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Quantitative Well Log Analysis

Alfa.Mirza@ymail.com

Intro to Logging Tools


Gamma Ray Tool ( GRT ) Compensated Sonic Tool ( CST ) Litho Density Tool ( LDT ) Compensated Neutron Tool ( CNT ) Phased Induction Tool (ILM, ILD - PIT) Spherical Focused Log (SFL PIT) Spontaneous Potential (PIT)

Gamma Ray
Counts natural Gamma Ray emits by formation Tool measurements are counts per second (cps) Convert to API :
GRAPI GRcps ( JigValue API ) Jig Meascps MeasBackground

Where : GR API Gamma Ray API Units GR cps Gamma Ray Counts per Second

Compensated Sonic
Measures the delta-T of a compressional sound wave through the formation.
T1
TT1

3ft
TT2 TT1 TT4

R1 2ft
TT3

TT3

TT2

R2 3ft T2

Delta-T Formulation :

TT4

(TT 3 TT 1) (TT 4 TT 2) 4

Litho Density
Cs 137 (2 curie) radioactive source emits medium-energy gamma rays (662 Kev) into the formation.
These GR interact (collide) with the electrons of the atoms in the formation and loses some of its energy to the electron, known as Compton Scattering. The number of Compton-scattering collisions is related directly to the number of electrons in the formation, and determined essentially by the electron density.

Electron density is related to the true bulk density, b , which, depends on the density of the rock matrix material and fluids filling the pores

Litho Density
In addition to the bulk density measurement, b, the tool also measures the photoelectric absorption index of the formation, Pe.
The Pe can be related to lithology.

The b measurement responds primarily to porosity and secondarily to rock matrix and pore fluid.
The Pe responds primarily to rock matrix (lithology) and secondarily to porosity and pore fluid.

Litho Density
Source ( Cesium-137 ) emits Gamma Ray to formation 3 Ways G-ray interact with matters in formation :
Photoelectric ( to calculate PEF ) Compton Scattering ( to calculate RHOB ) Pair Production
LS

SS

Source

Compensated Neutron
Fast neutrons(16 curie) emitted from a radioactive source in the sonde. Neutrons interact with the nuclei of the formation through Nuclear Scattering (Inelastic & Elastic), Capture. Each collision ,the neutron loses some energy. During the Elastic Collision, the greater energy loss occurs when the neutron strikes a nucleus of practically equal mass, i.e. a hydrogen nucleus. The large hydrogen concentration surrounding the neutron source, the most of the neutrons are slowed and captured within a short distance of the source. Accordingly, the counting rate at the detector increases for decreased hydrogen concentration and vice versa.

Compensated Neutron

Phased Induction
The induction tool generates a 20 kHz magnetic field around the tool by passing an alternating current (AC) into a transmitter coil array. The alternating magnetic field induces an alternating voltage and current in formation which is 90 out phase with original transmitter current. The strength of formation current will depend on the formation conductivity. The alternating magnetic field (X) associate with the 90 formation current (R) induces another alternating voltage and current in receiver coil array which is 180 out of phase with original transmitter current.

Spherical Focused Log


The SFL sending current out the A0 electrode and returning to the tool body. Focusing is accomplished by sending a bucking current IB from A0 to A1. In the bucking system, two monitor electrodes, M1 and M2 are used to measure the potential drop in the borehole. If there is a voltage present between these electrodes, the IB current is boosted to compensate until the M1-M2 voltage is driven to zero. M1 = M2
(M1,M2) Bucking Current Monitoring electrode (A1) Bucking Current Return electrode (M0) Monitoring electrode

The voltage between M0 (B) and M1M2 (C) is measured and is used as the reference voltage.
= ( ) 0

(A0) Current electrode

Spontaneous Potential
Potential difference recorded between electrode in current depth and a ground electrode SP source is the solutions of formation water and mud salinity differences in porous formation

SP deflection :
if Rmf > Rw , SP (-) if Rmf < Rw , SP (+) If Rmf = Rw , no SP deflection

WELL LOG ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION


Well : mywell-26

Interpretation Goals

Porosity Effective (Phie) Water Saturation (Sw) Lithology

Data Preparation Editing & Correction Zone Screening Petrophysics Pay Summary

Well header completion, Define formations


Well header contains all important parameters for next process, i.e. mud properties, tool specs, well info etc.

Each formation will process in different way and parameters while its spesific lithology are difference

Data Check Editing & Correction


Log patching
Shale baseline shift (SP)

Log Patching
Some logs in casing are invalid and must be removed to prevent intruding in analysis. So do with another invalid logs interval caused by tool error or else.

Zone Screening Petrophysics Pay Summary

Data Check Editing & Correction


Log patching
Shale baseline shift (SP)

Shale baseline shift


To get SP log in ideal scale by theory, it must be regulated where on shale interval, SP reading is zero.

Zone Screening Petrophysics Pay Summary

Data Check Editing & Correction Zone Screening Petrophysics Pay Summary

Zone Screening
Zones must be defined as far as the physical properties changed in formation, i.e. the salinity, formation factors(a,m,n), type of shale, etc.

Data Check Editing & Correction Zone Screening Petrophysics


V Clay Clay Point Lithology Porosity Water Resistivity Water Saturation

Petrophysics Process
Steps in petrophysical analysis :

1. V clay 2. Clay point 3. Lithology 4. Porosity 5. Water resistivity 6. Water saturation


Cross-plot logs that mostly used for guidance : 1. Density - Neutron 2. G Ray - Rwa

Pay Summary

Data Check Editing & Correction Zone Screening Petrophysics


V Clay Clay Point Lithology Porosity Water Resistivity Water Saturation

V clay Determination
In most cases, this can be done by using GR as clay indicator :

Cross-plot Gamma-ray vs. Rwa

Pay Summary

Data Check Editing & Correction Zone Screening Petrophysics


V Clay Clay Point Lithology Porosity Water Resistivity Water Saturation

Clay point
Clay density in dry and wet must be defined for input in matrix correction This can be done by using cross-plot, most user use Density-Neutron as shown below :

Pay Summary
= . + 1 .

Data Check Editing & Correction Zone Screening Petrophysics


V Clay Clay Point Lithology Porosity Water Resistivity Water Saturation

Lithology
Lithology volume calculation : VCL_CPX + VSND_CPX + VSILT_CPX + PHIE_CPX = 1.0

Pay Summary

Data Check Editing & Correction Zone Screening Petrophysics


V Clay Clay Point Lithology Porosity Water Resistivity Water Saturation

Porosity
With SSS(silt sand shale) Model, porosity is computed as follow : PHIE = (RHOB - Vclay * ( RHOBcl - RHOMA) - RHOMA) / (RHOF - RHOMA) RhoBcl : from clay point determination Rhof : assume 1 G/CC Rhoma : as its lithology ( sandstone = 2.65 G/CC )

Pay Summary

Data Check Editing & Correction Zone Screening Petrophysics


V Clay Clay Point Lithology Porosity Water Resistivity Water Saturation

Water Resistivity
Rw is proportional with salinity given by client With salinity 4000 PPM , Rw is about 0.643

Pay Summary

Data Check Editing & Correction Zone Screening Petrophysics


V Clay Clay Point Lithology Porosity Water Resistivity Water Saturation

Water Saturation
Sw computed using Indonesian equation :

Pay Summary

Assume Rt=ILD Rcl = ILD at adjacent Shale Rw, a=1, m=2, n=2 are input from client

Data Check Editing & Correction Zone Screening Petrophysics


V Clay Clay Point Lithology Porosity Water Resistivity Water Saturation

Result
Lithology Porosity Sw

Pay Summary

Data Preparation Editing & Correction Zone Screening Cross Plot


Zone 5

Pay Summary
Hydrocarbon volume report :

Net Reservoir Vclay Cutoff 40.0%

PHIE Cutoff 10.0%

Net Pay SWE Cutoff 65.0% RESERVOIR PAY PAY AVE PAY AVE PAY AVE INTERVAL FT 21.0 21.0 VCL % 13.219 13.219 PHIE % 22.409 22.409 SWE % 54.381 54.381

Pay Summary
WELL NAME FORMATION FROM FT Mywell-26 TO FT 3764.5

INTERVAL FT 86.0 86.0

Zone 5 [Rumput Laut]

3662.0 TOTAL

Data Preparation Editing & Correction Zone Screening Cross Plot Pay Summary

Pay Summary

Gross Pay

Net Pay

Gross Pay

Thank You

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