You are on page 1of 71

TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.

430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
CC CHUYN BI DNG HC SINH
GII TON 7
MC LC
1. DY CC S VIT THEO QUY LUT
2. T L THC-TNH CHT CA DY T S BNG
NHAU
3. GI TR TUYT I
4. DY S T NHIN VIT THEO QUY LUT,
DY CC PHN S VIT THEO QUY LUT(tt)
5. GII TON CHA DU GI TR TUYT I
6. CC BI TON V S THP PHN- S THC-
CN BC HAI
7. NHN, CHIA S HU T - P DNG
8. GI TR TUYT I CA MT S
9.GA TR CA BIN XY RA NG THC
HOC BT CHA DU GI TR TUYT I
10.CHNG MINH TAM GIC
11.TAM GIC VUNG, TAM GIC CN
12. N THC, N THC NG DNG
13. S CHNH PHNG
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7 1
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Chuyn 1:
DY CC S VIT THEO QUY LUT
Bi 1: Tm s hng th n ca cc dy s sau:
a) 3, 8, 15, 24, 35, ...
b) 3, 24, 63, 120, 195, ...
c) 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ...
d) 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, ...
e) 6, 14, 24, 36, 50, ...
f) 4, 28, 70, 130, 208, ...
g) 2, 5, 9, 14, 20, ...
h) 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, ...
i) 2, 8, 20, 40, 70, ...
Hng dn:
a) n(n+2)
b) (3n-2)3n
c)
( 1)
2
n n+
d) 1+n
2
e) n(n+5)
f) (3n-2)(3n+1)
g)
( 3)
2
n n+
h)
( 1)( 2)
2
n n + +
i)
+ + ( 1)( 2)
3
nn n
Bi 2: Tnh:
a,A = 1+2+3++(n-1)+n
b,A = 1.2+2.3+3.4+...+99.100
Hng dn:
a, A = 1+2+3++(n-1)+n
A = n (n+1):2
b, 3A = 1.2.3+2.3(4-1)+3.4.(5-2)+...+99.100.(101-98)
3A = 1.2.3+2.3.4-1.2.3+3.4.5-2.3.4+...+99.100.101-98.99.100
3A = 99.100.101
A = 333300
Tng qut:
A = 1.2+2.3+3.4+. + (n - 1) n
A = (n-1)n(n+1): 3
Bi 3: Tnh:
A = 1.3+2.4+3.5+...+99.101
Hng dn:
A = 1(2+1)+2(3+1)+3(4+1)+...+99(100+1)
A = 1.2+1+2.3+2+3.4+3+...+99.100+99
A = (1.2+2.3+3.4+...+99.100)+(1+2+3+...+99)
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7 2
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
A = 333300 + 4950 = 338250
Tng qut: A = 1.3+2.4+3.5+...+(n-1)(n+1)
A= (n-1)n(n+1):3 + n(n-1):2
A= (n-1)n(2n+1):6
Bi 4: Tnh:
A = 1.4+2.5+3.6+...+99.102
Hng dn:
A = 1(2+2)+2(3+2)+3(4+2)+...+99(100+2)
A = 1.2+1.2+2.3+2.2+3.4+3.2+...+99.100+99.2
A = (1.2+2.3+3.4+...+99.100)+2(1+2+3+...+99)
A = 333300 + 9900
A = 343200
Bi 5: Tnh:
A = 4+12+24+40+...+19404+19800
Hng dn:
1
2
A = 1.2+2.3+3.4+4.5+...+98.99+99.100
A= 666600
Bi 6: Tnh:
A = 1+3+6+10+...+4851+4950
Hng dn:
2A = 1.2+2.3+3.4+...+99.100
A= 333300:2
A= 166650
Bi 7: Tnh:
A = 6+16+30+48+...+19600+19998
Hng dn:
2A = 1.3+2.4+3.5+...+99.101
A = 338250:2
A = 169125
Bi 8: Tnh:
A = 2+5+9+14+...+4949+5049
Hng dn:
2A = 1.4+2.5+3.6+...+99.102
A = 343200:2
A = 171600
Bi 9: Tnh:
A = 1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+...+98.99.100
Hng dn:
4A = 1.2.3.4+2.3.4(5-1)+3.4.5.(6-2)+...+98.99.100.(101-97)
4A = 1.2.3.4+2.3.4.5-1.2.3.4+3.4.5.6-2.3.4.5+...+98.99.100.101-97.98.99.100
4A = 98.99.100.101
A = 2449755
Tng qut:
A = 1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+...+(n-2)(n-1)n
A = (n-2)(n-1)n(n+1):4
Bi 10: Tnh:
A = 1
2
+2
2
+3
2
+...+99
2
+100
2
Hng dn:
A = 1+2(1+1)+3(2+1)+...+99(98+1)+100(99+1)
A = 1+1.2+2+2.3+3+...+98.99+99+99.100+100
A = (1.2+2.3+3.4+...+99.100)+(1+2+3+...+99+100)
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7 3
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
A = 333300 + 5050
A = 338050
Tng qut:
A = 1
2
+2
2
+3
2
+...+(n-1)
2
+n
2
A = (n-1) n (n+1):3 + n(n +1):2
A = n(n+1)(2n+1):6
Bi 11: Tnh:
A = 2
2
+4
2
+6
2
+...+98
2
+100
2
Hng dn:
A = 2
2
(1
2
+2
2
+3
2
+...+49
2
+50
2
)
Bi 12: Tnh:
A = 1
2
+3
2
+5
2
+...+97
2
+99
2
Hng dn:
A = (1
2
+2
2
+3
2
+...+99
2
+100
2
)-(2
2
+4
2
+6
2
+...+98
2
+100
2
)
A = (1
2
+2
2
+3
2
+...+99
2
+100
2
)-2
2
(1
2
+2
2
+3
2
+...+49
2
+50
2
)
Bi 13: Tnh:
A = 1
2
-2
2
+3
2
-4
2
+...+99
2
-100
2
Hng dn:
A = (1
2
+2
2
+3
2
+...+99
2
+100
2
)-2(2
2
+4
2
+6
2
+...+98
2
+100
2
)
Bi 14: Tnh:
A = 1.2
2
+2.3
2
+3.4
2
+...+98.99
2
Hng dn:
A = 1.2(3-1)+2.3(4-1)+3.4(5-1)+...+98.99(100-1)
A = 1.2.3-1.2+2.3.4-2.3+3.4.5-3.4+...+98.99.100-98.99
A = (1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+...+98.99.100)-(1.2+2.3+3.4+...+98.99)
Bi 15: Tnh:
A = 1.3+3.5+5.7+...+97.99+99.101
Hng dn:
A = 1(1+2)+3(3+2)+5(5+2)+...+97(97+2)+99(99+2)
A = (1
2
+3
2
+5
2
+...+97
2
+99
2
)+2(1+3+5+...+97+99)
Bi 16: Tnh:
A = 2.4+4.6+6.8+...+98.100+100.102
Hng dn:
A = 2(2+2)+4(4+2)+6(6+2)+...+98(98+2)+100(100+2)
A = (2
2
+4
2
+6
2
+...+98
2
+100
2
)+4(1+2+3+...+49+50)
Bi 17: Tnh:
A = 1
3
+2
3
+3
3
+...+99
3
+100
3
Hng dn:
A = 1
2
(1+0)+2
2
(1+1)+3
2
(2+1)+...+99
2
(98+1)+100
2
(99+1)
A = (1.2
2
+2.3
2
+3.4
2
+...+98.99
2
+99.100
2
)+(1
2
+2
2
+3
2
+...+99
2
+100
2
)
A = [1.2(3-1)+2.3(4-1)+3.4(5-1)+...+98.99(100-1)] +(1
2
+2
2
+3
2
+...+99
2
+100
2
)
A = 1.2.3-1.2+2.3.4-2.3+3.4.5-3.4+...+98.99.100- 98.99+(1
2
+2
2
+3
2
+...
+99
2
+100
2
)
A = (1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+...+98.99.100)-(1.2+2.3+3.4+...+98.99) (1
2
+2
2
+3
2
+...+99
2
+100
2
)
Bi 18: Tnh:
A = 2
3
+4
3
+6
3
+...+98
3
+100
3
Bi 19: Tnh:
A = 1
3
+3
3
+5
3
+...+97
3
+99
3
Bi 20: Tnh:
A = 1
3
-2
3
+3
3
-4
3
+...+99
3
-100
3
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7 4
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Chuyn 2:
T L THC-TNH CHT CA DY T S BNG
NHAU
A. C S L THUYT
I. T L THC
1. nh ngha:
T l thc l mt ng thc ca hai t s
d
c
b
a
(hoc a : b = c : d).
Cc s a, b, c, d c gi l cc s hng ca t l thc; a v d l cc s hng ngoi hay ngoi t, b v
c l cc s hng trong hay trung t.
2. Tnh cht:
Tnh cht 1: Nu
d
c
b
a
th bc ad
Tnh cht 2: Nu bc ad v a, b, c, d 0 th ta c cc t l thc sau:

d
c
b
a
,
d
b
c
a
,
a
c
b
d
,
a
b
c
d

Nhn xt: T mt trong nm ng thc trn ta c th suy ra cc ng thc cn li.


II. TNH CHT CA DY T S BNG NHAU
-Tnh cht: T
d
c
b
a
suy ra:
d b
c a
d b
c a
d
c
b
a

+
+

-Tnh cht trn cn m rng cho dy t s bng nhau:

f
e
d
c
b
a

suy ra:
...
+
+

+ +
+ +

f d b
c b a
f d b
c b a
f
e
d
c
b
a
(gi thit cc t s trn u c ngha).
* Ch : Khi c dy t s
5 3 2
c b a
ta ni cc s a, b, c t l vi cc s 2, 3, 5.
Ta cng vit a : b : c = 2 : 3 : 5
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7 5
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
B. CC DNG TON V PHNG PHP GII
DNG I: TM GI TR CA BIN TRONG CC T L THC.
V d 1: Tm hai s x v y bit
3 2
y x
v
20 + y x
Gii:
Cch 1: (t n ph)
t k
y x

3 2
, suy ra:
k x 2
,
k y 3
Theo gi thit:
4 20 5 20 3 2 20 + + k k k k y x

Do :
8 4 . 2 x

12 4 . 3 y
KL:
12 , 8 y x
Cch 2: (s dng tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau):
p dng tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau ta c:
4
5
20
3 2 3 2

+
+

y x y x
Do : 8 4
2
x
x
; 12 4
3
y
y
; KL:
12 , 8 y x
Cch 3: (phng php th)
T gi thit
3
2
3 2
y
x
y x
; m 12 60 5 20
3
2
20 + + y y y
y
y x
Do : 8
3
12 . 2
x ; KL:
12 , 8 y x
V d 2: Tm x, y, z bit:
4 3
y x
,
5 3
z y
v
6 3 2 + z y x
Gii:
T gi thit:
12 9 4 3
y x y x
(1)

20 12 5 3
z y z y
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
20 12 9
z y x
(*)
Ta c: 3
2
6
20 36 18
3 2
20 36
3
18
2
20 12 9

+
+

z y x z y x z y x
Do : 27 3
9
x
x
; 36 3
12
y
y
; 60 3
20
z
z
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7 6
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
KL:
60 , 36 , 27 z y x
Cch 2: Sau khi lm n (*) ta t k
z y x

20 12 9
( sau gii nh cch 1 ca VD1).
Cch 3: (phng php th: ta tnh x, y theo z)
T gi thit:
5
3
5 3
z
y
z y
;
20
9
4
5
3
. 3
4
3
4 3
z
z
y
x
y x


m 60 60
10
6
5
3
. 3
20
9
. 2 6 3 2 + + z
z
z
z z
z y x
Suy ra: 36
5
60 . 3
y , 27
20
60 . 9
x
KL:
60 , 36 , 27 z y x
V d 3: Tm hai s x, y bit rng:
5 2
y x
v
40 . y x
Gii:
Cch 1: (t n ph)
t k
y x

5 2
, suy ra
k x 2
,
k y 5
Theo gi thit: 2 4 40 10 40 5 . 2 40 .
2 2
t k k k k k y x
+ Vi 2 k ta c:
4 2 . 2 x

10 2 . 5 y
+ Vi 2 k ta c:
4 ) 2 .( 2 x
;
10 ) 2 .( 5 y
KL:
10 , 4 y x
hoc
10 , 4 y x
Cch 2: ( s dng tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau)
Hin nhin x 0
Nhn c hai v ca
5 2
y x
vi x ta c: 8
5
40
5 2
2

xy x
;
4
16
2
t

x
x
+ Vi 4 x ta c 10
2
5 . 4
5 2
4
y
y
+ Vi 4 x ta c 10
2
5 . 4
5 2
4

y
y
KL:
10 , 4 y x
hoc
10 , 4 y x
Cch 3: (phng php th) lm tng t cch 3 ca v d 1.
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7 7
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
BI TP VN DNG:
Bi 1: Tm cc s x, y, z bit rng:
a)
21 6 10
z y x
v
28 2 5 + z y x
b)
4 3
y x
,
7 5
z y
v
124 3 2 + z y x

c)
5
4
4
3
3
2 z y x
v
49 + + z y x
d)
3 2
y x
v
54 xy

e)
3 5
y x
v 4
2 2
y x f)
z y x
y x
z
x z
y
z y
x
+ +
+

+ +

+ + 2 1 1
Bi 2: Tm cc s x, y, z bit rng:
a)
21 6 10
z y x
v
28 2 5 + z y x
b)
4 3
y x
,
7 5
z y
v
124 3 2 + z y x

c)
5
4
4
3
3
2 z y x
v
49 + + z y x
d)
3 2
y x
v
54 xy

e)
3 5
y x
v 4
2 2
y x f)
z y x
y x
z
x z
y
z y
x
+ +
+

+ +

+ + 2 1 1
Bi 3: Tm cc s x, y, z bit rng:
a)
z y y x 5 7 , 2 3
v
32 + z y x
b)
4
3
3
2
2
1

z y x
v
50 3 2 + z y x

c)
z y x 5 3 2
v
95 + z y x
d)
5 3 2
z y x
v
810 xyz
e)
z y x z
y x
y
x z
x
z y
+ +

+ +

+ + 1 3 2 1
f)
y x 6 10
v 28 2
2 2
y x
Bi 4 : Tm cc s x, y, z bit rng:
a)
z y y x 5 7 , 2 3
v
32 + z y x
b)
4
3
3
2
2
1

z y x
v
50 3 2 + z y x

c)
z y x 5 3 2
v
95 + z y x
d)
5 3 2
z y x
v
810 xyz
e)
z y x z
y x
y
x z
x
z y
+ +

+ +

+ + 1 3 2 1
f)
y x 6 10
v 28 2
2 2
y x
Bi 5: Tm x, y bit rng:

x
y y y
6
6 1
24
4 1
18
2 1 +

+
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7 8
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Bi 6 : Tm x, y bit rng:

x
y y y
6
6 1
24
4 1
18
2 1 +

+
Bi 7: Cho 0 + + + d c b a v
c b a
d
d b a
c
d c a
b
d c b
a
+ +

+ +

+ +

+ +
Tm gi tr ca:
c b
a d
b a
d c
d a
c b
d c
b a
A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Gii:
1
3( ) 3
a b c d a b c d
b c d a c d a b d a b c a b c d
+ + +

+ + + + + + + + + + +
( V 0 + + + d c b a )
=>3a = b+c+d; 3b = a+c+d => 3a-3b= b- a => 3(a- b) = -(a-b) =>4(a-b) = 0 =>a=b
Tng t =>a=b=c=d=>A=4
Bi 8: Tm cc s x; y; z bit rng:
a)
x 7
y 3

v 5x 2y = 87; b)
x y
19 21
v 2x y = 34;
b)
3 3 3
x y z
8 64 216
v x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 14. c)
2x 1 3y 2 2x 3y 1
5 7 6x
+ +

B i 9 : Tm cc s a, b, c bit rng: 2a = 3b; 5b = 7c v 3a + 5c 7b = 30.
Bi 10: Tm cc s x, y, z bit :
a) x : y : z = 3 : 4 : 5 v 5z
2
3x
2
2y
2
= 594;
b) x + y = x : y = 3.(x y)
Giai a) p s: x = 9; y = 12; z = 15 hoc x = - 9; y = - 12; z = - 15.
b) T bi suy ra: 2y(2y x) = 0, m y khc 0 nn 2y x = 0, do : x = 2y.
T tm c : x = 4/3; y = 2/3.
Bi 11. Tm hai s hu t a v b bit rng hiu ca a v b bng thng ca a v b v bng hai
ln tng ca a v b ?
Giai. Rt ra c: a = - 3b, t suy ra : a = - 2,25; b = 0,75.
Bi 12: Cho ba t s bng nhau:
a b c
, ,
b c c a a b + + +
. Bit a+b+c 0 .Tm gi tr ca mi t s ?
Bi 13. S hc sinh khi 6,7,8,9 ca mt trng THCS ln lt t l vi 9;10;11;8. Bit rng s hc
sinh khi 6 nhiu hn s hc sinh khi 9 l 8 em. Tnh s hc sinh ca trng ?
Bi 14: Chng minh rng nu c cc s a, b, c, d tha mn ng thc:
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] 0 ) 1 ( 2 2 . 2
2 2
+ + + ab ab ab d c cd ab ab
th chng lp thnh mt t l thc.
Gii: ( ) ( )
2 2
2 . 2 2( 1) 0 ab ab cd c d ab ab ab 1 + + + 1
] ]

=> ab(ab-2cd)+c
2
d
2
=0 (V ab(ab-2)+2(ab+1)=a
2
b
2
+1>0 vi mi a,b)
=>a
2
b
2
-2abcd+ c
2
d
2
=0 =>(ab-cd)
2
=0 =>ab=cd =>pcm
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7 9
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
DNG II: CHNG MINH T L THC
chng minh t l thc:
D
C
B
A
ta thng dng mt s phng php sau:
Phng php 1: Chng t rng A. D = B.C
Phng php 2: Chng t rng hai t s
B
A
v
D
C
c cng gi tr.
Phng php 3: S dng tnh cht ca t l thc.
Mt s kin thc cn ch :
+) ) 0 ( n
nb
na
b
a
+)
n n
d
c
b
a
d
c
b
a

,
_

,
_


Mt s v d minh ha: ( gi thit cc t s u c ngha)
V d 1: Cho t l thc
d
c
b
a
.Chng minh rng:
d c
d c
b a
b a

+
Gii:
Cch 1: (PP1) Ta c:
bd bc ad ac d c b a + + ) )( (
(1)

bd bc ad ac d c b a + + ) )( (
(2)
T gi thit: bc ad
d
c
b
a
(3)
T (1), (2), (3) suy ra:
) )( ( ) )( ( d c b a d c b a + +


d c
d c
b a
b a

+
(pcm)
Cch 2: (PP2) t k
d
c
b
a
, suy ra
dk c bk a ,
Ta c:
1
1
) 1 (
) 1 (

+
k
k
k b
k b
b kb
b kb
b a
b a
(1)

1
1
) 1 (
) 1 (

+
k
k
k d
k d
d kd
d kd
d c
d c
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
d c
d c
b a
b a

+
(pcm)
Cch 3: (PP3)
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
10
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
T gi thit:
d
b
c
a
d
c
b
a

p dng tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau ta c:

d c
b a
d c
b a
d
b
c
a

+
+


d c
d c
b a
b a

+
(pcm)
Hi: o li c ng khng ?
V d 2: Cho t l thc
d
c
b
a
. Chng minh rng:
2 2
2 2
d c
b a
cd
ab

Gii:
Cch 1: T gi thit: bc ad
d
c
b
a
(1)
Ta c: ( ) adbd acbc abd abc d c ab
2 2 2 2
(2)
( ) bd bc acad cd b cd a b a cd .
2 2 2 2
(3)
T (1), (2), (3) suy ra: ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
b a cd d c ab


2 2
2 2
d c
b a
cd
ab

(pcm)
Cch 2: t k
d
c
b
a
, suy ra
dk c bk a ,
Ta c:
2
2
2
2
.
.
d
b
kd
kb
d dk
b bk
cd
ab
(1)

( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
1
) (
) (
d
b
k d
k b
d k d
b k b
d dk
b bk
d c
b a

(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
2 2
2 2
d c
b a
cd
ab

(pcm)
Cch 3: T gi thit:
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
d c
b a
d
b
c
a
cb
ab
d
b
c
a
d
c
b
a


2 2
2 2
d c
b a
cd
ab

(pcm)
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
11
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
BI TP VN DNG:
Bi 1: Cho t l thc:
d
c
b
a
. CMR ta c cc t l thc sau: (vi gi thit cc t s u c ngha).
1)
d c
d c
b a
b a
5 3
5 3
5 3
5 3

+
2)
2 2
2 2
2
d c
b a
d c
b a
+
+

,
_

+
+
3)
d c
d c
b a
b a
+

4)
( )
( )
2
2
d c
b a
cd
ab

5)
d c
d c
b a
b a
4 3
5 2
4 3
5 2

+
6)
b a
d c
d c
b a
2007 2006
2006 2005
2007 2006
2006 2005
+

7)
d c
c
b a
a
+

+

8)
bd b
bd b
ac a
ac a
5 7
5 7
5 7
5 7
2
2
2
2

+
Bi 2: Cho t l thc:
d
c
b
a
. Chng minh rng ta c cc t l thc sau: (vi gi thit cc t s u
c ngha). a)
d c
d c
b a
b a
5 3
5 3
5 3
5 3

+
b)
2 2
2 2
2
d c
b a
d c
b a
+
+

,
_

+
+
c)
d c
d c
b a
b a
+

d)
( )
( )
2
2
d c
b a
cd
ab

e)
d c
d c
b a
b a
4 3
5 2
4 3
5 2

+
f)
2008 2009 2008 2009
2009 2010 2009 2010
a b c d
c d a b

+ +
g)
d c
c
b a
a
+

+
h)
bd b
bd b
ac a
ac a
5 7
5 7
5 7
5 7
2
2
2
2

+
i)
2 2
2 2 2 2
7a 3ab 7c 3cd
11a 8b 11c 8d
+ +


Bi 3: Cho
d
c
c
b
b
a
. Chng minh rng:
d
a
d c b
c b a

,
_

+ +
+ +
3
Bi 4: Cho
d
c
c
b
b
a
. Chng minh rng:
d
a
d c b
c b a

,
_

+ +
+ +
3
Bi 5: Cho
2005 2004 2003
c b a
; Chng minh rng:
2
) ( ) )( ( 4 a c c b b a
Bi 6: Cho dy t s bng nhau:
3 2008 1 2
2 3 4 2009
a a a a
...
a a a a

CMR: Ta c ng thc:
2008
1 2 3 2008 1
2009 2 3 4 2009
a a a ... a a
a a a a ... a
_ + + + +


+ + + +
,
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
12
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Bi 7: Cho
1
9
9
8
3
2
2
1
..... ..........
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a

; v
0 ...
9 2 1
+ + + a a a
CMR:
9 2 1
... a a a

Bi 8: Cho
2005 2004 2003
c b a
Chng minh rng:
2
) ( ) )( ( 4 a c c b b a
Bi 9: Chng minh rng nu :
d
b
b
a
th
d
a
d b
b a

+
+
2 2
2 2
Bi 10: Cho
1
9
9
8
3
2
2
1
..... ..........
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a

v
0 ...
9 2 1
+ + + a a a
Chng minh rng:
9 2 1
... a a a
Bi 11: CMR: Nu bc a
2
th
a c
a c
b a
b a

+
. o li c ng khng?
B i 12 : Chng minh rng nu :
d
b
b
a
th
d
a
d b
b a

+
+
2 2
2 2
Bi 13: Cho
d c
d c
b a
b a

+
. CMR:
d
c
b
a

Bi 14. Cho t l thc :


2 2
2 2
a b ab
c d cd
+

+
. Chng minh rng:
a c
b d
.
Gii. Ta c :
cd
ab
d c
b a

+
+
2 2
2 2
=
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( ) d c
b a
d c d c
b a b a
cd
ab
d c
b a
d cd c
b ab a
cd
ab
.
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2

+ +
+ +

+
+

+ +
+ +
;
( )
( )
( )
( ) d
c
b
a
ad cb ad ac cb ca
bd ca
bd ca
db da
bd bc
ad ac
cb ca
b a d
d c b
d c a
b a c
+ +

+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+
1
Bi 15: Chng minh rng nu:
3
3
2
2

+
v
v
u
u
th
3 2
v u

Bi 16: CMR: Nu bc a
2
th
a c
a c
b a
b a

+
. o li c ng khng?
Bi 17: CMR nu
) ( ) ( ) ( y x c x z b z y a + + +
trong a, b,c khc nhau v khc 0 th :
) ( ) ( ) ( b a c
y x
a c b
x z
c b a
z y

Bi 18: Cho
d c
d c
b a
b a

+
. CMR:
d
c
b
a

Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7


13
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Bi 19: Cho
d
c
b
a
. Cc s x, y, z, t tha mn:
0 + yb xa
v 0 + td zc
Chng minh rng:
td zc
yd xc
tb za
yb xa
+
+

+
+
Bi 20: Chng minh rng nu:
3
3
2
2

+
v
v
u
u
th
3 2
v u

Bi 21: Cho a, b, c, d l 4 s khc 0 tha mn: bd c ac b


2 2
; v 0
3 3 3
+ + d c b
Chng minh rng:
d
a
d c b
c b a

+ +
+ +
3 3 3
3 3 3
Bi 22: CMR nu
) ( ) ( ) ( y x c x z b z y a + + +
.Trong a, b,c khc nhau v khc 0 th :
) ( ) ( ) ( b a c
y x
a c b
x z
c b a
z y

Bi 23: Cho
1 1
2
1
2
c x b x a
c bx ax
P
+ +
+ +

. CMR nu
1 1 1
c
c
b
b
a
a

th gi tr ca P khng ph thuc vo x.
Bi 24: Cho bit :
' '
' '
a b b c
1; 1
a b b c
+ + . CMR: abc + a

= 0.
Bi 25: Cho
d
c
b
a
. Cc s x, y, z, t tha mn:
0 + yb xa
v 0 + td zc
Chng minh rng:
td zc
yd xc
tb za
yb xa
+
+

+
+
Bi 26: Cho a, b, c, d l 4 s khc 0 tha mn: bd c ac b
2 2
; v 0
3 3 3
+ + d c b
Chng minh rng:
d
a
d c b
c b a

+ +
+ +
3 3 3
3 3 3

Bi 27: Cho
1 1
2
1
2
c x b x a
c bx ax
P
+ +
+ +

. Chng minh rng nu


1 1 1
c
c
b
b
a
a

th gi tr ca P khng ph
thuc vo x.
Bi 28: Cho t l thc:
2a 13b 2c 13d
3a 7b 3c 7d
+ +


; Chng minh rng:
a c
b d

.
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
14
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Bi 29: Cho dy t s :
bz cy cx az ay bx
a b c


; CMR:
x y z
a b c
.
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
15
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Chuyn 3:
GI TR TUYT I
1. L thuyt
*nh ngha: Khong cch t im a n im 0 trn trc s l gi tr tuyt i ca mt s a (a l
s thc)
* Gi tr tuyt i ca s khng m l chnh n, gi tr tuyt i ca s m l s i ca n.
TQ: Nu
a a a 0
Nu
a a a < 0
Nu x-a 0=> = x-a
Nu x-a 0=> = a-x
*Tnh cht
Gi tr tuyt i ca mi s u khng m
TQ:
0 a
vi mi a R
C th:
=0 <=> a=0
0 <=> a 0
* Hai s bng nhau hoc i nhau th c gi tr tuyt i bng nhau, v ngc li hai s c gi tr
tuyt i bng nhau th chng l hai s bng nhau hoc i nhau.
TQ:


b a
b a
b a
* Mi s u ln hn hoc bng i ca gi tr tuyt i ca n v ng thi nh hn hoc bng gi
tr tuyt i ca n.
TQ:
a a a
v
0 ; 0 a a a a a a
* Trong hai s m s no nh hn th c gi tr tuyt i ln hn
TQ: Nu
b a b a > < < 0
* Trong hai s dng s no nh hn th c gi tr tuyt i nh hn
TQ: Nu
b a b a < < < 0
* Gi tr tuyt i ca mt tch bng tch cc gi tr tuyt i.
TQ:
b a b a . .
* Gi tr tuyt i ca mt thng bng thng hai gi tr tuyt i.
TQ:
b
a
b
a

* Bnh phng ca gi tr tuyt i ca mt s bng bnh phng s .


TQ:
2
2
a a
* Tng hai gi tr tuyt i ca hai s lun ln hn hoc bng gi tr tuyt i ca hai s, du bng
xy ra khi v ch khi hai s cng du.
TQ:
b a b a + +
v
0 . + + b a b a b a
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
16
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
2. Cc dng ton :
I. Tm gi tr ca x tho mn ng thc c cha du gi tr tuyt i:
1. Dng 1 :
k A(x)
( Trong A(x) l biu thc cha x, k l mt s cho trc )
* Cch gii:
- Nu k < 0 th khng c gi tr no ca x tho mn ng thc( V gi tr tuyt i ca mi s u
khng m )
- Nu k = 0 th ta c
0 ) ( 0 ) ( x A x A
- Nu k > 0 th ta c:


k x A
k x A
k x A
) (
) (
) (
Bi 1.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
4 5 2 x
b)
4
1
2
4
5
3
1
x
c)
3
1
5
1
2
1
+ x
d)
8
7
1 2
4
3
+ x
Gii
a) = 4 , x= t 4
a)
4 5 2 x
,
2x-5 = t 4
* 2x-5 = 4
2x = 9
x = 4,5
* 2x-5 = - 4
2x =5-4
2x =1
x =0,5
Tm li: x = 4,5; x =0,5
b)
4
1
2
4
5
3
1
x

Bi 1.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
2
1
3 2 2 x b)
5 , 4 2 5 3 5 , 7 x
c)
15 , 2 75 , 3
15
4
+ x
Bi 1.3: Tm x, bit:
a)
5 1 1 3 2 + x
b)
3 1
2

x
c)
5 , 3
2
1
5
2
+ + x
d)
5
1
2
3
1
x
Bi 1.4: Tm x, bit:
a)
% 5
4
3
4
1
+ x
b)
4
5
4
1
2
3
2

x
c)
4
7
4
3
5
4
2
3
+ x
d)
6
5
3
5
2
1
4
3
5 , 4 + x
Bi 1.5: Tm x, bit:
a)
2
3
1
:
4
9
5 , 6 + x
b)
2
7
5
1
4 :
2
3
4
11
+ x
c)
3
2
1
4
3
: 5 , 2
4
15
+ x
d)
6
3
2
4
: 3
5
21
+
x
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
17
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
2. Dng 2:
B(x) A(x)
( Trong A(x) v B(x) l hai biu thc cha x )
* Cch gii:
Vn dng tnh cht:


b a
b a
b a
ta c:


) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
x B x A
x B x A
x B x A
Bi 2.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
2 4 5 + x x
b)
0 2 3 3 2 + x x
c)
3 4 3 2 + x x
d)
0 6 5 1 7 + + x x
a)
2 4 5 + x x
* 5x-4=x+2
5x- x =2+4
4x=6
x= 1,5
* 5x-4=-x-2
5x + x =- 2+ 4
6x= 2
x= 1/3
Vy x= 1,5; x= 1/3
Bi 2.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
1 4
2
1
2
3
+ x x
b)
0
5
3
8
5
2
7
4
5
+ x x
c)
4
1
3
4
3
2
5
7
+ x x
d)
0 5
2
1
6
5
8
7
+ + x x
3. Dng 3:
B(x) A(x)
( Trong A(x) v B(x) l hai biu thc cha x )
* Cch 1: Ta thy nu B(x) < 0 th khng c gi tr no ca x tho mn v gi tr tuyt i ca mi
s u khng m. Do vy ta gii nh sau:
) ( ) ( x B x A
(1)
iu kin: B(x) 0 (*)
(1) Tr thnh


) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
x B x A
x B x A
x B x A
( i chiu gi tri x tm c vi iu kin ( * )
* Cch 2: Chia khong xt iu kin b du gi tr tuyt i:
Nu
a a a 0
Nu
a a a < 0
Ta gii nh sau:
) ( ) ( x B x A
(1)
Nu A(x) 0 th (1) tr thnh: A(x) = B(x) ( i chiu gi tr x tm c vi iu kin )
Nu A (x ) < 0 th (1) tr thnh: - A(x) = B(x) ( i chiu gi tr x tm c vi iu kin )
Bi 3.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
x x 2 3
2
1

b)
2 3 1 + x x
c)
12 5 x x
d)
1 5 7 + x x
Bi 3.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
x x 2 9 +
b)
2 3 5 x x
c)
x x 2 9 6 +
d)
21 3 2 + x x
Bi 3.3: Tm x, bit:
a)
x x 4 2 4 +
b)
x x + 2 1 3
c)
x x 3 1 15 + +
d)
2 5 2 + x x
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
18
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Bi 3.4: Tm x, bit:
a)
1 5 2 + x x
b)
x x 1 2 3
c)
1 2 7 3 + x x
d)
x x + 1 1 2
Bi 3.5: Tm x, bit:
a)
x x + 5 5
b)
7 7 + x x
c)
x x 3 4 4 3 +
d)
x x 2 7 2 7 +
4. Dng 4: ng thc cha nhiu du gi tr tuyt i:
* Cch gii: Lp bng xt iu kin b du gi tr tuyt i:
m x C x B x A + + ) ( ) ( ) (
Cn c bng trn xt tng khong gii bi ton ( i chiu iu kin tng ng )
V d1 : Tm x bit rng 1 3 2 1 x x x + (1)
Nhn xt: Nh trn chng ta bin i c biu thc cha du gi tr tuyt i thnh cc biu
thc khng cha du gi tr tuyt i. Vy ta s bin i biu thc v tri ca ng thc trn. T
s tm c x
Gii
Xt x 1 = 0 x = 1; x 1 < 0 x < 1; x 1 > 0 x > 1
x- 3 = 0 x = 3; x 3 < 0 x < 3; x 3 > 0 x > 3
Ta c bng xt du cc a thc x- 1 v x- 3 di y:


Xt khong x < 1 ta c: (1) (1 x ) + ( 3 x ) = 2x 1
-2x + 4 = 2x 1
x =
5
4
(gi tr ny khng thuc khong ang xt)
Xt khong 1 x 3 ta c:
(1) (x 1 ) + ( 3 x ) = 2x 1
2 = 2x 1
x =
3
2
( gi tr ny thuc khong ang xt)
Xt khong x > 3 ta c: (1) (x 1 ) + (x 3 ) = 2x 1
- 4 = -1 ( V l)
Kt lun: Vy x =
3
2
.
V d 2 : Tm x
+ =0
Nhn xt x+1=0 => x=-1
x-1=0 => x=1
Ta lp bng xt du
x -1 1
x+1 - 0 + +
x-1 - - 0 +
Cn c vo bng xt du ta c ba trng hp
x<-1 ; -1 x 1 v x >1
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
19
x 1 3
x 1 - 0 + +
x 3 - - 0 +
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Bi 4.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
12 3 7 5 2 1 3 4 + + x x x x
b)
5 9 3 5 1 2 4 3 + + + + x x x x
c)
2 , 1
5
1
8
5
1
5
1
2 + + x x
d)
x x x + +
5
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
3 2
Bi 4.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
8 3 6 2 + + x x
c) 9 3 5 + + x x d) 2 4 3 2 + + x x x
e) 6 3 2 1 + + + + x x x f) 11 4 2 2 + + x x
Bi 4.3: Tm x, bit:
a) 9 8 2 3 2 + + x x x b) 12 2 2 1 3 + + x x x x
c)
4 2 2 3 3 1 + x x x
d) x x x + 2 1 5
e) 1 3 2 + x x x f) 3 1 + + x x x x
Bi 4.4: Tm x, bit:
a)
3 5 2 + x x
b)
8 5 3 + + x x
c)
4 5 2 1 2 + x x
d)
1 2 4 3 3 + + + x x x
5. Dng 5 : Xt iu kin b du gi tr tuyt i hng lot:
) D(x C(x) B(x) A(x) + +
(1)
iu kin: D(x) 0 ko theo
0 ) ( ; 0 ) ( ; 0 ) ( x C x B x A
Do vy (1) tr thnh: A(x) + B(x) + C(x) = D(x)
Bi 5.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
x x x x 4 3 2 1 + + + + +
b)
1 5 4 3 2 1 + + + + + + + x x x x x
c)
x x x x 4
2
1
5
3
2 + + + + +
d)
x x x x x 5 4 , 1 3 , 1 2 , 1 1 , 1 + + + + + + +
Bi 5.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
x x x x x 101
101
100
...
101
3
101
2
101
1
+ + + + + + + +
b)
x x x x x 100
100 . 99
1
...
4 . 3
1
3 . 2
1
2 . 1
1
+ + + + + + + +
c)
x x x x x 50
99 . 97
1
...
7 . 5
1
5 . 3
1
3 . 1
1
+ + + + + + + +
d)
x x x x x 101
401 . 397
1
...
13 . 9
1
9 . 5
1
5 . 1
1
+ + + + + + + +
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
20
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
6. Dng 6: Dng hn hp:
Bi 6.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
5
4
2
1
1 2 + x b)
2
2
1
2
2 2
+ + x x x
c)
2 2
4
3
x x x +
Bi 6.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
5
1
2
1
1 2 x
b)
5
2
4
3
1
2
1
+ x
c)
x x x +
4
3
2
Bi 6.3: Tm x, bit:
a)
x x x
4
3
2
b)
4
3
2
4
3
2
2
1

,
_

+ x x x
c)
4
3
2
4
3
2
2
1
x x x
Bi 6.4: Tm x, bit:
a)
1 4 1 3 2 + x x x
b)
2 1 1 x
c)
2 5 1 3 + x
7. Dng 7: 0 B A +
Vn dng tnh cht khng m ca gi tr tuyt i dn n phng php bt ng thc.
* Nhn xt: Tng ca cc s khng m l mt s khng m v tng bng 0 khi v ch khi cc s
hng ca tng ng thi bng 0.
* Cch gii chung:
0 + B A

B1: nh gi:
0
0
0
+

B A
B
A
B2: Khng nh:
0 + B A

'

0
0
B
A
Bi 7.1: Tm x, y tho mn:
a)
0 5 3 4 3 + + y x
b)
0
25
9
+ + y y x
c)
0 5 4 2 3 + + y x
Bi 7.2: Tm x, y tho mn:
a)
0 3
7
2
4
3
5 + y x
b)
0
13
23
17
11
5 , 1
4
3
2
1
3
2
+ + + y x
c)
0 2008 2007 + y x
* Ch 1: Bi ton c th cho di dng
0 + B A
nhng kt qu khng thay i
* Cch gii:
0 + B A
(1)
0
0
0
+

B A
B
A
(2)
T (1) v (2)
0 + B A

'

0
0
B
A
Bi 7.3: Tm x, y tho mn:
a)
0 8 6 1 5 + + y x
b)
0 3 4 2 + + y y x
c)
0 1 2 2 + + + y y x
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
21
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Bi 7.4: Tm x, y tho mn:
a)
0 5 11 8 12 + + y x
b)
0 1 4 2 3 + + y y x
c)
0 10 7 + + xy y x
* Ch 2: Do tnh cht khng m ca gi tr tuyt i tng t nh tnh cht khng m ca lu
tha bc chn nn c th kt hp hai kin thc ta cng c cc bi tng t.
Bi 7.5: Tm x, y tho mn ng thc:
a)
0 3 2 + + y y x
b) 0 4 3
2008 2007
+ + y y x
c)
( ) 0 1 2007
2006
+ + y y x
d)
( ) 0 3 2007 5
2008
+ y y x
Bi 7.6: Tm x, y tho mn :
a) ( ) ( ) 0 3 1
2 2
+ + y x b) ( ) 0 7 2 5 5 2
5
4
+ y x
c)
( ) 0
2
1
4 2 3
2004
+ + y y x
d) 0
2
1
2 1 3
2000

,
_

+ + y y x
Bi 7.7: Tm x, y tho mn:
a)
0 2008 2007 + y x
b) 0
3
2
10 3
7
5
+ + y y x
c) 0
25
6
5
4
2008
2007
2
1
4
3
2
1
2006
+ +
,
_

y x d) 0 4 2008 2 2007
2007 2008
+ y y x
8. Dng 8:
B A B A + +
* Cch gii: S dng tnh cht:
b a b a + +
T ta c:
0 . + + b a b a b a
Bi 8.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
8 3 5 + + x x
b)
3 5 2 + x x
c)
6 1 3 5 3 + + x x
d)
11 5 2 3 2 + + x x
e)
2 3 3 2 1 + + x x x
f)
2 4 2 5 3 + + x x x
Bi 8.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
2 6 4 + x x
b)
4 5 1 + + + x x
c)
13 2 3 7 3 + + x x
d)
x x x 3 4 2 3 1 5 + + +
e)
3 1 1 3 2 + + + x x x
f)
4 7 2 + x x
1 - Lp bng xt du b du gi tri tuyt i
Bi 1: Tm x, bit:
a)
8 3 6 2 + + x x
Ta lp bng xt du
x -3 3
x+3 - 0 + +
2x-6 - - 0 +
Cn c vo bng xt du ta c ba trng hp
* Nu x<-3
Khi phng trnh tr thnh
6 - 2x - x - 3 = 8 ; -3x = 8 3 ; -3x = 5 ; x = - -5/3
( khng tha mn x<-3)
* Nu - 3 x 3 ; 6 - 2x + x + 3 = 8 ; - x = -1 ; x = 1 ( tha mn - 3 x 3)
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
22
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
* Nu x >3 2x-6 + x + 3 = 8 ; 3 x = 11 ; x = 11/3 ( tha mn x >3)
2- B du gi tr tuyt i theo nguyn tc t ngoi vo trong
Bi 1: Tm x, bit:
a)
5
4
2
1
1 2 + x
* + 1/2 = 4/5
= 4/5 1/2
3 - S dng phng php bt ng thc:
Bi 1: Tm x, y tho mn ng thc:
a) 0 3 2 + + y y x
y+3 =0 y= -3
x-y-2 =0 x=-1
Bi 2: Tm x, y tho mn :
a)
( ) ( ) 0 3 1
2 2
+ + y x
Bi 3: Tm x, y tho mn:
a) 0 2008 2007 + y x
Bi 4: Tm x tho mn:
a) 8 3 5 + + x x
II Tm cp gi tr ( x; y ) nguyn tho mn ng thc cha du gi tr tuyt i:
1. Dng 1:
m B A +
vi 0 m
* Cch gii:
* Nu m = 0 th ta c
0 + B A

'

0
0
B
A
* Nu m > 0 ta gii nh sau:
m B A +
(1)
Do
0 A
nn t (1) ta c:
m B 0
t tm gi tr ca
B
v
A
tng ng .
Bi 1.1: Tm cp s nguyn ( x, y) tho mn:
a)
0 2008 2007 + x x
b)
0 3 2 + + y y x
c) ( ) 0 1 2
2
+ + y y x
Bi 1.2: Tm cp s nguyn ( x, y) tho mn:
a) 0 4 3
5
+ + y y x b) ( ) 0 3 5
4
+ y y x c)
0 2 3 1 3 + + + y y x
Bi 1.3: Tm cp s nguyn (x, y ) tho mn:
a)
3 2 4 + + y x
b)
4 1 1 2 + + y x
c)
5 5 3 + + y x
d)
7 3 2 5 + + y x
Bi 1.4: Tm cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn:
a)
5 4 5 3 + + y x
b)
12 1 2 4 6 + + y x
c)
10 3 3 2 + + y x
d)
21 3 4 3 + + y x
Bi 1.5: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn:
a)
3 2 3
2
x y
b)
1 5
2
x y
c)
4 3 2
2
+ x y
d)
2 12 3
2
x y
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
23
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
2. Dng 2:
m B A < +
vi m > 0.
* Cch gii: nh gi
m B A < +
(1)
0
0
0
+

B A
B
A
(2)
T (1) v (2)
m B A < + 0
t gii bi ton
k B A +
nh dng 1 vi m k < 0
Bi 2.1: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn:
a)
3 + y x
b)
4 2 5 + + y x
c)
3 4 1 2 + + y x
d)
4 5 3 + + y x
Bi 2.2: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn:
a)
7 2 1 5 + + y x
b)
5 3 5 2 4 + + + y x
c)
3 1 2 5 3 + + y x
d)
7 1 2 4 1 2 3 + + y x
3. Dng 3: S dng bt ng thc:
b a b a + +
xt khong gi tr ca n s.
Bi 3.1: Tm cc s nguyn x tho mn:
a)
3 4 1 + x x
b)
5 3 2 + + x x
c)
7 6 1 + + x x
d)
8 3 2 5 2 + + x x
Bi 3.2 : Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y) tho mn ng thi cc iu kin sau.
a) x + y = 4 v
6 2 + + y x
b) x +y = 4 v
5 1 2 + + x y x
c) x y = 3 v
3 + y x
d) x 2y = 5 v
6 1 2 + y x
Bi 3.3: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn ng thi:
a) x + y = 5 v
4 2 1 + + y x
b) x y = 3 v
4 1 6 + y x
c) x y = 2 v
4 1 2 1 2 + + + y x
d) 2x + y = 3 v
8 2 3 2 + + + y x
4. Dng 4: Kt hp tnh cht khng m ca gi tr tuyt i v du ca mt tch:
* Cch gii :
) ( ) ( ). ( y A x B x A
nh gi:
m x n x B x A y A 0 ) ( ). ( 0 ) (
tm c gi tr ca x.
Bi 4.1: Tm cc s nguyn x tho mn:
a) ( ) ( ) 0 3 2 < + x x b) ( ) ( ) 0 5 2 1 2 < x x c) ( ) ( ) 0 2 2 3 > + x x d) ( ) ( ) 0 2 5 1 3 > + x x
Bi 4.2: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn:
a)
( )( ) 1 1 2 + + y x x
b)
( ) ( ) y x x + 1 3
c)
( )( ) 2 1 2 5 2 + + y x x
Bi 4.3: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn:
a)
( ) ( ) 1 2 3 1 + + y x x
b)
( )( ) 1 1 5 2 + y x x
c)
( ) ( ) 0 2 5 3 + y x x
5. Dng 5: S dng phng php i lp hai v ca ng thc:
* Cch gii: Tm x, y tho mn ng thc: A = B
nh gi: m A (1)
nh gi: m B (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:

'


m B
m A
B A
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
24
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Bi 5.1: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn:
a) ( )
2
2 3 1 2 + + + y x x b)
3 1
12
1 5
+ +
+
y
x x
c)
( ) 2 6 2
10
5 3
2
+
+ +
x
y
d)
3 3
6
3 1
+ +
+
y
x x
Bi 5.2: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn:
a)
( ) 2 5 2
8
1 2 3 2
2
+
+ +
y
x x
b)
2 2
16
1 3
+ +
+ +
y y
x x
c)
( ) 2 3
12
5 3 1 3
2
+ +
+ +
y
x x
d)
2 4
10
5 1 2
+
+
y
y x
Bi 5.3: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn:
a)
( )
3 1
14
7 2
2
+
+ +
y y
y x
b)
( )
5 2 3
20
4 2
2
+ +
+ +
y
x
c)
2 2008
6
3 2007 2
+
+
y
x
d)
6 5 3
30
5 2
+ +
+ + +
y
y x
III Rt gn biu thc cha du gi tr tuyt i:
Cch gii chung: Xt iu kin b du gi tr tuyt i ri thu gn:
Bi 1: Rt gn biu thc sau vi
1 , 4 5 , 3 x
a)
x x A + 1 , 4 5 , 3
b)
1 , 4 5 , 3 + + x x B
Bi 2: Rt gn biu thc sau khi x < - 1,3:
a)
5 , 2 3 , 1 + x x A
b)
5 , 2 3 , 1 + x x B
Bi 3: Rt gn biu thc:
a)
7 , 1 5 , 2 + x x A
b)
5
2
5
1
+ x x B
c)
3 1 + + x x C
Bi 4: Rt gn biu thc khi
7
1
5
3
< <

x
a)
5
4
5
3
7
1
+ + x x A
b)
6
2
5
3
7
1
+ + x x B
Bi 5: Rt gn biu thc:
a)
9 , 1 5 , 2 8 , 0 + + x x A
vi x < - 0,8 b)
9
3
2
1 , 4 + x x B
vi 1 , 4
3
2
x
c)
5
1
8
5
1
5
1
2 + + x x C
vi
5
1
2
5
1
x d)
2
1
3
2
1
3 + + x x D
vi x > 0
==============&=&=&==============
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
25
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
IV Tnh gi tr biu thc:
Bi 1: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:
a) M = a + 2ab b vi
75 , 0 ; 5 , 1 b a
b) N =
b
a 2
2
vi
75 , 0 ; 5 , 1 b a
Bi 2: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:
a)
y xy x A + 2 2
vi
4
3
; 5 , 2

y x b) b ab a B 3 3 vi 25 , 0 ;
3
1
b a
c)
b
a
C
3
3
5
vi 25 , 0 ;
3
1
b a d) 1 2 3
2
+ x x D vi
2
1
x
Bi 3: Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc:
a)
4 2 3 6
2 3
+ + x x x A
vi
3
2
x b)
y x B 3 2
vi 3 ;
2
1
y x
c)
x x C 1 3 2 2
vi x = 4 d)
1 3
1 7 5
2

x
x x
D vi
2
1
x
V Tm gi tr ln nht nh nht ca mt biu thc cha du gi tr tuyt i:
1. Dng 1: S dng tnh cht khng m ca gi tr tuyt i:
* Cch gii ch yu l t tnh cht khng m ca gi tr tuyt i vn dng tnh cht ca bt ng
thc nh gi gi tr ca biu thc:
Bi 1.1 : Tm gi tr ln nht ca cc biu thc:
a)
5 , 3 5 , 0 x A
b)
2 4 , 1 x B
c)
5 4
2 3

x
x
C
d)
1 3
3 2

x
x
D
e)
5 , 1 2 5 , 5 x E
f)
14 3 2 , 10 x F
g)
12 3 2 5 4 + y x G
h)
8 , 5 5 , 2
8 , 5
+

x
H
i)
8 , 5 5 , 2 x I
k)
2 4 10 x K
l)
1 2 5 x L
m)
3 2
1
+

x
M
n)
4 5 3
12
2
+ +
+
x
N
Bi 1.2: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
a)
x A + 4 , 3 7 , 1
b)
5 , 3 8 , 2 + x B
c)
x C + 3 , 4 7 , 3
d)
2 , 14 4 , 8 3 + x D
e)
5 , 17 5 , 7 5 3 4 + + + y x E
f)
8 , 5 5 , 2 + x F
g)
8 , 2 9 , 4 + x G
h)
7
3
5
2
+ x H
i)
x I + 9 , 1 5 , 1
k)
4 1 3 2 x K
l)
1 2 3 2 + x L
m)
1 4 1 5 x M
Bi 1.3: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
a)
3 7 3 4
15
5
+ +
+
x
A
b)
7 21 15 8
21
3
1
+
+

x
B
c)
8 5 4 5 3
20
5
4
+ + + +
+
y x
C
d)
6 1 2 3 2 2
24
6
+ + +
+
x y x
D
e)
( ) 14 5 5 3
21
3
2
2
+ + + +
+
x y x
E
Bi 1.4: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
26
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
a)
4 5 7
11 5 7 2
+ +
+ +

x
x
A
b)
6 7 2 2
13 7 2
+ +
+ +

y
y
B
c)
8 1 6
32 1 15
+ +
+ +

x
x
C
Bi 1.5: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
a)
24 7 5 4
8
5
+ +

+
x
A
b)
35 8 6 5
14
5
6
+

y
B
c)
35 1 2 3 3
28
12
15
+ + +

x y x
C
Bi 1.6: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
a)
5 6 4 3
33 6 4 21
+ +
+ +

x
x
A
b)
14 5 2
14 5 6
+ +
+ +

y
y
B
c)
12 7 3
68 7 15
+ +
+

x
x
C
2. Dng 2: Xt iu kin b du gi tr tuyt i xc nh khong gi tr ca biu thc:
Bi 2.1: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
a)
x x A + + 2 5
b)
6 2 1 2 + + x x B
c)
x x C 3 8 5 3 + +
d)
5 4 3 4 + + x x D
e)
x x E 5 3 6 5 + +
f)
x x F 2 5 7 2 + +
Bi 2.2 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
a)
5 2 3 2 + + x x A
b)
x x B 3 4 1 3 +
c)
1 4 5 4 + + x x C
Bi 2.3: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
a)
4 5 + + x x A
b)
4 2 3 2 + + + x x B
c)
x x C 3 7 1 3 +
Bi 2.4: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
a)
6 2 5 2 + + x x A
b)
x x B 3 8 4 3 +
c)
7 5 5 5 + + x x C
Bi 2.5 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
a)
5 1 + + x x A
b)
5 6 2 + + x x B
c)
1 2 4 2 + + x x C
3. Dng 3: S dng bt ng thc
b a b a + +
Bi 3.1: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
a)
3 2 + + x x A
b)
5 2 4 2 + + x x B
c)
1 3 2 3 + + x x C
Bi 3.2: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
a)
4 1 5 + + + + x x A
b)
8 2 3 7 3 + + + x x B
c)
12 5 4 3 4 + + + x x C
Bi 3.3: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
a)
7 5 2 3 + + + x x x A
b)
5 1 4 3 1 + + + + x x x B
c)
3 5 2 4 2 + + + x x x C
d)
3 1 1 6 5 3 + + + + + x x x D
Bi 3.4 : Cho x + y = 5 tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
2 1 + + y x A
Bi 3.5: Cho x y = 3, tm gi tr ca biu thc:
1 6 + + y x B
Bi 3.6: Cho x y = 2 tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
1 2 1 2 + + + y x C
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
27
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Bi 3.7: Cho 2x+y = 3 tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
2 2 3 2 + + + + y x D
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
28
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Chuyn 4:
DY S T NHIN VIT THEO QUY LUT,
DY CC PHN S VIT THEO QUY LUT(tt)
Bi 1 : Tnh tng:
2 + 4 6 8 + 10 + 12 14 16 + 18 + 20 22 24 - 2008
Bi 2: Cho . 100 99 ... 4 3 2 1 + + + A
a) Tnh A.
b) A c chia ht cho 2, cho 3, cho 5 khng ?
c) A c bao nhiu c t nhin. Bao nhiu c nguyn ?
Bi 3: Cho ... 31 25 19 13 7 1 + + + A
a) Bit A = 181. Hi A c bao nhiu s hng ?
b) Bit A c n s hng. Tnh gi tr ca A theo n ?
Bi 4: Cho .... 31 25 19 13 7 1 + + + A
a) Bit A c 40 s hng. Tnh gi tr ca A.
b) Tm s hng th 2004 ca A.
Bi 5: Tm gi tr ca x trong dy tnh sau:
655 ) 47 ( ) 42 ( ... ) 12 ( ) 7 ( ) 2 ( + + + + + + + + + + x x x x x
Bi 6: a) Tm x bit : x + (x+1) + (x+2) + (x+3) + + (x+2009) = 2009.2010
b) Tnh M = 1.2+2.3+3.4+ + 2009. 2010
Bi 7: Tnh tng: 100001 . 99999 10001 . 9999 1001 . 999 101 . 99 11 . 9 + + + + S
Bi 8: Cho
100 3 2
3 ... 3 3 3 + + + + A
Tm s t nhin n bit rng 2A + 3 = 3
n
Bi 9: Cho
2004 3 2
3 .... 3 3 3 + + + + A
a) Tnh tng A.
b) Chng minh rng 130 A .
c) A c phi l s chnh phng khng ? V sao ?
Bi 10 :
a) Cho
2004 2003 3 2
3 3 ... 3 3 3 1 + + + A
Chng minh rng: 4A -1 l lu tha ca 3.
b) Chng minh rng A l mt lu tha ca 2 vi

2004 2003 5 4 3
2 2 ... 2 2 2 4 + + + + + + A
Bi 11:
a) Cho
60 3 2
2 ... 2 2 2 + + + + A
Chng minh rng A chia ht cho 3, 7 v 15.
b) Chng minh rng tng 2 + 2
2
+ 2
3
+ + 2
2003
+ 2
2004
chia ht cho 42
Bi 12:
Cho A = 2 + 2
2
+ 2
3
+ ............+2
99
+ 2
100
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
29
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Chng t A chia ht cho 31
Bi 13: Cho S = 5 + 5
2
+ 5
3
+ . . . . + 5
96

a, Chng minh: S M126
b, Tm ch s tn cng ca S
Bi 14 : Cho 30 . 29 ...... 3 . 2 . 1 A
60 . 59 ........ 33 . 32 . 31 B
a) Chng minh: B chia ht cho
30
2
b) Chng minh: B - A chia ht cho 61.
Bi 15: Cho
2002 2001 4 3 2
2 2 ... 2 2 2 3 + + + + + + A v
2003
2 B
So snh A v B.
Bi 16: Cho M =
2 3 99 100
3 3 3 ... 3 3 + + + + + .
a. M c chia ht cho 4, cho 12 khng ? v sao?
b.Tm s t nhin n bit rng 2M+3 = 3
n
.
Bi 17: Cho biu thc: M = 1 +3 + 3
2
+ 3
3
++ 3
118
+ 3
119
a) Thu gn biu thc M.
b) Biu thc M c chia ht cho 5, cho 13 khng? V sao?
Bi 18: Tm s t nhin n bit:
2004
2003
) 1 (
2
...
10
1
6
1
3
1

+
+ + + +
n n
Bi 19:
a) Tnh:
2 2 2 2
.....
1.3 3.5 5.7 99.101
+ + + +
b) Cho
*
) 3 (
3
10 . 7
3
7 . 4
3
4 . 1
3
N n
n n
S
+
+ + + +
Chng minh: S < 1
Bi 20 : So snh:
2 2 2 2
...
60.63 63.66 117.120 2003
A + + + +
v
5 5 5 5
...
40.44 44.48 76.80 2003
B + + + +
Bi 21:
a) Tnh
340
1
238
1
154
1
88
1
40
1
10
1
+ + + + + A
b) Tnh:
2005 . 2004
2
....
15
1
10
1
6
1
3
1
+ + + + + M
c) Tnh tng:
100 . 99 . 98
1
...
4 . 3 . 2
1
3 . 2 . 1
1
+ + + S
Bi 22: So snh:
100 3 2
2
1
...
2
1
2
1
2
1
1 + + + + + A v B = 2.
Bi 23: So snh:
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
30
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
2 2 2 2
...
60.63 63.66 117.120 2006
A + + + + v
5 5 5 5
...
40.44 44.48 76.80 2006
B + + + +
Bi 24. Tnh
a. A =
2 2 2 2 2
.
15 35 63 99 143
+ + + + b. B = 3+
3 3 3 3
...
1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 ... 100
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
.
Bi 25: Tnh gi tr cc biu thc:
a) A =
1 . 99
1
3 . 97
1
...
95 . 5
1
97 . 3
1
99 . 1
1
99
1
97
1
...
5
1
3
1
1
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
b) B =
99
1
...
3
97
2
98
1
99
100
1
...
4
1
3
1
2
1
+ + + +
+ + + +
Bi 26: Chng minh rng: 100 -
100
99
...
4
3
3
2
2
1
100
1
...
3
1
2
1
1 + + + +

,
_

+ + + +
Bi 27: Tnh
B
A
bit:
A =
200
1
...
4
1
3
1
2
1
+ + + + v B =
1
199
2
198
...
197
3
198
2
199
1
+ + + + +
Bi 28 : Tm tch ca 98 s u tin ca dy: ;....
35
1
1 ;
24
1
1 ;
15
1
1 ;
8
1
1 ;
3
1
1
Bi 29: Tnh tng 100 s hng u tin ca dy sau: ;...
336
1
;
176
1
;
66
1
;
6
1
Bi 30: Tnh
B
A
bit: A =
20 . 19
1
18 . 17
1
...
6 . 5
1
4 . 3
1
2 . 1
1
+ + + + + ; B =
20
1
19
1
...
13
1
12
1
11
1
+ + + + +
Bi 31: Tm x, bit:
110 . 100
1
....
12 . 2
1
11 . 1
1
110 . 10
1
...
102 . 2
1
101 . 1
1
+ + +

,
_

+ + + x
Bi 32: Tnh :
a)
2 3
1 ...
n
S a a a a + + + + + , vi (
2, a n N
)
b)
2 4 6 2
1
1 ...
n
S a a a a + + + + + , vi (
2, a n N
)
c)
3 5 2 1
2
...
n
S a a a a
+
+ + + + , vi (
*
2, a n N )
Bi 33: Cho
2 3 99 100
1 4 4 4 ... 4 , 4 A B + + + + + . Chng minh rng:
3
B
A < .
Bi 34: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
31
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
50
200
) 9 99 999 ... 999...9
) 9 99 999 ... 999...9
a A
b B
+ + + +
+ + + +
12 3
12 3
chs
chs
Chuyn 5:
GII TON CHA DU GI TR TUYT I
1-Kin thc c bn:

'

0
0
x x
x x
x
x x x x x ; ; 0
y x y x
y x y x

+ +
2- Cc dng ton c bn:
* Dng ton 1: Tnh
x
bit
1)
5
1
1 x 2)
13
3
:
5
3
2 x 3) 0
2
1
25 + x
4)
x
1
49 . 47
1
....
5 . 3
1
3 . 1
1
+ + + 5)
2 100 . 97
1
.....
7 . 4
1
4 . 1
1 x
+ + +
6)
101
5 2
101 . 97
4
....
9 . 5
4
5 . 1
4 +
+ + +
x
7)
5
1
2
100
1
1 ....
4
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1 +
,
_


,
_


,
_


,
_

x
8) 1
5
1
2 100 . 99 .... 4 . 3 3 . 2 2 . 1 + + + + x 9)
5
1
1 ) 2 )( 49 ... 2 1 (
2 2 2
+ + + x
* Dng 2: Tm x bit
1)
5
3
3 x 2) 0
8
25
x 3) 0
23
5
5 x 4)
3
1
1
5
1
. 2 x
5)
25 , 1 5 , 2 75 , 1 x
6)
13 5 2 x
7)
3
2
7
3
2
3
1
3 x
8)
10
11
7 3
5
1
2 x 9) 9 ) 5 2 (
2
x 10) 4
2
x 11)
4
1
) 7 3 (
2
x
* Dng 3: Tm x, y, z bit
1)
0 + + z y x
2)
0 7 2 5 3 + y x
3)
0
3
1
3
2
5
2
2
1
1 + + z y x
4) 0 )
3
1
( )
2
1
( ) 1 (
2 2 2
+ + z y x
5)
0 4 3 3 2 2 1 + + y y x
6)
0 ) 1 )( 1 ( 1 + + x x x
*Dng 4: Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau.
1)
5 2
2
+ x x A
vi
3
1
x
2)
2 2
2 ) 3 ( 5 2 y xy x x xy B + +
vi x=y=2
3)
1 2 2
4
1
2
+ + x x x C
vi
2
1
x
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
32
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
4)
3 6 3
2
+ x x D
vi
1 x
5)
xy y x E 7 5 2 +
vi
0 2 + y x
6) xy y x G 6 3 2
2 2
+ vi
0 2 1 + y x
* Dng 5: Rt gn cc biu thc sau
1)
13 3 9 2 5 + + x x x M
vi
5 , 6 x
2) N=
3 2 1 + + + + x x x
vi 1 2 x
3) P=
15 5 7 3 5 2 + x x x
vi 3 x
*)Dng 6: Tm gi tr ln nht , gi tr nh nht.
1, Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
25 , 0 5 , 0 2 5 , 4 x C
2, Tmgi tr ln nht ca :
75 , 0 5 , 4 3 + + x D
3, Tm gi tr nh nht ca :
2004 2005 + x x E
3- Cc bi ton t hc :
Bi 1: Tnh gi tr biu thc: A= 2x+2xy-y vi | x| = 2,5 v y = -3/4
Bi 2: Tm x , y bit:
a) 2.| 2x-3|= 1/ 2
b) 7,5 -3 |5-2x|=-4,5
c) | 3x-4|+ |3y+5| = 0
Bi 3: Tm gi tr nh nht:
a) | 3x- 8,4| -14,2
b) |4x-3|+|5y+7,5| +17,5
Ba 4: Tm gi tr ln nht:
F= 4- |5x-2|- | 3y+12|
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
33
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Chuyn 6:
CC BI TON V S THP PHN- S THC-
CN BC HAI
Bi ton 1: Vit cc s thp phn sau di dng phn s ti gin
0,(1); 0,(01); 0,(001); 1,(28); 0,(12); 1,3(4); 0,00(24); 1,2(31); 3,21(13)
Bi ton 2: Tnh
a) 10,(3)+0,(4)-8,(6)
b) [ ] ) 21 ( , 4 : ) 6 ( 3 , 2 ) 1 ( , 12
c) ) 2 ( 4 , 0
3
1
3 ) 3 ( , 0 +
Bi ton 3: Tnh tng cc ch s trong chu k khi biu din s
99
116
di dng s thp phn v hn
tun hon.
Bi ton 4: Tnh tng ca t v mu ca phn s ti gin biu din s thp phn 0,(12)
Bi ton 5: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc sau v lm trn kt qu n hng n v
a)
75 , 6
25 , 2 ). 19 , 8 81 , 11 ( +
A
b)
31 , 2 125 , 0 . 4
4 ). 25 , 6 : 5 6 , 4 (
+
+
B
Bi ton 6: Rt gn biu thc
) 3 ( 8 , 0 ) 6 ( , 1 5 , 2
) 6 ( 1 , 0 ) 3 ( , 0 5 , 0
+
+
M
Bi ton 7: Chng minh rng:
0,(27)+0,(72)=1
Bi ton 8: Tm x bit
a)
) 2 ( , 0 .
) 6 ( 1 , 1 ) 3 ( , 0
) 3 ( , 0 ) 6 ( 1 , 0

+
+
x
b)
85
50
) 3 ( 0 , 0
13
3
) 384615 ( , 0 ) 3 ( , 0

+ + x
c) [ ] 10 ) 62 ( , 0 ) 37 ( , 0 + x d) 0,(12):1,(6)=x:0,(4)
e) x:0,(3)=0,(12)
Bi ton 9:
Cho phn s
) ( ;
6 ) 2 )( 1 (
5 2 3
2 3
N m
m m m
m m m
A
+ + +
+ + +

a) Chng minh rng A l phn s ti gin.


b) Phn s A c biu din thp phn l hu hn hay v hn tun hon? v sao?
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
34
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Chuyn 7:
CC BI TON V S THP PHN- S THC-
CN BC HAI.
Bi ton 10: So snh cc s sau
a)
25
4
100 5 , 0 v
5 :
16
9
9
1
1

,
_

b) 9 25 + v 9 25 +
c) CMR: vi a, b dng th b a b a + +
Bi ton 11: Tm x bit
a) x l cn bc hai ca cc s: 16; 25; 0,81; a
2
;
( )
2
3 2
b) ( ) x x 2 3 3 2
2
c) ( ) ( ) 0 1 2 1
2 2
+ x x
Bi ton 12: Tm x bit
a) 0 2 x x b) x x c) ( )
16
9
1
2
x
Bi ton 13: Cho
1
1

x
x
A . CMR vi
9
16
x v
9
25
x th A c gi tr l mt s nguyn
Bi ton 14: Tm cc s nguyn x cc biu thc sau c gi tr l mt s nguyn
a)
x
A
7

b)
1
3

x
B
c) C=
3
2
x
Bi ton 15: Cho
3
1

x
x
A Tm s nguyn x A c gi tr l s nguyn
Bi ton 16: thc hin php tnh
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

'

1
1
]
1

1
1
]
1

'

1
]
1

1
]
1

81
2 2
: 2 :
7
5
:
7
1
2 : 7 : 25 , 5 4 , 2 : 2 2
2
2
2
2 2
Bi 17: Tnh gi tr biu thc sau theo cch hp l.
( )
343
4
7
2
7
4
2
64
7 7
1
49
1
49
1
1
2
2

,
_

+
+
A
Bi ton 18: Tnh bng cch hp l.
( )
( )
374
5
204
25
21 2
5
196
5
1
2
2
M

Bi ton 19: Tm cc s x, y, z tho mn ng thc
( ) ( ) 0 2 2
2 2
+ + + + + z y x y x
Bi ton 20: thc hin php tnh
( )
( )
445
1704
:
2 3
7
7
6
8
3
1
12 :
4
49
.
3
2
8 225 :
3
1
18
2
2
1
1
]
1


,
_

,
_

+ M
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
35
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Chuyn 8:
NHN CHIA S HU T
Bi ton 1: Tnh
a)
3 11 12
.31 0, 75.8
4 23 23
b)
1 1 1 1 1
2 3 : 4 3 7
3 2 6 7 2
_ _
+ + +

, ,
c)
5 5 4 5
4 : 5 :
9 7 9 7
_ _
+

, ,

d)
1 5 5 1 3
13 2 10 .230 46
4 27 6 25 4
3 10 1 2
1 : 12 14
7 3 3 7
_
+

,
_ _
+

, ,
e)
25 9 125 27
4 25 : :
16 16 64 8
_
+

,
g)
2 1 3
4
3 2 4
_
+

,

Bi ton 2: Tnh
a)
1 1 1
....
1.2 2.3 99.100
A + + + b)
1 1 1
1 1 ..... 1
2 3 1
B
n
_ _ _


+
, , ,
vi n N
c)
1 1 1
66. 124.( 37) 63.( 124)
2 3 11
C
_
+ + +

,
d)
7 33 3333 333333 33333333
4 12 2020 303030 42424242
D
_
+ + +

,

Bi ton 3: Tnh
1 1 1
1 (1 2) (1 2 3) .... (1 2 3 .... 16)
2 3 16
A + + + + + + + + + + +
Bi ton 4: Tm x bit
a)
3
(2 3) 1 0
4
x x
_
+

,
b)
2 5 3
3 7 10
x + c)
21 1 2
13 3 3
x +
d)
3 3 2
2 1
7 8 5
x + e)
1
(5 1) 2 0
3
x x
_


,
g)
3 1 3
:
7 7 14
x +
Bi ton 5: Cho
1 1 1
1 1 ..... 1
2 3 10
A
_ _ _


, , ,
. So snh A vi
1
9

Bi ton 6: Cho
1 1 1
1 1 ..... 1
4 9 100
B
_ _ _


, , ,
. So snh B vi
11
21

Bi ton 7: Tnh
2 3 193 33 7 11 1931 9
. : .
193 386 17 34 1931 3862 25 2
1 1
_ _
+ + +
1 1
, ,
] ]
Bi ton 8: Cho
1,11 0,19 13.2 1 1
: 2
2, 06 0, 54 2 4
A
+ _
+

+
,

7 1 23
5 2 0, 5 : 2
8 4 26
B
_


,
a) Rt gn A, B b) Tm x Z A<x<B
Bi ton 9: Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau
a)
1 1 1 3 3 3 3
5
3 7 13 4 16 64 256
.
2 2 2 1 1 1
8
1
3 7 13 4 16 64
A

+

b)
1 1 1 1
0,125 0, 2
5 7 2 3
3 3 3 3
0, 375 0, 5
5 7 4 10
+ +
+
+ +

Bi ton 10: Tm x bit
20 4141 636363
128 4 5 : 1 : 1
21 4242 646464
x
_ _ _


, , ,

Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
36
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o

Chuyn 9:
GI TR TUYT I CA MT S

A.KIN THC:

Gi tr tuyt i ca mt s lu cc tnh cht sau trong gii ton :

1/ GTT ca mt s th khng m / x / 0
2/ GTT ca mt s th ln hn hoc bng s / x / x
3/ GTT ca mt tng khng ln hn tng cc GTT /x + y /
/ / / / y x +
Hiu khng nh hn hiu cc GTT / x-y/ /x/ - /y/
4/ GTT : Vi a > 0 th: /x / = a <=> x = a t
/ x / > a <=>

<
>
a x
a x
/ x/ < a <=> -a< x< a
B. LUYN TP:

1. Dng: Tnh gi tr ca mt Biu thc :

Bi 1 : Tnh Ga tr biu thc A = 3 x 1 2
2
+ x vi /x / = 0,5
Gii: / x / = 0,5 <=> x = 0,5 hoc x = - 0,5
- Nu x = 0,5 th A = 0,75
- Nu x = - 0,5 th A = 2,75

2. Dng : Rt gn Biu thc c cha du Gi tr tuyt i

Bi 2 : Rt gn biu thc A = 3 ( 2x - 1 ) - / x - 5 /
Gii : vi x - 5 0 <=> x 0 th / x -5 / = x - 5
vi x 5 < 0 <=> x < 5 th / x 5 / = - x + 5
Xt c 2 trng hp ng vi hai khang gi tr ca bin x
a/ Nu x 5 th A = 3 (2x 1 ) ( x 5 ) = 5x + 2
b/ Nu x < 5 th A = 3 ( 2x 1 ) ( -x + 5 ) = 7x 8
3. Dng: Tnh gi tr ca bin trong ng thc c cha du GTT:

Bi 3 : Tm x . Bit 2 / 3x 1 / + 1 = 5
Gii : Ta c / 3x - 1 / = 2 Nn 3x 1 = +2 v -2
Xt c hai trng hp :
a/ 3x 1 = 2 => x = 1
b/ 3x - 1 = 2 => x = -
3
1
Bi4 : Vi gi tr no ca a,b ta c ng thc : /a ( b 2 ) / = a ( 2 b )
Gii : Ta bin i /a (b 2 )/ = / a ( 2 b )/ (1) v /A/ = /-A/
/ A / = A <=> A 0 Do (1) xy ra 4 trng hp :
a/ a = 0 th b ty
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
37
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
b/ b = 2 th a ty
c/ a > 0 th b < 2
d/ a < 0 th b > 2
Bi 5 : Tm cc s a , b sao cho a + b = / a / - / b / (1)
HD: Xt 4 trng hp :
a/ a 0, b > 0 th (1) a + b = a b <=> b = - b (khng xy ra )
b/ a 0, b 0 th (1) a = b = a + b <=> ng thc ny lun lun
ng.Vy : a 0, b 0 tha mn bi ton .

c/ a < 0 , b > 0 th (1) a + b = -a b <=> a = - b . Vy a < 0 v
b = -a tha mn bi ton .
d/ a < 0 , b 0 th (1) a + b = -a + b <=> a = -a ( khng xy ra )
Kt lun : Cc gi tr a,b phi tm l a 0, b 0 hoc a < 0 , b > 0

4 . Dng Tm GTNN , GTLN ca biu thc cha du GT tuyt i :

Bi 6: a/Tm GTNN ca A = 2 / 3x 1 / - 4
Vi mi x ta c / 3x 1 / 0 => 2 / 3x 1 / 0
Do 2 / 3x - 1 / - 4 - 4
Vy GTNN ca A = -4 ti 3x 1 = 0 <=> x = 1/3

b/ Tm GTNN ca B= 1,5 + /2 - x /
HD: B t GTNN bng 1,5 ti=2

c/ Tm GTNN ca C = /x-3/
HD:Ta c x 0 0 / 3 / 0 > > GTNN x

Bi 7: a/ Tm GTLN ca B = 10 - 4 / x - 2 /
Vi mi x ta c / x 2 / 0 => - / 4 / x - 2 / 10
Do 10- - 4 / x - 2 / 10
Vy GTLN ca B = 10 ti x = 2
b/ Tm GGLN ca B = -/ x+2 /
HD: C= - /x+2/ 2 0 0 > khix GTLN
c/ Tm GTLN ca C= 1 - /2x-3/
HD: D = 1-/2x-3/ 1 GTLN > l 0 khi x=3/2

Bi 8: Tm GTNN ca C =
3 / /
6
x
vi x l s nguyn
- Xt / x / > 3 => C > 0
- Xt / x / < 3 => / x / = 0;1hoc 2 => c = -2 ;-3 hoc -6
Vy GTNN ca C = -6 <=> x = 2 ; -2 .

Bi 9 Tm GTLN ca C = x - / x /
- Xt x 0 => C = x - x = 0 (1)
- Xt x < 0 => C = x (- x ) = 2x < 0 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta thy C 0
Vy GTLN ca C = 0 <=> x 0

Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
38
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Bi 10 : Tm gi tr biu thc :
a/ A = 6 x 4 / / 2 3
2 3
+ + x x vi x = -2/3 (s 20/9)
b/ B = 2/x/ - 4/y/ vi x = v y = - 3 (s -8 )
Bi 11 : Rt gn biu thc : a/
3 (x - 1 ) 2 / x + 3 / (s :x 9 vi x 3 ;5x+ 3 vi x < 3)
b/ 2 / x 3 / - / 4x - 1 / (s: = 2x+5 vi x < ; Bng -6x+7 vi
x < 3v bng -2x -5 vi x 3.
Bi 12 : Tm GTNN ca cc biu thc :
a / A = 2 / 3x 2 / - 1 => GTNN ca A = -1 <=> x = 2/3
b/ B = 5 / 1 4x / - 1 => GTNN ca B = -1 <=> x = 1/4
c/ C = x
2
+ 3 / y 2 / - 1 => GTNN ca C = -1 <=> x = 0 ; y = 2
d/ D = x + / x / ( xt x > 0 ;c < 0) => GTNN ca D = 0 <=> x 0
Bi 13: Tm GTLN ca cc biu thc :
e/ E = 5 - / 2x - 1 / => GTLN ca E = 5 <=> x = 1/2
f/ F =
3 / 2 /
1
+ x
=> GTLN ca F =1/3 <=> x =2 g/ G =
/ /
2
x
x +
vi x l s nguyn
HD : Xt 3 TH : * x 1 2 < > C
* x = 1 <=> C = 1
* x
x x
x
G
2
1
2
1 +
+
< >
Ta thy G ln nht khi
x
2
nh nht . M
x
2
ln nht <=> x nh nht
tc x = 1 khi G = 3 => GTLN ca G = 3 <=> x= 3
BI 14: Tm x sao cho :
a/ / x - 2 / < 4
HD: Ta bit /x/ < a <=> -a < x < a; Nn /x-2/<4 < 4 <=> -4 < x - 2 <4
<=> -4+2 < x < 4 + 2; <=> -2 < x < 6
Bi 15: Cho A = /x- /
2
3
/ /
2
1
x Tm khong ga tr no ca x th biu
thc A khng ph thuc vo bin x ?

HD: Ta lp bng xt du :
x 1/2 3/2
x - 1/2 - / + 0 +
x -3/2 - 0 - / +

Xt cc trng hp:
x<1/2 => A =(1/2 - x) - (3/2-x ) = -1
1/2 2 / 3 x => A = (x -1/2 )-(3/2 - x ) = 2x -2
X >3/2 => A = (x -1/2)-(x - 3/2) = 1
Vy vi x < 1/2 hoc x > 3/2 th gi tr biu thc A khng
ph thuc vo bin x

Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
39
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Chuyn 1:
BT CHA DU GI TR TUYT I
1/Phng php chung :
tm gi tr ca bin trong ng thc hoc Bt ng thc cha du gi tr tuyt i l xt cc
khong gi tr ca bin lp bng xt du ri kh du gi tr tuyt i .

V d 1: Tm x Bit rng :
a/
6 3 1 + x x
(1)
GII:
Xt x-1 = 0 <=>x = 1 v xt x-3 = 0 <=> x = 3
x-1< 0 <=> x < 1 x-3 < 0 <=> x < 3
x-1> 0 <=> x > 1 x-3 > 0 <=> x > 3
Ta c bng xt du cc a thc x-1 ; x-3 nh sau :
x 1 3
x - 1 - 0 + / +
x - 3 - / - 0 +
ngthc (1) (-x+1)+(-x+3)=6 (x-1)+(3-x)= 6 (x-1)+(x-3) = 6
-2x=2 0x = 4 2x = 10
x=-1 (khng c gi tr x = 5
(gi tr ny thuc no tho mn (1) ( gi tri ny thuc
khong ang xt) khong ang xt)
Vy x = -1 v x = 5 th tho mn (1)

b/
7 5 2 + + x x

x -2 5
x+2
- 0 + / +
x-5 - / - 0 +
* Xt khong x <2 Ta c -2x = 4 <=> x= -2 (loi)
Xt khong-2 5 x Ta c 0x = -0 ng vi mi x trong khong ang xt . Vy -2
5 x
Xt khong x >5 Ta oc 2x=10 <=> x = 5 ( loi)
Kt lun: -2 5 x

c/
4 2 3 + x x x

x -3 4
x+3
- 0 + / +
x- 4 - / - 0 +
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
40
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
*Xt khong x < 3 ta c -2x = 7 <=> x= -3,5( thuc khong ang xt)
*Xt khong -3 4 x ta c 0x = 1=> khng c gi tr no ca x tho mn.
* Xt khong x>4 Ta c -2x = -7 <=>x = 3,5 khng thuc khong ang xt .
Kt lun : vy x = -3,55
V d 17: Tm x , Bit:
1 3 1 + < + x x x
(2)
Tng t:
Xt khong x< 1 Ta c (2) =>(1-x)+*3-x)<x+1<=>-3x<-3<=>x>1( Gi tr ny khng thuc
khoong ang xt)
Xt khong 1 3 x th (2)=>(x-1)+(3-x)<x+1<=>2<x+1<=>x>1 => Ta c cc gi tr 1<x
3 (3)
Xt khong x >3 => ta c (x-1)+(x-3)<x+1<=>x<5.
Ta c cc gi tr : 3<x<5 (4)
Kt lun: T (3) v (4) cc gi tr cn tm l : 3<x<5
2/ Sau y ta xt mt s dng c bit. Trong nhng dng ny; tm x
ngoi phng php chung nu trn ta c th gii bng cch khc
ngin hn.
Dng 1
) (x f
= a ( a l hng s dng) <=>f(x)= a t
Dng 2
) (x f
= g(x) <=>1/g(x) 0 & 2/f(x)=
) (x g t
Dng 3
) (x f

) (x g
hay
) (x f
-
) (x g
= 0 <=>f(x)=
) (x g t

Dng 4
) (x f
+
) (x g
= 0 <=> f(x)=0 v g(x) = 0
Dng 5
) (x f
< a ( a l hng s dng ) <=>-a< f(x)<a
Dng 6
) (x f
> a ( a l hng s dng) <=>a<f(x)<-a
Cch gii tng dng nh sau :
Dng 1
) (x f
= a ( a l hng s dng)
Ta ln lt xt f(x) = a v f(x) = -a
Mi ln tm c mt gi tr ca x ta c mt p s.
BI 18: Tm x . Bit :
a/
26 7 4 5 + + x

HD: Ta c : 5x+4 = 19 v 5x+4 = -19
5x = 15 5x = -23
x = 3 x = -23/5 = -4,6
Vy x = 3 ; -4,6

b/
16 17 2 9 3 x

HD: ....<=> x=-1 v x = 10.

c/ 3 - 4
7 6 5 x

HD:
> 1 6 5 x
Khng c gi tr no ca x tho mn

Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
41
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
d/
3 4 5 + x
Hng dn: - Ta c:
3 4 5 t + x
.
- Xt
6 ; 4 1 5 3 4 5
12 ; 2 7 5 3 4 5
< > + < > +
< > + < > +
x x x
x x

Dng 2
) (x f
= g(x)
Ta phi tm x phi tho mn c hai i kin:
1/ g(x) 0
2/ f(x) = g(x) hoc f(x) = - g(x)
Bi 19: Tm x .
a/ Bit:
5 2 1 x x
- Xt iu kin th nht: 2x-5
5 , 2 0 > < > x
- Xt iu kin th hai

'

< >

'

+

) 1 ( ( 2
) 1 ( / ( 4
5 2 1
5 2 1
khongtmdk x
mdk t x
x x
x x
Vy x = 4

b/ Bit:
3 5 7 9 x x
.
- Xt iu kin th nht 5x-3
5
3
0 < > x
- Xt iu kin th hai

< >



) 1 ( ( 3
) 1 ( ( 1
5 3 7 9
3 5 7 9
tmdk x
tmdk x
x x
x x
Vy x = 1 ; 3
c/ Bit:
2 1 4 8 + + x x x
...<=>
1 2 7 1 4 < > + x x x
Dng 3
) (x f

) (x g
hay
) (x f
-
) (x g
= 0
Ta phi tm x tho mn hai iu kin f(x) = g(x)
hoc f(x) =-g(x)
BI 20 : Tm x .
a/ Bit:
0 5 17 5 17 + x x
HD: Ta c 17x-5 = 17x +5 Hoc 17x-5 = -17x - 5
17x-17x = 5+5 17x+17x = -5+5
0 x = 10 34x = 0
V nghim x = 0
Vy x = 0
b/ Bit: / 3x+ 4 / = 2 / 2x - 9 /
HD:
9 2 2 4 3 + x x
....<=> x =22 v 2
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
42
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Dng 4.
0 ) ( ) ( + x g x f
Ta phi tm x tho mn 2 iu kin f(x)=0 v g(x)=0
BI 21 : Tm x .Bit :
a/
0
7
3
14
13
+ + x x
HD: a/
0
7
3
14
13
+ + x x
<=> c hai s hng ng thi bng 0.
x + 13/14 = 0 <=> x = -13/14 v x- 3/7 = 0 <=>x=3/7.
Vy x =
7
3
&
14
13
b/ Tm cp s x,y tho mn :

0 2 , 4 2 38 , 1 + + y x
HD: b/ ....<=>

'

< >

'

+

< >

'

+

1 , 2
38 , 1
0 2 , 4 2
0 38 , 1
0 / 2 , 4 12 /
0 / 38 , 1 /
y
x
y
x
y
x
c/
0 ) 3 )( 1 ( 3
2
+ + x x x x

HD: c/
3
3 1
3 0
0 ) 3 )( 1 (
0 ) 3 (
< >

'

< >

'

+

x
hoac x
hoac x
x x
x x
d/ Tm cp s thc x ; y tho mn:
/ 2x-0, (24) / + / 3y + 0,1 (55) / =
HD: <=> / 2x- 0 / ) 5 ( 1 , 0 .
10
1
3 /
99
24
+ + y <=> 0 /
9
5
1 .
10
1
3 / /
99
24
2 / + + y x
<=> / 2x - 0 /
45
7
3 / /
33
8
+ + y V: /2x- 0
45
7
3 & 0 /
33
8
+ y
Nn: /2x-
33
8
/+/3y+ 0 /
45
7
<=>

'

< >

'

+

45
7
33
4
0
45
7
3
0
33
8
2
y
x
y
x
Dng 5.
a x f a a x f < < < > < ) ( ) (
( a l hng s dong)
BI 22: Tm x.
a/ Bit
5 1 3 < x
HD : a/
5 1 3 < x
<=> -5 < 3x - 1 < 5
-4 < 3x < 6
-4/3 < x < 2
b/ Bit
37 7 10 < + x
HD:b/ ...<=> -37 < 10x+7 < 37 <=> -4,4 < x < 3
c/ Bit
19 8 3 x
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
43
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
...<=>-19 3-8x
4
11
2 19 < > x
Dng 6.
< > > a x f ) (
f(x) > a
f(x) < -a
BI 23: Tm x .
a/ Bit;
31 1 15 > x
HD: <=>

<
> < >

<
>
2
15
32
31 1 15
31 1 15
x
x
x
x
b/ Tm x . Bit
25 4 5 2 + x
<=>

< >



8
13
21 5 2
21 5 2
x
x
x
x

Bi 24. C bao nhiu cp s nguyn (x;y) tho mn iu kin sau :
a/
4 + y x

HD: Nu x =0 th y = 4 t ta c 2 cp s l (0;4)v(0;-4)
Nu x=t 1 th y =t 3 ta c 4 cp s l ((1;3);(-1;-3);
(1;-3);(-1;3)
Nu x=t 2 th y =t 2 ta c 4 cp s l :...................
Nu x=t 3 th y =t 1 ta c 4 cp s l :...................

Nu x=t 4 th y = 0 ta c 2 cp s l ....................
Vy ta c tt c 16 cp s tho mn ng thc cho.
b/
4 < + y x

HD. Tng t c tt c 7 + 10 +6+2 = 25 cp s tho mn BT cho
BI 25:
a/ Tm x tho mn : ( x + 2/3 ) ( 1/4 - x ) > 0
HD: a/ Cch 1
(x + 2/3 )( 1/4 - x) > 0<=>
2 / 3 0 2 / 3
1/ 4 0 1/ 4
2 / 3 0 2 / 3
1/ 4 0 1/ 4
x x
x x
x x
x x
+ > >
<>
' '
> <

+ < <
<>
' '
< >

<=> -2/3 < x < 1/4


Cch 2: Lp bng xt du:
Gi tr x -2/3 1/4
du x+3/2 - 0 + / +
du 1/4-x + / + 0 -
du ca B.thc - -2/3 + 1/4 -
Vy Biu thc > 0 nu -2/3 < x < 1/4
b/ Tm x tho mn: 0
3
1 2
<
+

x
x

Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
44
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
o
AA
OO
II
BB
CC
DD
E
HD:

{
2 1 0 1/ 2
2 1
0
3 0 1/ 4 3
2 1 0 1/ 2
2 1
0 3 1/ 2
3 0 3 3
x x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x x x
> >
< <> <>
' '
+ < < +

< <
< <> <> <> < <
' '
+ > > +

Vy biu thc < 0 khi -3 < x < 1/2
Chuyn :
CHNG MINH TAM GiC
$1.. TNG BA GC CA TAM GIC
Kin thc cn nh :
1- Tng 3 gc ca mt tam gic bng 180 .
2- Trong tam gc vung 2 gc nh ph nhau .
3- Mi gc ngoi ca tam gic bng tng hai gc trong khng k vi n.
4- Gc ngoi ca tam gic ln hn 1 gc trong khng k vi n .
BA 1 a/ Chng minh tng 3 gc trong tam gic bng 180 ?(Bng cch khc SGK)
b/ Chng minh tng cc gc ngoi ca mt tam gic bng 360 ?
c/ Chng minh gc ngoi ca tam gic bng tng hai gc trong khng k ?
BI 2: a/ Tnh tng cc gc nh ca mt ngi sao nm cnh ?
b/ Cho ABC : AC >AB . V phn gic AD ( D

BC ) Chng minh :
Gc ADC - gc ADB = gc B - gc C ?
HD. S dng nh l gc ngoi ca tam gic .
BI 3 Cho ABC c gc A =


V tia phn gic BD v CE ( D tuc AC; E thuc AB ) ct nhau ti O .
a/ Tnh gc BOC theo

?
b/ V phn gic ngoi ti B v C ct nhau ti I . Tnh gc BIC theo

?

Hng dn : Tng qut : = 90
0
+
2

v gc I = 90
0
-
2

BI 4 : Tnh cc gc trong v ngoi ca tam gic ABC . Bit


C B B A


= 20
0
HD : ..=> =
B

+ 20
0
,
C B A B C

20

0
+ + >
= 3
B

= 180
0
,
=>
B

= 60
0
, = 80
0
;
C

= 40
0
&
1

B = 120
0
,
1

A =100
0
;
1

C = 140
0
BI 5 : V thm v dng nh l gc ngoi . Chng minh : A B =
B A

+
a A
O
b B
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
45
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o


Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
46
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
o
II
CC
AA
BB
D
$2. CC TRNG HP BNG NHAU CA HAI TAM GIC

Tam gic Tam gic vung
TH 1. C-C-C Cnh huyn + Cnh gc vung
TH 2. C-G-C Hai cnh gc vung
TH 3. G-C-G Cnh GV+ G.nhn k ; C.Huyn +G.nhn

$ 3. TAM GIC V MT S TAM GIC C BIT :
Tam gic . Cn . U VUNG vung cn
nh
ngha
A,B,C khng
thng hng
ABC:
AB = AC
ABC :
AB=BC=AC
: ABC

A

= 90
0
0
90

: A ABC
AB=AC
Quan
h
cc
gc
+
C B

+
=180
0

A C

1
>
B C

1
>


C B


B

=
2

180 A
=180
B

2
0

C B A

60
0

C B

+
= 90
0

C B

+
= 45
0
Quan
h
cc
cnh
1 cnh< Tng
v > Hiu
2cnh cn li
AB=AC AB=BC=AC
BC
2 2 2
AC AB +
BC > AB
BC > AC
AB=AC= c
BC= c
2
BI 6 : Cho tam gic ABC c = 80 ,
B

= 60 . Hai tia phn gic ca gc B v C ct


nhau ti I . V tia phn gic ngoi ti nh B ct tia CI ti D . Chng minh gc BDC = gc C ?
HD: Tnh gc C = 40 .
Tnh gc BDC = 180
0
(90 +30)
= 40 =>gcC =gc


BI 7 : Cho tam gic ABC c gc A = 2
B

v
B

= 3
C

.
a/ Tnh gc A ;B ; C ?
b/ Gi E giao im ca ng thng AB vi tia phn gic ca gc ngoi ti
nh C . Tnh gc AEC ?
B HD : a/Qui v gc C =>gc A+B+C =10
C

=> gc C = 18
0

=>
B

= 54 ; = 108 .
b/ K tia AC x k b vi gc ACB=> gc AC x = 162
A => AC E = 81 v

2
=
C B

+
=54+18 =72 =>gcE =180(81+72)= 27 .
C
E
BI 8 : Cho tam gic ABC c cc gc A;B;C t l vi 3;2;1 .Hi tam gic ABC l
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
47
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
tam gic g ?
HD : Ta c gc A:B:C=3:2:1 => gc A =90
=> Tamgic ABC vung ti A .
BI 9 : Cho tam gic ABC c chu vi bng 21 cm . di 3 canh l 3 s l lin tip v AB < BC <
CA . Tim di 3 cnh ca tam gic A. Bit
. PQR ABC
A
HD : Gi di 3 cnh AB = 2n + 1 ,BC= 2n +3 v
CA = 2n +5 .
Ta c AB+BC+AC= 6n = 12 => n= 2
=>AB= PQ= 5 ;BC=QR=7,CA=RP=9 cm
B C
BI 10: Cho gc xy . Trn tia O x ly A , B v trn Oy ly C,D sao cho OA=OC ; AB = CD .
Chng minh rng : a/ CDB ABD b CDA ABC / & ?

D
C
HD :
) ( & ) ( cgc ABD CDB cgc CDA ABC
A B
BI 11 : Cho tam gic ABC.Bit AB = 3 cm , BC = 5 cm v CA = 4 cm .Gi ng thng qua A
v song song vi BC l a .ng qua B song song vi CA l b v ng thng qua C v song song
vi AB l c . Gi M,N,P theo th t giao im cc ng thng b v c ; a v c ; a v b . Tm di
cc cnh tam gic MNP ?

A HD : Chng minh
. ); ( MCB BAP ABC gcg CNA ABC
=>Cc cnh ca tam gic MNP di gp i cc cnh
tng ng ca tam gic ABC => MN=2AB = 6cm ;
NP = 2BC = 10 cm v NP =2CA = 8cm .
B C
M
BI 12 : Gi M trung im cnh BC ca tam gic ABC , k BH AM v CK AM .
Chng minh : a/ BH // CK
A b/ M trung im ca HK
c/ HC // BK ?
H
H D : a/ BH // CK v cng vung gc vi AM .
B M C b/ MK MH CKM BHM >
c/
BK HC gocKBC gocHCB KBM HCM // > >
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
48
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
BI 13 : Cho tam gic LMN c 3 gc u nhn . Ngi ta v pha ngoi tam gic y
ba tam gic u LMA ; MNB v NLC . Chng minh rng : LB = MC = NA ?
HD :
CM NA cgc MLC ALN
BL NA cgc LMB AMN
>
>
) (
) (
=> LB = MC = NA .
L
A
M N
B
BI 14: Cho tamgic ABC c = 90 ;
B

= 60 . Phn gic gc B;gc C ct nhau tai I v AI


ct BC ti M . a/ Chng minh gc BIC l gc t ?
b/ Tnh gc BIC ?

A HD:a/ Gc I
1
> gc A
1
Gc ngoi tam gic BIM
Gc I
2
> gc A
2
gc ngoi tam gic CIM
gc I > gc A = 90 = > gc BIC l gc t .

C b/ ...=> gc BIC = 180 45 = 135 .
M
B
BI 15 : Cho tam gic ABC c gc B gc C = 20 . Tia phn gic gc A ct BC ti D . Tnh
s c gc ADC ? gc ADB ?
A HD : => Ta c > + +
2 2 ; 1 1

A C D A B D C B D D

2 1

= 20
0

M
2 1

D D + = 180 =>
1

D =100
0
,
2

D = 80
0

B D C
BI 16 : Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn . V on thng AD vung gc v bng AB ( D khc
pha C i vi AB ) V on thng AE vung gc v bng AC ( E khc pha B i vi AC ) .
Chng minh rng : a/ DC = BE ?
b/ DC BE ?
E HD : a/
) (gcg ABE ADC
=> DE = BE
D c./ Gi H l giao im AB vi CD v K l giao
A im DC vi BE.
0
& 90 ADH KBHgocDAH BKH
B C
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
49
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
BI 17 : Cho tam gic ABC c gc B = 2
C

. Tia phn gic gc B ct AC D . Trn tia i BD


ly im E sao cho BE = AC . Trn tia i CB ly im K sao cho CK = AB . Chng minh
rng : AE = AK ?
HD : Chng minh gc ABE = gc ACK
A =>
) (cgc KCA ABE
=> AE = AK .
D
B C K
E
BI 18 : Cho tam gic ABC vi K l trung im AB v E trung im AC . Trn tia i tia KC ly
im M sao cho KM = KC . Trn tia i EB ly im N sao cho EN = EB . Chng minh A l
trung im ca MN ?

HD:
BC AM gocKBC gocKAM cgc BKC AKM // ) ( > >
BC AN BC AN CEB AEN // & >
M A N M AM//BC;AN//BC=>M;A;N thng hng (1)
AM=BC;AN=BC=>AM=AN (2)
T (1) &(2) => A l trung im ca MN .
K E
B C
BI 19 : Cho tam gic ABC. V v pha ngoi tam gic ABC cc tam gic vung ti A l ADB ;
ACE c AB = AD ; AC = AE . K AH vung gc BC ; DM vung gc AH v EN vung gc
AH . Chng minh rng
a/ DM = AH
N E b/ MN i qua trung im DE .


D M
A HD : a/ ...=> AH DM BAH ADM >

b/ ...=> tng t cu a => EN=AH =>DM=EN
Chng minh DM//EN v gi O giao im MN v
B H C DE =>
OE OD gcg ENO DMO > ) (
.
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
50
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
BI 20 : Cho tam gic ABC. gi D trung im AB v E trung im AC. V im F sao cho E l
trung im ca DF . Chng minh rng :
A a/ DB = CF
b/
D FC BDC



D E F c/ DE // BC & DE = BC
2
1
HD: a/ ...=>
CF BD CF AD (cgc) F > > CE AED
B C b/ ...=>
) (cgc FCD DBC
c/ ...=> BC DE DF DE DF BC FCD BDC
2
1
2
1
> > > .
BI 21 : Cho tam gic ABC . Trn cnh AB ly im D ; E sao cho AD = BE. Qua D v E v cc
ng song song BC chng ct AC theo th t M v N . Chng minh DM + EN = BC ?
A HD: Qua N vng thng //AB ct BC ti K.Tac EN//BK
EB//NK nn chng minh c NK=EB;EN=BK
AD= NK ( v cng bng EB ).
Chng minh
KC DM cgc NKC ADM > ) (

...=>....
E N
B F C
BI 22 : Cho tam gic ABC c = 60
0
. Cc tia phn gic gc B,gc C ct nhau ti I v ct AC ;
AB theo th t D ; E . Chng minh : ID = IE ?
A HD : ...=>
0
1 1
60
2
120
2



+
+
C B
C B

0
4 1
0
60

120

: > > I I C I B BIC


E I D IK phn gic
0
2 1
60

> I I C I B

IE ID IK ID gcg CIK CDI
IK IE gcg BIK BIE
> >
>
) (
) (
B K C
BI 23 : Cho hai on thng AB v CD ct nhau ti E . Cc tia phn gic
E B D E C A

&


ct nhau K . Chng minh :
2

C D B C A B
C K B
+
?
K
D
HD: Gi K l giao im CK&BE. H l giao im BK&DE
A H Xt
1 1

& C A B K AGC KGB + + > (1)
G Xt
2 2

& B D C K DHB KHC + + > (2)
E T (1) &(2) => 2
D A K

+
=>
2

D A
K
+

C B
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
51
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
BI 24 : Cho tam gic ABC vi M trung im BC . Trn na nt phng khng cha C b AB v
A x vung gc AB v ly D sao cho AD = AB . Trn na mt phng khng cha B b AC v Ay
vung gc AC v ly AE = AC .
Chng minh : a/ AM =
2
1
ED
b/ AM DE
H E HD :a/ chng t DE = 2AM to ra on thng gp i
AM bng cch trn tia i MA ly MK = MA v i
chng minh DE = AK
- Xt
) ( ); ( : & AC BK AE gt AB AD DAE ABK
V ) 180

( 180

0
2 1
0
+ + A A vi A E A D (1)
)

( 180

0
1
A vibu A C B A K B A C B B B + + + > + + (2)
Vy :
2

DE
AM DE AK DAE ABK E A D K B A > > >
B M C b/ Gi H l giao im AM&DE ; Ta c

0 0 0
90

90

90

> + > + H D A H A D D H A D K A B
Bi 25 Min trong gc nhn xy v Oz sao cho xz =
2
1
yz .Qua im A thuc
Oy v AH vung gc O x ct Oz B .Trn tia Bz ly D sao cho BD = OA . Chng minh tam gc
AOD cn ?

HD : chng minh AO = AD ta v DE = OB
A Ta thy :
E B

90

& 90

0 0
A B E A H B O E B A B E A >
=>
) (cgc ADE AOB
=> AO=AD => AOD cn
E D
B
O H h
BI 26 : Cho gc xz = 120
0
. Oy l tia phn gic xz ; Ot l tia phn gic ca gc xy . M l
im mim trong gc yOz. V MA vung gc O x,V MB vung gc
Oy,V MC vung gc Ot . Chng minh 0C = MA MB ?

H: Gi E , I l giao im ca MC vi Oy;O x.
y => EOI u => OC = EK .
z M V EH
OI EK MA ;
d dng chng minh c
B MH = MB ; EK = OC
MA-MB = MA MH = HA = EK = OC
H E
t
C
O I x
A K
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
52
A
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
BI 27 : Cho tam gic cn ABC c = 100 . Tia phn gic gc B ct AC D.
Chng minh BC = BD + AD . HD : Ta c
0 0
2 1
40 20

+ + C B D
trn cnh BC ly cc im K , E sao cho
) 1 ( ) ( 80

& 60

0 0
DK DA gcg BDK BDA E D B K D B > >
Chng minh tam gac DKE cn ti D =>DK = DE (2)
V chng minh tamgic DEC cn ti E=>DE=EC (3)
T (1),(2).(3) =>AD=EC=> BC = BE+EC=BD+AD
B K E C
BI 28 : Cho tam gic ABC nhn. V ng cao BD ,CE . Trn tia i BD ly im I. Trn tia i
CE ly im K sao cho BI = AC , CK = AB . Chng minh AIK vung cn ?
HD : Ch/minh
AK AI cgc KCA ABI ). (
A Gc AIK=90 (v gc E = gc K (cmt)
Suy ra : tam gic AIK vung cn


B C


BI 29:Cho gc xy = 90 Ly im A trn O x v im B trn Oy . Ri ly im E trn tia i
O x v im F trn tia Oy sao cho OE =OB v O F = OA .
a/ Chng minh AB = E F v AB E F
b/ Gi M,N l trung im AB, E F Chng minh tam
gic OMN vung cn ?
HD : a/
F E AB & F E AB cgv) E(2 > O OAB

b/
> > 90do OM & ) ( gocM ON OM cgc ONE OMB

y OMN vung cn
B

F
N M
E O A x

BI30: Cho tam gic u ABC, Trn 2 cnh AB,AC ln lt ly 2 im M v N sao cho AM =
CN . Gi O l giao im CM v BN . Chn ninh rng :
A a/ CM = B N
b/ S o gc BOC khng i khi M v N di ng trn
AB,AC tho mn iu kin AM = CN.
M HD: a/
1 1

& ) ( B C BN CM cgc CBN ACM >
b/
0 0 0
2 1
0
120 60 180 )

( 180 C

+ C B O BOCcoB
N
O

Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
53
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
B C
Chuyn :
TAM GIC VUNG, TAM GIC CN

A. TAM GIC VUNG :
1/ nh ngha tam gic vung ? tam gic vung cn ?
2/ Tnh cht :
- Tam gic ABC : =90 <=>
0
90

+ C B
- nh l PyTago:
2 2 2 0
90

: AC AB BC A ABC +
- B ba s Py ta go: (3;4;5); (5;12;15);(6;8;10);(8;15;17);(20;21;29)....
- Cc h thc trong tam gic vung:

. . ; .
. . ; 90

:
2 2
0
BC CH AC BC BH AB
AC AB BC AH BC AH A ABC

>
;
- BC AM MC AB A ABC
2
1
; 90

: < >
S
AMB
=
AMC
S
- Tam gic vung c mt gc nhn bng 60 (30 )
l na tam gic u ( cnh bng cnh huyn ).
- Cc trng hp hai tam gic vung bng nhau: 2 cgv-Chuyn

Ton nng cao:
BI 1: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A v gc C = 45 . V phn gic AD.Trn tia i AD ly
AE = BC.Trn tia i CA ly CF = AB .
Chng minh : a/ BE = CF b/ BE = BF .
Hng dn: a/ Chng minh : BE = B
0
135

F C
A Ch/minh :
CF BE cgc FCB BAE ) (
D b/
0 0
90

90

: + > F F B A A ABF
A C F M:
BF BE F B hayE
B F B A cmt B F
>
+ >
0
0
90

90

) (


BI 2: Cho tam gic ABC c BC = 2 AB . M trung im BC; D trung im
BM . Chng minh : AC = 2 AD

A Hng dn: Trn tia i AD ly DE = DA
=> D M E D B A ME AB cgc EMD ADB

; ) ( >
=> AB=ME= ) 1 (
2
1
MC ME BC >
(1)

B D M C Mt khc:
) (

;

2 1
gocngoai M A B B A M C M M A M E + +
M: M B A M cmt B M

); (

2 1

Vy :
C M A E M A


(2) v AM chung (3)
E T (1),(2) v(3) suy ra
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
54
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
2AD AC AC AE AMC MCME > >
BI 3: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A v gc B= 60 . V tia C x BC v ly CE = CA ( CE
v CA cng pha vi BC). Ko di CB v ly F sao cho BF = BA . Chng minh : a/ ACE u
b/ E,A,F thng hng ?
Hng dn: a/ Ta c CA = CE (gt) => CEAcan
Chng minh tip gc ACE = 60
Suy ra : CAE u
E b/ Ta c : BA = BF (gt) => BFAcan
Suy ra : gc BA F = 30 ;
A
Vy:
0 0 0 0
180 60 90 30

+ + + + E A C C A B A B F
Ta suy ra ba im F;A;E thng hng .EAF
F B C
BI 4: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A . Tia phn gic gc B v C ct nhau ti O . Qua O k
ng song song BC,ct AB ti D v ct AC ti E .
Chng minh : a/ Gc BOC khng i .
b/ DE = DB + EC
A HD : a/
0 0 0
2 2
0
135 45 180 )

( 180

+ C B C O B
b/ DO DB DBOcan >
O EO EC E > can OC
D E Vy DB+EC=DO+OE=DE
B C
BI 5 : Cho tam gic ABC: Gc B = 2 gc C. K AH vung gc BC
(H thuc BC) . Trn tia i BA ly BE = BH . ng thng EH ct AD ti F. Chn minh : FH =
FA = FC .
A Hng dn: Ta c BH= BE => BEH cn =>
1

H E
M C H H B H B H H

2

2

&

2 2 1 2 1
+ > >
F Vy tam gic FHC cn =>HF = HC (1)
Mt khc : = 90
2
0 0

90 F

&

H H A C
B Vy tam gic FAH cn => FA = FH (2)
H C T (1) v (2) => HF = FA = FC
E
Bi 6: Cho tam gic ABC :gc A = 90 . mim ngoi tam gic v cc tam gic vung cn ABD,
AC F ( AB = BD v AC = CF).
a/ Chng minh : D,A,F thng hng ?
b/ T A v F k cc ng D D
' '
, FF vung gc xung BC .
Chng minh : BC FF D D +
' '

HD: a/ = 45+90+45 = 90 =>A,D,F thng hng
A b/ K AH BC =>
BC HC BH FF D
HC FF AHC CFF
BH BAH DBD
+ + >
>
>
' '
' '
' '
D
DD
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
55
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
B C
Bi 7 : Cho
0
120

: C A B ABC
K AD phn gic gc A .T A h DE AB ;
DF AC .
a/ Tam gic DE F tam gic g ?
b/ Qua C v ng thng // AD ct AB ti M , tam gic
ACM l tam gic g ?
A HD: a/ Chng minh DE = DF v gc EDF = 60 =>u
F b/Tam gic ACM u .
E
B D C
BI 8 : Tam gic ABC c AB > AC .T trung im M ca BC k ng thng vung gc vi tia
phn gic gc A v ct tia phn gic ti H ct AB,AC ln lt ti E v F . Chng minh rng:
a/ BE = CF b/ AE =
2
;
2
AC AB
BE
AC AB

+
c/ gc BME =
2

B B C A
HD: a/ Chng minh gc F = gc E
K CD // AB =>BE=CD (1)
A M CDF cn => CF=CD (2) => BE=CF
b/ Ta c AE = AB - BE
M AE=A F= AC+CF=>2AE=AB+AC
AE=
2
AC AB +
E Tng t : 2BE=AB-AC => BE =
2
AC AB
M C c/ Ta c :
2
B

- B C

A
E M

B B

- B C

A E M

2B
B - E

E M

B & F

- B C

A F

>
E C
F


Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
56
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
B. TAM GIC CN
KIN THC:
1. Trong mt tam gic vung c mt gc nhn bng 30 th cnh i din vi gc y bng
na cnh huyn.
2. Mt tam gic vung c gc nhn bng 30 (hay bng 60 ) th tam gic vung bng
na tam gic u.Cnh i din gc vung l cnh tam gic u v cnh i din gc nhn
60 l chiu cao tam gic u.
3. Trong mt tam gic vung c mt cnh gc vung bng na cnh huyn th gc i din
cnh vi cnh gc vung y bng 30 .
4. Trong tam gic cn:
- Hai trung tuyn ng vi 2cnh bn bng nhau.
- Hai phn gic ng vi 2 cnh bn bng nhau.
- Hai ng cao ng vi 2 cnh bn bng nhau.
TON CHO HS GII:
BI 9: Cho tam gic nhn ABC c gc = 60 . ng cao BD. Gi M,N ln lt l trung
im AB ; AC.
a/ Xc nh dng ca tam gic BMD ? Tam gic AMD ?
b/ Trn tia AB ly im E sao cho AE=AN . Chng minh CE vung gc AB ?
HD: A
D
M
E N
B C
Xt tam gic vung ABD c DM l trung tuyn ng vi cnh huynAB nn:
MD=MA=MB=AB:2 => Tam gic ABD v tam gic AMD cn.
M =60 => tam gic AMD u.
b/ Xt tam gic AEN c AE=AN=>tam gic AEN cn+=60 =>tam gic AEN
u=>EN=NA=CN=AC:2.
Vy tam gic EAC c trung tuyn EN=AC:2=>tam gic EAC vung ti E =>
CE vung gc AB
BI 10: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. Trn cnh BC ly 2 im M,N sao cho
BM=BA;CN=CA. Tnh gc MN ?
HD:
B
N
= 1 = M
1
A C
Tam gic BAM cn ti B=>
2

180

1
B
M

Tam gic CAN cn ti C=>


2

180

1
C
N

Vy :
0
1
45 135 180 )

( 180

+ N M N A M
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
57
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
BI 11: Cho tam gic ABC ng cao AH v trung tuyn AM chia gc A thnh 3 gc bng
nhau. a/ Chng minh tam gic ABC vung ?
b/ Tam gicBM l tam gic u ?
HD:
A
I
B H M C
a/ V MI vung gc AC . Chng minh

0 0
60

& 30

2
1
2
1
) . . ( > > + C A H C MC BM MH BH n g h C MAH MAI
Vy BC= (60.3):2=90 => Tam gic ABC vung ti A.
b/ Ta c gc C=30 ;gc B=60 ;AM=BM=1/2BC=>tam gic ABM cn c
mt gc bng 60 => tam gic ABM u.
BI 12: Cho tam gic ABC c gc B= 75 ,gc C bng 60 . Ko di BC mt on CD
sao cho CD=1/2BC .Tnh gc ADB ?
HD:
A
H
1 2
2 1 1

B C D
- K BH vung gc AC. Xt tam gica vung BHC vung ti H v gc C=60 => gc
) 1 ( 30

2
1

2
1
30

0
1
0
1
HD HB HDBcan B C A D can CDH CD CH BC CH B > > > > >
- Xt tam gic HAB vung ti H c gc B2=75-30=45 =>tam gic HAB vung
cn=>HA=HB(2). T (1) v (2) => HD=HA=>Tam gic HAD cn.
Ta suy ra
0 0
1 2
45 15 30

15

2
1

+ > B D A H D
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
58
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
NH L PY-TA-GO
KIN THC B SUNG:
1. Trong tam gic vung cn c cnh bn bng a th cnh huyn bng a
2
2. Khong cch gii 2 im trong mt phng to :

2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
2 2 1 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ( ); ; ( y y x x AB y y x x AB y x B y x A + > + >

BI 13: Cho tam gic ABC c AB=24; BC=40 v AC=32.
Trn cnh AC ly M sao cho AM =7. Chng minh rng :
a/ Tam gic ABC vung ?
b/ gc AMB = 2gc C.

HD: A
7
M
24 32
B 40 C
a/ Tam gic ABC c: BC 1600 40 . 40
2

AB 1600 32 . 32 24 . 24
2 2
+ +AC
Vy iA ABCvuongta BC AC AB > + 1600
2 2 2
b/ Chng minh ram gic MBC cn : BM=
25 7 32
25 7 24
2 2


AM AC
Suy ra : gc MBC=gc C. M gc AMB=gc MBC+gc C ( gc ngoi)
Vy gc AMB = 2. gc C
BI 14: Cho tam gic ABC c AB=25 ; AC = 26 . ng cao AH = 24 . Tnh BC ?
A A
25 24
24 26 25 26
B H C H B C
(H1) (H.2)
- Tnh c HB= 7 ; HC= 10
- Nu gc B nh=>H nm gia BC=>BC=BH+HC=10+7=17 (h1)
- Nu gc B t => H nm ngoi BC=>BC=HC--HB=10-7=3 (h2)
BI 15: di hai cnh gc vung ca tam gic vung t l 8 v 15. Cnh huyn 51 cm.
Tnh di 2 cnh gc vung ?
HD: Gi s tam gic ABC vung ti A. =>AB=8k v AC=15k
Ta c 3 2601 289 51 ) 15 ( ) 8 (
2 2 2 2 2 2
> > + + k k k AC AB
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
59
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Vy AB= 8.3= 24 m v AC=15.3= 45 m
BI 16: Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. ng cao AH,trn ly im D. Trn tia i HA ly
E sao cho HE=AD. ng vung gc AH ti D ct AC ti F . Chng minh EB vung gc E F ?
HD: A
D F
B H C
E
V AD=HE=>AH=DE
p dng nh l Py ta go vao tam gic vung ABF;ABH;ADF;BHE;DE F ta c:

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( F
F E BE DF DE HE BH DF HE DE HB BF
DF AD AH BH A AB F B
+ + + + + + +
+ + + +
Vy theo nh l o Py ta go=> tam gic BE F vung ti E=> EB vung gc E F
BI 17 : Mt cy tre cao 9 m. B gy ngang thn. Ngn cy chm t v ch gc 3m . Hi im
gy cch gc bao nhiu mt ?
HD : B
=
C
x? =

A D
Gi AB chiu cao cy tre . im gy C . Ngn cham t cch gc 3 m l im C
th CB=CD .
Tam gic vung ACD c :
met x x x
CD AD AC
4 ) 9 ( 3
2 2 2
2 2 2
> +
+
BI 18: Trong mt phng to cho cc im A(5;4); B(2;3) v C(6;1).
Tnh cc gc tam gic ABC. HD
4 A(5;4)
3 B(2;3)
1 C(6;1)
x
O 2 5 6
Ta c :

2
AB
) 1 ( 10 ) 3 4 ( ) 2 5 (
2 2
+
) 1 4 ( ) 6 5 (
2 2
+ AC ) 2 ( 10
2
;
2 2 2
(6 2) (1 3) 20 BC +
T (1) v (2) => tam gic ABC cn v AB ABCvuong BC AC > + 20
2 2 2
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
60
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Vy gc A =90 . gc B = gc C= 45
CC TRNG HP BNG NHAU CA TAM GIC VUNG

BI 19: Cho tam gic ABC. Trung tuyn AM cng l phn gic .
a/ Chng minh tam gic ABC cn.
b/ Cho AB=37; AM =35 . Tnh BC ?
HD: (H.1) A A
F D
H K
(H.1) B M C (H.2) B E C
a/ V thm MH vung gc AB & MK vung gc AC.
Chng minh
cantaiA ABC C B cgv ch KMC HMB
MKA MH gn ch KAM HAM
> > +
> +

) (
) (
b/ Tam gic ABC cn =>AH vung gcBC
=>BM=
24 12
2 2
> BC AM AB
BI 20: Cho tam gic c ba ng cao bng nhau.
a/ Chng minh tam gic u ?
b/ Cho bit mi ng cao c di
2
3 a
. Tnh di mi cnh tam gic ?
HD.(H.2) Tam gic ABC c ba ng cao bng nhau l: AD=BE=C F.
a/ Ta chng minh .

;........

) ( deu ABC A C C B cgv ch ECB FBC > > > +
b/ Gi di mi cnh l x.Xt tam giac ADC vung ti D c
a x CD AD AC > +
2 2 2
:
BI 21: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti v =80 . Gi O l im nm trong tam goc sao cho gc
OBC=30 ;gc OCB=10 . Chng minh tam gic COA cn.?
M
M
A A
O O
B C B C
(H.1) ( H.2)
HD ( Xem H.1) Tam gic ABC cn gc =80 => gocB=Gc C= 50
V thm tam gic u BCM9 M,A thuc na mt phng b BC)
gc MCA=60-50=10

0 0
30 2 : 60

) ( > C M A B M A CCC AMC AMB
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
61
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o

. ) ( can COA CA CO gcg AMC OBC > >


BI 22: Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A v gc = 100 .Goi O l im nm trn tia phn gic gc
C sao cho gc CBO=30 . Tnh gc CAO ?
HD: (Xem hnh 2) V tam gic u BCM9M,A cng na mt phng b BC).
Chng minh tng t bi 19=>
0
20 2 : 40

> O C A COAcantaiC
Suy ra:
0
80 2 : 20) - (180 O A

C
Bi 23: Cho tam gic cn ABC (AB=AC. K ng vung gc AB ti B v vung gc AC ti C.
hai ng ny ct nhau ti D.
a/ Chng minh AD l phn gic gc A ?
b/ So snh AD & CD ?
HD: (H1) A A ( H2)
1 2 D E
B C B M N C
D
a/ Chng minh tam gic ABD=tam gic ACD(Ch+cgv)=>
2 1

A A
Suy ra AD phn gic gc
b/ Suy ra AD=CD ( 2 cnh tng ng)
BI 24: Cho tam gic cn ABC9AB=AC) D l mt im thuc AB v E l mt im thuc AC
sao cho AD=AE. T D v E h ng vung gc vi BC. Chng minh BM=CN ?
HD: ( xem hnh 2) Chng minh BD=EC&gc B = gc C
Suy ra tam gic BDM=tam gic ECN(Ch+gn)=> BM=CN
BI 25: Cho gc xy trn O x ly im A. Trn O y ly im B. Gi M trung im AB. T A, B
h ng thng AE ; BF cng vung gc vi tia OM . Chng minh AE=BF ?
HD: Chng minh tam gic MAE=tam gic MBF
x (Ch+gn)=>AE=BF

A
E M F
O y
BI 26: Cho tam gic ABC cc tia phn gic gc B,gc C ct nhau ti O. K OE,O F,OG th t
vung gc vi AC,AB,BC.
a/ Chng minh OE = O F
b/ Tia AO ct BC ti D . Chng minh gc BOD=gc gc COG

Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
62
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
a/ Chng minh:
OG F O OE (2) & (1) u T
OG(2) OE gn) COE(ch COG
(1) OG F O gn) BOG(ch
>
> +
> + BO
b/
C C C B B B A A AO AOE

2
1

&

2
1

;

2
1

F
2 1 2 1 2 1
>
Suy ra
0
2 1
90 2 : 180

+ + C B A (1)
Mt khc tam gic vung BOG(gc G=90 )=> ) 2 ( 90

0
1
+ G O B B
T (1) v(2) => ) 3 (

2 1
G O B C A +
T (3) v (4)=> G O C D O B D O G D O C D O G G O B D O C G O B

,

< > + < >

Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
63
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
BIU THC I S GI TR CA BIU THC I S
Bi 1:Tnh gi tr ca biu thc : A = x
2
+ 4xy 3y
3
vi
; 5 x 1 y
Bi 2: Cho x y = 9, tnh gi tr ca biu thc : B =
x y
y
y x
x
+
+

3
9 4
3
9 4
( x - 3y ; y - 3x)
Bi 3: Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau :
a) A =
16 16
8 8 4 4 2 2 2
2
) 2 )( 2 )( 2 )( 2 (
y x
y x y x y x y x x
+
+ + +
vi x = 4 v y = 8
b) B = 2m
2
3m + 5 vi
m
= 1; c) C = 2a
2
3ab + b
2
vi
1 a
v
b
= 2
Bi 4: Xc nh cc gi tr ca bin biu thc sau c ngha :
a)
4
1
2

+
x
x
b)
1
1
2
+

x
x
c)
y xy
c by ax
3
+ +
Bi 5: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc : N=
1 2
3 6
2

+
x
x x
vi
x
=
2
1
Bi 6 : Tm cc gi tr ca bin :
a)A= (x + 1)(y
2
6) c gi tr bng 0 b) B = x
2
12x + 7 c gi tr bng 7
Bi 7 : Tnh gi tr ca biu thc sau :
A =
2 2
2 2
3 10
3 5
y x
y x

+
vi
5 3
y x

Bi 8: Cho x, y, z 0 v x y z = 0 .Tnh gi tr ca biu thc


B =
,
_

,
_

,
_

z
y
y
x
x
z
1 1 1
Bi 9:
a) Tm GTNN ca biu thc C = ( x+ 2)
2
+ ( y - )
5
1
2
10
b) Tm GTLN ca biu thc sau : D =
( ) 5 3 2
4
2
+ x
Bi 10: Cho biu thc E =
2
5

x
x
.Tm cc gi tr nguyn ca x :
a) E c gi tr nguyn b) E c gi tr nh nht
Bi 11: Tm cc GTNN ca cc biu thc sau :
a) (x 3)
2
+ 2 b) (2x + 1)
4
1 c) (x
2
16)
2
+
3 y
- 2
Bi 12: Tm GTNN ca biu thc :A =
10 2 + x x
Bi 13: Tm cc gi tr nguyn ca x , biu thc sau nhn gi tr nguyn :A =
1 5
15 10
+
+
x
x
Bi 14: Cho f(x) = ax + b trong a, b

Z
Chng minh rng khng th ng thi c f(17) = 71 v f(12) = 35
Bi 15 Cho f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c .Chng minh rng khng c nhng s nguyn a, b, c no lm cho
f(x) = 1 khi x = 1998 v f(x) = 2 khi x = 2000
Bi 16: CMR biu thc P = x
8
x
5
+ x
2
x + 1 lun nhn gi tr dng vi mi gi tr ca x.
Bi 17: Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : B =
3 1 + x x
vi x
11
7

Bi 18: Chng minh cc ng thc sau :


a) x
2
y
2
= (x+ y) (x- y) b) x
3
+ y
3
= (x+ y) ( x
2
xy + y
2
) ;c) a(a b) b(b- a) = a
2
b
2

d) a( b- c) b(a + c) + c( a b) = - 2bc ;e) a( 1- b) + a( a
2
1) = a (a
2
- b) ;f) a(b x) + x(a + b) =
b( a + x)
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
64
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Bi 20: Rt gc biu thc i s sau :
a) A = ( 15x + 2y) - ( ) ( ) [ ] y x x + + 5 3 2 b) B = - (12x + 3y) + (5x 2y) - ( ) [ ] 5 2 13 + y x
Bi 21: t tha s chung vit cc tng sau y thnh tch :
a) ab + bd ac cd b) ax + by ay bx c) x
2
xy xy + y
2
d) x
2
+ 5x + 6
Bi 22: Chng t rng :
a) Biu thc x
2
+ x + 3 lun lun c gi tr dng vi mi gi tr ca x .
b) Biu thc 2x
2
+ 3x 8 khng nhn gi tr dng vi mi gi tr ca x.
Bi 23*: Tm x, y l cc s hu t bit rng:
a) 1
1
+
x
x b) 5
2
+
x
x c) x y x + 3 3 3 d) (x-2)
5 25
2
+ n
+ y- 2= 0 (n

N)
Bi 24: Tm x, y l cc s nguyn bit: a)
1
2

x
x
y b*)
1
3 2
+

x
x
y
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
65
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Chuyn :
A THC N THC NG DNG
Bi 1: Cng v tr cc n thc :
a)3a
2
b+ (- a
2
b) + 2a
2
b (- 6a
2
b) b)(-7y
2
) + (-y
2
) (- 8y
2
)
c)(-4,2p
2
) + ( - 0,3p
2
) + 0,5p
2
+ 3p
2
d) 5a
n
+ (- 2a)
n
+ 6a
n

Bi 2: Thc hin cc php tnh sau :
a)
2
3
6 3
x x x
+ + b) 3ab.
5
2
ac 2a.abc -
3
1
a
2
bc c)
2
3
2

,
_

ac .c
2
-
5
2
a
2
.(c.c)
2
+
3
2
ac
2
.ac -
4
1
a
2
c
2

Bi 3: Cho cc n thc A = x
2
y v B = xy
2
.Chng t rng nu x,y

Z v x + y chia ht cho 13 th
A + B chia ht cho 13
Bi 4: Cho biu thc:P = 2a
2n+1
3a
2n
+ 5a
2n+1
7a
2n
+ 3a
2n+1
( n

N) Vi gi tr no ca a th P > 0
Bi 5 : Cho biu thc: Q = 5x
k+2
+ 3x
k
+ 2x
k+2
+ 4x
k
+ x
k+2
+ x
k
( k

N)
Vi gi tr no ca x v k th Q < 0
Bi 6: Tm x bit : x
n
2x
n+1
+ 5x
n
4x
n+1
= 0 ( n

N; n 0)
Bi 7: Bit A = x
2
yz , B = xy
2
z ; C = xyz
2
v x+ x + z = 1 Chng t rng A + B + C = xyz
Bi 8: Tm cc n thc ng dng vi nhau trong cc n thc sau:
y x y ax x y x y x
3 3 5 2 3 3 5
9
1
; ; 5 ; 4 ; 3 ;
7
1

Bi9 : Tnh tng :


a)
5 2 5 2 5 2
3
4
4
3
2
1
z y z y z y + b)
3 3 3
3
7
xy bxy axy +
Bi10: Rt gn cc biu thc sau :
a) 10
n+1
- 66.10
n
b) 2
n+ 3
+ 2
n +2
2
n + 1
+ 2
n
c)90.10
k
10
k+2
+ 10
k+1
d) 2,5.5
n 3
.10 + 5
n
6.5
n- 1

Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
66
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Nng cao
Bi 1: Cho biu thc M = 3a
2
x
2
+ 4b
2
x
2
- 2a
2
x
2
3b
2
x
2
+ 19 ( a 0; b 0) Tm GTNN ca M
Bi 2 : Cho A = 8x
5
y
3
; B = - 2x
6
y
3
; C = - 6x
7
y
3
.Chng t rng : Ax
2
+ Bx + C = 0
Bi 3: Chngminh rng vi n

N
*

a) 8.2
n
+ 2
n+1

c tn cng bng ch s khng
b) 3
n+3
2.3
n
+ 2
n+5
7.2
n
chia ht cho 25
c)4
n+3
+ 4
n+2
4
n+1
4
n
chia ht cho 300
Bi 4 : Cho A = ( - 3x
5
y
3
)
4
v B = ( 2x
2
z
4
)
5
.Tm x,y,z bit A + B = 0
Bi 5: Rt gn: a) M + N P vi M = 2a
2
3a + 1 , N = 5a
2
+ a , P = a
2
4
b) 2y x - ( ) [ ] { } x y x y y x + 5 3 2 vi x =a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
, y = a
2
2ab + b
2
; c) 5x 3 -
1 2 x
Bi 6: Tm x,bit :
a) (0,4x 2) (1,5x + 1) ( - 4x 0,8) = 3,6
b) ( 3
4
3
+ x )
,
_

4
3
2
x
-
,
_

+1
6
1
x
=
,
_

+ 4
3
1
x
-
,
_

3
3
1
x
Bi 7: Tm s t nhin
abc
( a > b > c) sao cho :
cab bca abc + +
= 666
Bi 8: C s t nhin
abc
no m tng
cab bca abc + +
l mt s chnh phng khng ?
Bi9 : Tnh tng : (- 5x
2
y + 3xy
2
+ 7) + ( - 6x
2
y + 4xy
2
5) ;(2,4x
3
-10x
2
y) + (7x
2
y 2,4x
3
+3xy
2
)
a) (15x
2
y 7xy
2
-6y
2
) + (2x
2
- 12x
2
y + 7xy
2
) ;(4x
2
+x
2
y -5y
3
)+( y x xy x
2 2 3
6
3
5
)+(
3
3
10
3
y
x
+ )+ (
3 2 2 3
10 4 15 6 x y x xy y )
Bi 10: Rt gn biu thc sau
a/ (3x +y -z) (4x -2y + 6z);
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 2 3 2
3 3 3 2 3
8 3 , 2 9 , 6 8 1 , 3 7 , 5 /
7 5 2 5 6 /
y y x xy y xy y x c
y x x y x x b
+ +
+ + +
d)K= 2x.(-3x + 5) + 3x(2x 12) + 26x e)
,
_

,
_

5
4
5 2
5
5
7
9
2
6
3
3
2 x x x
x
x
M
Bi 11: Tm x bit: a) x +2x+3x+4x+..+ 100x = -213 ; b)
6
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
x x c) 3(x-2)+ 2(x-
1)=10 d)
4
2
3
1

+ x x
e)
12
11
11
10
10
9
9
8
8
7
7
6
+

+
x x x x x x
f)
14
27
13
38
12
23
11
32 +
+
+

+
+
+ x x x x
; g)
13 2 x
h)
3
1
2 8 4 2 3 + x x
i)
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
67
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
3
2
3 5 2 3
1
+ +

x x
k)
2 + x
+
2 x
=3; m) (2x-1)
2
5 =20 n) ( x+2)
2
=
3
1
2
1
p) ( x-1)
3
=
(x-1) ; q*) (x-1)
x+2
= (x-1)
2
r*) (x+3)
y+1
= (2x-1)
y+1
vi y l mt s t nhin

Chuyn :
S CHNH PHNG
I/ L THUYT:
1.nh ngha:
S chnh phng l mt s bng bnh phng ca mt s t nhin
V d: 225 15 ; 9 3
2 2

Cc s 9; 225 l bnh phng ca cc s t nhin : 3; 15 c gi l s chnh phng
2. Mt s tnh cht:
a) S chnh phng ch c th tn cng l : 0; 1; 4; 5; 6; 9 khng th tn cng bi 2; 3; 7; 8.
b) Mt s chnh phng c ch s tn cng l 5 th ch s hng chc l 2.
Tht vy ,gi s
2
5 a M =
2 2
(10 5) 100 100 25 a a a + + +
V ch s hng chc ca
2
100a v 100a l s 0 nn ch s hng chc ca s M l 2
c) Mt s chnh phng c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s hng chc ca n l s l.
Tht vy, gi s s chnh phng N=a
2
c ch s tn cng l 6
th ch s hng n v ca s a ch c th l 4 hoc 6.
Gi s hai ch s tn cng ca s a l b4 (nu l b6 th chng minh tng t ),
Khi b4
2
= (10b+4)
2
= 100b
2
+ 80b + 16.
V ch s hng chc ca s 100b
2
v 80b l s chn nn ch s hng chc ca N l s l.
d) Khi phn tch ra tha s nguyn t ,s chnh phng ch cha cc tha s nguyn t vi s
m chn ,khng cha tha s nguyn t vi s m l .
Tht vy ,gi s A = m
2
=a
x
.b
y
.c
z
trong a,b,c ,l cc s nguyn t khc nhau,cn
x,y,zl cc s nguyn t dng th th ,
A = m
2
=

(a
x
b
y
c
z
)
2
= a
2x
.b
2y
.c
2z




T tnh cht ny suy ra
-S chnh phng chia ht cho 2 th chia ht cho 4.
-S chnh phng chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho 9.
-S chnh phng chia ht cho 5 th chia ht cho 25.
-S chnh phng chia ht cho 8 th chia ht cho 16.
3. Hng ng thc vn dng:
(a t b)
2
= a
2
t 2ab + b
2
v a
2
b
2
= (a + b)(a b)
4. Cc v d:
V d 1 . Chng minh rng :
a) Mt s chnh phng khng th vit c di dng 4n+2
hc 4n +3 (nN);
b) Mt s chnh phng khng th vit di dng 3n+2(nN).
Gii
a) Mt s t nhin chn c dng 2k (kN), khi (2k)
2
= 4k
2
l s chia ht cho 4 cn
s t nhin l c dng 2k+1 (kN) ,
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
68
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
Khi (2k+1)
2
= 4k
2
+ 4k +1 l s chia cho 4 d 1.
Nh vy mt s chnh phng hoc chia ht cho 4
hoc chia cho 4 d 1 , do khng th vit c di dng 4n+2 hoc 4n+3(nN)
b) Mt s t nhin ch c th vit di dng 3k hoc 3kt 1 (k N) khi bnh phng
ca n c dng (3k)
2
=9k
2
l s chia ht cho 3 ,hoc c dng (3kt 1)
2
= 9k
2
t 6k +1
l s khi chia cho 3 th d 1.Nh vy mt s chnh phng khng th vit di dng
3n+2(nN).
V d 2:
Cho 5 s chnh phng bt k c ch s hng chc khc nhau cn ch s hng n v u l 6.
Chng minh rng tng cc ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh phng l mt s chnh
phng.
Gii
Cch 1. Ta bit rng 1 s chnh phng c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s hng chc ca n
l s l .V vy ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh phng cho l: 1, 3, 5, 7 ,9 khi tng ca
chng bng :1+3+5+7+9=25 =5
2
l s chnh phng.
Cch 2. Nu mt s chnh phng c M=a
2
c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s tn cng ca
s a l s chn, do a2 nn a
2
4.
Theo du hiu chia ht cho 4 th 2 ch s tn cng ca s Mch c th l 16,36,56,76,96. T ,ta
c : 1+3+5+7+9=25=5
2
l s chnh phng

V d3: Tm s t nhin n c 2 ch s, bit rng 2 s 2n+1 v 3n+1 ng thi l 2 s chnh phng
Gii
n l s t nhin c 2 ch s nn 10 n < 100, do 21 2n+1 < 201 Mt khc 2n+1 l s
chnh phng l
nn 2n+1 ch c th nhn mt trong cc gi tr :25; 49; 81; 121; 169.
T n ch c th nhn mt trong cc gi tr 12, 24, 40, 60,84.
Khi s 3n+1 ch c th nhn mt trong cc gi tr: 37; 73; 121; 181; 253.
Trong cc s trn ch c s 121=11
2
l mt s chnh phng.
Vy s t nhin c 2 ch s cn tm l n=40.
V d 4:
Chng minh rng nu p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1 khng th l cc s chnh
phng
Gii
V p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin nn p chia ht cho 2 V p khng chia ht cho 4 (1)
a) Gi s p+1 l s chnh phng . t p+1 = m
2
(mN)
V p l s chn nn p+1 l s l , do m
2
l s l ,v th m l s l .
t m=2k+1 (kN)
Ta c m
2
= (2k+1)
2
= 4k
2
+ 4k+ 1

, suy ra p+1= 4k
2
+ 4k+ 1


do p=4k(k+1) l s chia ht cho 4, mu thun vi (1)
Vy p+1 khng l s chnh phng
b)Ta c p = 2.3.5l s chia ht cho 3.
Do p-1 = 3k+2 khng l s chnh phng. Vy nu p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin th
p-1 v p+1 khng l s chnh phng
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
69
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
III/ BI TP:
BI TP BI GII
Bi 1: Tm s t nhin n bit rng
trong 3 mnh sau c 2 mnh
ng v mt mnh sai:
1/ n c ch s tn cng l 2
2/ n + 20 l mt s chnh phng
3/ n 69 l mt s chnh phng
Nu mnh (1) ng th t (2) suy ra n + 20 c s tn
cng l 2; T mnh (3) suy ra n 69 c ch s tn
cng l 3. Mt s chnh phng khng c ch s tn
cng l 2 hoc 3. Nh vy nu (1) ng th (2) v (3)
u sai, tri gi thit. Vy mnh (1) sai v mnh
(2) v (3) ng.
t n + 20 = a
2
; n 69 = b
2
(a, b

N v a > b)
=> a
2
b
2
= 89 => (a + b)(a b) = 89.1
Do :
a b 89
a b 1
+
'

suy ra a = 45. Vy n = 45
2
20 =
2005
Bi 2: Cho N l tng ca 2 s chnh
phng. Chng minh rng:
a/ 2N cng l tng ca 2 s chnh
phng.
b/ N
2
cng l tng ca 2 s chnh
phng.
Gi N = a
2
+ b
2
(a, b

N)
a/ 2N = 2a
2
+ 2b
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab + a
2
+ b
2
2ab
= (a + b)
2
+ (a b)
2
l tng ca 2 s chnh
phng.
b/ N
2
= (a
2
+ b
2
)
2
= a
4
+ 2a
2
b
2
+ b
2
= a
4
2a
2
b
2
+ b
2
+
4a
2
b
2
= (a
2
b
2
)
2
+ (2ab)
2
Bi 3: Cho A, B, C, D l cc s
chnh phng. Chng minh rng:(A
+ B)(C + D) l tng ca 2 s chnh
phng.
Theo bi ton th: A = a
2
; B = b
2
; C = c
2
; D = d
2
;
Nn: (A + B)(C + D) = (a
2
+ b
2
)(c
2
+ d
2
) =
= a
2
c
2
+ a
2
d
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ b
2
d
2
= a
2
c
2
+ b
2
d
2
+ 2abcd 2abcd
+ a
2
d
2
+ b
2
c
2
= (ac + bd)
2
+ (ad bc) l tng ca 2 s
chnh phng.
Bi 4: Cho 3 s nguyn x, y, z sao
cho: x = y + z. Chng minh rng:
2(xy + xz yz) l tng ca 3 s chnh
phng.
V x = y + z => x y z = 0 => (x y z)
2
= 0
=> x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2xy 2xz + 2yz = 0
=> 2(xy + xz yz) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
Bi 5: Cho a, b, c, d l cc s nguyn
tho mn: a b = c + d. Chng minh
rng: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
lun l tng
ca 3 s chnh phng.
T a b = c + d => a b c d = 0
=> 2a(a b c d) = 0
Nn ta suy ra:
a
2
+ b
2

+ c
2
+ d
2
= a
2
+ b
2

+ c
2
+ d
2
+ 2a(a b c d)
= (a b)
2
+ (a c)
2
+ (a d)
2
Bi 6: Cho 2 s chnh phng lin
tip. Chng minh rng tng ca 2 s
cng vi tch ca chng l mt s
chnh phng l.
Ta c: n
2
+ (n + 1)
2
+ n
2
(n + 1)
2
= n
4
+ 2n
3
+ 3n
2
+ 2n +
1 =
= (n
2
+ n + 1)
2
n
2
+ n l mt s chn n
2
+ n + 1 l mt s l.
Suy ra (n
2
+ n + 1)
2
l mt s chnh phng l.
Bi 7: Cho a
n
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
a/ Tnh a
n+1
b/ Chng minh rng a
n
+ a
n+1
l mt
s chnh phng
a/ T bi ton ta suy ra: a
n+1
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n + 1)
b/ a
n
+ a
n+1
=
(1 n)n
2
+
+
(1 n 1)(n 1)
2
+ + +
=
(n 1)(n n 2)
2
+ + +
=
= (n + 1)
2
Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
70
TRUNG TM TOAN OLYMPIC ISI Trn Thin 0913.430
999
o
C. MT S BI TP TNG T
Bi 1. Cho 2 s t nhin A v B trong s A ch gm c 2m ch s 1,
s B ch gm m ch s 4.
Chng minh rng : A+B +1 l s chnh phng.
Bi 2.
Tm mt s t nhin c 2 ch s, bit rng hiu cc bnh phng ca s v s vit bi hai
ch s ca s nhng theo th t ngc li l mt s chnh phng.
Bi3.
Tm s chnh phng c 4 ch s , bit rng ch s hng trm ,
hng nghn ,hng chc, hng n v l 4 s t nhin lin tip tng dn.
Bi 4.
T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ngi ta lp tt c cc s c 6 ch s , mi s gm cc ch s khc
nhau. Hi trong cc s lp c c s no chia ht cho 11 khng ? C s no l s chnh phng
khng?
Bi 5
Ngi ta vit lin tip cc s : 1, 2, 3,, 1994 thnh mt hng ngang theo mt th t tu . Hi s
to thnh theo cch vit trn c th l s chnh phng khng?

Chuyn Bi dng HSG Ton lp 7
71

You might also like