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Gamma Ray
Counts natural Gamma Ray emits by formation Tool measurements are counts per second (cps) Convert to API :
GRAPI GRcps ( JigValue API ) Jig Meascps MeasBackground
Where : GR API Gamma Ray API Units GR cps Gamma Ray Counts per Second
Compensated Sonic
Measures the delta-T of a compressional sound wave through the formation.
T1
TT1
3ft
TT2 TT1 TT4
R1 2ft
TT3
TT3
TT2
R2 3ft T2
Delta-T Formulation :
TT4
(TT 3 TT 1) (TT 4 TT 2) 4
Litho Density
Cs 137 (2 curie) radioactive source emits medium-energy gamma rays (662 Kev) into the formation.
These GR interact (collide) with the electrons of the atoms in the formation and loses some of its energy to the electron, known as Compton Scattering. The number of Compton-scattering collisions is related directly to the number of electrons in the formation, and determined essentially by the electron density.
Electron density is related to the true bulk density, b , which, depends on the density of the rock matrix material and fluids filling the pores
Litho Density
In addition to the bulk density measurement, b, the tool also measures the photoelectric absorption index of the formation, Pe.
The Pe can be related to lithology.
The b measurement responds primarily to porosity and secondarily to rock matrix and pore fluid.
The Pe responds primarily to rock matrix (lithology) and secondarily to porosity and pore fluid.
Litho Density
Source ( Cesium-137 ) emits Gamma Ray to formation 3 Ways G-ray interact with matters in formation :
Photoelectric ( to calculate PEF ) Compton Scattering ( to calculate RHOB ) Pair Production
LS
SS
Source
Compensated Neutron
Fast neutrons(16 curie) emitted from a radioactive source in the sonde. Neutrons interact with the nuclei of the formation through Nuclear Scattering (Inelastic & Elastic), Capture. Each collision ,the neutron loses some energy. During the Elastic Collision, the greater energy loss occurs when the neutron strikes a nucleus of practically equal mass, i.e. a hydrogen nucleus. The large hydrogen concentration surrounding the neutron source, the most of the neutrons are slowed and captured within a short distance of the source. Accordingly, the counting rate at the detector increases for decreased hydrogen concentration and vice versa.
Compensated Neutron
Phased Induction
The induction tool generates a 20 kHz magnetic field around the tool by passing an alternating current (AC) into a transmitter coil array. The alternating magnetic field induces an alternating voltage and current in formation which is 90 out phase with original transmitter current. The strength of formation current will depend on the formation conductivity. The alternating magnetic field (X) associate with the 90 formation current (R) induces another alternating voltage and current in receiver coil array which is 180 out of phase with original transmitter current.
The voltage between M0 (B) and M1M2 (C) is measured and is used as the reference voltage.
= ( ) 0
Spontaneous Potential
Potential difference recorded between electrode in current depth and a ground electrode SP source is the solutions of formation water and mud salinity differences in porous formation
SP deflection :
if Rmf > Rw , SP (-) if Rmf < Rw , SP (+) If Rmf = Rw , no SP deflection
Interpretation Goals
Data Preparation Editing & Correction Zone Screening Petrophysics Pay Summary
Each formation will process in different way and parameters while its spesific lithology are difference
Log Patching
Some logs in casing are invalid and must be removed to prevent intruding in analysis. So do with another invalid logs interval caused by tool error or else.
Data Check Editing & Correction Zone Screening Petrophysics Pay Summary
Zone Screening
Zones must be defined as far as the physical properties changed in formation, i.e. the salinity, formation factors(a,m,n), type of shale, etc.
Petrophysics Process
Steps in petrophysical analysis :
Pay Summary
V clay Determination
In most cases, this can be done by using GR as clay indicator :
Pay Summary
Clay point
Clay density in dry and wet must be defined for input in matrix correction This can be done by using cross-plot, most user use Density-Neutron as shown below :
Pay Summary
= . + 1 .
Lithology
Lithology volume calculation : VCL_CPX + VSND_CPX + VSILT_CPX + PHIE_CPX = 1.0
Pay Summary
Porosity
With SSS(silt sand shale) Model, porosity is computed as follow : PHIE = (RHOB - Vclay * ( RHOBcl - RHOMA) - RHOMA) / (RHOF - RHOMA) RhoBcl : from clay point determination Rhof : assume 1 G/CC Rhoma : as its lithology ( sandstone = 2.65 G/CC )
Pay Summary
Water Resistivity
Rw is proportional with salinity given by client With salinity 4000 PPM , Rw is about 0.643
Pay Summary
Water Saturation
Sw computed using Indonesian equation :
Pay Summary
Assume Rt=ILD Rcl = ILD at adjacent Shale Rw, a=1, m=2, n=2 are input from client
Result
Lithology Porosity Sw
Pay Summary
Pay Summary
Hydrocarbon volume report :
Net Pay SWE Cutoff 65.0% RESERVOIR PAY PAY AVE PAY AVE PAY AVE INTERVAL FT 21.0 21.0 VCL % 13.219 13.219 PHIE % 22.409 22.409 SWE % 54.381 54.381
Pay Summary
WELL NAME FORMATION FROM FT Mywell-26 TO FT 3764.5
3662.0 TOTAL
Data Preparation Editing & Correction Zone Screening Cross Plot Pay Summary
Pay Summary
Gross Pay
Net Pay
Gross Pay
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