) Nu n = 3k (ke N) th 5
n
2
n
= 5
3k
2
3k
chia ht cho 5
3
2
3
= 117 nn chia ht cho 9
Nu n = 3k + 1 th 5
n
2
n
= 5.5
3k
2.2
3k
= 5(5
3k
2
3k
) + 3. 2
3k
= BS 9 + 3. 8
k

= BS 9 + 3(BS 9 1)
k
= BS 9 + BS 9 + 3
Tng t: nu n = 3k + 2 th 5
n
2
n
khng chia ht cho 9

CHUYEN E 4
PHNG TRNH NGHIE M NGUYEN

- PHNG PHA P 1: Phng pha p a ve dang tong
Phng pha p: Phng phap na y thng s dung v i ca c phng trnh co ca c bieu thc cha an
vie t c di dang tong ca c bnh phng.
- Bie n oi phng trnh ve dang mo t ve la mo t tong cu a ca c bnh phng ca c bieu th c ch a an, ve
co n la i la tong bnh phng cu a ca c so nguye n (so so hang cua hai ve ba ng nhau).
Ca c v du minh hoa:
- V du 1: Tm Z y x e ; thoa ma n: 169 4 5
2 2
= + y xy x (1)
(1) 0 169 25 144 4 4
2 2 2
+ = + = + + x y xy x
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 144 25
2 169 0
x y x
x y x
+ = +
+ = +

T (I) ta co : Tng t t (II) ta co :

( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
5 5 2 12
;
2 22
5
12 12 2 5
;
19 29
12
x x x y
y y
x
x x x y
y y
x
= = =

= =
=
= = =

= =
=

) )
) )

( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
0 2 13
13
0
13 2 0
26
13
x x y
y
x
x x y
y
x
= =

=
=
= =

=
=

Va y ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5; 2 ; 5; 22 ; 5; 2 ; 5; 22 ; 12; 19 ; 12; 29
,
12;19 ; 12; 29 ; 0;13 ; 0; 13 ; 13; 26 ; 13; 26
x y

e
`

)

V du 2: Tm Z y x e ; thoa ma n:
2 2
8 x y x y + = (2)
(2) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 32 4 4 1 4 4 1 34 2 1 2 1 5 3 x x y y x x y y x y + = + + + = + = +

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1 3
2; 1
3; 2
2 1 5
2 1 5
3; 2
2; 1
2 1 3
x
x x
y y
y
x
x x
y y
y
=
= =

= =
=
=
= =

= =
=

Va y ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
; 2; 3 ; 2; 2 ; 1;3 ; 1; 2 ; 3; 2 ; 3; 1 ; 2; 2 ; 2; 1 x y e
3 3
91 x y = (1)
(1) ( )( )
2 2
91.1 13.7 x y x xy y + + = = (V
( )
2 2
0 x xy y + + > )
(II)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
6 5
;
91 5 6
. 91.1
91
1
x y
x x
x xy y y y
x y x xy y
x y
VN
x xy y
=
= =

+ + = = =

+ + =

=

+ + =

2 2
0 x x y + = (2)
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
0 4 4 4 0 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1
2 2 1 1 0
2 2 1 1 0
2 2 1 1 1
2 2 1 1 0
x x y x x y x y x y x xy
x y x
x y y
x y x
x y y
+ = + = + = + + + =
+ + = =

+ = =

+ + = =

+ = =

Va y: ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
; 0; 0 ; 1; 0 x y e
- PHNG PHA P 2: Phng phap c c han
Phng pha p: Phng phap na y thng s dung vi ca c phng trnh o i xng
- V phng trnh o i x ng ne n ; ; x y z co vai tro bnh a ng nh nhau. Do o ; ta gia thie t x y z s s ;
tm ie u kie n cu a ca c nghie m; loa i tr da n ca c a n e co phng trnh n gia n. Gia i phng trnh;
dung phe p hoa n v e suy ra nghie m.
Ta th ng gia thie t 1 .... x y z s s s s
Ca c v du minh hoa :
V du 1: Tm ; ; x y z Z
+
e thoa ma n: . . x y z x y z + + = (1)
Nhan xet Tm hng giai:
Ta tha y a y la phng trnh o i xng.
Gia s 1 x y z s s s . Khi o :
(1) . . 3 . 3 x y z x y z z x y = + + s s (V ; ; x y z Z
+
e ) { } . 1; 2; 3 x y e
* Ne u: . 1 1 2 x y x y z z = = = + = (vo l)
* Ne u: . 2 1; 2; 3 x y x y z = = = =
* Ne u: . 3 1; 3 2 x y x y z y = = = = < (vo l)
Va y: ; ; x y z la hoa n v cu a ( ) 1; 2; 3
V du 2: Tm ; ; x y z Z
+
e thoa ma n:
1 1 1
2
x y z
+ + = (2)
a y la phng trnh o i x ng.
Gia s 1 x y z s s s . Khi o :
(2)
1 1 1 3 3
2 1
2
x x
x y z x
= + + s s =
V i: { }
1 1 2
1 1 2 1; 2 x y y
y z y
= = + s s e
.Ne u:
1
1 0 y
z
= = (vo l)
.Ne u: 2 2 y z = =
Va y: ; ; x y z la hoa n v cu a ( ) 1; 2; 2

- PHNG PHA P 3: Phng phap s dung tnh cha t chia he t
V du 1: Tm ; x y Z e e :
2
2
1
x x
A
x x
+
=
+ +
nha n gia tr nguye n
Ta co :
2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
x x x x
A
x x x x x x
+ + +
= = = +
+ + + + + +
. Khi o :
e A nhn gia tr nguyen th
2
1
1 x x + +
nha n gia tr nguye n.

( ) ( )
( )
{ }
2 2
1
1 1 1 1;1 x x x x U + + + + e = .
V :
( )
2 2
0
1 0; 1 1
1
x
x x x x x
x
=
+ + > e + + =

=
Z
Va y e A nhan gia tr nguye n th: 0 x = hoa c 1 x =
V du 2: Tm ; x y Z e thoa ma n:
2 2 2
2 1 2 . y x x y x y x y + + + = + +
(2) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 . 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 * y x x x y x + =
V i: ( ) 1; * 1 0 1 x x = = = kho ng pha i la ngie m cu a phng trnh. Nen:
( )
2
1
2 0 **
1
y x y
x
+ =
.
Phng trnh co nghie m nguyen ( ) { }
0
1
1 (1) 1; 1
1 1
x
x U
x x
=
e e =

=

Z
V du 3: Tm ; x y Z
+
e thoa man: ( )
2
3 1 1
x
y + = + (3)
Ta co :
(3) ( ) ( )
2
3 1 1 2
x
y y y = = + . 3
x
la so le ( ) ; 2 y y + la hai so le lien tie p
( ) ; 2 1 ; 2 y y y y + = + la ca c luy th a cu a 3, nen:

( )
( )
( )
3 *
3 2 3
2 3 **
m
m n
n
y
m n x m n
y
=
+ = + = <
+ =

V i: 0; 1 1; 1. m n y x = = = =
V i: 1; 1 m n > > T ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
3
* ; ** ; 2 1
2 3
y
y y
y
+ =
.
.
( vo l)
Phng trnh co nghie m nguyen:
1
1
x
y
=

- PHNG PHA P 4: Phng phap s dung bat a ng th c
Phng pha p: Phng phap na y thng s dung vi ca c phng trnh ma hai ve la nhng a thc
co tnh bien thien kha c nhau.
- A p dung ca c ba t a ng th c th ng ga p:
*Ba t ang th c Co si:
Cho n so kho ng a m:
1 2 3
; ; ;......;
n
a a a a . Khi o :

1 2 3
1 2 3
......
. . .......
n
n
n
a a a a
a a a a
n
+ + + +
> . Da u = xa y ra
1 2 3
......
n
a a a a = = = =
* Ba t ang th c Bunhiaco pxki:
Cho 2n so th c:
1 2 3
; ; ;......;
n
a a a a va
1 2 3
; ; ;......;
n
b b b b . Khi o :
( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
. . . .... . . . .... . ....
n n n n
a b a b a b a b a a a a b b b b + + + + s + + + + + + + + .
Da u = xa y ra ( ) 1;
i i
a kb i n = = .
*Ba t ang th c gia tr tuye t o i:

. 0
. 0
a b a b
a b
a b a b
+ >
+ =

<

V du 1: Tm ; x y Z
+
e thoa :
. . .
3
x y y z z x
z x y
+ + = (1)
A p du ng BT Co si. Ta co :
3
3
. . . . . .
3 3. . . 3. . .
x y y z z x x y y z z x
x y z
z x y z x y
= + + > = .

3
. . 1 . . 1 1 x y z x y z x y z s s = = =
Va y nghie m cu a phng trnh la : 1 x y z = = =
V du 2: Tm nghie m nguye n cu a phng trnh: ( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 3 1 x y x y + + = + + (2)
(Toan Tuo i th 2)
Theo Bunhiaco pxki,ta co :
( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 3 1 x y x y x y + + s + + + + = + +
Da u = xa y ra
1
1
1 1 1
x y
x y = = = =
Va y nghie m cu a phng trnh la : 1 x y = =
V du 3: Tm ta t ca ca c so nguyen x thoa ma n:
3 10 101 990 1000 2004 x x x x x + + + + + + + = (3)
Ta nha n thay: 2104 = 3 + 10 + 101 + 990 + 1000 =101 + 2003 va a a =
Ta co :(3) 3 10 101 990 1000 2004 x x x x x + + + + + + + = .
Ma
3 3
10 10
101 101 2004 101 2003 101 1
990 990
1000 1000
x x
x x
a a x x x x
x x
x x
>
>
> + > + > + + + s
+ > +
+ > +

Do o : ( ) ( ) { } { } 1 101 1 101 1; 0;1 102; 101; 100 x x x s + s + e e .
V i 101 2004 2003 x = = (vo l). Va y nghie m cu a phng trnh la : { } 102; 100 x e
1) Tm cc s nguyn x,y,z tho mn:
2 2 2
3 2 3 x y z xy y z + + s + +
V x,y,z l cc s nguyn nn
2 2 2
3 2 3 x y z xy y z + + s + +
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
3
3 2 3 0 3 3 2 1 0
4 4
y y
x y z xy y z x xy y z z
| | | |
+ + + s + + + + + s
| |
\ . \ .

( )
2 2
2
3 1 1 0
2 2
y y
x z
| | | |
+ + s
| |
\ . \ .
(*) M ( )
2 2
2
3 1 1 0
2 2
y y
x z
| | | |
+ + >
| |
\ . \ .
, x y R e
( )
2 2
2
3 1 1 0
2 2
y y
x z
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
0
2
1
1 0 2
2
1
1 0
y
x
x
y
y
z
z

= =

=
Cc s x,y,z phi tm l
1
2
1
x
y
z
=

PHNG PHA P 5: Phng pha p l a cho n
Phng pha p: Phng phap na y c s dung vi ca c phng trnh ma ta co the nha m (pha t hien de
da ng) c mot vai gia tr nghie m
- Tre n c s ca c gia tr nghie m a biet. A p dung ca c tnh cha t nh chia he t, so d, so chnh phng,
ch so tan cu ng .. ta chng to ra ng v i cac gia tr kha c phng trnh vo nghie m
V du 1: Tm ; x y Z
+
e thoa ma n:
6 3 4
3 1 x x y + + =
Ta tha y v i 0; 1 x y = = th phng trnh c nghie m u ng. Ta ca n ch ng minh phng trnh vo
nghie m v i 0 x =
+ V i 0; 1 x y = = th phng trnh c nghie m ung
+ V i 0 x > . Khi o :

( ) ( )
2 2
6 3 6 3 6 3 3 4 3
2 1 3 1 4 4 1 2 x x x x x x x y x + + < + + < + + + < < + (*)
V
( ) ( )
3 3
1 ; 2 x x + + la hai so nguye n lie n tiep ne n kho ng co gia tr na o cu a y thoa (*)
Va y 0; 1 x y = = la nghie m cu a phng trnh.
V du 2: Tm ; x y Z
+
e thoa :
2 2 1
1 3
y
x x
+
+ = (2)
Go i b la ch so tan cung cu a x ( V i { } 0;1; 2;...; 9 be . Khi o :
( )
2
1 x x + co ch so ta n cung la : 1,
5 hoa c 9. (*)
Ma t kha c:
2 1
3
y+
la luy th a ba c le cu a 3 ne n co ta n cung la 3 hoa c 7. (**)
T (*) va (**) suy ra phng trnh vo nghie m.
V du 3: Tm ; x y Z
+
e thoa ma n:
2 2
6 13 100 x xy y + = (3)
(3) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
5
3 4 25
25
y
x y
y n n
s
=

= e
N

Do o : { } { } 5; 4; 3; 0; 3; 4;5 3; 9;11;13 y x e e
Phng trnh co nghiem nguyen: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
; 5; 3 ; 4;9 ; 3;11 ; 0;13 ; 3;11 ; 4; 9 ; 5; 3 x y e
PHNG PHA P 6: Phng phap lu i vo ha n (xuong thang)
Phng pha p: Phng phap na y thng s dung v i nhng phng trnh co (n 1) an ma he so co c
chung kha c 1
- D a vao tnh cha t chia he t ta bieu dien an theo a n phu nha m ha (gia m b t) ha ng so t do, e co
c phng trnh n gian hn.
- S dung linh hoa t ca c phng pha p e gia i phng trnh o .
Ca c v du minh hoa:
V du 1: Gia i phng trnh:
3 3 3
3 9 0 x y z = (1)
Ta tha y
( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 9 0 3 9 3 x y z x y z = . ma
( )
3 3
3 9 3 y z . nen
3
3 x .
Ta co : (1)
( )
3 3 3 3
1
3 9 3 3 3 3 x y z x x x x = . . .
Khi o : (1)
( ) ( )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
27 3 9 3 9 3 3 3 3 3 x y z x y z y y y y = . . . . .

( )
3 3 3 3
1 1 1
9 27 3 3 3 3 3 x y z z z y z = . . . .
* Tiep tu c s bieu die n tre n va ne u go i
0 0 0
; ; x y z la nghie m cu a (1) va th
( )
0 0 0
; ;
3
x y z
U e va
0 0 0
0 ; ; 9 x y z s s . Th c hien th cho n ta c:
0 0 0
0 x y z = = =
Va y nghie m cu a phng trnh la :
0 0 0
0 x y z = = =

cc bi tp KHC
I. Dng nh ngha
1) Cho abc = 1 v 36
3
> a . . Chng minh rng +
3
2
a
b
2
+c
2
> ab+bc+ac
Gii
Ta c hiu:
+
3
2
a
b
2
+c
2
- ab- bc ac = +
4
2
a
+
12
2
a
b
2
+c
2
- ab- bc ac
= ( +
4
2
a
b
2
+c
2
- ab ac+ 2bc) +
12
2
a
3bc =(
2
a
-b- c)
2
+
a
abc a
12
36
3

=(
2
a
-b- c)
2
+
a
abc a
12
36
3
>0 (v abc=1 v a
3
> 36 nn a >0 )
Vy : +
3
2
a
b
2
+c
2
> ab+bc+ac iu phi chng minh
2) Chng minh rng
a) ) 1 .( 2 1
2 2 4 4
+ + > + + + z x xy x z y x
b) vi mi s thc a , b, c ta c : 0 3 6 2 4 5
2 2
> + + + b a ab b a
c) 0 2 4 2 2 2
2 2
> + + + b a ab b a
Gii :
a) Xt hiu :
H = x xz x y x z y x 2 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 4 4
+ + + + = ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
1 + + x z x y x
H>0 ta c iu phi chng minh
b) V tri c th vit
H = ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 2
2 2
+ + + b b a
H > 0 ta c iu phi chng minh
c) v tri c th vit
H = ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 + + b b a
H > 0 ta c iu phi chng minh

II. Dng bin i tng ng
1) Cho x > y v xy =1 .Chng minh rng :
( )
( )
8
2
2
2 2
>
+
y x
y x

Gii :
Ta c ( ) ( ) 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ = + = + y x xy y x y x (v xy = 1)
( ) ( ) ( ) 4 . 4
2 4
2
2 2
+ + = + y x y x y x
Do BT cn chng minh tng ng vi
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4
. 8 4 4 y x y x y x > + + ( ) ( ) 0 4 4
2 4
> + y x y x ( )
2
2
2 0 x y
(
>

BT cui ng nn ta c iu phi chng minh
2) Cho xy > 1 .Chng minh rng :
xy y x +
>
+
+
+ 1
2
1
1
1
1
2 2

Gii :
Ta c
xy y x +
>
+
+
+ 1
2
1
1
1
1
2 2
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 2 2
>
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ xy y y x

( )( ) ( )( )
0
1 . 1 1 . 1
2
2
2
2
>
+ +

+
+ +

xy y
y xy
xy x
x xy

( )( ) ( )( )
0
1 . 1
) (
1 . 1
) (
2 2
>
+ +

+
+ +

xy y
y x y
xy x
x y x

( ) ( )
( )( )( )
0
1 . 1 . 1
1
2 2
2
>
+ + +

xy y x
xy x y

BT cui ny ng do xy > 1 .Vy ta c iu phi chng minh

III.Dng bt ng thc ph
1) Cho a , b, c l cc s thc v a + b +c =1
Chng minh rng
3
1
2 2 2
> + + c b a
Gii :
p dng BT BunhiaCpski cho 3 s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c)
Ta c ( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2
. 1 1 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 c b a c b a + + + + s + +
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
. 3 c b a c b a + + s + +

3
1
2 2 2
> + + c b a (v a+b+c =1 ) (pcm)
2) Cho a,b,c l cc s dng: Chng minh rng ( ) 9
1 1 1
. > |
.
|
\
|
+ + + +
c b a
c b a (1)
Gii :
(1) 9 1 1 1 > + + + + + + + +
a
c
a
c
c
b
a
b
c
a
b
a
9 3 > |
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ +
b
c
c
b
a
c
c
a
a
b
b
a

p dng BT ph 2 > +
x
y
y
x
Vi x,y > 0
Ta c BT cui cng lun ng
Vy ( ) 9
1 1 1
. > |
.
|
\
|
+ + + +
c b a
c b a (pcm)
IV. Dng phng php bc cu
1) Cho 0 < a, b,c <1 .Chng minh rng :
a c c b b a c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 + + + < + +
Gii :
Do a <1
2
a <1 v b <1 Nn ( )( ) 0 1 0 1 . 1
2 2 2 2
> + > b a b a b a
Hay b a b a + > +
2 2
1 (1)
Mt khc 0 <a,b <1
3 2
a a > ;
3
b b >
3 3 2
1 b a a + > +
Vy b a b a
2 3 3
1+ < +
Tng t ta c :
a c c a
c b c b
2 3 3
2 3 3
1
1
+ < +
+ < +

a c c b b a c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 + + + < + + (pcm)
2) So snh 31
11
v 17
14

Gii :
Ta thy
11
31 <
( )
11
11 5 55 56
32 2 2 2 = = <
Mt khc
( )
14
56 4.14 4 14 14
2 2 2 16 17 = = = <
Vy 31
11
< 17
14
(pcm)

V. Dng tnh cht t s
v d 4: Cho 4 s a,b,c,d bt k, chng minh rng:

2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( d c b a d b c a + + + s + + +
Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
ta c ac + bd s
2 2 2 2
. d c b a + +
m ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 d c bd ac b a d b c a + + + + + = + + + ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. 2 d c d c b a b a + + + + + + s
2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( d c b a d b c a + + + s + + +
CHUYN
HON V, T HP
I. Chnh hp:
1. nh ngha: Cho mt tp hp X gm n phn t. Mi cch sp xp k phn t ca tp hp X ( 1 s k s
n) theo mt th t nht nh gi l mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t y
S tt c cc chnh hp chp k ca n phn t c k hiu
k
n

A

2. Tnh s chnh chp k ca n phn t

II. Hon v:
1. nh ngha: Cho mt tp hp X gm n phn t. Mi cch sp xp n phn t ca tp hp X theo mt
th t nht nh gi l mt hon v ca n phn t y
S tt c cc hon v ca n phn t c k hiu P
n

2. Tnh s hon v ca n phn t
( n! : n giai tha)

III. T hp:
1. nh ngha: Cho mt tp hp X gm n phn t. Mi tp con ca X gm k phn t trong n phn t ca
tp hp X ( 0 s k s n) gi l mt t hp chp k ca n phn t y
S tt c cc t hp chp k ca n phn t c k hiu
k
n

C

2. Tnh s t hp chp k ca n phn t

IV. V d:
1. V d 1:
Cho 5 ch s: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
a) c bao nhiu s t nhin c ba ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi ba trong cc ch s trn
b) C bao nhiu s t nhin c 5 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi c 5 ch s trn
c)C bao nhiu cch chn ra ba ch s trong 5 ch s trn
Gii:
k
n

A
= n(n - 1)(n - 2)[n - (k - 1)]
k
n

C
=
n
n

A
: k! =
n(n - 1)(n - 2)...[n - (k - 1)]
k!

P
n
=
n
n

A
= n(n - 1)(n - 2) 2 .1 = n!
a) s t nhin c ba ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi ba trong cc ch s trn l chnh hp chp 3
ca 5 phn t:
3
5

A
= 5.(5 - 1).(5 - 2) = 5 . 4 . 3 = 60 s
b) s t nhin c 5 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi c 5 ch s trn l hon v cua 5 phn t (chnh
hp chp 5 ca 5 phn t):

5
5

A
= 5.(5 - 1).(5 - 2).(5 - 3).(5 - 4) = 5 . 4 . 3 . 2 . 1 = 120 s
c) cch chn ra ba ch s trong 5 ch s trn l t hp chp 3 ca 5 phn t:

3
5

C
=
5.(5 - 1).(5 - 2) 5 . 4 . 3 60
10
3! 3.(3 - 1)(3 - 2) 6
= = = nhm
2. V d 2:
Cho 5 ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Dng 5 ch s ny:
a) Lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 4 ch s trong khng c ch s no lp li? Tnh tng cc s
lp c
b) lp c bao nhiu s chn c 5 ch s khc nhau?
c) Lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 5 ch s, trong hai ch s k nhau phi khc nhau
d) Lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 4 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, trong c hai ch s l, hai ch
s chn
Gii
a) s t nhin c 4 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau, lp bi 4 trong cc ch s trn l chnh hp chp 4 ca
5 phn t:
4
5

A
= 5.(5 - 1).(5 - 2).(5 - 3) = 5 . 4 . 3 . 2 = 120 s
Trong mi hang (Nghn, trm, chc, n v), mi ch s c mt: 120 : 5 = 24 ln
Tng cc ch s mi hang: (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5). 24 = 15 . 24 = 360
Tng cc s c lp: 360 + 3600 + 36000 + 360000 = 399960
b) ch s tn cng c 2 cch chn (l 2 hoc 4)
bn ch s trc l hon v ca ca 4 ch s cn li v c P
4
= 4! = 4 . 3 . 2 = 24 cch chn
Tt c c 24 . 2 = 48 cch chn
c) Cc s phi lp c dng abcde , trong : a c 5 cch chn, b c 4 cch chn (khc a), c c 4 cch
chn (khc b), d c 4 cch chn (khc c), e c 4 cch chn (khc d)
Tt c c: 5 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 = 1280 s
d) Chn 2 trong 2 ch s chn, c 1 cch chn
chn 2 trong 3 ch s l, c 3 cch chn. Cc ch s c th hon v, do c:
1 . 3 . 4! =1 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 2 = 72 s
V d 3: Cho
0
xAy 180 = . Trn Ax ly 6 im khc A, trn Ay ly 5 im khc A. trong 12 im ni
trn (k c im A), hai im no cng c ni vi nhau bi mt on thng.
C bao nhiu tam gic m cc nh l 3 trong 12 im y
Gii
Cch 1: Tam gic phi m gm ba loi:
+ Loi 1: cc tam gic c mt nh l A, nh th 2 thuc Ax (c 6
cch chn), nh th 3 thuc Ay (c 5 cch chn), gm c: 6 . 5 =
30 tam gic
+ Loi 2: Cc tam gic c 1 nh l 1 trong 5 im B
1
, B
2
, B
3
, B
4
,
B
5
(c 5 cch chn), hai nh kia l 2 trong 6 im A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
,
A
5
, A
6
( C
2
6
6.5 30
15
2! 2
C
= = = cch chn)
Gm 5 . 15 = 75 tam gic
+ Loi 3: Cc tam gic c 1 nh l 1 trong 6 im A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
, A
5
, A
6
hai nh kia l 2 trong 5 im
B
1
, B
2
, B
3
, B
4
, B
5
gm c: 6.
2
5
5.4 20
6. 6. 60
2! 2
C
= = = tam gic
Tt c c: 30 + 75 + 60 = 165 tam gic
Cch 2: s cc tam gic chn 3 trong 12 im y l
3
12
12.11.10 1320 1320
220
3! 3.2 6
C
= = = =
S b ba im thng hang trong 7 im thuc tia Ax l:
3
7
7.6.5 210 210
35
3! 3.2 6
C
= = = =
S b ba im thng hang trong 6 im thuc tia Ay l:
3
6
6.5.4 120 120
20
3! 3.2 6
C
= = = =
S tam gic to thnh: 220 - ( 35 + 20) = 165 tam gic

D. BI TP:
Bi 1: cho 5 s: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. t cc ch s trn c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin:
a) C 5 ch s gm c 5 ch s y?
b) C 4 ch s, c cc ch s khc nhau?
c) c 3 ch s, cc ch s khc nhau?
d) c 3 ch s, cc ch s c th ging nhau?
Bi 2: C bao nhiu s t nhin c 4 ch s lp bi cc ch s 1, 2, 3 bit rng s chia ht cho 9
Bi 3: Trn trang v c 6 ng k thng ng v 5 ng k nm ngang i mt ct nhau. Hi trn
trang v c bao nhiu hnh ch nht

x
y
B
5
B
4
B
2
B
1
A
5
A
4
A
3
A
6
B
3
A
2
A
1
A
CHUYN 3
LU THA BC N CA MT NH THC

I. Nh thc Niutn:

Trong :

k
n
n(n - 1)(n - 2)...[n - (k - 1)]
C
1.2.3...k
=

II. Cch xc nh h s ca khai trin Niutn:
1. Cch 1: Dng cng thc
k
n
n(n - 1)(n - 2)...[n - (k - 1)]
C
k !
=
Chng hn h s ca hng t a
4
b
3
trong khai trin ca (a + b)
7
l
4
7
7.6.5.4 7.6.5.4
C 35
4! 4.3.2.1
= = =
Ch : a)
k
n
n !
C
n!(n - k) !
= vi quy c 0! = 1
4
7
7! 7.6.5.4.3.2.1
C 35
4!.3! 4.3.2.1.3.2.1
= = =
b) Ta c:
k
n
C =
k - 1
n
C nn
4 3
7 7
7.6.5.
C C 35
3!
= = =
2. Cch 2: Dng tam gic Patxcan
nh 1
Dng 1(n = 1) 1 1
Dng 2(n = 1) 1 2 1
Dng 3(n = 3) 1 3 3 1
Dng 4(n = 4) 1 4 6 4 1
Dng 5(n = 5) 1 5 10 10 5 1
Dng 6(n = 6) 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
Trong tam gic ny, hai cnh bn gm cc s 1; dng k + 1 c thnh lp t dng k
(k >1), chng hn dng 2 (n = 2) ta c 2 = 1 + 1, dng 3 (n = 3): 3 = 2 + 1, 3 = 1 + 2
dng 4 (n = 4): 4 = 1 + 3, 6 = 3 + 3, 4 = 3 + 1,
Vi n = 4 th: (a + b)
4
= a
4
+ 4a
3
b + 6a
2
b
2
+ 4ab
3
+ b
4

Vi n = 5 th: (a + b)
5
= a
5
+ 5a
4
b + 10a
3
b
2
+ 10a
2
b
3
+ 5ab
4
+ b
5

Vi n = 6 th: (a + b)
6
= a
6
+ 6a
5
b + 15a
4
b
2
+ 20a
3
b
3
+ 15a
2
b
4
+ 6ab
5
+ b
6

(a + b)
n
= a
n
+
1
n
C a
n - 1
b +
2
n
C a
n - 2
b
2
+ +
n 1
n
C

ab
n - 1
+ b
n

3. Cch 3:
Tm h s ca hng t ng sau theo cc h s ca hng t ng trc:
a) H s ca hng t th nht bng 1
b) Mun c h s ca ca hng t th k + 1, ta ly h s ca hng t th k nhn vi s m ca bin
trong hng t th k ri chia cho k
Chng hn: (a + b)
4

= a
4
+
1.4
1
a
3
b +
4.3
2
a
2
b
2
+
4.3.2
2.3
ab
3
+
4.3.2.
2.3.4
b
5

Ch rng: cc h s ca khai trin Niutn c tnh i xng qua hng t ng gia, ngha
l cc hng t cch u hai hng t u v cui c h s bng nhau
(a + b)
n
= a
n
+ na
n -1
b +
n(n - 1)
1.2
a
n - 2
b
2
+ +
n(n - 1)
1.2
a
2
b
n - 2
+ na
n - 1
b
n - 1
+ b
n

III. V d:
1. V d 1: phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t
a) A = (x + y)
5
- x
5
- y
5

Cch 1: khai trin (x + y)
5
ri rt gn A
A = (x + y)
5
- x
5
- y
5

= ( x
5
+ 5x
4
y + 10x
3
y
2
+ 10x
2
y
3
+ 5xy
4
+ y
5
) - x
5
- y
5

= 5x
4
y + 10x
3
y
2
+ 10x
2
y
3
+ 5xy
4
= 5xy(x
3
+ 2x
2
y + 2xy
2
+ y
3
)
= 5xy [(x + y)(x
2
- xy + y
2
) + 2xy(x + y)] = 5xy(x + y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)
Cch 2: A = (x + y)
5
- (x
5
+ y
5
)
x
5
+ y
5
chia ht cho x + y nn chia x
5
+ y
5
cho x + y ta c:
x
5
+ y
5
= (x + y)(x
4
- x
3
y + x
2
y
2
- xy
3
+ y
4
) nn A c nhn t chung l (x + y), t (x + y) lm nhn t
chung, ta tm c nhn t cn li
b) B = (x + y)
7
- x
7
- y
7
= (x
7
+7x
6
y +21x
5
y
2
+ 35x
4
y
3
+35x
3
y
4
+21x
2
y
5
7xy
6
+ y
7
) - x
7
- y
7

= 7x
6
y + 21x
5
y
2
+ 35x
4
y
3
+ 35x
3
y
4
+ 21x
2
y
5
+ 7xy
6

= 7xy[(x
5
+ y
5
) + 3(x
4
y

+ xy
4
) + 5(x
3
y
2
+ x
2
y
3
)]
= 7xy {[(x + y)(x
4
- x
3
y + x
2
y
2
- xy
3
+ y
4
) ] + 3xy(x + y)(x
2
- xy + y
2
) + 5x
2
y
2
(x + y)}
= 7xy(x + y)[x
4
- x
3
y + x
2
y
2
- xy
3
+ y
4
+ 3xy(x
2
+ xy + y
2
) + 5x
2
y
2
]
= 7xy(x + y)[x
4
- x
3
y + x
2
y
2
- xy
3
+ y
4
+ 3x
3
y - 3x
2
y
2
+ 3xy
3
+ 5x
2
y
2
]
= 7xy(x + y)[(x
4
+ 2x
2
y
2
+ y
4
) + 2xy (x
2
+ y
2
) + x
2
y
2
] = 7xy(x + y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)
2

V d 2: Tm tng h s cc a thc c c sau khi khai trin
a) (4x - 3)
4

Cch 1: Theo cnh thc Niu tn ta c:
(4x - 3)
4
= 4.(4x)
3
.3 + 6.(4x)
2
.3
2
- 4. 4x. 3
3
+ 3
4
= 256x
4
- 768x
3
+ 864x
2
- 432x + 81
Tng cc h s: 256 - 768 + 864 - 432 + 81 = 1
b) Cch 2: Xt ng thc (4x - 3)
4
= c
0
x
4
+ c
1
x
3
+ c
2
x
2
+ c
3
x + c
4

Tng cc h s: c
0
+ c
1
+ c
2
+ c
3
+ c
4

Thay x = 1 vo ng thc trn ta c: (4.1 - 3)
4
= c
0
+ c
1
+ c
2
+ c
3
+ c
4

Vy: c
0
+ c
1
+ c
2
+ c
3
+ c
4
= 1
* Ghi ch: Tng cc h s khai trin ca mt nh thc, mt a thc bng gi tr ca a
thc ti x = 1
C. BI TP:
Bi 1: Phn tch thnh nhn t
a) (a + b)
3
- a
3
- b
3
b) (x + y)
4
+ x
4
+ y
4

Bi 2: Tm tng cc h s c c sau khi khai trin a thc
a) (5x - 2)
5
b) (x
2
+ x - 2)
2010
+ (x
2
- x + 1)
2011

CHUYEN E
SO CHNH PHNG
I. So chnh phng:
A. Mo t so kie n th c:
So chnh phng: so ba ng bnh phng cu a mo t so kha c
V du :
4 = 2
2
; 9 = 3
2

A = 4n
2
+ 4n + 1 = (2n + 1)
2
= B
2
+ S chnh phng khng tn cng bi cc ch s: 2, 3, 7, 8
+ S chnh phng chia ht cho 2 th chia ht cho 4, chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho 9, chia
ht cho 5 th chia ht cho 25, chia ht cho 2
3
th chia ht cho 2
4
,
+ S
n
11...1 = a th
n
99...9 = 9a 9a + 1 =
n
99...9 + 1 = 10
n

B. Mo t so ba i toa n:
1. Ba i 1:
Ch ng minh ra ng: Mo t so chnh phng chia cho 3, cho 4 ch co the d 0 hoa c 1
Gia i
Go i A = n
2
(n eN)
a) xe t n = 3k (k eN) A = 9k
2
ne n chia he t cho 3
n = 3k 1 (k eN) A = 9k
2
6k + 1, chia cho 3 d 1
Va y: so chnh phng chia cho 3 d 0 hoa c 1
b) n = 2k (k eN) th A = 4k
2
chia he t cho 4
n = 2k +1 (k eN) th A = 4k
2
+ 4k + 1 chia cho 4 d 1
Va y: so chnh phng chia cho 4 d 0 hoa c 1
Chu y : + So chnh phng chan th chia het cho 4
+ So chnh phng le th chia cho 4 th d 1( Chia 8 cu ng d 1)
2. Ba i 2: So nao trong ca c so sau la so chnh phng
a) M = 1992
2
+ 1993
2
+ 1994
2
b) N = 1992
2
+ 1993
2
+ 1994
2
+ 1995
2

c) P = 1 + 9
100
+ 94
100
+ 1994
100
d) Q = 1
2
+ 2
2
+ ...+ 100
2

e) R = 1
3
+ 2
3
+ ... + 100
3

Gia i
a) ca c so 1993
2
, 1994
2
chia cho 3 d 1, con 1992
2
chia he t cho 3 M chia cho 3 d 2 do o M kho ng
la so chnh phng
b) N = 1992
2
+ 1993
2
+ 1994
2
+ 1995
2
go m to ng hai so chnh phng chan chia het cho 4, va hai so
chnh phng le ne n chia 4 d 2 suy ra N khong la so chnh phng
c) P = 1 + 9
100
+ 94
100
+ 1994
100
chia 4 d 2 nen khong la so chnh phng
d) Q = 1
2
+ 2
2
+ ...+ 100
2

So Q go m 50 so chnh phng chan chia he t cho 4, 50 so chnh phng le , mo i so chia 4 d 1 ne n to ng
50 so le o chia 4 th d 2 do o Q chia 4 th d 2 ne n Q kho ng la so chnh phng
e) R = 1
3
+ 2
3
+ ... + 100
3

Go i A
k
= 1 + 2 +... + k =
k(k + 1)
2
, A
k 1
= 1 + 2 +... + k =
k(k - 1)
2

Ta co : A
k
2
A
k -1
2
= k
3
khi o :
1
3
= A
1
2

2
3
= A
2
2
A
1
2

.....................
n
3
= A
n
2
= A
n - 1
2

Cong ve theo ve ca c a ng th c tren ta co :
1
3
+ 2
3
+ ... +n
3
= A
n
2
= ( )
2 2
2 n(n + 1) 100(100 1)
50.101
2 2
+ ( (
= =
( (

la so chnh phng
3. Ba i 3:
CMR: Vi mi n e N th ca c so sau la s chnh phng.
a) A = (10
n
+10
n-1
+...+.10 +1)(10
n+1
+ 5) + 1
A = (
n
11.....1
_
)(10
n+1
+ 5) + 1
1
1
10 1
.(10 5) 1
10 1
n
n
+
+
= + +

t a = 10
n+1
th A =
a - 1
9
(a + 5) + 1 =
2
2 2
a + 4a - 5 + 9 a + 4a + 4 a + 2
9 9 3
| |
= =
|
\ .

b) B =
n
111.....1
_
n - 1
555.....5
_
6 ( c n s 1 v n-1 s 5)
B =
n
111.....1
_
n
555.....5
_
+ 1 =
n
111.....1
_
. 10
n
+
n
555.....5
_
+ 1 =
n
111.....1
_
. 10
n
+ 5
n
111.....1
| |
|
\ .
_
+ 1
a t
n
11.....1
_
= a th 10
n
= 9a + 1 ne n
B = a(9a + 1) + 5a + 1 = 9a
2
+ 6a + 1 = (3a + 1)
2

=
2
n - 1
33....34
c) C =
2n
11.....1
_
.+ 44.....4
n
_
+ 1
a t a =
n
11.....1
_
Th C =
n
11.....1
_
n
11.....1
_
+ 4.
n
11.....1
_
+ 1 = a. 10
n
+ a + 4 a + 1
= a(9a + 1) + 5a + 1 = 9a
2
+ 6a + 1 = (3a + 1)
2

d) D =
n
99....9
_
8
n
00.....0
_
1 . a t
n
99....9
_
= a 10
n
= a + 1
D =
n
99....9
_
. 10
n + 2
+ 8. 10
n + 1
+ 1 = a . 100 . 10
n
+ 80. 10
n
+ 1
= 100a(a + 1) + 80(a + 1) + 1 = 100a
2
+ 180a + 81 = (10a + 9)
2
= (
n + 1
99....9
_
)
2
e) E =
n
11.....1
_
n + 1
22.....2
_
5 =
n
11.....1
_
n + 1
22.....2
_
00 + 25 =
n
11.....1
_
.10
n + 2
+ 2.
n
11.....1
_
00 + 25
= [a(9a + 1) + 2a]100 + 25 = 900a
2
+ 300a + 25 = (30a + 5)
2
= (
n
33.....3
_
5)
2

f) F =
100
44.....4
_
= 4.
100
11.....1
_
la so chnh phng th
100
11.....1
_
la so chnh phng
So
100
11.....1
_
la so le ne n no la so chnh phng th chia cho 4 pha i d 1
Tha t vay: (2n + 1)
2
= 4n
2
+ 4n + 1 chia 4 d 1
100
11.....1
_
co hai ch so tan cu ng la 11 nen chia cho 4 th d 3
va y
100
11.....1
_
kho ng la so chnh phng ne n F =
100
44.....4
_
khong la so chnh phng
Ba i 4:
a) Cho c c s A =
2m
11........11
_
; B =
m + 1
11.......11
_
; C =
m
66.....66
_

CMR: A + B + C + 8 l s chnh phng .
Ta co : A
2
10 1
9
m
; B =
1
10 1
9
m+
; C =
10 1
6.
9
m
Ne n:
A + B + C + 8 =
2
10 1
9
m
+
1
10 1
9
m+
+
10 1
6.
9
m
+ 8 =
2 1
10 1 10 1 6(10 1) 72
9
m m m +
+ + +

=
2
10 1 10.10 1 6.10 6 72
9
m m m
+ + +
=
( )
2
2
10 16.10 64
10 8
9 3
m m
m
+ +
| | +
=
|
\ .

b) CMR: Vi mi x,y e Z th A = (x+y)(x+2y)(x+3y)(x+4y) + y
4
la s chnh phng.
A = (x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
) (x
2
+ 5xy + 6y
2
) + y
4

= (x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
) [(x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
) + 2y
2
) + y
4

= (x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
)
2
+ 2(x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
).y
2
+ y
4
= [(x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
) + y
2
)
2

= (x
2
+ 5xy + 5y
2
)
2

Ba i 5: Tm so nguye n dng n e ca c bie u th c sau la so chnh phng
a) n
2
n + 2 b) n
5
n + 2
Gia i
a) V i n = 1 th n
2
n + 2 = 2 khong la so chnh phng
V i n = 2 th n
2
n + 2 = 4 la so chnh phng
V i n > 2 th n
2
n + 2 khong la so chnh phng V
(n 1)
2
= n
2
(2n 1) < n
2
(n - 2) < n
2

b) Ta co n
5
n chia he t cho 5 V
n
5
n = (n
2
1).n.(n
2
+ 1)
V i n = 5k th n chia he t cho 5
V i n = 5k 1 th n
2
1 chia he t cho 5
V i n = 5k 2 th n
2
+ 1 chia he t cho 5
Ne n n
5
n + 2 chia cho 5 th d 2 nen n
5
n + 2 co ch so ta n cung la 2 hoa c 7 ne n
n
5
n + 2 khong la so chnh phng
Va y : Khong co gia tr nao cu a n thoa ma n ba i toa n
Ba i 6 :
a)Chng minh rang : Mo i so le e u vie t c di da ng hie u cu a hai so chnh phng
b) Mo t so chnh phng co ch so ta n cung bang 9 th ch so hang chu c la ch so cha n
Gia i
Mo i so le eu co da ng a = 4k + 1 hoa c a = 4k + 3
V i a = 4k + 1 th a = 4k
2
+ 4k + 1 4k
2
= (2k + 1)
2
(2k)
2

V i a = 4k + 3 th a = (4k
2
+ 8k + 4) (4k
2
+ 4k + 1) = (2k + 2)
2
(2k + 1)
2

b)A la so chnh phng co ch so ta n cung bang 9 nen
A = (10k 3)
2
=100k
2
60k + 9 = 10.(10k
2
6) + 9
So chu c cu a A la 10k
2
6 la so cha n (pcm)

Ba i 7:
Mo t so chnh phng co ch so hang chu c la ch so le . Tm ch so hang n v
Gia i
Go i n
2
= (10a + b)
2
= 10.(10a
2
+ 2ab) + b
2
nen ch so ha ng n v ca n tm la ch so ta n cung cu a b
2

Theo e ba i , ch so ha ng chu c cu a n
2
la ch so le ne n ch so hang chu c cu a b
2
pha i le
Xe t ca c gia tr cua b t 0 en 9 th ch co b
2
= 16, b
2
= 36 co ch so hang chu c la ch so le , chu ng e u
ta n cung bang 6
Va y : n
2
co ch so ha ng n v la 6

Bai tap ve nha:
Ba i 1: Ca c so sau ay, so nao la so chnh phng
a) A =
50
22.....2
_
4 b) B = 11115556 c) C =
n
99....9
_
n
00....0
_
25 d)
D =
n
44.....4
_
n - 1
88....89 e) M =
2n
11.....1
_

n
22....2
_
f) N = 1
2
+ 2
2
+ ...... + 56
2

Ba i 2: Tm so t nhie n n e ca c bie u th c sau la so chnh phng
a) n
3
n + 2
b) n
4
n + 2
Ba i 3: Chng minh ra ng
a)To ng cu a hai so chnh phng le kho ng la so chnh phng
b) Mo t so chnh phng co ch so ta n cung bang 6 th ch so hang chu c la ch so le
Ba i 4: Mo t so chnh phng co ch so ha ng chu c ba ng 5. Tm ch so hang n v

CHUYEN E 8
CH SO TAN CUNG
A. Kie n th c:
1. Mo t so tnh cha t:
a) Tnh cha t 1:
+ Ca c so co ch so ta n cung la 0; 1; 5; 6 khi na ng len luy th a ba c ba t ky na o th ch so tan cu ng
kho ng thay o i
+ Ca c so co ch so ta n cung la 4; 9 khi nang len luy th a ba c le th ch so tan cu ng khong thay o i
+ Ca c so co ch so ta n cung la 3; 7; 9 khi nang len luy th a ba c 4n (n eN) th ch so ta n cung la 1
+ Ca c so co ch so ta n cung la 2; 4; 8 khi nang len luy th a ba c 4n (n eN) th ch so ta n cung la 6
b) Tnh cha t 2: Mo t so t nhien ba t ky khi nang le n luy th a ba c 4n + 1 (n eN) th ch so ta n cung
kho ng thay o i
c) Tnh cha t 3:
+ Ca c so co ch so ta n cung la 3 khi nang le n luy th a ba c 4n + 3 (n eN) th ch so ta n cung la 7; Ca c
so co ch so ta n cung la 7 khi na ng le n luy th a ba c 4n + 3 (n eN) th ch so ta n cung la 3
+ Ca c so co ch so ta n cung la 2 khi nang le n luy th a ba c 4n + 3 (n eN) th ch so ta n cung la 8; Ca c
so co ch so ta n cung la 8 khi nang len luy th a ba c 4n + 3 (n eN) th ch so tan cu ng la 2
+ Ca c so co ch so ta n cung la 0; 1; 4; 5; 6; 9 khi na ng le n luy th a bac 4n + 3 (n eN) th ch so ta n
cu ng la khong o i
2. Mot so phng phap:
+ Tm ch so tan cung cu a x = a
m
th ta xe t ch so tan cu ng cu a a:
- Ne u ch so ta n cung cu a a la ca c ch so : 0; 1; 5; 6 th ch so tan cu ng cua x la 0; 1; 5; 6
- Ne u ch so ta n cung cu a a la ca c ch so : 3; 7; 9 th :
* V a
m
= a
4n + r
= a
4n
. a
r

Ne u r la 0; 1; 2; 3 th ch so ta n cung cu a x la ch so ta n cung cu a a
r

Ne u r la 2; 4; 8 th ch so ta n cung cu a x la ch so tan cu ng cu a 6.a
r

B. Mo t so v du :
Ba i 1:
Tm ch so ta n cung cu a
a) 243
6
; 167
2010
b) ( )
9
9
7 ;
( )
14
14
14 ;
( )
7
6
5
4
(
(

Gia i
a) 243
6
= 243
4 + 2
= 243
4
. 243
2

243
2

co ch so tan cu ng la 9 nen ch so tan cu ng cu a 243
6
la 9
Ta co 2010 = 4.502 + 2 nen 167
2010
= 167
4. 502 + 2
= 167
4.502
.167
2

167
4.502
co ch so ta n cu ng la 6; 167
2
co ch so tan cu ng la 9 nen ch so ta n cung cu a 167
2010
la ch so
ta n cung cu a tch 6.9 la 4
b) Ta co:
+) 9
9
- 1 = (9 1)(9
8
+ 9
7
+ .......+ 9 + 1) = 4k (k eN) 9
9
= 4k + 1 ( )
9
9
7 = 7
4k + 1

= 7
4k
.7 ne n co ch so ta n cung la 7
14
14
= (12 + 2)
14
= 12
14
+ 12.14
13
.2 + ....+ 12.12.2
13
+ 2
14
chia he t cho 4, v ca c ha ng t tr c 2
14
e u
co nhan t 12 nen chia he t cho 4; ha ng t 2
14
= 4
7
chia he t cho 4 hay
14
14
= 4k
( )
14
14
14 = 14
4k
co ch so ta n cung la 6
+) 5
6
co ch so ta n cung la 5 ne n ( )
7
6
5 = 5.(2k + 1) 5.(2k + 1) 1 = 4 q (k, q eN)
5.(2k + 1) = 4q + 1
( )
7
6
5
4
(
(

= 4
4q + 1
= 4
4q
. 4 co ch so tan cu ng la ch so ta n cu ng tch 6. 4 la 4
Ba i 2: Tm ch so tan cu ng cu a
A = 2
1

+ 3
5
+ 4
9
+ 5
13
+...... + 2004
8009

Gia i
a) Luy th a cu a mo i so ha ng cu a A chia 4 th d 1(Ca c so ha ng cu a A co da ng n
4(n 2) + 1

(n e {2; 3; ...; 2004} ) ne n mo i so ha ng cu a A va luy th a cu a no co ch so tan cu ng gio ng nhau (Tnh
chat 2) ne n ch so ta n cung cu a A la ch so tan cu ng cu a to ng ca c so hang
T 2 e n 2004 co 2003 so ha ng trong o co 2000 : 10 = 200 so ha ng co ch so ta n cung bang 0,To ng
ca c ch so ta n cung cu a A la
(2 + 3 + ...+ 9) + 199.(1 + 2 + ... + 9) + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 9009 co ch so tan cu ng la 9
Va y A co ch so tan cu ng la 9
Ba i 3: Tm
a) Hai ch so ta n cung cu a 3
999
;
( )
7
7
7
b) Ba ch so tan cu ng cu a 3
100

c) Bon ch so tan cu ng cu a 5
1994

Gia i
a) 3
999
= 3.3
998
=3. 9
499

= 3.(10 1)
499
= 3.(10
499
499.10
498
+ ...+499.10 1)
= 3.[BS(100) + 4989] = ...67
7
7
= (8 1)
7
= BS(8) 1 = 4k + 3
( )
7
7
7 = 7
4k + 3
= 7
3
. 7
4k
= 343.(...01)
4k
= ...43
b) 3
100
= 9
50
= (10 1)
50
= 10
50
50. 10
49
+ ...+
50.49
2
. 10
2
50.10 + 1
= 10
50
50. 10
49
+ ...+
49
2
. 5000 500 + 1 = BS(1000) + 1 = ...001
Chu y :
+ Neu n la so le kho ng chi he t cho 5 th ba ch so ta n cu ng cu a n
100
la 001
+ Neu mo t so t nhie n n khong chia he t cho 5 th n
100
chia cho 125 d 1
HD C/m: n = 5k + 1; n = 5k + 2
+ Neu n la so le kho ng chia he t cho 5 th n
101
va n co ba ch so ta n cung nh nhau
c) Ca ch 1: 5
4
= 625
Ta tha y so (...0625)
n
= ...0625
5
1994
= 5
4k + 2
= 25.(5
4
)
k
= 25.(0625)
k
= 25.(...0625) = ...5625
Ca ch 2: Tm so d khi chia 5
1994
cho 10000 = 2
4
. 5
4

Ta tha y 5
4k
1 chia he t cho 5
4
1 = (5
2
1)(5
2
+ 1) chia he t cho 16
Ta co : 5
1994
= 5
6
. (5
1988
1) + 5
6

Do 5
6
chia he t cho 5
4
, con 5
1988
1 chia he t cho 16 nen 5
6
(5
1988
1) chia he t cho 10000
Ta co 5
6

= 15625
Va y bon ch so tan cu ng cu a 5
1994
la 5625
Chu y : Ne u vie t 5
1994
= 5
2
. (5
1992
1) + 5
2

Ta co : 5
1992
1 chia he t cho 16; nhng 5
2
kho ng chia he t cho 5
4

Nh va y trong ba i toa n nay ta ca n vie t 5
1994
d i dang 5
n
(5
1994 n
1) + 5
n
; n > 4 va 1994 n chia
he t cho 4
C. Va n du ng vao ca c ba i toa n kha c
Ba i 1:
Ch ng minh ra ng: To ng sau khong la so chnh phng
a) A = 19
k
+ 5
k
+ 1995
k
+ 1996
k
( ke N, k chan)
b) B = 2004
2004k
+ 2001
Gia i
a) Ta co :
19
k
5
k
co ch so tan cu ng la 5
1995
k
1996
k
Ne n A co ch so tan cu ng la ch so ta n cung cu a tong ca c ch so tan cu ng cu a to ng
1 + 5 + 5 + 6 = 17, co ch so tan cu ng la 7 nen kho ng the la so chnh phng
b) Ta co :k cha n nen k = 2n (n e N)
2004
2004k
= (2004
4
)
501k
= (2004
4
)
1002n
= (...6)
1002n
la luy th a ba c chan cua so co ch so ta n cung la 6
nen co ch so ta n cu ng la 6 nen B = 2004
2004k
+ 2001 co ch so tan cu ng la 7, do o B kho ng la so
chnh phng
Ba i 2:
Tm so d khi chia ca c bieu th c sau cho 5
a) A = 2
1
+ 3
5
+ 4
9
+...+ 2003
8005

b) B = 2
3
+ 3
7
+4
11
+...+ 2005
8007

Gia i
a) Ch so ta n cung cu a A la ch so tan cung cu a to ng
(2 + 3 +... + 9) + 199.(1 + 2 + ... + 9) + 1 + 2 + 3 = 9005
Ch so ta n cung cu a A la 5 ne n chia A cho 5 d 0
b)Tng t , ch so ta n cung cu a B la ch so tan cu ng cu a to ng
(8 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 9) + 199.(1 + ...+ 9) + 8 + 7 + 4 + 5 = 9024
B co ch so ta n cung la 4 ne n B chia 5 d 4

Bai tap ve nha
Ba i 1: Tm ch so tan cung cu a: 3
102
;
( )
5
3
7 ; 3
20
+ 2
30
+ 7
15
- 8
16

Ba i 2: Tm hai, ba ch so ta n cung cu a: 3
555
;
( )
9
7
2
Ba i 3: Tm so d khi chia ca c so sau cho 2, cho 5:
a) 3
8
; 14
15
+ 15
14

b) 2009
2010
2008
2009


CHUYEN E 9
ONG D

A. nh ngha:
Ne u hai so nguye n a va b co cung so d trong phe p chia cho mo t so t nhie n m = 0 th ta no i a ong
d v i b theo mo un m, va co ong d th c: a b (mod m)
V du : 7 10 (mod 3) , 12 22 (mod 10)
+ Chu y : a b (mod m) a b . m
B. Tnh cha t cu a ong d th c:
1. Tnh cha t pha n xa : a a (mod m)
2. Tnh cha t o i xng: a b (mod m) b a (mod m)
3. Tnh cha t ba c ca u: a b (mod m), b c (mod m) th a c (mod m)
4. Cong , tr tng ve :
a b (mod m)
a c b d (mod m)
c d (mod m)

He qua :
a) a b (mod m) a + c b + c (mod m)
b) a + b c (mod m) a c - b (mod m)
c) a b (mod m) a + km b (mod m)
5. Nhan t ng ve :
a b (mod m)
ac bd (mod m)
c d (mod m)

He qua :
a) a b (mod m) ac bc (mod m) (c e Z)
b) a b (mod m) a
n
b
n
(mod m)
6. Co the nhan (chia) hai ve va moun cua mo t o ng d th c v i mo t so nguye n dng
a b (mod m) ac bc (mod mc)
Cha ng ha n: 11 3 (mod 4) 22 6 (mod 8)
7.
ac bc (mod m)
a b (mod m)
(c, m) = 1

Cha ng ha n :
16 2 (mod 7)
8 1 (mod 7)
(2, 7) = 1

C. Ca c v du :
1. V du 1:
Tm so d khi chia 92
94
cho 15
Gia i
Ta tha y 92 2 (mod 15) 92
94
2
94
(mod 15) (1)
Lai co 2
4
1 (mod 15) (2
4
)
23
. 2
2
4 (mod 15) hay 2
94
4 (mod 15) (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra 92
94
4 (mod 15) t c la 92
94
chia 15 th d 4
2. V du 2:
Ch ng minh: trong ca c so co da ng 2
n
4(n e N), co vo so so chia he t cho 5
Tha t vay:
T 2
4
1 (mod 5) 2
4k
1 (mod 5) (1)
Lai co 2
2
4 (mod 5) (2)
Nha n (1) v i (2), ve theo ve ta co : 2
4k + 2
4 (mod 5) 2
4k + 2
- 4 0 (mod 5)
Hay 2
4k + 2
- 4 chia he t cho 5 vi mo i k = 0, 1, 2, ... hay ta c vo so so dang 2
n
4
(n e N) chia he t cho 5
Chu y : khi gia i ca c ba i toa n ve ong d, ta th ng quan ta m e n a 1 (mod m)
a 1 (mod m) a
n
1 (mod m)
a -1 (mod m) a
n
(-1)
n
(mod m)
3. V du 3: Chng minh ra ng
a) 20
15
1 chia he t cho 11 b) 2
30
+ 3
30
chi he t cho 13
c) 555
222
+ 222
555
chia he t cho 7
Gia i
a) 2
5
- 1 (mod 11) (1); 10 - 1 (mod 11) 10
5
- 1 (mod 11) (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra 2
5
. 10
5
1 (mod 11) 20
5
1 (mod 11) 20
5
1 0 (mod 11)
b) 2
6
- 1 (mod 13) 2
30
- 1 (mod 13) (3)
3
3
1 (mod 13) 3
30
1 (mod 13) (4)
T (3) va (4) suy ra 2
30
+ 3
30
- 1 + 1 (mod 13) 2
30
+ 3
30
0 (mod 13)
Va y: 2
30
+ 3
30
chi he t cho 13
c) 555 2 (mod 7) 555
222
2
222
(mod 7) (5)
2
3
1 (mod 7) (2
3
)
74
1 (mod 7) 555
222
1 (mod 7) (6)
222 - 2 (mod 7) 222
555
(-2)
555
(mod 7)
Lai co (-2)
3
- 1 (mod 7) [(-2)
3
]
185
- 1 (mod 7) 222
555
- 1 (mod 7)
Ta suy ra 555
222
+ 222
555
1 - 1 (mod 7) hay 555
222
+ 222
555
chia he t cho 7
4. V du 4: Ch ng minh rang so
4n + 1
2
2 + 7 chia he t cho 11 v i moi so t nhie n n
Tha t vay:Ta co : 2
5
- 1 (mod 11) 2
10
1 (mod 11)
Xe t so d khi chia 2
4n + 1
cho 10. Ta co : 2
4
1 (mod 5) 2
4n
1 (mod 5)
2.2
4n
2 (mod 10) 2
4n + 1
2 (mod 10) 2
4n + 1
= 10 k + 2
Ne n
4n + 1
2
2 + 7 = 2
10k + 2
+ 7 =4. 2
10k
+ 7 = 4.(BS 11 + 1)
k
+ 7 = 4.(BS 11 + 1
k
) + 7
= BS 11 + 11 chia he t cho 11
Bai tap ve nha:
Ba i 1: CMR:
a) 2
28
1 chia het cho 29
b)Trong ca c so co da ng2
n
3 co vo so so chia het cho 13
Ba i 2: Tm so d khi chia A = 20
11
+ 22
12
+ 1996
2009
cho 7.

CHUYEN E 5
CAC BAI TOA N VE BIEU THC HU T

A. Nha c la i kien th c:
Ca c b c ru t go n bieu th c hu t
a) Tm KX: Pha n tch ma u thanh nha n t , cho ta t ca ca c nha n t kha c 0
b) Phan tch t thanh nha n , chia t va ma u cho nha n t chung
B. Ba i ta p:
Ba i 1: Cho bie u th c A =
4 2
4 2
5 4
10 9
x x
x x
+
+

a) Ru t go n A
b) tm x e A = 0
c) Tm gia tr cu a A khi 2 1 7 x =
Gia i
a)kx :
x
4
10x
2
+ 9 = 0 [(x
2
)
2
x
2
] (9x
2
9) = 0 x
2
(x
2
1) 9(x
2
1) = 0
(x
2
1)(x
2
9) = 0 (x 1)(x + 1)(x 3)(x + 3) = 0
x 1
x 1 1
x 3 3
x 3
x
x
=
= =

= =

T : x
4
5x
2
+ 4 = [(x
2
)
2
x
2
] (x
2
4) = x
2
(x
2
1) 4(x
2
1)
= (x
2
1)(x
2
4) = (x 1)(x + 1)(x 2)(x + 2)
V i x = 1; x = 3 th
A =
(x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2)(x + 2) (x - 2)(x + 2)
(x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 3)(x + 3) (x - 3)(x + 3)
=
b) A = 0
(x - 2)(x + 2)
(x - 3)(x + 3)
= 0 (x 2)(x + 2) = 0 x = 2
c) 2 1 7 x =
2 1 7 2 8 4
2 1 7 2 6 3
x x x
x x x
= = =

= = =

* V i x = 4 th A =
(x - 2)(x + 2) (4 - 2)(4 + 2) 12
(x - 3)(x + 3) (4 - 3)(4 + 3) 7
= =
* V i x = - 3 th A khong xa c nh
2. Ba i 2:
Cho bieu th c B =
3 2
3 2
2 7 12 45
3 19 33 9
x x x
x x x
+
+

a) Ru t go n B
b) Tm x e B > 0
Gia i
a) Pha n tch ma u: 3x
3
19x
2
+ 33x 9 = (3x
3
9x
2
) (10x
2
30x) + (3x 9)
= (x 3)(3x
2
10x + 3) = (x 3)[(3x
2
9x) (x 3)] = (x 3)
2
(3x 1)
kx: (x 3)
2
(3x 1) = 0 x = 3 va x =
1
3

b) Phan tch t , ta co :
2x
3
7x
2
12x + 45 = (2x
3
6x
2
) - (x
2
- 3x) (15x - 45) = (x 3)(2x
2
x 15)
= (x 3)[(2x
2
6x) + (5x 15)] = (x 3)
2
(2x + 5)
V i x = 3 va x =
1
3

Th B =
3 2
3 2
2 7 12 45
3 19 33 9
x x x
x x x
+
+
=
2
2
(x - 3) (2x + 5) 2x + 5
(x - 3) (3x - 1) 3x - 1
=
c) B > 0
2x + 5
3x - 1
> 0
1
3
3 1 0
5 1
2 5 0
2 3
5 3 1 0 1
2 3 2 5 0
5
2
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
>
>

> >
+ >

<

< <

+ <

<

3. Ba i 3
Cho bieu th c C =
2 2
1 2 5 1 2
:
1 1 1 1
x x
x x x x
| |
+
|
+
\ .

a) Ru t go n bieu th c C
b) Tm gia tr nguyen cu a x e gia tr cu a bie u th c B la so nguye n
Gia i
a) kx: x = 1
C =
2 2
1 2 5 1 2 1 2(1 ) 5 ( 1)( 1) 2
: .
1 1 1 1 (1 )(1 ) 1 2 2 1
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
( + + + | |
+ = =
| (
+ +
\ .

b) B co gia tr nguyen khi x la so nguye n th
2
2 1 x
co gia tr nguye n
2x 1 la (2)
2 1 1 1
2 1 1 0
2 1 2 1, 5
2 1 2 1
x x
x x
x x
x x
= =

= =

= =

= =

o i chie u kx th ch co x = 0 thoa ma n
4. Ba i 4
Cho bieu th c D =
3 2
2
2
2 4
x x x
x x x
+
+ +

a) Ru t go n bieu th c D
b) Tm x nguyen e D co gia tr nguyen
c) Tm gia tr cu a D khi x = 6
Gia i
a) Ne u x + 2 > 0 th 2 x + = x + 2 nen
D =
3 2
2
2
2 4
x x x
x x x
+
+ +
=
3 2 2
2
2 ( 1)( 2)
( 2) 4 ( 2) ( 2)( 2) 2
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
+ +
= =
+ + + +

Ne u x + 2 < 0 th 2 x + = - (x + 2) ne n
D =
3 2
2
2
2 4
x x x
x x x
+
+ +
=
3 2
2
2 ( 1)( 2)
( 2) 4 ( 2) ( 2)( 2) 2
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
+ +
= =
+ + + +

Ne u x + 2 = 0 x = -2 th bieu th c D khong xa c nh
b) e D co gia tr nguye n th
2
2
x x
hoa c
2
x
co gia tr nguye n
+)
2
2
x x
co gia tr nguyen
2
x(x - 1) 2 x - x 2
x > - 2 x > - 2

. .

V x(x 1) la tch cu a hai so nguyen lie n tiep nen chia he t cho 2 v i mo i x > - 2
+)
2
x
co gia tr nguyen
x 2 x = 2k
2k (k Z; k < - 1)
x < - 2 x < - 2
x

= e

.

c) Khia x = 6 x > - 2 nen D =
2
2
x x
=
6(6 1)
15
2
=
Ba i ta p ve nha
Ba i 1:
Cho bieu th c A =
2
2 3 2
: 1
3 2 5 6 1
x x x x
x x x x x
| | | |
+
| |
+ + + +
\ . \ .

a) Ru t go n A
b) Tm x e A = 0; A > 0
Ba i 2:
Cho bieu th c B =
3 2
3 2
3 7 5 1
2 4 3
y y y
y y y
+
+

a) Ru t go n B
b) Tm so nguyen y e
2D
2y + 3
co gia tr nguyen
c) Tm so nguyen y e B > 1

CHUYEN E 6
CAC BAI TOAN VE BIEU THC (TIEP)

* Da ng 2: Ca c bieu th c co tnh quy lua t
Ba i 1: Ru t gon ca c bieu th c
a) A =
| |
2 2 2
3 5 2 1
......
(1.2) (2.3)
( 1)
n
n n
+
+ + +
+

Phng pha p: Xua t pha t t ha ng t cuo i e tm ra quy lua t
Ta co
| |
2
2 1
( 1)
n
n n
+
+
=
2 2 2 2
2 1 1 1
( 1) ( 1)
n
n n n n
+
=
+ +
Nen
A =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1)
......
1 2 2 3 3 ( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1)
n n
n n n n n
+
+ + + = =
+ + +

b) B =
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 . 1 . 1 ........ 1
2 3 4 n
| | | | | | | |

| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

Ta co
2
2 2 2
1 1 ( 1)( 1)
1
k k k
k k k
+
= = Nen
B =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1.3 2.4 3.5 ( 1)( 1) 1.3.2.4...( 1)( 1) 1.2.3...( 1) 3.4.5...( 1) 1 1 1
. . ... . .
2 3 4 2 .3 .4 ... 2.3.4...( 1) 2.3.4.... 2 2
n n n n n n n n
n n n n n n n
+ + + + +
= = = =

c) C =
150 150 150 150
......
5.8 8.11 11.14 47.50
+ + + + =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
150. . ......
3 5 8 8 11 47 50
| |
+ + +
|
\ .

= 50.
1 1 9
50. 45
5 50 10
| |
= =
|
\ .

d) D =
1 1 1 1
......
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 ( 1) ( 1) n n n
+ + + +
+
=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
. ......
2 1.2 2.3 2.3 3.4 ( 1) ( 1) n n n n
| |
+ + +
|
+
\ .

=
1 1 1 ( 1)( 2)
2 1.2 ( 1) 4 ( 1)
n n
n n n n
( +
=
(
+ +

Ba i 2:
a) Cho A =
1 2 2 1
...
1 2 2 1
m m
m n

+ + + +

; B =
1 1 1 1
......
2 3 4 n
+ + + + . Tnh
A
B

Ta co
A =
1
1 1 1 1
... 1 1 ... 1 ... ( 1)
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
n
n n n n
n n
n n n n
| |
| | | |
+ + + + + + + = + + + +
| | |

\ . \ .
\ .
_

=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
... 1 ... nB
1 2 2 1 2 2 1
n n
n n n n
| | | |
+ + + + + = + + + =
| |

\ . \ .

A
B
= n
b) A =
1 1 1 1
......
1.(2n - 1) 3.(2n - 3) (2n - 3).3 (2n - 1).1
+ + + + ; B = 1 +
1 1
......
3 2n - 1
+ +
Tnh A : B
Gia i
A =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ... 1
2n 2n - 1 3 2n - 3 2n - 3 3 2n - 1
( | | | | | | | |
+ + + + + + + +
| | | | (
\ . \ . \ . \ .

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ...... ...... 1
2n 3 2n - 1 2n - 3 2n - 1 2n - 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 A 1
.2. 1 ...... .2.B
2n 3 2n - 1 2n - 3 2n B n
( | | | |
= + + + + + + + + +
| | (
\ . \ .
| |
= + + + + = =
|
\ .

Bai tap ve nha
Ru t go n ca c bie u th c sau:
a)
1 1 1
+......+
1.2 2.3 (n - 1)n
+ b)
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 3 5 n
. . ......
2 1 4 1 6 1 (n + 1) 1

c)
1 1 1
+......+
1.2.3 2.3.4 n(n + 1)(n +2)
+
* Da ng 3: Ru t go n; tnh gia tr bieu th c thoa ma n ie u kie n cu a bie n
Ba i 1: Cho
1
x 3
x
= . Tnh gi tr ca c c biu th c sau :
a)
2
2
1
A x
x
= ; b)
3
3
1
B x
x
= ; c)
4
4
1
C x
x
= ; d)
5
5
1
D x
x
= .
Li gii
a)
2
2
2
1 1
A x x 2 9 2 7
x x
1
= = = =

( )
;
b)
3
3
3
1 1 1
B x x 3 x 27 9 18
x x x
1 1

= = = =

( ) ( )
;
c)
2
4 2
4 2
1 1
C x x 2 49 2 47
x x
1
= = = =

( )
;
d)
2 3 5
2 3 5
1 1 1 1
A.B x x x x D 3
x x x x
1 1

= = =

( )( )
D = 7.18 3 = 123.

Ba i 2: Cho
x y z
+ + = 2
a b c
(1);
a b c
+ + = 2
x y z
(2).
Tnh gia tr bieu th c D =
2
2 2
a b c
+ +
x y z
| |
| | | |
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .

T (1) suy ra bcx + acy + abz = 0 (3)
T (2) suy ra
2 2
2 2 2 2
a b c ab ac bc a b c ab ac bc
+ + + 2 . 4 + + 4 2 .
x y z xy xz yz x y z xy xz yz
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
+ + = = + +
| | | | | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
\ . \ . \ . \ .
(4)
Thay (3) vao (4) ta co D = 4 2.0 = 4
Ba i 3
a) Cho abc = 2; ru t gon bieu th c A =
a b 2c
ab + a + 2 bc + b + 1 ac + 2c + 2
+ +
Ta co :
A =
a ab 2c a ab 2c
ab + a + 2 abc + ab + a ac + 2c + 2 ab + a + 2 2 + ab + a ac + 2c + abc
+ + = + +
=
a ab 2c a ab 2 ab + a + 2
1
ab + a + 2 2 + ab + a c(a + 2 + ab) ab + a + 2 2 + ab + a a + 2 + ab ab + a + 2
+ + = + + = =
b) Cho a + b + c = 0; ru t go n bieu th c B =
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c
a - b - c b - c - a c - b - a
+ +
T a + b + c = 0 a = -(b + c) a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
+ 2bc a
2
- b
2
- c
2
= 2bc
Tng t ta co : b
2
- a
2
- c
2
= 2ac ; c
2
- b
2
- a
2
= 2ab (Hoa n v vong quanh), nen
B =
2 2 2 3 3 3
a b c a b c
2bc 2ac 2ab 2abc
+ +
+ + = (1)
a + b + c = 0 -a = (b + c) -a
3
= b
3
+ c
3
+ 3bc(b + c) -a
3
= b
3
+ c
3
3abc
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc (2)
Thay (2) vao (1) ta co B =
3 3 3
a b c 3abc 3
2abc 2abc 2
+ +
= = (V abc = 0)
c) Cho a, b, c t ng o i mo t kha c nhau thoa ma n: (a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

Ru t go n bieu th c C =
2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c
+
a + 2bc b + 2ac c + 2ab
+
T (a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + ac + bc = 0
a
2
+ 2bc = a
2
+ 2bc (ab + ac + bc) = a
2
ab + bc ac = (a b)(a c)
Tng t : b
2
+ 2 ac = (b a)(b c) ; c
2
+ 2ab = (c a)(c b)
C =
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a b c
+ -
(a - b)(a - c) (b - a)(b - c) (c - a)(c - b) (a - b)(a - c) (a - b)(b - c) (a - c)(b - c)
+ = +
=
2 2 2
a (b - c) b (a - c) c (b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c)
- 1
(a - b)(a - c)(b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c) (a - b)(a - c)(b - c)
+ = =
* Da ng 4: Ch ng minh a ng th c thoa ma n ieu kie n cu a bie n
1. Ba i 1: Cho
1 1 1
+ + = 2
a b c
(1);
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ + = 2
a b c
(2).
Ch ng minh ra ng: a + b + c = abc
T (1) suy ra
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + 2. + + 4 2. + + 4 + +
a b c ab bc ac ab bc ac a b c
| | | | | |
= =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

1 1 1 a + b + c
+ + 1 1
ab bc ac abc
= = a + b + c = abc
2. Ba i 2: Cho a, b, c 0 v a + b + c 0 tha mn iu kin
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
=

.
Chng minh rng trong ba s a, b, c c hai s i nhau.
T suy ra rng :
2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
=

.
Ta c :
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
=

1 1 1 1
0
a b c a b c
=

a b a b
0
ab c(a b c)

=

a b 0 a b
c(a b c) ab
(a b). 0 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0 b c 0 b c
abc(a b c)
c a 0 c a

= =

= = = = = =

= =

T suy ra :
2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c a ( c) c a
= =

2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
1 1 1
a b c a ( c) c a
= =

2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
=

.
3. Ba i 3: Cho
a b c b c a
+ +
b c a a b c
+ = + (1)
chng minh rang : trong ba so a, b, c ton ta i hai so ba ng nhau
T (1)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a c + ab + bc = b c + ac + a b a (b - c) - a(c b ) bc(c - b) = 0 +
(c b)(a
2
ac = ab + bc) = 0 (c b)(a b)( a c) = 0 pcm

4. Ba i 4: Cho (a
2
bc)(b abc) = (b
2
ac)(a abc); abc = 0 va a= b
Chng minh ra ng:
1 1 1
+ + = a + b + c
a b c

T GT a
2
b b
2
c - a
3
bc + ab
2
c
2
= ab
2
a
2
c ab
3
c + a
2
bc
2

(a
2
b ab
2
) + (a
2
c b
2
c) = abc
2
(a b) + abc(a - b)(a + b)
(a b)(ab + ac + bc) = abc(a b)(a + b + c)

ab + ac + bc
= a + b + c
abc

1 1 1
+ + = a + b + c
a b c

5. Ba i 5: Cho a + b + c = x + y + z =
a b c
+ + = 0
x y z
; Ch ng minh ra ng: ax
2
+ by
2
+ cz
2
= 0
T x + y + z = 0 x
2
= (y + z)
2
; y
2
= (x + z)
2
; z
2
= (y + x)
2

ax
2
+ by
2
+ cz
2
= a(y + z)
2
+ b(x + z)
2
+ c (y + x)
2
=
= (b + c)x
2
+ (a + c)y
2
+ (a + b)z
2
+ 2(ayz + bxz + cxy) (1)
T a + b + c = 0 - a = b + c; - b = a + c; - c = a + b (2)
T
a b c
+ + = 0
x y z
ayz + bxz + cxy = 0 (3). Thay (2), (3) vao (1); ta co :
ax
2
+ by
2
+ cz
2
= -( ax
2
+ by
2
+ cz
2
) ax
2
+ by
2
+ cz
2
= 0
6. Ba i 6: Cho
a b c
+ 0
b - c c - a a - b
+ = ; ch ng minh:
2 2 2
a b c
+ 0
(b - c) (c - a) (a - b)
+ =
T
a b c
+ 0
b - c c - a a - b
+ =
2 2
a b c b ab + ac - c
=
b - c a - c b - a (a - b)(c - a)
+ =

2 2
2
a b ab + ac - c
(b - c) (a - b)(c - a)(b - c)
= (1) (Nha n hai ve v i

1
b - c
)
Tng t , ta co :
2 2
2
b c bc + ba - a
(c - a) (a - b)(c - a)(b - c)
= (2) ;
2 2
2
c a ac + cb - b
(a - b) (a - b)(c - a)(b - c)
= (3)
Cong tng ve (1), (2) va (3) ta co pcm
7. Ba i 7:
Cho a + b + c = 0; ch ng minh:
a - b b - c c - a c a b
+ +
c a b a - b b - c c - a
| || |
+ +
| |
\ .\ .
= 9 (1)
a t
a - b b - c c - a
= x ; ;
c a b
y z = =
c 1 a 1 b 1
= ;
a - b x b - c c - a y z
= =
(1) ( )
1 1 1
x + y + z + + 9
x y z
| |
=
|
\ .

Ta co :
( )
1 1 1 y + z x + z x + y
x + y + z + + 3 + +
x y z x y z
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
(2)
Ta la i co :
2 2
y + z b - c c - a c b bc + ac - a c c(a - b)(c - a - b) c(c - a - b)
. .
x a b a - b ab a - b ab(a - b) ab
| |
= + = = =
|
\ .

=
| |
2
c 2c - (a + b + c) 2c
ab ab
= (3)
Tng t , ta co :
2
x + z 2a
y bc
= (4) ;
2
x + y 2b
z ac
= (5)
Thay (3), (4) va (5) vao (2) ta co:
( )
1 1 1
x + y + z + + 3
x y z
| |
=
|
\ .
+
2 2 2
2c 2a 2b
ab bc ac
+ + = 3 +
2
abc
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
) (6)
T a + b + c = 0 a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc (7)
Thay (7) vao (6) ta co :
( )
1 1 1
x + y + z + + 3
x y z
| |
=
|
\ .
+
2
abc
. 3abc = 3 + 6 = 9
Bai tap ve nha:
1) cho
1 1 1
+ + 0
x y z
= ; tnh gia tr bieu th c A =
2 2 2
yz xz xy
+ +
x y z

HD: A =
3 3 3
xyz xyz xyz
+ +
x y z
; van du ng a + b + c = 0 a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc
2) Cho a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc ; Tnh gia tr bieu th c A =
a b c
+ 1 + 1 + 1
b c a
| || || |
| | |
\ .\ .\ .

3) Cho x + y + z = 0; chng minh ra ng: 3 0
y z x z x y
x y z
+ + +
+ + + =
4) Cho a + b + c = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1;
a b c
x y z
= = . Chng minh xy + yz + xz = 0

CHUYEN E 7
PHNG TRNH BAC CAO
A.Mu c tie u:
* Cung co , o n ta p kie n th c va ky na ng gia i ca c Pt ba c cao ba ng ca ch phan tch thanh nha n t
* Kha c sau ky na ng phan tch a th c thanh nha n t va ky nang gia i Pt
B. Kie n th c va ba i ta p:
I. Phng phap:
* Ca ch 1: e gia i cac Pt ba c cao, ta bie n o i, ru t gon e da Pt ve dang Pt co ve tra i la mo t a thc
ba c cao, ve pha i ba ng 0, va n dung ca c phng pha p phan tch a th c tha nh nhan t e a Pt ve da ng
pt tch e gia i
* Ca ch 2: a t an phu
II. Ca c v du :
1.V du 1: Gia i Pt
a) (x + 1)
2
(x + 2) + (x 1)
2
(x 2) = 12
... 2x
3
+ 10x = 12 x
3
+ 5x 6 = 0 (x
3
1) + (5x 5) (x 1)(x
2
+ x + 6) = 0

2
2
x = 1
x - 1 = 0
x 1
1 23
x + x + 6 = 0 x + 0
2 4

=
| |
+ =
|
\ .
(V
2
1 23
x + 0
2 4
| |
+ =
|
\ .
vo nghie m)
b) x
4
+ x
2
+ 6x 8 = 0 (1)
Ve pha i cu a Pt la mo t a thc co tong ca c he so ba ng 0, ne n co mo t nghie m x = 1 nen co nhan t la x
1, ta co
(1) (x
4
x
3
) + (x
3
x
2
) + (2x
2
2x) + (8x 8) = 0
... (x 1)(x
3
+ x
2
+ 2x + 8) (x 1)[(x
3
+ 2x
2
) (x
2
+ 2x) + (4x 8) ] = 0
(x 1)[x
2
(x + 2) x(x + 2) + 4(x + 2) = 0 (x 1)(x + 2)(x
2
x + 4) = 0 ....
c) (x 1)
3
+ (2x + 3)
3
= 27x
3
+ 8
x
3
3x
2
+ 3x 1 + 8x
3
+ 36x
2
+ 54x + 27 27x
3
8 = 0
- 18x
3
+ 33x
2
+ 57 x + 18 = 0 6x
3
- 11x
2
- 19x - 6 = 0 (2)
Ta tha y Pt co mo t nghie m x = 3, nen ve tra i co nha n t x 3:
(2) (6x
3
18x
2
) + (7x
2
21x) + (2x 6) = 0
6x
2
(x 3) + 7x(x 3) + 2(x 3) = 0 (x 3)(6x
2
+ 7x + 2) = 0
(x 3)[(6x
2
+ 3x) + (4x + 2)] = 0 (x 3)[3x(2x + 1) + 2(2x + 1)] = 0
(x 3)(2x + 1)(3x + 2) .....
d) (x
2
+ 5x)
2
2(x
2
+ 5x) = 24 [(x
2
+ 5x)
2
2(x
2
+ 5x) + 1] 25 = 0
(x
2
+ 5x - 1)
2
25 = 0 (x
2
+ 5x - 1 + 5)( (x
2
+ 5x - 1 5) = 0
(x
2
+ 5x + 4) (x
2
+ 5x 6) = 0 [(x
2
+ x) +(4x + 4)][(x
2
x) + (6x 6)] = 0
(x + 1)(x + 4)(x 1)(x + 6) = 0 ....
e) (x
2
+ x + 1)
2
= 3(x
4
+ x
2
+ 1) (x
2
+ x + 1)
2
- 3(x
4
+ x
2
+ 1) = 0
(x
2
+ x + 1)
2
3(x
2
+ x + 1)( x
2
- x + 1) = 0
( x
2
+ x + 1)[ x
2
+ x + 1 3(x
2
- x + 1)] = 0 ( x
2
+ x + 1)( -2x
2
+ 4x - 2) = 0
(x
2
+ x + 1)(x
2
2x + 1) = 0 ( x
2
+ x + 1)(x 1)
2
= 0...
f) x
5
= x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 2 (x
5
1) (x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1) = 0
(x 1) (x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1) (x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1) = 0
(x 2) (x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1) = 0
+) x 2 = 0 x = 2
+) x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1 = 0 (x
4
+ x
3
) + (x + 1) + x
2
= 0 (x + 1)(x
3
+ 1) + x
2
= 0
(x + 1)
2
(x
2
x + 1) + x
2
= 0 (x + 1)
2
[(x
2
2.x.
1
2
+
1
4
) +
3
4
] + x
2
= 0
(x + 1)
2
2
1 3
x + +
2 4
(
| |
(
|
\ .
(

+ x
2
= 0 Vo nghie m v (x + 1)
2
2
1 3
x + +
2 4
(
| |
(
|
\ .
(

> 0 nhng khong xay
ra da u ba ng
Ba i 2:
a) (x
2
+ x - 2)( x
2
+ x 3) = 12 (x
2
+ x 2)[( x
2
+ x 2) 1] 12 = 0
(x
2
+ x 2)
2
(x
2
+ x 2) 12 = 0
a t x
2
+ x 2 = y Th
(x
2
+ x 2)
2
(x
2
+ x 2) 12 = 0 y
2
y 12 = 0 (y 4)(y + 3) = 0
* y 4 = 0 x
2
+ x 2 4 = 0 x
2
+ x 6 = 0 (x
2
+ 3x) (2x + 6) = 0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0....
* y + 3 = 0 x
2
+ x 2 + 3 = 0 x
2
+ x + 1 = 0 (vo nghie m)
b) (x 4)( x 5)( x 6)( x 7) = 1680 (x
2
11x + 28)( x
2
11x + 30) = 1680
a t x
2
11x + 29 = y , ta co :
(x
2
11x + 28)( x
2
11x + 30) = 1680 (y + 1)(y 1) = 1680 y
2
= 1681 y = 41
y = 41 x
2
11x + 29 = 41 x
2
11x 12 = 0 (x
2
x) + (12x 12) = 0
(x 1)(x + 12) = 0.....
* y = - 41 x
2
11x + 29 = - 41 x
2
11x + 70 = 0 (x
2
2x.
11
2
+
121
4
)+
159
4
= 0
c) (x
2
6x + 9)
2
15(x
2
6x + 10) = 1 (3)
a t x
2
6x + 9 = (x 3)
2
= y > 0, ta co
(3) y
2
15(y + 1) 1 = 0 y
2
15y 16 = 0 (y + 1)(y 15) = 0
V i y + 1 = 0 y = -1 (loa i)
V i y 15 = 0 y = 15 (x 3)
2
= 16 x 3 = 4
+ x 3 = 4 x = 7
+ x 3 = - 4 x = - 1
d) (x
2
+ 1)
2
+ 3x(x
2
+ 1) + 2x
2
= 0 (4)
a t x
2
+ 1 = y th
(4) y
2
+ 3xy + 2x
2
= 0 (y
2
+ xy) + (2xy + 2x
2
) = 0 (y + x)(y + 2x) = 0
+) x + y = 0 x
2
+ x + 1 = 0 : Vo nghie m
+) y + 2x = 0 x
2
+ 2x + 1 = 0 (x + 1)
2
= 0 x = - 1
Ba i 3:
a) (2x + 1)(x + 1)
2
(2x + 3) = 18 (2x + 1)(2x + 2)
2
(2x + 3) = 72. (1)
a t 2x + 2 = y, ta co
(1) (y 1)y
2
(y + 1) = 72 y
2
(y
2
1) = 72
y
4
y
2
72 = 0
a t y
2
= z > 0 Th y
4
y
2
72 = 0 z
2
z 72 = 0 (z + 8)( z 9) = 0
* z + 8 = 0 z = - 8 (loa i)
* z 9 = 0 z = 9 y
2
= 9 y = 3 x = ...
b) (x + 1)
4
+ (x 3)
4
= 82 (2)
a t y = x 1 x + 1 = y + 2; x 3 = y 2, ta co
(2) (y + 2)
4
+ (y 2)
4
= 82
y
4
+8y
3
+ 24y
2
+ 32y + 16 + y
4
- 8y
3
+ 24y
2
- 32y + 16 = 82
2y
4
+ 48y
2
+ 32 82 = 0 y
4
+ 24y
2
25 = 0
a t y
2
= z > 0 y
4
+ 24y
2
25 = 0 z
2
+ 24 z 25 = 0 (z 1)(z + 25) = 0
+) z 1 = 0 z = 1 y = 1 x = 0; x = 2
+) z + 25 = 0 z = - 25 (loa i)
Chu y : Khi gia i Pt ba c 4 da ng (x + a)
4
+ (x + b)
4
= c ta th ng a t an phu y = x +
a + b
2

c) (4 x)
5
+ (x 2)
5
= 32 (x 2)
5
(x 4)
5
= 32
a t y = x 3 x 2 = y + 1; x 4 = y 1; ta co :
(x 2)
5
(x 4)
5
= 32 (y + 1)
5
- (y 1)
5
= 32
y
5
+ 5y
4
+ 10y
3
+ 10y
2
+ 5y + 1 (y
5
- 5y
4
+ 10y
3
- 10y
2
+ 5y - 1) 32 = 0
10y
4
+ 20y
2
30 = 0 y
4
+ 2y
2
3 = 0
a t y
2
= z > 0 y
4
+ 2y
2
3 = 0 z
2
+ 2z 3 = 0 (z 1)(z + 3) = 0 ........
d) (x - 7)
4
+ (x 8)
4
= (15 2x)
4

a t x 7 = a; x 8 = b ; 15 2x = c th - c = 2x 15 a + b = - c , Ne n
(x - 7)
4
+ (x 8)
4
= (15 2x)
4
a
4
+ b
4
= c
4
a
4
+ b
4
- c
4
= 0 a
4
+ b
4
(a + b)
4
= 0
4ab(a
2
+
3
2
ab + b
2
) = 0
2
2
3 7
4ab a + b + b
4 16
(
| |
(
|
\ .
(

= 0 4ab = 0
(V
2
2
3 7
a + b + b
4 16
| |
|
\ .
> 0 nhng kho ng xa y ra dau ba ng) ab = 0 x = 7; x = 8
e) 6x
4
+ 7x
3
36x
2
7x + 6 = 0
2
2
1 1
6 x 7 x - 36 0
x x
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .

(V x = 0 kho ng la nghie m). a t
1
x -
x
= y
2
2
1
x
x
+ = y
2
+ 2 , th
2
2
1 1
6 x 7 x - 36 0
x x
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
6(y
2
+ 2) + 7y 36 = 0 6y
2
+ 7y 24 = 0
(6y
2
9y) + (16y 24) = 0 (3y + 8 )(2y 3) = 0
+) 3y + 8 = 0 y = -
8
3

1
x -
x
= -
8
3
... (x + 3)(3x 1) = 0
x = - 3
x + 3 = 0
1
3x - 1 = 0 x =
3

+) 2y 3 = 0 y =
3
2

1
x -
x
=
3
2
... (2x + 1)(x 2) = 0
x = 2
x - 2 = 0
1
2x + 1 = 0 x = -
2

Ba i 4: Chng minh ra ng: ca c Pt sau vo nghie m
a) x
4
3x
2
+ 6x + 13 = 0 ( x
4
4x
2
+ 4) +(x
2
+ 6x + 9) = 0 (x
2
2)
2
+ (x + 3)
2
= 0
Ve tra i (x
2
2)
2
+ (x + 3)
2
> 0 nhng khong o ng th i xay ra x
2
= 2 va x = -3
b) x
6
+ x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1 = 0 (x 1)( x
6
+ x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1) = 0
x
7
1 = 0 x = 1
x = 1 kho ng la nghie m cu a Pt x
6
+ x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1 = 0

Bai tap ve nha:
Ba i 1: Gia i ca c Pt
a)(x
2
+ 1)
2
= 4(2x 1)
HD: Chuyen ve , trien khai (x
2
+ 1)
2
, phan tch tha nh nha n t : (x 1)
2
(x
2
+ 2x + 5) = 0
b) x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 24 (Nha n 2 nha n t v i nhau, ap du ng PP a t a n phu )
c) (12x + 7)
2
(3x + 2)(2x + 1) = 3 (Nha n 2 ve vi 24, a t 12x + 7 = y)
d) (x
2
9)
2
= 12x + 1 (The m, b t 36x
2
)
e) (x 1)
4
+ (x 2)
4
= 1 ( a t y = x 1,5; s: x = 1; x = 2)
f) (x 1)
5
+ (x + 3)
5
= 242(x + 1) (a t x + 1 = y; s:0; -1; -2 )
g) (x + 1)
3
+ (x - 2)
3
= (2x 1)
3

a t x + 1 = a; x 2 = b; 1 - 2x = c th a + b + c = 0 a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc
h) 6x
4
+ 5x
3
38x
2
+ 5x + 6 = 0 (Chia 2 ve cho x
2
; a t y =
1
x +
x
)
i) x
5
+ 2x
4
+ 3x
3

+ 3x
2
+ 2x + 1 = 0 (Ve tra i la a th c co tong ca c he so ba c cha n bang to ng ca c
he so ba c le ...)
Ba i 2: Chng minh ca c pt sau vo nghie m
a) 2x
4
10x
2
+ 17 = 0
(Pha n tch ve tra i thanh tong cu a hai bnh phng)
b) x
4
2x
3

+ 4x
2
3x + 2 = 0
(Pha n tch ve tra i thanh tch cu a 2 a th c co gia tr khong a m....)

CHUYEN E 8
TM GIA TR LN NHAT, NHO NHAT CUA MOT BIEU THC

A. Gia tr l n nha t, gia tr nho nha t cu a mo t bie u th c
1) Kha i nie m: Neu v i mo i gia tr cu a bie n thuo c mo t khoa ng xa c nh nao o ma gia tr cu a bieu th c
A luo n luon l n hn hoa c ba ng (nho hn hoa c bang) mo t ha ng so k va to n ta i mo t gia tr cu a bie n e A
co gia tr ba ng k th k go i la gia tr nho nha t (gia tr ln nha t) cu a bieu th c A ng v i ca c gia tr cua
bien thuo c khoa ng xa c nh no i tren
2) Phng pha p
a) e tm gia tr nho nha t cu a A, ta ca n:
+ Ch ng minh A > k v i k la ha ng so
+ Ch ra da = co the xay ra v i gia tr nao o cu a bien
b) e tm gia tr ln nha t cu a A, ta ca n:
+ Ch ng minh A s k v i k la ha ng so
+ Ch ra da = co the xay ra v i gia tr nao o cu a bien
K hieu : min A la gia tr nho nha t cu a A; max A la gia tr ln nha t cu a A
B.Ca c ba i ta p tm Gia tr l n nha t, gia tr nho nha t cu a mo t bieu th c
I) Da ng 1: Tam th c ba c hai
V du 1 :
a) Tm gia tr nho nha t cu a A = 2x
2
8x + 1
b) Tm gia tr ln nha t cu a B = -5x
2
4x + 1
Gia i
a) A = 2(x
2
4x + 4) 7 = 2(x 2)
2
7 > - 7
min A = - 7 x = 2
b) B = - 5(x
2
+
4
5
x) + 1 = - 5(x
2
+ 2.x.
2
5
+
4
25
) +
9
5
=
9
5
- 5(x +
2
5
)
2
s
9
5

max B =
9
5
x =
2
5

b) V du 2: Cho tam thc ba c hai P(x) = a x
2
+ bx + c
a) Tm min P ne u a > 0
b) Tm max P neu a < 0
Gia i
Ta co : P = a(x
2
+
b
a
x) + c = a(x +
b
2a
)
2
+ (c -
2
b
4a
)
a t c -
2
b
4a
= k. Do (x +
b
2a
)
2
> 0 nen:
a) Ne u a > 0 th a(x +
b
2a
)
2
> 0 do o P > k min P = k x = -
b
2a

b) Neu a < 0 th a(x +
b
2a
)
2
s 0 do o P s k max P = k x = -
b
2a

II. Da ng 2: a th c co da u gia tr tuye t o i
1) V du 1: Tm gia tr nho nha t cu a
a) A = (3x 1)
2
4 3x - 1 + 5
a t 3x - 1 = y th A = y
2
4y + 5 = (y 2)
2
+ 1 > 1
min A = 1 y = 2 3x - 1 = 2
x = 1
3x - 1 = 2
1
3x - 1 = - 2 x = -
3

b) B = x - 2 + x - 3
B = x - 2 + x - 3 = B = x - 2 + 3 - x > x - 2 + 3 - x = 1
min B = 1 (x 2)(3 x) > 0 2 s x s 3
2) V du 2: Tm GTNN cu a C =
2 2
x - x + 1 x - x - 2 +
Ta co C =
2 2
x - x + 1 x - x - 2 + =
2 2 2 2
x - x + 1 2 + x - x x - x + 1 + 2 + x - x + > = 3
min C = 3 (x
2
x + 1)(2 + x x
2
) > 0 2 + x x
2
> 0 x
2
x 2 s 0
(x + 1)(x 2) s 0 - 1 x 2 s s
3) V du 3:
Tm gi tr nh nht ca : T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4|
Ta c |x-1| + |x-4| = |x-1| + |4-x| > |x-1+4-x| = 3 (1)
V 2 3 2 3 2 3 x x x x x x + = + > + = 1 (2)
Vy T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4| > 1 + 3 = 4
Ta c t (1) Du bng xy ra khi 1 4 x s s
(2) Du bng xy ra khi 2 3 x s s
Vy T c gi tr nh nht l 4 khi 2 3 x s s

III.Da ng 3: a th c ba c cao
a) A = x(x 3)(x 4)(x 7) = (x
2
7x)( x
2
7x + 12)
a t x
2
7x + 6 th A = (y 6)(y + 6) = y
2
36 > - 36
Min A = - 36 y = 0 x
2
7x + 6 = 0 (x 1)(x 6) = 0 x = 1 hoa c x = 6
b) B = 2x
2
+ y
2
2xy 2x + 3 = (x
2
2xy + y
2
) + (x
2
2x + 1) + 2
= (x y)
2
+ (x 1)
2
+ 2 > 2
x - y = 0
x = y = 1
x - 1 = 0

c) C = x
2
+ xy + y
2
3x 3y = x
2
2x + y
2
2y + xy x y
Ta co C + 3 = (x
2
2x + 1) + (y
2
2y + 1) + (xy x y + 1)
= (x 1)
2
+ (y 1)
2
+ (x 1)(y 1). a t x 1 = a; y 1 = b th
C + 3 = a
2
+ b
2
+ ab = (a
2
+ 2.a.
b
2
+
2
b
4
) +
2
3b
4
= (a +
b
2
)
2
+
2
3b
4
> 0
Min (C + 3) = 0 hay min C = - 3 a = b = 0 x = y = 1
a) C = (x + 8)
4
+ (x + 6)
4

a t x + 7 = y C = (y + 1)
4
+ (y 1)
4
= y
4
+ 4y
3
+ 6y
2
+ 4y + 1 + y
4
- 4y
3
+ 6y
2
- 4y + 1
= 2y
4
+ 12y
2
+ 2 > 2 min A = 2 y = 0 x = - 7
b) D = x
4
6x
3
+ 10x
2
6x + 9 = (x
4
6x
3
+ 9x
2
) + (x
2
6x + 9)
= (x
2
3x)
2
+ (x 3)
2
> 0 min D = 0 x = 3
IV. Da ng pha n th c:
1. Pha n th c co t la ha ng so, ma u la tam th c ba c hai
Bieu th c da ng na y a t GTNN khi ma u a t GTLN
V du : Tm GTNN cu a A =
2
2
6x - 5 - 9x
=
2 2
- 2 2
9x - 6x + 5 (3x - 1) 4
=
+

V (3x 1)
2
> 0 (3x 1)
2
+ 4 > 4
2 2
1 1 2 2
(3x - 1) 4 4 (3x - 1) 4 4

s >
+ +
A > -
1
2

min A = -
1
2
3x 1 = 0 x =
1
3

2. Pha n th c co ma u la bnh phng cu a mo t nh th c
a) V du 1: Tm GTNN cu a A =
2
2
3x - 8x + 6

x - 2x + 1

+) Ca ch 1: Ta ch t tha nh ca c nho m co nha n t chung vi ma u
A =
2 2
2 2 2
3x - 8x + 6 3(x - 2x + 1) - 2(x - 1) + 1 2 1
= 3
x - 2x + 1 (x - 1) x - 1 (x - 1)
= + . a t y =
1
x - 1
Th
A = 3 2y + y
2
= (y 1)
2
+ 2 > 2 min A = 2 y = 1
1
x - 1
= 1 x = 2
+) Ca ch 2: Vie t bie u th c A tha nh tong cu a mo t so vi mo t phan th c khong a m
A =
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3x - 8x + 6 2(x - 2x + 1) + (x - 4x + 4) (x - 2)
= 2 2
x - 2x + 1 (x - 1) (x - 1)
= + >
min A = 2 x 2 = 0 x = 2
b) V du 2: Tm GTLN cu a B =
2
x
x 20x + 100 +

Ta co B =
2 2
x x
x 20x + 100 (x + 10)
=
+
. a t y =
1
x + 10
x =
1
10
y
th
B = (
1
10
y
).y
2
= - 10y
2
+ y = - 10(y
2
2.y.
1
20
y +
1
400
) +
1
40
= - 10
2
1
y -
10
| |
|
\ .
+
1
40
s
1
40

Max B =
1
40

1
y -
10
= 0 y =
1
10
x = 10
c) V du 3: Tm GTNN cu a C =
2 2
2 2
x + y
x + 2xy + y

Ta co : C =
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
(x + y) (x - y)
x + y 1 1 (x - y) 1
2
.
x + 2xy + y (x + y) 2 2 (x + y) 2
( +

= = + > min A =
1
2
x = y
3. Ca c pha n th c co da ng kha c
a)V du : Tm GTNN, GTLN (C c tr) cu a A =
2
3 - 4x
x 1 +

Ta co : A =
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 - 4x (4x 4x 4) (x 1) (x - 2)
1 1
x 1 x 1 x 1
+ +
= = >
+ + +
min A = - 1 x = 2
Ta la i co : A =
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 - 4x (4x 4) (4x + 4x + 1) (2x 1)
4 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
+ +
= = s
+ + +
max A = 4 x =
1
2

C. Tm GTNN, GTLN cua mo t bie u th c bie t quan he gi a ca c bie n
1) V du 1: Cho x + y = 1. Tm GTNN cu a A = x
3
+ y
3
+ xy
Ta co A = (x + y)(x
2
xy + y
2
) + xy = x
2
+ y
2
(v x + y = 1)
a) Ca ch 1: Bieu th a n nay qua a n kia, ro i a ve mo t tam th c ba c hai
T x + y = 1 x = 1 y
nen A = (1 y)
2
+ y
2
= 2(y
2
y) + 1 = 2(y
2
2.y.
1
2
+
1
4
) +
1
2
= 2
2
1 1 1
y - +
2 2 2
| |
>
|
\ .

Va y min A =
1
2
x = y =
1
2

b) Ca ch 2: S dung k a cho, la m xua t hien mo t bieu th c m i co ch a A
T x + y = 1 x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
= 1(1). Ma t kha c (x y)
2
> 0 x
2
2xy + y
2
> 0 (2)
Cong (1) v i (2) ve theo ve , ta co :
2(x
2
+ y
2
) > 1 x
2
+ y
2
>
1
2
min A =
1
2
x = y =
1
2

2)V du 2: Cho x + y + z = 3
a) Tm GTNN cu a A = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2

b) Tm GTLN cu a B = xy + yz + xz
T Cho x + y + z = 3 Cho (x + y + z)
2
= 9 x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(xy + yz + xz) = 9 (1)
Ta co x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- xy yz zx =
2
1
.2 .( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- xy yz zx)
=
2
1
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x y x z y z ( + +

> 0 x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
> xy+ yz + zx (2)
a ng th c xay ra khi x = y = z
a) T (1) va (2) suy ra
9 = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(xy + yz + xz) s x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) = 3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
> 3 min A = 3 x = y = z = 1
b) T (1) va (2) suy ra
9 = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(xy + yz + xz) > xy+ yz + zx + 2(xy + yz + xz) = 3(xy+ yz + zx)
xy+ yz + zx s 3 max B = 3 x = y = z = 1
3) V du 3:
Tm gi tr ln nht ca S = xyz.(x+y).(y+z).(z+x) vi x,y,z > 0 v x + y + z = 1
V x,y,z > 0 ,p dng BT Csi ta c: x+ y + z
3
3 xyz >
3
1 1
3 27
xyz xyz s s
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho x+y ; y+z ; x+z ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
. . 3 . . x y y z z x x y y z x z + + + > + + + ( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 3 . . x y y z z x > + + +
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z =
1
3
S s
8 1 8
.
27 27 729
=
Vy S c gi tr ln nht l
8
729
khi x = y = z =
1
3

4) V du 4: Cho xy + yz + zx = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
4 4 4
x y z + +
p dng BT Bunhiacpski cho 6 s (x,y,z) ;(x,y,z)
Ta c ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
xy yz zx x y z + + s + +
( )
2
2 2 2
1 x y z s + + (1)
p dng BT Bunhiacpski cho (
2 2 2
, , x y z ) v (1,1,1)
Ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
( ) (1 1 1 )( ) ( ) 3( ) x y z x y z x y z x y z + + s + + + + + + s + +
T (1) v (2)
4 4 4
1 3( ) x y z s + +
4 4 4
1
3
x y z + + s
Vy
4 4 4
x y z + + c gi tr nh nht l
1
3
khi x= y = z =
3
3

D. Mo t so chu y :
1) Khi tm GTNN, GTLN ta co the o i bie n
V du : Khi tm GTNN cu a A =(x 1)
2
+ (x 3)
2
, ta a t x 2 = y th
A = (y + 1)
2
+ (y 1)
2
= 2y
2
+ 2 > 2
2) Khi tm cc tr cu a mo t bie u th c, ta co the thay k cu a bieu th c nay a t c c tr b i k tng ng
la bie u th c kha c a t c c tr:
+) -A l n nha t A nho nha t ; +)
1
B
l n nha t B nho nha t (v i B > 0)
+) C ln nha t C
2
ln nha t
V du : Tm c c tr cu a A =
( )
4
2
2
x + 1
x + 1

a) Ta co A > 0 ne n A nho nha t khi
1
A
l n nha t, ta co
( )
2
2
2
4 4
x + 1
1 2x
1 1
A x + 1 x + 1
= = + > min
1
A
= 1 x = 0 max A = 1 x = 0
b) Ta co (x
2
1)
2
> 0 x
4
- 2x
2
+ 1 > 0 x
4
+ 1 > 2x
2
. (Da u ba ng xa y ra khi x
2
= 1)
V x
4
+ 1 > 0
2
4
2x
x + 1
s 1
2
4
2x
1 1 1 2
x + 1
+ s + = max
1
A
= 2 x
2
= 1
min A =
1
2
x = 1
3) Nhie u khi ta tm c c tr cu a bie u th c trong ca c khoang cu a bien, sau o so sa mh ca c c c tr o e
e tm GTNN, GTLN trong toan bo tap xa c nh cu a bie n
V du : Tm GTLN cu a B =
y
5 - (x + y)

a) xe t x + y s 4
- Ne u x = 0 th A = 0 - Ne u 1 y 3 s s th A s 3
- Ne u y = 4 th x = 0 va A = 4
b) xe t x + y > 6 th A s 0
So sanh ca c gia tr tre n cu a A, ta tha y max A = 4 x = 0; y = 4
4) S du ng ca c hang ba t ang th c
V du : Tm GTLN cu a A = 2x + 3y bie t x
2
+ y
2
= 52
A p du ng Bt Bunhiacopxki: (a x + by)
2
s (a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) cho ca c so 2, x , 3, y ta co :
(2x + 3y)
2
s (2
2
+ 3
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) = (4 + 9).52 = 26
2
2x + 3y s 26
Max A = 26
x y
=
2 3
y =
3x
2
x
2
+ y
2
= x
2
+
2
3x
2
| |
|
\ .
= 52 13x
2
= 52.4 x = 4
Va y: Ma x A = 26 x = 4; y = 6 hoa c x = - 4; y = - 6
5) Hai so co to ng khong o i th tch cu a chung ln nha t khi va ch khi chu ng bang nhau
Hai so co tch khong o i th to ng cu a chu ng l n nha t khi va ch khi chung bang nhau
a)V du 1: Tm GTLN cu a A = (x
2
3x + 1)(21 + 3x x
2
)
V (x
2
3x + 1) + (21 + 3x x
2
) = 22 khong o i nen tch (x
2
3x + 1)(21 + 3x x
2
) l n nhat khi va
ch khi x
2
3x + 1 = 21 + 3x x
2
x
2
3x 10 = 0 x = 5 hoa c x = - 2
Khi o A = 11. 11 = 121 Max A = 121 x = 5 hoac x = - 2
b) V du 2: Tm GTNN cu a B =
(x + 4)(x + 9)
x

Ta co : B =
2
(x + 4)(x + 9) x 13x + 36 36
x + 13
x x x
+
= = +
V ca c so x va
36
x
co tch x.
36
x
= 36 khong o i ne n
36
x +
x
nho nhat x =
36
x
x = 6
A =
36
x + 13
x
+ nho nhat la min A = 25 x = 6
6)Trong khi tm c c tr ch can ch ra rang ton ta i mo t gia tr cu a bien e xa y ra ang th c ch khong
ca n ch ra mo i gia tr e xay ra a ng th c
V du : Tm GTNN cu a A =
m n
11 5
Ta tha y 11
m
ta n cu ng ba ng 1, 5
n
tan cu ng ba ng 5
Ne u 11
m
> 5
n
th A ta n cung bang 6, neu 11
m
< 5
n
th A ta n cung bang 4
khi m = 2; n = 3 th A = 121 124 = 4 min A = 4, chang han khi m = 2, n = 3
CHUYEN E 9
BAT ANG THC

Phn I : cc kin thc cn lu
1-inhngha:
0
0
A B A B
A B A B
> >
s s

2-tnh cht
+ A>B A B <
+ A>B v B >C A > C
+ A>B A + C >B + C
+ A>B v C > D A +C > B + D
+ A>B v C > 0 A.C > B.C
+ A>B v C < 0 A.C < B.C
+ 0 < A B > 0 A
n
> B
n
n
+ A > B A
n
> B
n
vi n l
+ A > B A
n
> B
n
vi n chn
+ m > n > 0 v A > 1 A
m
> A
n

+ m > n > 0 v 0 <A < 1 A
m
< A
n

+A 0
B A
1 1
>
3 - mt s hng bt ng thc
+ A
2
> 0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ A
n
> 0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ 0 > A vi A (du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ - A < A = A
+ A B A B + > + ( du = xy ra khi A.B > 0)
+ B A B A s ( du = xy ra khi A.B < 0)

Phn II : mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc
1) Phng php 1: dng nh ngha
chng minh A > B Ta chng minh A B > 0
Lu dng hng bt ng thc M
2
> 0 vi M
V d 1 x, y, z chng minh rng :
a) x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
> xy+ yz + zx
b) x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
> 2xy 2xz + 2yz
Gii:
a) Ta xt hiu : x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- xy yz zx =
2
1
.2 .( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- xy yz zx)
=
2
1
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x y x z y z ( + +

> 0 ng vi m i x;y;z R e
V (x-y)
2
>0 vix ; y .Du bng xy ra khi x = y
(x- z)
2
>0 vix ; z . Du bng xy ra khi x = z
(y- z)
2
>0 vi z; y . Du bng xy ra khi z = y
Vy x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
> xy+ yz + zx . Du bng xy ra khi x = y =z
b)Ta xt hiu:
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- ( 2xy 2xz +2yz ) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- 2xy +2xz 2yz = ( x y + z)
2
0 >
ng vi mi x;y;z R e
Vy x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
> 2xy 2xz + 2yz ng vi mi x;y;z R e
Du bng xy ra khi x + y = z

V d 2: chng minh rng :
a)
2
2 2
2 2
|
.
|
\
| +
>
+ b a b a
; b)
2
2 2 2
3 3
|
.
|
\
| + +
>
+ + c b a c b a
c) Hy tng qut bi ton
gii
a) Ta xt hiu
2
2 2
2 2
|
.
|
\
| +
+ b a b a
=
( )
4
2
4
2
2 2 2 2
b ab a b a + +
+
= ( ) ab b a b a 2 2 2
4
1
2 2 2 2
+ = ( ) 0
4
1
2
> b a
Vy
2
2 2
2 2
|
.
|
\
| +
>
+ b a b a
Du bng xy ra khi a = b
b)Ta xt hiu:
2
2 2 2
3 3
|
.
|
\
| + +
+ + c b a c b a
= ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 0
9
1
2 2 2
> + + a c c b b a
Vy
2
2 2 2
3 3
|
.
|
\
| + +
>
+ + c b a c b a
Du bng xy ra khi a = b =c
c)Tng qut:
2
2 1
2 2
2
2
1
.... ....
|
.
|
\
| + + +
>
+ + +
n
a a a
n
a a a
n n

* Tm li cc bc chng minh A>B theo nh ngha
Bc 1: Ta xt hiu H = A - B
Bc 2: Bin i H = (C+D)
2
hoc H=(C+D)
2
+.+(E+F)
2

Bc 3: Kt lun A > B
2) phng php 2 : Dng php bin i tng ng
Ta bin i bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi bt ng thc ng hoc bt ng thc
c chng minh l ng.
V d 1: Cho a, b, c, d,e l cc s thc chng minh rng
a) ab
b
a > +
4
2
2
b) b a ab b a + + > + + 1
2 2
c) ( ) e d c b a e d c b a + + + > + + + +
2 2 2 2 2

Gii:
a) ab
b
a > +
4
2
2
ab b a 4 4
2 2
> + 0 4 4
2 2
> + b a a ( ) 0 2
2
> b a (Bt ny lun ng)
Vy ab
b
a > +
4
2
2
(du bng xy ra khi 2a = b)
b) b a ab b a + + > + + 1
2 2
) ) ( 2 1 ( 2
2 2
b a ab b a + + > + +
0 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
> + + + + + b b a a b ab a 0 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2 2 2
> + + b a b a (lun ng)
Vy b a ab b a + + > + + 1
2 2
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = 1
c) ( ) e d c b a e d c b a + + + > + + + +
2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) e d c b a e d c b a + + + > + + + + 4 4
2 2 2 2 2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
> + + + + + + + c ac a d ad a c ac a b ab a
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
> + + + c a d a c a b a
V d 2: Chng minh rng: ( )( ) ( )( )
4 4 8 8 2 2 10 10
b a b a b a b a + + > + +
Gii:
( )( ) ( )( )
4 4 8 8 2 2 10 10
b a b a b a b a + + > + +
12 8 4 4 8 12 12 10 2 2 10 12
b b a b a a b b a b a a + + + > + + +
( ) ( ) 0
2 2 8 2 2 2 2 8
> + a b b a b a b a a
2
b
2
(a
2
-b
2
)(a
6
-b
6
) > 0 a
2
b
2
(a
2
-b
2
)
2
(a
4
+ a
2
b
2
+b
4
) > 0
V d 4: cho ba s thc khc khng x, y, z tha mn:
+ + < + +
=
z y x
z y x
z y x
1 1 1
1 . .

Chng minh rng : c ng mt trong ba s x,y,z ln hn 1
Gii: Xt (x-1)(y-1)(z-1) = xyz + (xy + yz + zx) + x + y + z - 1
= (xyz - 1) + (x + y + z) - xyz(
z y x
1 1 1
+ + ) = x + y + z - ( 0 )
1 1 1
> + +
z y x

(v
z y x
1 1 1
+ + < x+y+z theo gt) 2 trong 3 s x-1 , y-1 , z-1 m hoc c ba s-1 , y-1, z-1 l dng.
Nu trng hp sau xy ra th x, y, z >1 x.y.z>1 Mu thun gt x.y.z =1 bt buc phi xy ra trng
hp trn tc l c ng 1 trong ba s x ,y ,z l s ln hn 1

3) Phng php 3: dng bt ng thc quen thuc
A) mt s bt ng thc hay dng
1) Cc bt ng thc ph:
a) xy y x 2
2 2
> + b) xy y x > +
2 2
du( = ) khi x = y = 0
c) ( ) xy y x 4
2
> + d) 2 > +
a
b
b
a

2)Bt ng thc C sy:
n
n
n
a a a a
n
a a a a
....
....
3 2 1
3 2 1
>
+ + + +
Vi 0 >
i
a
3)Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
( )( ) ( )
2
2 2 1 1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
.... .... . ....
n n n n
x a x a x a x x a a a + + + > + + + + + +
4) Bt ng thc Tr-b - sp:
Nu
s s
s s
C B A
c b a

3
.
3 3
C B A c b a cC bB aA + + + +
>
+ +

Nu
> >
s s
C B A
c b a

3
.
3 3
C B A c b a cC bB aA + + + +
s
+ +

Du bng xy ra khi
= =
= =
C B A
c b a

B) cc v d
v d 1
Cho a, b ,c l cc s khng m chng minh rng (a+b) (b+c)(c+a) > 8abc
Gii: Dng bt ng thc ph: ( ) xy y x 4
2
> +
Tac ( ) ab b a 4
2
> + ; ( ) bc c b 4
2
> + ; ( ) ac a c 4
2
> +
( )
2
b a + ( )
2
c b + ( )
2
a c + > ( )
2 2 2 2
8 64 abc c b a = (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) > 8abc
Du = xy ra khi a = b = c
v d 2: Cho a > b > c > 0 v 1
2 2 2
= + + c b a chng minh rng
3 3 3
1
2
a b c
b c a c a b
+ + >
+ + +

Do a,b,c i xng , gi s a > b > c
+
>
+
>
+
> >
b a
c
c a
b
c b
a
c b a
2 2 2

p dng BT Tr- b-sp ta c
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
>
+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
c a
b
c b
a c b a
b a
c
c
c a
b
b
c b
a
a .
3
. . .
2 2 2
2 2 2
=
2
3
.
3
1
=
2
1

Vy
2
1
3 3 3
>
+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
c a
b
c b
a
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c =
3
1

v d 3: Cho a,b,c,d > 0 v abcd =1 .Chng minh rng :
( ) ( ) ( ) 10
2 2 2 2
> + + + + + + + + + a c d d c b c b a d c b a
Ta c ab b a 2
2 2
> + ; cd d c 2
2 2
> +
Do abcd =1 nn cd =
ab
1
(dng
2
1 1
> +
x
x )
Ta c 4 )
1
( 2 ) ( 2
2 2 2
> + = + > + +
ab
ab cd ab c b a (1)
Mt khc: ( ) ( ) ( ) a c d d c b c b a + + + + + = (ab + cd) + (ac + bd) + (bc + ad)
= 2 2 2
1 1 1
+ + > |
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+
bc
bc
ac
ac
ab
ab ( ) ( ) ( ) 10
2 2 2 2
> + + + + + + + + + a c d d c b c b a d c b a
v d 4: Chng minh rng : ac bc ab c b a + + > + +
2 2 2

Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
Xt cp s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c) ta c ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. 1 . 1 . 1 ) ( 1 1 1 c b a c b a + + > + + + +
3 ( ) ( ) ac bc ab c b a c b a + + + + + > + + 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
ac bc ab c b a + + > + +
2 2 2
(pcm)
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c

4) Phng php 4: dng tnh cht ca t s
A. Kin thc
1) Cho a, b ,c l cc s dng th
a. Nu 1 >
b
a
th
c b
c a
b
a
+
+
> b. Nu 1 0 th t
d
c
d b
c a
b
a
d
c
b
a
<
+
+
< <
B. Cc v d:
v d 1: Cho a,b,c,d > 0 .Chng minh rng : 2 1 <
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +

+ +
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c
d c b a
a
+ + +
<
c b a
a
+ +
<
d c b a
d a
+ + +
+
(3)
Tng t ta c :
d c b a
a b
d c b
b
d c b a
b
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ + +
(4)

d c b a
c b
a d c
c
d c b a
c
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ + +
(5);
d c b a
c d
b a d
d
d c b a
d
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ + +
(6)
cng v vi v ca (3); (4); (5); (6) ta c
2 1 <
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
 0
Chng minh rng
b
a
<
d
c
d b
cd ab
<
+
+
2 2

Gii: T
b
a
<
d
c
2 2
d
cd
b
ab
<
d
c
d
cd
d b
cd ab
b
ab
= <
+
+
<
2 2 2 2

b
a
<
d
c
d b
cd ab
<
+
+
2 2
(pcm)
v d 3 : Cho a;b;c;d l cc s nguyn dng tha mn : a + b = c+d =1000 tm gi tr ln nht ca
d
b
c
a
+
Gii : Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s :
c
a

d
b
s
d
b
d c
b a
c
a
s
+
+
s ; 1 s
c
a
v a + b = c + d
a, Nu: b 998 s th
d
b
998 s
d
b
c
a
+ s 999
b, Nu: b = 998 th a =1
d
b
c
a
+ =
d c
999 1
+ t gi tr ln nht khi d = 1; c = 999
Vy: gi tr ln nht ca
d
b
c
a
+ = 999 +
999
1
khi a = d = 1; c = b = 999
V d 4 : Vi mi s t nhin n >1 chng minh rng :
4
3 1
....
2
1
1
1
2
1
<
+
+ +
+
+
+
<
n n n n

Ta c
n n n k n 2
1 1 1
=
+
>
+
vi k = 1,2,3,,n-1
Do :
2
1
2 2
1
...
2
1
2
1
...
2
1
1
1
= = + + > + +
+
+
+ n
n
n n n n n

V d 5: CMR: A =
2 2 2 2
1
........
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
n
+ + + + + vi n 2 khng l s t nhin
HD:
2 2
1 1 1 1
; ;.....
2 1.2. 3 2.3
< <
V d 6: Cho a ,b ,c ,d > 0 .Chng minh rng :
2 3
a b b c c d d a
a b c b c d c d a d a b
+ + + +
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +

Gii :
V a ,b ,c ,d > 0 nn ta c:
a b a b a b d
a b c d a b c a b c d
+ + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
(1)

b c b c b c a
a b c d b c d a b c d
+ + + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
(2)

d a d a d a c
a b c d d a b a b c d
+ + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
(3)
Cng cc v ca 4 bt ng thc trn ta c :
2 3
a b b c c d d a
a b c b c d c d a d a b
+ + + +
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
(pcm)

5. Phng php 5:Dng bt ng thc trong tam gic
Nu a;b;cl s o ba cnh ca tam gic th : a; b; c > 0
V |b-c| < a < b+c ; |a-c| (a+b-c).(b+c-a).(c+a-b)
Gii
a)V a,b,c l s o 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nn ta c
+ < <
+ < <
+ < b-c
2 2 2
) ( c b a a > > 0
b > a-c
2 2 2
) ( a c b b > > 0
c > a-b 0 ) (
2 2 2
> > b a c c
Nhn v cc bt ng thc ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a b c b c a c a b
( ( (
>

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
. . a b c a b c b c a c a b abc a b c b c a c a b > + + + > + + +
V d2: (i bin s)
Cho a,b,c l ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng
2
3
>
+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
(1)
t x= b + c ; y= c + a ;z = a + b ta c a =
2
x z y +
; b =
2
y x z +
; c =
2
z y x +

ta c (1)
z
z y x
y
y x z
x
x z y
2 2 2
+
+
+
+
+

2
3
> 3 1 1 1 > + + + + +
z
y
z
x
y
z
y
x
x
z
x
y

( 6 ) ( ) ( ) > + + + + +
z
y
y
z
z
x
x
z
y
x
x
y
l Bt ng?
V d 3: (i bin s)
Cho a, b, c > 0 v a + b + c <1. Chng minh rng : 9
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2 2
>
+
+
+
+
+ ab c ac b bc a
(1)
Gii: t x = bc a 2
2
+ ; y = ac b 2
2
+ ; z = ab c 2
2
+
Ta c ( ) 1
2
< + + = + + c b a z y x
(1) 9
1 1 1
> + +
z y x
Vi x + y + z < 1 v x ,y,z > 0
Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c:
> + + z y x 3.
3
xyz v > + +
z y x
1 1 1
3. . 3
1
xyz
( ) 9
1 1 1
. >
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + +
z y x
z y x
6) phng php lm tri :
Chng minh BT sau :
a)
1 1 1 1
...
1.3 3.5 (2 1).(2 1) 2 n n
+ + + <
+

b)
1 1 1
1 ... 2
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3.....n
+ + + + <
Gii :
a) Ta c :
( ) ( )
( ) 2 1 (2 1) 1 1 1 1 1
.
2 1 . 2 1 2 (2 1).(2 1) 2 2 1 2 1
k k
n n k k k k
+
| |
= =
|
+ + +
\ .

Cho n chy t 1 n k .Sau cng li ta c

1 1 1 1 2 1
... . 1
1.3 3.5 (2 1).(2 1) 2 2 1 2 n n n
| |
+ + + = <
|
+ +
\ .
(pcm)
b) Ta c :
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ... 1 .....
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3..... 1.2 1.2.3 1 . n n n
+ + + + < + + + +

<
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 .... 2 2
2 2 3 1 n n n
| | | | | |
+ + + + < <
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(pcm)
Bi tp v nh:
1) Chng minh rng: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+3 > 2 (x + y + z)
HD: Ta xt hiu: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+3 2( x+ y +z ) = x
2
- 2x + 1 + y
2
-2y +1 + z
2
-2z +1
2) Cho a ,b,c l s o ba cnh tam gic. Chng minh rng : 1 2
a b c
b c c a a b
< + + <
+ + +

(HD:
2 a a a a
b c a b c a b c
+
< =
+ + + + +
v
a a
b c a b c
>
+ + +
)
3) 1 <
1 1 1 1 1
... ...
n + 1 n + 2 2n + 1 3n 3n + 1
+ + + + + + < 2 p dng phng php lm tri
4) Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng
bc ac ab
a b c
+ + > a + b + c
HD:
bc ac
a b
+ = c
b a
a b
| |
+
|
\ .
> 2c;
ac ab
b c
+ = ;
bc ab
a c
+ =
CHUYEN E 15
CAC BAI TOAN VE TAM GIAC ONG DANG

A. Kie n th c:
* Tam gia c ong dang:
a) trng h p th nha t: (c.c.c)
AABC ABC
AB AC BC
= =
A'B' A'C' B'C'

b) tr ng h p th nha t: (c.g.c)
AABC ABC
AB AC
=
A'B' A'C'
;

A = A'
c. Trng hp ong dang th ba (g.g)
AABC ABC

A = A' ;

B = B'
AH; AHla hai ng cao tng ng th:
A'H'
AH
= k (T so o ng dang);
A'B'C'
ABC
S
S
= K
2

B. Ba i ta p ap du ng
Ba i 1:
Cho AABC co

B = 2 C, AB = 8 cm, BC = 10 cm.
a)Tnh AC
b)Neu ba canh cu a tam gia c tre n la ba so t nhien lie n tiep th mo i ca nh la
bao nhie u?
Gia i
Ca ch 1:
Tre n tia o i cu a tia BA lay ie m E sao cho:BD = BC
AACD AABC (g.g)
AC AD
AB AC
=
2
AC AB. AD =AB.(AB + BD) = = AB(AB + BC)
= 8(10 + 8) = 144 AC = 12 cm
Ca ch 2:
Ve tia pha n gia c BE cu a
ABC AABE AACB

E
D
C
B
A
2
AB AE BE AE + BE AC
= AC = AB(AB + CB)
AC AB CB AB + CB AB + CB
= = = = 8(8 + 10) = 144
AC = 12 cm
b) Go i AC = b, AB = a, BC = c th t ca u a ta co b
2
= a(a + c) (1)
V b > ane n co the b = a + 1 hoa c b = a + 2
+ Neu b = a + 1 th (a + 1)
2

= a
2
+ ac 2a + 1 = ac a(c 2) = 1
a = 1; b = 2; c = 3(loa i)
+ Neu b = a + 2 th a(c 4) = 4
- V i a = 1 th c = 8 (loa i)
- V i a = 2 th c = 6 (loa i)
- v i a = 4 th c = 6 ; b = 5
Va y a = 4; b = 5; c = 6
Ba i 2:
Cho AABC can ta i A, ng pha n gia c BD; tnh BD
bie t BC = 5 cm; AC = 20 cm
Gia i
Ta co
CD BC 1
=
AD AC 4
= CD = 4 cm va BC = 5 cm
Ba i toan tr ve bai 1
Ba i 3:
Cho AABC can ta i A va O la trung ie m cu a BC. Mo t ie m O di o ng tre n AB, la y ie m E tre n AC
sao cho
2
OB
CE =
BD
. Chng minh rang
a) ADBO AOCE
b) ADOE ADBO AOCE
c) DO, EO la n lt la pha n gia c cu a ca c go c BDE, CED
d) khoang ca ch t O e n oa n ED kho ng oi khi D di ong tre n AB
Gia i
a) T
2
OB
CE =
BD

CE OB
=
OB BD
va

B = C (gt) ADBO AOCE
b) T cau a suy ra

2 3 O = E (1)
V B, O ,C tha ng ha ng ne n

0
3 O + DOE EOC 180 + = (2)
D
C B
A
2
1
3
2
1
H
I
O
E
D
C B
A
trong tam gia c EOC th

0
2 E + C EOC 180 + = (3)
T (1), (2), (3) suy ra

DOE B C = =
ADOE va ADBO co
DO OE
=
DB OC
(Do ADBO AOCE)
va
DO OE
=
DB OB
(Do OC = OB) va

DOE B C = =
nen ADOE ADBO AOCE
c) T ca u b suy ra

1 2 D = D DO la phan gia c cu a ca c go c BDE
Cung t ca u b suy ra

1 2 E = E EO la phan gia c cu a ca c goc CED
d) Go i OH, OI la khoang cach t O e n DE, CE th OH = OI, ma O co nh ne n OH kho ng o i OI
kho ng o i khi D di ong tren AB
Ba i 4:
Cho AABC can ta i A, co BC = 2a, M la trung ie m BC, lay D, E thuo c AB, AC sao cho

DME = B
a) Chng minh tch BD. CE khong o i
b)Ch ng minh DM la tia pha n gia c cu a
BDE
c) Tnh chu vi cu a AAED neu A ABC la tam gia c eu
Gia i
a) Ta co

DMC = DME + CME = B + BDM, ma

DME = B(gt)
nen

CME = BDM, ke t hp v i

B = C ( AABC ca n ta i A)
suy ra ABDM ACME (g.g)

2
BD BM
= BD. CE = BM. CM = a
CM CE
kho ng o i
b) ABDM ACME
DM BD DM BD
= =
ME CM ME BM

(do BM = CM) ADME ADBM (c.g.c)

MDE = BMD hay DM la
tia pha n gia c cu a
BDE
c) ch ng minh tng t ta co EM la tia pha n gia c cu a
DEC
ke MH CE ,MI DE, MK DB th MH = MI = MK ADKM = ADIM
DK =DI AEIM = AEHM EI = EH
Chu vi AAED la P
AED
= AD + DE + EA = AK +AH = 2AH (V AH = AK)
A ABC la tam gia c e u nen suy ra A CME cng la tam gia c e u CH =
MC
2 2
a
=
K
H
I
M
E
D
C B
A
AH = 1,5a P
AED
= 2 AH = 2. 1,5 a = 3a
Ba i 5:
Cho tam gia c ABC, trung tuyen AM. Qua ie m D thuo c ca nh BC, ve
ng thang song song v i AM, ca t AB, AC ta i E va F
a) ch ng minh DE + DF khong o i khi D di ong tre n BC
b) Qua A ve ng thang song song v i BC, ca t FE ta i K. Chng minh
ra ng K la trung ie m cu a FE
Gia i
a) DE // AM
DE BD BD
= DE = .AM
AM BM BM
(1)
DF // AM
DF CD CD CD
= DF = .AM = .AM
AM CM CM BM
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
DE + DF =
BD CD
.AM + .AM
BM BM
=
BD CD BC
+ .AM = .AM = 2AM
BM BM BM
| |
|
\ .
kho ng o i
b) AK // BC suy ra AFKA AAMC (g.g)
FK KA
=
AM CM
(3)
EK KA EK KA EK KA EK KA EK KA
= = =
ED BD ED + EK BD + KA KD BD + DM AM BM AM CM
= = (2)
(V CM = BM)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
FK EK
AM AM
= FK = EK hay K la trung iem cu a FE
Ba i 6:
Cho hnh thoi ABCD canh a co
0
A = 60 , mo t ng tha ng ba t ky qua C ca t tia o i cua ca c tia BA, DA
ta i M, N
a) Chng minh ra ng tch BM. DN co gia tr kho ng o i
b) Go i K la giao ie m cu a BN va DM. Tnh so o cu a go c BKD
Gia i
a) BC // AN
MB CM
=
BA CN
(1)
CD// AM
CM AD
=
CN DN
(2)
K
F
E
D
M
C
B
A
1
1
K
M
N
D
C
B
A
T (1) va (2) suy ra
2
MB AD
= MB.DN = BA.AD = a.a = a
BA DN

b) AMBD va ABDN co

MBD = BDN = 120
0

MB MB CM AD BD
= =
BD BA CN DN DN
= = (Do ABCD la hnh thoi co
0
A = 60 ne n AB = BC = CD = DA)
AMBD ABDN
Suy ra

1 1 M = B . AMBD va ABKD co

BDM = BDK va

1 1 M = B ne n

0
BKD = MBD = 120
Ba i 7:
Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD co ng che o ln AC,tia Dx ca t SC, AB, BC la n l t ta i I, M, N. Ve CE
vuo ng go c v i AB, CF vuong go c v i AD, BG vuo ng go c v i AC. Go i K la ie m o i xng v i D qua I.
Ch ng minh ra ng
a) IM. IN = ID
2

b)
KM DM
=
KN DN

c) AB. AE + AD. AF = AC
2

Gia i
a) T AD // CM
IM CI
=
ID AI
(1)
T CD // AN
CI ID

AI IN
= (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
IM
ID
=
ID
IN
hay ID
2
= IM. IN
b) Ta co
DM CM DM CM DM CM
= = =
MN MB MN + DM MB + CM DN CB
(3)
T ID = IK va ID
2
= IM. IN suy ra IK
2
= IM. IN

IK IN IK - IM IN - IK KM KN KM IM
= = = =
IM IK IM IK IM IK KN IK

KM IM CM CM
=
KN ID AD CB
= = (4)
T (3) va (4) suy ra
KM DM
=
KN DN

c) Ta co AAGB AAEC
AE AC
= AB.AE = AC.AG
AG AB
AB. AE = AG(AG + CG) (5)
ACGB AAFC
AF CG CG
=
AC CB AD
= (v CB = AD)
AF . AD = AC. CG AF . AD = (AG + CG) .CG (6)
Cong (5) va (6) ve theo ve ta co : AB. AE + AF. AD = (AG + CG) .AG + (AG + CG) .CG
I
K
F
G
E
M
D
C
B
A
N
AB. AE + AF. AD = AG
2
+2.AG.CG + CG
2
= (AG + CG)
2
= AC
2

Va y: AB. AE + AD. AF = AC
2

Ba i ta p ve nha
Ba i 1
Cho Hnh bnh hanh ABCD, mo t ng tha ng ca t AB, AD, AC la n l t ta i E, F, G
Ch ng minh:
AB AD AC
+ =
AE AF AG

HD: Ke DM // FE, BN // FE (M, N thuo c AC)
Ba i 2:
Qua nh C cu a hnh bnh ha nh ABCD, ke ng tha ng ca t BD, AB, AD E, G, F
ch ng minh:
a) DE
2
=
FE
EG
. BE
2

b) CE
2
= FE. GE
(G i y : Xe t ca c tam gia c DFE va BCE, DEC va BEG)
Ba i 3
Cho tam gia c ABC vuo ng ta i A, ng cao AH, trung tuyen BM, phan gia c CD ca t nhau ta i mo t iem.
Ch ng minh ra ng
a)
BH CM AD
. . 1
HC MA BD
=
b) BH = AC

CHUYEN E 16
VE NG THANG SONG SONG E TAO THANH CAC CAP
OAN THANG TY LE

A.Phng pha p:
Trong ca c bai tap van dung nh l Talet nhie u khi ta can ve the m ng ph la mo t ng thang song
song vi mot ng thang cho tr c. a y la mot ca ch ve ng phu hay dung v nh o ma tao thanh
c ca c cap oan thang t le
B. Ca c v du :
1) V du 1:
Tre n ca c ca nh BC, CA, AB cu a tam gia c ABC, la y tng ng ca c ie m P, Q, R sao cho ba ng
tha ng AP, BQ, CR ca t nhau ta i mo t ie m.
Ch ng minh:
AR BP CQ
. . 1
RB PC QA
= (nh l Ce va)
Gia i
Qua A ke ng thang song song v i BC ca t ca c ng tha ng CR, BQ ta i
E, F. Go i O la giao ie m cu a AP, BQ, CR
AARE ABRC
AR AE
=
RB BC
(a)
ABOP AFOA
BP OP
=
FA OA
(1)
APOC AAOE
PC PO
=
AE AO
= (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra:
BP PC BP FA
=
FA AE PC AE
= (b)
AAQF ACQB
CQ BC
=
AQ FA
(c)
Nha n (a), (b), (c) ve theo ve ta co :
AR BP CQ AE FA BC
. . . . 1
RB PC QA BC AE FA
= =
* a o la i: Neu
AR BP CQ
. . 1
RB PC QA
= th bai ng thang AP, BQ, CR ong quy

O
F
E
R
Q
C P B
A
2) V du 2:
Mo t ng tha ng ba t ky cat ca c ca nh( pha n keo da i cu a cac ca nh) cu a tam gia c ABC ta i P, Q, R.
Ch ng minh ra ng:
RB.QA.PC
1
RA.CQ.BP
= (nh l Me -ne -la-uy t)
Gia i:
Qua A ke ng thang song song v i BC ca t PR ta i E. Ta co
ARAE ARBP
RB BP
=
RA AE
(a)
AAQE ACQP
QA AE
=
QC CP
(b)
Nha n ve theo ve ca c ang th c (a) va (b) ta co
RB QA BP AE
. = .
RA QC AE CP
(1)
Nha n hai ve ang th c (1) v i
PC
BP
ta co :
RB PC QA BP AE PC
. . = . . 1
RA BP QC AE CP BP
=
a o la i: Neu
RB.QA.PC
1
RA.CQ.BP
= th ba ie m P, Q, R tha ng ha ng
3) V du 3:
Cho tam gia c ABC, trung tuyen AM. Go i I la iem ba t ky tren canh BC.
ng tha ng qua I song song v i AC cat AB K; ng thang qua I song
song v i AB ca t AC, AM theo th t D, E. Chng minh DE = BK
Gia i
Qua M ke MN // IE (Ne AC).Ta co :
DE AE DE MN
=
MN AN AE AN
= (1)
MN // IE, ma MB = MC AN = CN (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
DE MN
AE CN
= (3)
Ta la i co
MN CN MN AB
AB AC CN AC
= = (4)
T (4) va (5) suy ra
DE AB
AE AC
= (a)
Tng t ta co :
BK AB
KI AC
= (6)
V KI // AC, IE // AC nen t gia c AKIE la hnh bnh hanh ne n KI = AE (7)
N
D
I
M
E
K
C
B
A
E
R
Q
C P B
A
T (6) va (7) suy ra
BK BK AB
KI AE AC
= = (b)
T (a) va (b) suy ra
DE BK
AE AE
= DE = BK
4) V du 4:
ng tha ng qua trung ie m cu a ca nh o i AB, CD cu a t gia c ABCD
ca t ca c ng tha ng AD, BC theo th t I, K. Chng minh: IA . KC =
ID. KB
Gia i:
Go i M, N theo th t la trung ie m cu a AB, CD
Ta co AM = BM; DN = CN Ve AE, BF lan l t song song v i CD
AAME = ABMF (g.c.g) AE = BF
Theo nh l Talet ta co :
IA AE BF
=
ID DN CN
= (1)
Cung theo nh l Tale t ta co :
KB BF
=
KC CN
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
IA KB
=
ID KC
IA . KC = ID. KB
5) V du 5:
Cho
xOy , ca c ie m A, B theo th t chuye n o ng tren cac tia Ox, Oy sao cho

1 1 1
+
OA OB k
= (k la hang so ). Ch ng minh rang AB luo n i qua mo t ie m co nh
Gia i
Ve tia pha n gia c Oz cu a
xOy ca t AB C. ve CD // OA
(D e OB)

DOC = DCO = AOC
ACOD ca n ta i D DO = DC
Theo nh l Tale t ta co
CD BD CD OB - CD
=
OA OB OA OB
=

CD CD 1 1 1
1
OA OB OA OB CD
+ = + = (1)
Theo gia thie t th
1 1 1
+
OA OB k
= (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra CD = k , kho ng o i
Va y AB luo n i qua mo t ie m co nh la C sao cho CD = k va CD // Ox , D e OB
F
E
I
K
M
N D
C
B
A
z
O
y
x
D
C
B
A
6) V du 6:
Cho ie m M di o ng tre n ay nho AB cu a hnh thang ABCD, Goi O la giao ie m cu a hai ca nh ben
DA, CB. Go i G la giao ie m cu a OA va CM, H la giao ie m cu a
OB va DM. Ch ng minh rang: Khi M di o ng tren AB th tong
OG OH
+
GD HC
khong o i
Gia i
Qua O ke ng thang song v i AB ca t CM, DM theo th t I va
K. Theo nh l Talet ta co :
OG OI
GD CD
= ;
OH OK
HC CD
=
OG OH OI OK IK
+
GD HC CD CD CD
= + =

OG OH IK
+
GD HC CD
= (1)
Qua M ve ng thang vuo ng go c v i AB ca t IK, CD theo th t P va Q, ta co :
IK MP FO
CD MQ MQ
= =
kho ng o i v FO la khoang ca ch t O e n AB, MQ la ng cao cu a hnh thang ne n kho ng o i (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
OG OH FO
+
GD HC MQ
= kho ng o i
7) V du 7:
Cho tam gia c ABC (AB < AC), pha n gia c AD. Tre n AB la y iem M, tre n AC la y ie m N sao cho BM
= CN,go i giao ie m cu a CM va BN la O,t O ve ng tha ng song song v i AD ca t AC, AB ta i E va F.
Ch ng minh ra ng: AB = CF; BE = CA
Gia i.
AD la pha n gia c nen

BAD = DAF
EI // AD

BAD = AEF (go c ong v)
Ma

DAF OFC = (o ng v);

AFE = OFC (o i nh)
Suy ra

AEF AFE = AAFE ca n ta i A AE =AF (a)
A p du ng nh l Tale t vao AACD , v i I la giao iem cu a EF
v i BC ta co
CF CI CF CA
=
CA CD CI CD
= (1)
AD la pha n gia c cu a
BAC ne n
CA BA
CD BD
= (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
CF BA
CI BD
= (3)
G
P
O
K
I
N
D
Q
C B
M
A
F
E
Q
P
F
K I
H
G
M
O
D C
B
A
Ke ng cao AG cu a AAFE . BP // AG (P eAD); CQ // AG (Qe OI)
th

BPD = CQI = 90
0

Go i trung ie m cu a BC la K, ta co ABPK = ACQK (g.c.g) CQ = BP
ABPD = ACQI (g.c.g) CI = BD (4)
Thay (4) vao (3) ta co
CF BA
BD BD
= CF = BA (b)
T (a) va (b) suy ra BE = CA
Ba i ta p ve nha
1) Cho tam gia c ABC. ie m D chia trong BC theo t so 1 : 2, ie m O chia trong AD theo t so 3 : 2. go i
K la giao ie m cu a BO va AC. Chng minh ra ng
KA
KC
khong o i
2) Cho tam gia c ABC (AB > AC). Lay ca c ie m D, E tuy y th t thuo c ca c ca nh AB, AC sao cho BD
= CE. Go i giao ie m cua DE, BC la K, ch ng minh ra ng :
T so
KE
KD
khong o i khi D, E thay o i tre n AB, AC
(HD: Ve DG // EC (G e BC).

CHUYEN E 17
CAC BAI TOAN VE NH L TA-LE T
A.Kie n th c:
1. nh l Ta-le t:
* nh l Ta-lt:
ABC
MN // BC
A
`
)

AM AN
=
AB AC

* H qu: MN // BC
AM AN MN
=
AB AC BC
=
B. Ba i ta p ap du ng:
1. Ba i 1:
Cho t gia c ABCD, ng tha ng qua A song song v i BC ca t BD E, ng tha ng qua B song song
v i AD ca t AC G
a) ch ng minh: EG // CD
b) Gia s AB // CD, ch ng minh rang AB
2
= CD. EG
Gia i
Go i O la giao ie m cu a AC va BD
a) V AE // BC
OE OA
=
OB OC
(1)
BG // AC
OB OG
=
OD OA
(2)
Nha n (1) v i (2) ve theo ve ta co :
OE OG
=
OD OC
EG // CD
b) Khi AB // CD th EG // AB // CD, BG // AD nen
2
AB OA OD CD AB CD
= = AB CD. EG
EG OG OB AB EG AB
= = =
Ba i 2:
Cho ABC vuo ng ta i A, Ve ra pha ngoa i tam gia c o ca c tam gia c ABD vuong ca n B, ACF vuo ng
ca n C. Go i H la giao ie m cu a AB va CD, K la giao ie m cu a Ac va BF.
Ch ng minh ra ng:
a) AH = AK
b) AH
2
= BH. CK
N
M
C B
A
O
G E
D C
B
A
Gia i
a t AB = c, AC = b.
BD // AC (cu ng vuong go c v i AB)
nen
AH AC b AH b AH b
HB BD c HB c HB + AH b + c
= = = =
Hay
AH b AH b b.c
AH
AB b + c c b + c b + c
= = = (1)
AB // CF (cu ng vuong go c vi AC) nen
AK AB c AK c AK c
KC CF b KC b KC + AK b + c
= = = =
Hay
AK b AK c b.c
AK
AC b + c b b + c b + c
= = = (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra: AH = AK
b) T
AH AC b
HB BD c
= = va
AK AB c
KC CF b
= = suy ra
AH KC AH KC
HB AK HB AH
= = (V AH = AK)
AH
2
= BH . KC
3. Ba i 3: Cho hnh bnh ha nh ABCD, ng thang a i qua A lan l t ca t BD, BC, DC theo th t ta i
E, K, G. Chng minh ra ng:
a) AE
2
= EK. EG
b)
1 1 1
AE AK AG
= +
c) Khi ng thang a thay o i v tr nhng van qua A th tch
BK. DG co gia tr kho ng o i
Gia i
a) V ABCD la hnh bnh hanh va K e BC nen
AD // BK, theo he qua cu a nh l Ta-le t ta co :
2
EK EB AE EK AE
= = AE EK.EG
AE ED EG AE EG
= =
b) Ta co:
AE DE
=
AK DB
;
AE BE
=
AG BD
ne n
AE AE BE DE BD 1 1
= 1 AE 1
AK AG BD DB BD AK AG
| |
+ + = = + =
|
\ .

1 1 1
AE AK AG
= + (pcm)
c) Ta co :
BK AB BK a
= =
KC CG KC CG
(1);
KC CG KC CG
= =
AD DG b DG
(2)
H
F
K
D
C
B
A
G
b
a
E
K
D
C
B A
Nha n (1) v i (2) ve theo ve ta co :
BK a
= BK. DG = ab
b DG
khong o i (V a = AB; b = AD la o da i
hai ca nh cu a hnh bnh ha nh ABCD khong o i)
4. Ba i 4:
Cho t gia c ABCD, ca c ie m E, F, G, H theo th t chia trong ca c ca nh AB,
BC, CD, DA theo t so 1:2. Chng minh ra ng:
a) EG = FH
b) EG vuo ng go c v i FH
Gia i
Go i M, N theo th t la trung ie m cu a CF, DG
Ta co CM =
1
2
CF =
1
3
BC
BM 1
=
BC 3

BE BM 1
= =
BA BC 3

EM // AC
EM BM 2 2
= EM = AC
AC BE 3 3
= (1)
Tng t, ta c: NF // BD
NF CF 2 2
= NF = BD
BD CB 3 3
= (2)
m AC = BD (3)
T (1), (2), (3) suy ra : EM = NF (a)
Tng t nh trn ta c: MG // BD, NH // AC v MG = NH =
1
3
AC (b)
Mt khc EM // AC; MG // BD V AC BD EM MG
0
EMG = 90 (4)
Tng t, ta c:
0
FNH = 90 (5)
T (4) v (5) suy ra

0
EMG = FNH = 90 (c)
T (a), (b), (c) suy ra AEMG = AFNH (c.g.c) EG = FH
b) Gi giao im ca EG v FH l O; ca EM v FH l P; ca EM v FN l Q th
0
PQF = 90
0
QPF + QFP = 90 m

QPF = OPE (i nh),

OEP = QFP ( AEMG = AFNH)
Suy ra
0
EOP = PQF = 90 EO OP EG FH
5. Bi 5:
Cho hnh thang ABCD c y nh CD. T D v ng thng song song vi BC, ct AC ti M v AB ti K,
T C v ng thng song song vi AD, ct AB ti F, qua F ta li v ng thng song song vi AC, ct
BC ti P. Chng minh rng
a) MP // AB
b) Ba ng thng MP, CF, DB ng quy
Gii
Q
P
O
N
M
H F
G
E
D
C
B
A
a) EP // AC
CP AF
=
PB FB
(1)
AK // CD
CM DC
=
AM AK
(2)
cc t gic AFCD, DCBK la cc hnh bnh hnh nn
AF = DC, FB = AK (3)
Kt hp (1), (2) v (3) ta c
CP CM
PB AM
= MP // AB (nh l
Ta-lt o) (4)
b) Gi I l giao im ca BD v CF, ta c:
CP CM
PB AM
= =
DC DC
AK FB
=
M
DC DI
FB IB
= (Do FB // DC)
CP DI
PB IB
= IP // DC // AB (5)
T (4) v (5) suy ra : qua P c hai ng thng IP, PM cng song song vi AB // DC nn theo tin clt
th ba im P, I, M thng hang hay MP i qua giao im ca CF v DB hay ba ng thng MP, CF, DB
ng quy
6. Bi 6:
Cho AABC c BC < BA. Qua C k ng thng vung goc vi tia phn gic BE ca
ABC; ng thng
ny ct BE ti F v ct trung tuyn BD ti G. Chng minh rng
on thng EG b on thng DF chia lm hai phn bng nhau
Gii
Gi K l giao im ca CF v AB; M l giao im ca DF v BC
AKBC c BF va l phn gic va l ng cao nn AKBC cn
ti B BK = BC v FC = FK
Mt khc D l trung im AC nn DF l ng trung bnh ca
AAKC DF // AK hay DM // AB
Suy ra M l trung im ca BC
DF =
1
2
AK (DF l ng trung bnh ca AAKC), ta c
BG BK
=
GD DF
( do DF // BK)
BG BK 2BK
=
GD DF AK
= (1)
Mt khc
CE DC - DE DC AD
1 1
DE DE DE DE
= = = (V AD = DC)
CE AE - DE DC AD
1 1
DE DE DE DE
= = =
Hay
CE AE - DE AE AB
1 2 2
DE DE DE DF
= = = (v
AE
DE
=
AB
DF
: Do DF // AB)
I
P
F K
M
D
C
B
A
M
G
K
F
D E C
B
A
Suy ra
CE AK + BK 2(AK + BK)
2 2
DE DE AK
= = (Do DF =
1
2
AK)
CE 2(AK + BK) 2BK
2
DE AK AK
= = (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra
BG
GD
=
CE
DE
EG // BC
Gi giao im ca EG v DF l O ta c
OG OE FO
= =
MC MB FM
| |
|
\ .
OG = OE
Bi tp v nh
Bi 1:
Cho t gic ABCD, AC v BD ct nhau ti O. ng thng qua O v song song vi BC ct AB E; ng
thng song song vi CD qua O ct AD ti F
a) Chng minh FE // BD
b) T O k cc ng thng song song vi AB, AD ct BD, CD ti G v H.
Chng minh: CG. DH = BG. CH
Bi 2:
Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD, im M thuc cnh BC, im N thuc tia i ca tia BC sao cho BN = CM;
cc ng thng DN, DM ct AB theo th t ti E, F.
Chng minh:
a) AE
2
= EB. FE
b) EB =
2
AN
DF
| |
|
\ .
. EF

CHUYEN E 18
CAC BAI TOAN S DUNG NH L TALE T VA TNH
CHAT NG PHAN GIAC

A. Kie n th c:
2. Tnh cha t ng phan gia c:
AABC ,AD la phan gia c go c A
BD AB
=
CD AC

ADla pha n gia c go c ngoa i ta i A:
BD' AB
=
CD' AC

B. Ba i ta p va n du ng
1. Ba i 1:
Cho AABC co BC = a, AB = b, AC = c, pha n gia c AD
a) Tnh o da i BD, CD
b) Tia pha n gia c BI cu a go c B ca t AD I; tnh t so :
AI
ID

Gia i
a) AD la phan gia c cu a
BAC nen
BD AB c
CD AC b
= =

BD c BD c ac
BD =
CD + BD b + c a b + c b + c
= =
Do o CD = a -
ac
b + c
=
ab
b + c

b) BI la pha n gia c cu a
ABC ne n
AI AB ac b + c
c :
ID BD b + c a
= = =
2. Ba i 2:
Cho AABC, co
B< 60
0
phan gia c AD
a) Chng minh AD < AB
b) Go i AM la phan gia c cu a AADC. Ch ng minh rang BC > 4 DM
D'
C
B
A
D C B
A
a
c
b
I
D C B
A
Gia i
a)Ta co

A
ADB = C +
2
>

A + C
2
=
0
0
180 - B
60
2
=

ADB >
B AD < AB
b) Go i BC = a, AC = b, AB = c, AD = d
Trong AADC, AM la pha n giac ta co
DM AD
=
CM AC

DM AD DM AD
= =
CM + DM AD + AC CD AD + AC

DM =
CD.AD CD. d
AD + AC b + d
= ; CD =
ab
b + c
( Va n dung ba i 1)
DM =
abd
(b + c)(b + d)

e c/m BC > 4 DM ta c/m a >
4abd
(b + c)(b + d)
hay (b + d)(b + c) > 4bd (1)
Tha t vay : do c > d (b + d)(b + c) > (b + d)
2
> 4bd . Ba t a ng th c (1) c c/m
Ba i 3:
Cho AABC, trung tuyen AM, ca c tia phan gia c cu a ca c go c AMB , AMC ca t AB, AC theo th t D
va E
a) Chng minh DE // BC
b) Cho BC = a, AM = m. Tnh o da i DE
c) Tm ta p h p ca c giao die m I cu a AM va DE neu AABC co BC co nh,
AM = m khong o i
d) AABC co ieu kien g th DE la ng trung bnh cu a no
Gia i
a) MD la phan gia c cu a
AMB nen
DA MB
DB MA
= (1)
ME la pha n gia c cu a
AMC ne n
EA MC
EC MA
= (2)
T (1), (2) va gia thie t MB = MC ta suy ra
DA EA
DB EC
= DE // BC
b) DE // BC
DE AD AI
BC AB AM
= = . a t DE = x
x
m -
x 2a.m
2
x =
a m a + 2m
=
E
D
M
I
C B
A
M
D B C
A
c) Ta co : MI =
1
2
DE =
a.m
a + 2m
khong o i I luo n ca ch M mo t oa n kho ng o i nen tap h p ca c
ie m I la ng tron ta m M, ba n knh MI =
a.m
a + 2m
(Tr giao ie m cu a no v i BC
d) DE la ng trung bnh cu a AABC DA = DB MA = MB AABC vuo ng A
4. Ba i 4:
Cho AABC ( AB < AC) ca c pha n gia c BD, CE
a) ng tha ng qua D va song song v i BC ca t AB K, chng minh E na m gi a B va K
b) Chng minh: CD > DE > BE
Gia i
a) BD la pha n gia c ne n
AD AB AC AE AD AE
= < =
DC BC BC EB DC EB
< (1)
Ma t kha c KD // BC ne n
AD AK
DC KB
= (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
AK AE AK + KB AE + EB
KB EB KB EB
< <

AB AB
KB > EB
KB EB
< E na m gi a K va B
b) Go i M la giao ie m cua DE va CB. Ta co

CBD = KDB(Go c so le trong)

KBD = KDB
ma E na m gi a K va B nen
KDB >
EDB
KBD >
EDB
EBD >
EDB EB < DE
Ta la i co

CBD + ECB = EDB + DEC

DEC>
ECB

DEC>
DCE (V
DCE =
ECB)
Suy ra CD > ED CD > ED > BE
5. Ba i 5:
Cho AABC v i ba ng pha n gia c AD, BE, CF. Chng minh
a. 1 . . =
FB
FA
EA
EC
DC
DB
.
b.
AB CA BC CF BE AD
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + > + + .
Gia i
a)AD la ng phan gia c cu a
BAC nen ta co :
DB AB
=
DC AC
(1)
E
D
M
K
C
B
A
Tng t : v i ca c phan gia c BE, CF ta co :
EC BC
=
EA BA
(2) ;
FA CA
=
FB CB
(3)
T (1); (2); (3) suy ra:
DB EC FA AB BC CA
. . = . .
DC EA FB AC BA CB
= 1
b) t AB = c , AC = b , BC = a , AD = d
a
.
Qua C k ng thng song song vi AD , ct tia BA H.
Theo L Talt ta c:
AD BA
CH BH
=
BA.CH c.CH c
AD .CH
BH BA + AH b + c
= = =
Do CH < AC + AH = 2b nn:
2
a
bc
d
b c
<
+

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
a a
b c
d bc b c d b c
+ | | | |
> = + > +
| |
\ . \ .

Chng minh tng t ta c :
1 1 1 1
2
b
d a c
| |
> +
|
\ .
V
1 1 1 1
2
c
d a b
| |
> +
|
\ .
Nn:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
a b c
d d d b c a c a b
( | | | | | |
+ + > + + + + +
| | | (
\ . \ . \ .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
.2
2
a b c
d d d a b c
| |
+ + > + +
|
\ .

1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c
d d d a b c
+ + > + +
( pcm )

Bi tp v nh
Cho AABC co BC = a, AC = b, AB = c (b > c), ca c phan gia c BD, CE
a) Tnh o da i CD, BE ro i suy ra CD > BE
b) Ve hnh bnh hanh BEKD. Chng minh: CE > EK
c) Ch ng minh CE > BD
H
F
E
D
C
B
A
CHUYEN E 19
S DUNG CONG THC DIEN TCH E THIET LAP QUAN HE O
DAI CUA CAC OAN THANG

A. Mo t so kie n th c:
1. Cong th c tnh die n tch tam gia c:
S =
1
2
a.h (a o da i mo t ca nh, h o da i ng cao tng ng)
2. Mot so tnh chat:
Hai tam gia c co chung mo t ca nh, co cung o da i ng cao th co cu ng die n tch
Hai tam gia c ba ng nhau th co cu ng dien tch
B. Mo t so ba i toa n:
1. Ba i 1:
Cho AABC co AC = 6cm; AB = 4 cm; ca c ng cao AH; BK; CI. Bie t AH =
CI + BK
2

Tnh BC
Gia i
Ta co : BK =
ABC
2S
AC
; CI =
ABC
2S
AB

BK + CI = 2. S
ABC

1 1
AC AB
| |
+
|
\ .

2AH = 2.
1
2
. BC. AH .
1 1
AC AB
| |
+
|
\ .
BC.
1 1
AC AB
| |
+
|
\ .
= 2
BC = 2 :
1 1
AC AB
| |
+
|
\ .
= 2 :
1 1
6 4
| |
+
|
\ .
= 4,8 cm
Ba i 2:
Cho AABC co o da i ca c ca nh la a, b, c; o da i ca c ng cao tng ng la h
a
, h
b
, h
c
. Bie t ra ng a + h
a

= b + h
b
= c + h
c
. Chng minh rang AABC la tam gia c e u
Gia i
Go i S
ABC
= S
Ta xe t a + h
a
= b + h
b
a b = h
a
h
b
=
2S 2S 1 1 a - b
- 2S. - 2S.
b a b a ab
| |
= =
|
\ .

K
I
H C B
A
a b =
a - b
2S.
ab
(a b)
2S
1 -
ab
| |
|
\ .
= 0 AABC ca n C hoa c vuo ng C (1)
Tng t ta co : AABC ca n A hoa c vuong A (2); AABC ca n B hoa c vuong B (3)
T (1), (2) va (3) suy ra AABC ca n hoa c vuong ba nh (Kho ng xay ra vuo ng ta i ba nh)
AABC la tam gia c eu
Ba i 3:
Cho ie m O na m trong tam gia c ABC, ca c tia AO, BO, Co ca t cac ca nh cu a tam gia c ABC theo th t
ta i A, B, C. Chng minh rang:
a)
OA' OB' OC'
1
AA' BB' CC'
+ + = b)
OA OB OC
2
AA' BB' CC'
+ + =
c) M =
OA OB OC
6
OA' OB' OC'
+ + = . Tm v tr cu a O e tong M co gia tr nho nha t
d) N =
OA OB OC
. . 8
OA' OB' OC'
= . Tm v tr cu a O e tch N co gia tr nho
nha t
Gia i
Go i S
ABC
= S, S
1
= S
BOC
, S
2
= S
COA
, S
3
= S
AOB
. Ta co :

3 2 3 2
OA'C OA'B 1
S S S S OA
= =
OA' S S S
+
= (1)

OA'C OA'B OA'C OA'B 1
AA'C AA'B AA'C AA'B
S S S S S OA'
= =
AA' S S S S S
+
= =
+
(2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra
2 3
S S OA

AA' S
+
=
Tng t ta co
1 3
2
S S OB

OB' S
+
= ;
1 2
3
S S OC

OC' S
+
= ;
2
S OB'

BB' S
= ;
3
S OC'

CC' S
=
a)
3 1 2
S S S OA' OB' OC' S
1
AA' BB' CC' S S S S
+ + = + + = =
b)
2 3 1 3 1 2
S S S S S S OA OB OC 2S
2
AA' BB' CC' S S S S
+ + +
+ + = + + = =
c) M =
2 3 1 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 2 1
1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1
S S S S S S S S S S S S OA OB OC
OA' OB' OC' S S S S S S S S S
| | | | | | + + +
+ + = + + = + + + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

A p du ng Bt Co si ta co
3 3 1 2 2 1
2 1 2 3 3 1
S S S S S S
2 2 2 6
S S S S S S
| | | | | |
+ + + + + > + + =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

a ng th c xay ra khi S
1
= S
2
= S
3
O la trong ta m cu a tam gia c ABC
C'
B'
A'
O
C
B
A
d) N =
( )( )( )
2 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
S S S S S S S S S S S S
. .
S S S S .S .S
+ + + + + +
=
N
2
=
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 3
2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
S S S S S S 4S S .4S S .4SS
64
S .S .S S .S .S
+ + +
> > N > 8
a ng th c xay ra khi S
1
= S
2
= S
3
O la trong ta m cu a tam gia c ABC
Ba i 4:
Cho tam gia c eu ABC, ca c ng caoAD, BE, CF; go i A, B, C la hnh chie u cu a M
(na m be n trong tam gia c ABC) tre n AD, BE, CF. Chng minh ra ng: Khi M thay o i v tr trong tam
gia c ABC th:
a) AD + BE + CF khong o i
b) AA + BB + CC khong o i
Gia i
Go i h = AH la chieu cao cu a tam gia c ABC th h kho ng o i
Go i khoang ca ch t M en ca c ca nh AB; BC; CA la MP; MQ; MR th AD + BE + CF = MQ + MR +
MP
V M na m trong tam gia c ABC ne n
S
BMC
+ S
CMA
+ S
BMA
= S
ABC

BC.(MQ + MR + MP) = BC . AH
MQ + MR + MP = AH AD + BE + CF = AH = h
Va y: AD + BE + CF = AH = h kho ng o i
b) AA + BB + CC = (AH AD)+(BE BE) (CF CF)
= (AH + BE + CF) (AD + BE + CF) = 3h h = 2h khong o i
Ba i 5:
Cho tam gia c ABC co BC bang trung bnh co ng cu a AC va AB; Go i I la giao ie m cu a ca c pha n gia c,
G la trong ta m cu a tam gia c. Ch ng minh: IG // BC
Gia i
Go i khoang ca ch t a, I, G en BC lan l t la AH, IK, GD
V I la giap ie m cu a ba ng pha n gia c ne n khoa ng ca ch t I en ba
ca nh AB, BC, CA ba ng nhau va bang IK
V I na m trong tam gia c ABC ne n:
S
ABC
= S
AIB
+ S
BIC
+ S
CIA
BC.AH = IK(AB+BC+CA) (1)
R
Q
P
C'
B'
A'
M
F
E
D C B
A
M K H
G I
D
C B
A
Ma BC =
AB + CA
2
AB + CA = 2 BC (2)
Thay (2) vao (1) ta co : BC. AH = IK. 3BC IK =
1
3
AH (a)
V G la trong ta m cu a tam gia c ABC ne n:
S
BGC
=
1
3
S
ABC
BC . GD =
1
3
BC. AH GD =
1
3
AH (b)
T (a) va (b) suy ra IK = GD hay khoang ca ch t I, G en BC ba ng nhau nen IG // BC
Ba i ta p ve nha :
1) Cho C la ie m thuo c tia pha n gia c cu a
0
xOy = 60 , Mla ie m ba t ky na m tre n ng vuong go c v i
OC ta i C va thuo c mie n trong cu a
xOy , go i MA, MB th t la khoang ca ch t M e n Ox, Oy. Tnh o

da i OC theo MA, MB
2) Cho M la ie m na m trong tam gia c eu ABC. A, B, C la hnh chieu cu a M tren ca c ca nh BC, AC,
AB. Ca c ng tha ng vuong go c v i BC ta i C, vuo ng go c v i CA ta i A , vuo ng go c v i AB ta i B cat
nhau D, E, F. Chng minh ra ng:
a) Tam gia c DEF la tam gia c e u
b) AB + BC + CA khong phu thuoc v tr cu a M trong tam gia c ABC

CHUYEN E 20
BO E HNH THANG VA CHUM NG THANG
ONG QUY

A. Kie n th c
1) Bo e hnh thang:
Trong hnh thang co hai a y khong bang nhau, ng thang i qua giao ie m cua ca c ng cheo va i
qua giao ie m cua ca c ng thang cha hai canh ben th i qua trung ie m cua hai a y
Ch ng minh:
Go i giao ie m cu a AB, CD la H, cu a AC, BD la G, trung ie m cu a AD, BC la E va F
No i EG, FG, ta co: AADG ACBG (g.g) , ne n :
AD AG 2AE AG AE AG
CB CG 2CF CG CF CG
= = = (1)
Ta la i co :

EAG FCG = (SL trong ) (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra : AAEG ACFG (c.g.c)
Do o :

AGE CGF = E , G , H tha ng ha ng (3)
Tng t , ta co : AAEH ABFH

AHE BHF =
H , E , F tha ng ha ng (4)
T (3) va (4) suy ra : H , E , G , F thang hang
2) Chu m ng tha ng ong quy:
Ne u ca c ng thang o ng quy ca t hai ng thang song song th
chung nh ra tre n hai ng thang song song ay ca c oa n thang
tng ng t le
Ne u m // n, ba ng thang a, b, c ong quy O chu ng ca t m ta i
A, B, C va ca t n ta i A, B, C th
AB BC AC
=
A'B' B'C' A'C'
= hoa c
AB A'B' AB A'B'
= ;
BC B'C' AC A'C'
=
* a o la i:
// //
/ /
H
G
E
F
D
C B
A
c b
a
O
n
m
A'
B'
C'
C
B
A
+ Neu ba ng tha ng trong o co hai ng thang ca t nhau, nh ra tre n hai ng tha ng song song
ca c ca p oan tha ng tng ng t le th ba ng thang o ong quy
+ Neu hai ng tha ng b ca t b i ba ng thang ong quy ta o thanh ca c ca p oan tha ng tng ng t
le th chung song song v i nhau
B. Ap du ng:
1) Ba i 1:
Cho t gia c ABCD co M la trung ie m CD, N la trung ie m CB. Bie t AM, AN ca t BD tha nh ba oa n
ba ng nhau. Chng minh ra ng ABCD la hnh bnh hanh
Gia i
Go i E, F la giao ie m cu a AM, AN v i BD; G, H la giao iem cu a
MN v i AD, BD
MN // BC (MN la ng trung bnh cu a ABCD)
T gia c HBFM la hnh thang co hai ca nh ben ong quy ta i A, N
la trung ie m cu a a y BF nen theo bo e hnh thang th N la trung
ie m cu a ay MH
MN = NH (1)
Tng t : trong hnh thang CDEN th M la trung ie m cu a GN GM = MN (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra GM = MN = NH
Ta co ABNH = ACNM (c.g.c)

BHN = CMN BH // CM hay AB // CD (a)
Tng t : AGDM = ANCM (c.g.c)

DGM = CNM GD // CN hay AD // CB (b)
T (a) va (b) suy ra t gia c ABCD co ca c ca p ca nh o i song song ne n la hnh bnh hanh
2) Ba i 2:
Cho AABC co ba go c nho n, tr c ta m H, mo t ng tha ng qua H ca t AB, AC th t ta P, Q sao cho HP
= HQ. Go i M la trung ie m cu a BC. Chng minh: HM PQ
Gia i
Go i giao ie m cu a AH va BC la I
T C ke CN // PQ (Ne AB),
ta chng minh MH CN HM PQ
T gia c CNPQ la hnh thang, co H la trung ie m PQ, hai ca nh ben
NP va CQ o ng quy ta i A ne n K la trung ie m CN MK la ng
trung bnh cua ABCN MK // CN MK // AB (1)
H
G
F
E
N
M
D
C
B
A
I
K
N
M
Q
P
H
C B
A
H la tr c ta m cu a AABC nen CHA B (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra MK CH MK la ng cao cu a ACHK (3)
T AH BC MCHK MI la ng cao cu a ACHK (4)
T (3) va (4) suy ra M la tr c tam cu a ACHK MHCN MHPQ
3) ba i 3:
Cho hnh ch nha t ABCD co M, N th t la trung ie m cu a AD, BC. Go i E la mo t ie m ba t ky thuo c
tia o i cu a tia DC, K la giao ie m cu a EM va AC.
Ch ng minh ra ng: NM la tia phan gia c cu a
KNE
Gia i
Go i H la giao ie m cu a KN va DC, giao ie m cua AC va MN la
I th IM = IN
Ta co : MN // CD (MN la ng trung bnh cu a hnh ch nha t
ABCD)
T gia c EMNH la hnh thang co hai ca nh ben EM va HN ong quy ta i K va I la trung ie m cu a
MN nen C la trung ie m cu a EH
Trong AENH th NC v a la ng cao, v a la ng trung tuyen nen AENH ca n ta i N NC la tia
phan gia c cu a
ENH ma NC MN (Do NM BC MN // AB) NM la tia phan gia c go c ngoa i ta i

N cu a AENH
Va y NM la tia pha n giac cua
KNE
Ba i 4:
Tre n ca nh BC = 6 cm cua hnh vuong ABCD la y ie m E sao cho BE = 2 cm. Tren tia o i cu a tia CD
la y ie m F sao cho CF = 3 cm. Go i M la giao iem cu a AE va F. Tnh
AMC
Gia i
Go i giao ie m cu a CM va AB la H, cu a AM va DF la G
Ta co :
BH AB BH 6
=
CF FG 3 FG
=
Ta la i co
AB BE 2 1
= = CG = 2AB = 12 cm
CG EC 4 2
=
FG = 9 cm
BH 6
BH = 2 cm
3 9
= BH = BE
ABAE = ABCH (c.g.c)

BAE = BCH ma

BAE + BEA = 90
0

Ma t kha c

BEA = MEC ; MCE = BCH MEC + MCE = 90
0

AMC = 90
0

// //
I
H E
N
M
K
D C
B
A
H
M
G F
E
D C
B A
Ba i 5:
Cho t gia c ABCD. Qua ie m E thuo c AB, H thuo c AC ve ca c ng thang song song v i BD, ca t ca c
ca nh co n la i cu a t gia c ta i F, G
a) Co the ke t lua n g ve ca c ng thang EH, AC, FG
b) Go i O la giao ie m cu a AC va BD, cho bie t OB = OD. Ch ng minh rang ba ng thang EG, FH,
AC ong quy
Gia i
a) Ne u EH // AC th EH // AC // FG
Ne u EH va AC khong song song th EH, AC, FG ong quy
b) Go i giao ie m cu a EH, HG v i AC
Trong hnh thang DFEB co hai ca nh ben DF, BE ong quy ta i A va
OB = OD nen theo bo e hnh thang th M la trung iem cua EF
Tng t : N la trung ie m cu a GH
Ta co
ME MF
=
GN HN
nen ba ng tha ng EG, FH, AC ong quy ta i O

O
H
G
F
E
N
M
D C
B
A

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20 CHUYEN DE BD TOAN 8 - Chon PDF

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Trung tm ton Olympic ISI Trn Thin 0913.

> + > + > + + + s

= (1) (Nha n hai ve v i

ABC AABE AACB

xOy , ca c ie m A, B theo th t chuye n o ng tren cac tia Ox, Oy sao cho

xOy , go i MA, MB th t la khoang ca ch t M e n Ox, Oy. Tnh o

ENH ma NC MN (Do NM BC MN // AB) NM la tia phan gia c go c ngoa i ta i

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