cng n tp mng my tnh

Cu 1: Cc nguyn tc chnh xy dng m hnh OSI , So snh m hnh OSI v m hnh TCP/IP
*Cc nguyn tc chnh xy dng m hnh OSI T chc ISO a ra mt s cc nguyn tc chnh xy dng m hnh 7 tng l: - Ch thit lp mt lp khi cn n 1 cp tru tng khc nhau. - Mi lp phi thc hin chc nng r rng. - Chc nng ca mi lp phi nh r nhng giao thc theo ng tiu chun quc t. - Ranh gii cc lp phi gim ti thiu lu lng thng tin truyn qua giao din lp. - Cc chc nng khc nhau phi c xc nh trong lp ring bit, song s lng lp phi va cu trc khng tr nn qu phc tp. *So snh m hnh OSI v m hnh TCP/IP

* Cc im ging nhau: - C hai u l phn lp. - C hai u c lp ng dng, qua chng c nhiu dch v khc nhau. - C hai c cc lp mng v lp vn chuyn c th so snh c. - K thut chuyn mch gi c chp nhn - Chuyn vin lp mng cn phi bit c hai. * Cc im khc nhau:

Cu 2: Trnh by c ch truy nhp ng truyn bng phng php CSMA/CD

Phng php c truy cp s dng sng mang ch c s dng trong mng bus. Vi topo ny, tt c cc DTE c kt ni vi cng mt bus nn thi an ngu nhin no c th c DTE bt k truyn d liu ln bus. Cable khi s hot ng theo ch gi l a truy cp (multiple access: MA). Tt c d liu c pht bi 1 DTE, trc ht n phi c ng gi trong mt khung cng vi a ch ch phn u ca khung. Khung khi s c truyn i trn cable. Tt c DTE c kt ni vi cable s pht hin a ch ca mnh ti phn u ca khung, n tip tc c d liu trong khung v p li theo giao thc c quy nh. Vi kiu hot ng ny, hai hay nhiu DTE c th cng mt lc truyn khung ln cable, c th lm hng d liu ngun pht i. gim tnh trng ny, trc khi pht i mt khung, DTE ngun pht lng nghe, xem ng truyn ri hay bn. Nu ri th truyn v bn th thc hin mt trong 3 gii thut. - Trm tm rt lui ch mt thi gian ngu nhin ri nghe ng truyn vi cch ny thi gian cht ln nhng t xung t. - Tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri nn thi gian cht nh nhng d xy ra xung t. - Trm tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri vi xc sut p no . c th pht hin xung t, CSMA/CD b sung thm quy tc: Khi trm ang truyn n vn nghe ng truyn, nu pht hin thy xung t th n ngng ngay vic truyn nhng vn tip tc gi tn hiu sng mang thm mt thi gian na m bo cc trm trn mng u c th nghe c s kin xung t . Sau khi ch i mt thi an ngu nhin trm li th truyn li bng s dng CSMA. Trn thc t tc bit c s dng trn cable rt cao (ln n 10Mbps) nn s tng ti c khuynh hng thp v vic truyn khung ch c bt u khi cable ri nn xc sut xung t xy ra thp.

Cu 3 : Miu t qu trnh thit lp lin kt v gii php lin kt ca giao thc TCP ? (Theo mnh ngh cu ny l
gii phng hay cn gi l kt thc ch khng phi l gii php) TCP l mt giao thc hng lin kt, tc l cn phi thit lp mt lin kt gia mt cp thc th TCP trc khi truyn d liu. Sau khi lin kt c thit lp, nhng gi tr cng (Port) hot ng nh mt nhn dng logic c s dng nhn dng mch o (Virtual Circuit).Trn knh o d liu c truyn song cng (Full Duplex). Lin kt TCP c duy tr trong thi gian truyn d liu. Kt thc truyn, lin kt TCP c gii phng, cc ti nguyn nh b nh, cc bng trng thi.. cng c gii phng. Thit lp lin kt TCP: c thc hin trn c s phng thc bt tay ba bc (Tree Way Handsake): Bc 1: Nh hnh v, yu cu lin kt lun c trm ngun khi to tin trnh bng cch gi mt gi TCP vi c SYN=1 v cha gi tr khi to s tun t ISN ca Client. Gi tr ISN ny l mt s 4 byte khng du v c tng mi khi lin kt c yu cu (gi tr ny quay v 0 khi n ti gi tr 232). Trong thng ip SYN ny cn cha s hiu cng TCP ca phn mm dch v m tin trnh trm mun lin kt. Mi thc th lin kt TCP u c mt gi tr ISN mi, s ny c tng theo thi gian. V mt lin kt TCP c cng s hiu cng v cng a ch IP c dng li nhiu ln, do vic thay i gi tr ISN ngn khng cho cc lin kt dng li cc d liu c (Stale) vn cn c truyn t mt lin kt c v c cng mt a ch lin kt . Bc 2: Khi thc th TCP ca phn mm dch v nhn c thng ip SYN, n gi li gi SYN cng gi tr ISN ca n v t c ACK=1 trong trng h p sn sang nhn lin kt . Thng ip ny cn cha gi tr ISN ca tin trnh trm trong trng

hp s tu n t nhn bo rng thc th dch v nhn c gi tr ISN ca tin trnh trm. Bc 3: Tin trnh trm tr li li gi SYN ca thc th dch v bng mt thng bo tr li ACK. Bng cch ny, cc thc th TCP trao i mt cch tin cy cc gi tr ISN ca nhau v c th bt u trao i d liu. Khng c thng ip no trong ba bc trn cha bt k d liu g , tt c thng tin trao i u nm trong phn Header ca thng ip TCP.

Kt thc lin kt: Khi c nhu cu kt thc lin kt TCP, v d A gi yu cu kt thc lin kt vi FIN=1. V lin kt TCP l song cng (Full-Duplex) nn mc d nhn c yu cu kt thc lin kt ca A, thc th B vn c th tip tc truyn cho n khi B khng cn s liu gi v thng bo cho A bng yu cu kt thc lin kt vi FIN=1. Khi thc th TCP nhn c thng ip FIN v sau khi gi thng ip FIN ca mnh, lin kt TCP thc s kt thc. Nh vy c hai trm phi ng gii phng lin kt TCP bng cch gi c FIN=1 trc khi chm dt lin kt xy ra, vic ny bo m d liu khng b tht lc do n phng t ngt chm dt lin lc. Cu 5: Tnh trng tc nghn trong mng l g? Gii php phng chng
*Tc nghn: Khi c qu nhiu gi tin trong mng hay (mt phn ca mng) lm cho hiu sut ca mng gim i v cc nt mng khng cn kh nng lu tr, x l, gi i v chng bt u b mt cc gi tin. Hin tng ny gi l s tc nghn trong mng. Khi c qu nhiu gi tin trong mng hay mt phn ca mng lm cho hiu xut ca mng gim i v cc nt mng khng cn kh nng lu tr, x l, gi i v chng bt u b mt cc gi tin. Hin tng ny gi l s tc nghn trong mng. - Khi s gi tin da vo mng t hn kh nng vn chuyn ca nt mng th gi tin da vo mng s bng s gi tin c gi i.

- Nu s gi tin da vo mng cng nhiu hn kh nng vn chuyn ca nt mng th gi tin chuyn i cng chm v cui cng dn n tc nghn. Nguyn nhn gy ra tc nghn : - Hng i s b y (phi lu tp, phi to cc bng ...), nu kh nng x l ca nt yu. - Hng i b y khi thng tin vo nhiu hn kh nng ca ng ra, mc d tc x l ca nt nhanh. Cn phn bit hai khi nim: - iu khin dng d liu l x l giao thng gia im vi im, gia trm pht vi trm thu. - iu khin trnh tc nghn l mt vn tng qut hn bao gm vic to ra hot ng hp l ca cc my tnh ca cc nt mng, qu trnh l tr bn trong nt, iu khin tt c cc yu t lm gim kh nng vn chuyn ca ton mng. *Gii php phng chng Mc d sinh ra c ch kim sot lung d liu nhm trnh tnh trng n tc trn mng nhng trong thc t th n vn c xy ra v ngi ta phi d kin cc gii php thch hp. Nhim v gii quyt n tc ny thng dnh cho tng Mng. C th dng mt s bin php sau y: - Dnh sn cc b m ch dng khi xy ra n tc. Phng php ny c dng trong mng ARPANET nhng hiu qu khng cao v bn thn b nh m ri cng nhanh chng n tc. - Gn cho cc gi tin mt thi gian sng xc nh trc, nu qu thi gian th chng b hy. Tuy nhin gii php ny kh nguy him v c th hy b cc gi tin ngay khi chng va t ch. Nhng du sao th n cung c ch trong vic ngn chn hin tng n tc nn ngi ta cng thng hay dng. n gin hn, ta c th loi b cc gi tin mun i qua mt lin kt qu ti. Giao thc tng Giao Vn s chu trch nhim truyn li cc gi tin b loi b . - Trong cc mng dng mch o nh l mng X25, s n tc c th do m ra qu nhiu VC qua mt nt. Cn phi ng bt mt s trnh n tc. Tng mng chu trch nhim m li cc VC th khng cn nguy c n tc na. Ngoi ra cn c cc bin php sau: - B tr kh nng vn chuyn, lu tr, x l ca mng d so vi yu cu. - Hy b cc gi tin b tc nghn qu thi hn. - Hn ch s gi tin vo mng nh c ch ca s. - Chng ng vo khi ca cc gi tin khi mng qu ti.

Cu 6: Cc Topology cho mng cc b ph bin hin nay l g, cc u im v nhc im ca chng.

1. Cu trc topo ca mng Cu trc topo (network topology) ca mng LAN l kin trc hnh hc th hin cch b tr cc ng dy cp, sp xp cc my tnh kt ni thnh mng hon chnh. Hu ht cc mng LAN ngy nay u c thit k hot ng da trn mt cu trc mng nh tuyn, dng vng cng vi nhng cu trc kt hp ca chng. 1.1 Mng hnh sao (Star topology) Mng hnh sao bao gm mt b kt ni trung tm v cc nt. Cc nt ny l cc trm u v cui, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc ca mng. B ni trung tm ca mng iu phi mi hot ng trong mng. Mng hnh sao cho php kt ni cc my tnh v mt b trung tm (Hub) bng cp, gii php ny cho php ni trc tip my tnh vi Hub khng cn thng qua trc Bus, trnh c cc yu t gy ngng tr mng.

Hnh II.1: Cu trc mng hnh sao M hnh kt ni mng hnh sao ngy nay tr nn ht sc ph bin. Vi vic s dng cc b tp trung hoc chuyn mch, cu trc mng hnh sao c th c m rng mng bng cch t chc nhiu mc phn cp, do vy d dng trong vic qun l v vn hnh. * Nhng u im ca mng hnh sao - Hot ng theo nguyn l ni song song nn c mt thit b no mt nt thng tin b hng th mng vn hot ng bnh thng. - Cu trc mng n gin v cc thut ton iu khin n nh - Mng c th d dng m rng hoc thu hp * Nhng nhc im ca mng hnh sao - Kh nng m rng mng hon ton ph thuc vo kh nng ca thit b - Trung tm c s c th ton mng ngng hot ng - Mng yu cu ni c lp ring r tng thit b cc nt thng tin n trung tm , khong cch t my trung tm rt hn ch (100 m) 1.2 Mng hnh tuyn Bus (Bus topology) Thc hin theo cch b tr hnh lang, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc cc nt mng u c ni vi nhau trn mt trc ng dy cp chnh chuyn ti tn hiu. Tt c cc nt u s dng chung ng dy cp chnh ny. Pha hai u dy cp c bt bi mt thit b gi l terminator. Cc tn hiu v d liu khi truyn i dy cp u mang theo a ch ca ni n.

Hnh II. 2: M hnh mng hnh tuyn * Nhng u im ca mng hnh tuyn - Loi hnh mng ny dng dy t nht, d lp t, gi r. * Nhng nhc im ca mng hnh tuyn - S n tc giao thng khi di chuyn d liu vi dung lng ln. - Khi c s hng hc mt b phn no th rt kh pht hin - Ngng trn ng dy sa cha th phi ngng ton b h thng nn cu trc ny ngy nay t c s dng. 1.3 Mng dng vng (Ring topology) Mng dng ny, c b tr theo dng xoay vng, ng dy cp c thit k lm thnh mt vng kho kn, tn hiu c chy theo mt chiu no . Cc nt truyn tn hiu cho nhau mi thi im ch c mt nt m thi. D liu truyn i phi km theo mt a ch c th ca mi trm tip nhn. * u im ca mng dng vng - Mng dng vng c thun li l n c th m rng mng ra xa hn, tng ng dy cn thit t hn so vi hai kiu trn. - Mi trm c th t c tc ti a khi truy nhp. * Nhc im ca mng dng vng - ng dy phi khp kn, nu b ngt mt thi im no d th ton h thng cng b ngng. 1.4 Mng dng kt hp:Kt hp hnh sao v tuyn (Star/ Bus topology) . Cu hnh mng dng ny c b phn tch tn hiu (Spiter) gi vai tr thit b trung tm, ht hng dy cp mng c th

chn hoc Ring topology hoc Linear Bus topology. Li im ca cu hnh ny l mng c th gm nhiu nhm lm vic cch xa nhau, ARCNE l mng dng kt hp Star/ Bus Topology . Cu hnh dng ny a li s uyn chuyn trong vic b tr cc ng dy tng thch d dng vi bt c to nh no. Kt hp hnh sao v vng (Star/ Ring topology). Cu hnh dng kt hp Star/ Ring topology), c mt th bi lin lc (Token) c chuyn vng quanh mt ci Hub trung tm. Mi trm lm vic (Workstation) c ni vi Hub l cu ni gia cc trm lm vic v tng khong cch cn thit

Cu 7: So snh CSMA/CD vi cc phng php Token: phc tp ca cc phng php dng th bi ln hn nhiu so CSMA/CD
- Nhng cng vic ca mt trm phi lm ca CSMA/CD n gin hn phng php th bi. - Hiu qa phng php th bi khng cao i vi ti nh v cao ti nng. - u th bi: kh nng iu ha lu thng trong mng. V cc khung truyn dn khc nhau c s dng vi 3 kiu LAN c bn nn chng c khung truyn dn khc nhau. Vic s dng ch qun b bi 802.3 v 802.4 cho thy rng chng tn dng 1 v tr ng b (preamble) ti phn u ca mi khung cho php mt trm thu t c s ng b bit trc lc bt u nhn ni dung ca khung. iu ny khng cn thit vi mng token ring, v cc ng b cc b trong tt c cc trm c duy tr s ng b bi 1 tuyn bit lan truyn lin tc trong mng. Tng t nh vy, s dng mt token cho vic iu khin truy cp phng tin truyn cho thy 802.4 v 802.5 u c hng iu khin khung(FC) cc vng a ch v cc trng kt thc khung (end delimiter-ED) nm sau FSC. Tuy nhin mt LAN 802.3 khng s dng vng ny, mc d vy n s dng 1 byte cho vng ch di vng d liu v vi byte m b sung i vi nhng khung nh. Mt token ring c thm mt vng iu khin truy cp (AC) ti ni bt u ca mi khung qun l th t u tin v dnh ring m t nhng nt c bit ca khung. Tp hp nhng nt i tng l khi mt khung i qua t mt kiu ca on LAN ny n LAN khc phi c nh dng li trc khi chuyn tip trn mt kiu LAN mi, bng cch t ng cng vo bi MAC chipset ti giao din LAN trc khi truyn.

Cu 8: Khun dng v phng php hot ng ca giao thc HDLC

*Giao thc HDLC (Hight Level Data Link Control) Giao thc nh hng bit l giao thc c dng ph bin hin nay, tt c cc lai d liu c th c truyn di dng bit ngha l phi c gii m thnh cc bit trc khi truyn. Tt c nhng giao thc nh hng bit u bt ngun t giao thc HDLC. Giao thc HDLC l chun quc t c ISO ngh, dng cho tt c lin kt s liu point to point v mutipoint. N h tr cho ng truyn song cng, tin thn ca HDLC l giao thc SDLC (iu khin lin kt s liu ng b) ca IBM. v giao thc iu khin truyn s liu cp cao ADCCP (Advanced Data Communication Control Procedure) ca ANSI . 1.Khun dng ca giao thc HDLC Khun dng bn tin nh dng chun/m rng 8 8/16 8/16 O - N 16/32 8 Flag Address Control Information FCS Flag Hnh 3.4. Khun dng khung HDLC Trong : + Flag: nhn bit gi tin dng c bt u v kt thc :01111110 + Address: l a ch ngi nhn.

+ Control: l phn iu khin. Khng nh BSC, HDLC c dng cho c s liu v thng bo iu khin c thc hin theo khun dng khung chun. C 3 loi khung c dng trong HDLC I (Information) khung thng tin : Mang thng tin tht hoc s liu. Cc khung I c th c dng mang thng tin ACK lin quan n lung khung I trong hng ngc li khi lin kt ang c hot ng trong ABM v ARM. S (Supervisor) khung gim st: c dng iu khin lung v iu khin li v do cha s th t gi v nhn, c hiu lc iu hnh s ni. N (Unnumbered) khung khng nh s: c dng cho nhng chc nng nh thit lp lin kt v xa kt ni. C ch vn hnh ca HDLC xoay quanh hai chc nng c bn l qun l lin kt v chuyn s liu (bao gm iu khin lung v iu khin li): 2 Hot ng ca giao thc HDLC C ch vn hnh ca HDLC xoay quanh hai chc nng c bn l qun l lin kt v chuyn s liu (bao gm iu khin lung v iu khin li): 2.1 Qun l lin kt Trc khi truyn mt thng tin bt k gia hai trm kt ni bng lin kt im - im (point to point), mt kt ni logic c thit lp gia hai b phn truyn thng tin. iu ny c thc hin bng s trao i hai khung khng nh s, c trnh by hnh 3.4. Th tc c tc dng khi ng bin th t ban u c trong mi trm. Nhng bin ny c dng trong th tc iu khin lung v iu khin li. Cui cng, sau khi truyn tt c s liu, gi khung DISC xa lin kt v tr li vi mt khung UA. Trong qu trnh thit lp ni tch. nu qu thi gian qui nh th pht li hoc that khi lin kt. 2.2 Truyn s liu Hai kha cnh quan trng nht trong giai an chuyn s liu l iu khin li v iu khin lung. iu khin li dng th tc vn chuyn lin tc s dng phng php truyn li t khung th N (go back N) hoc truyn li chn lc (selective repeat), iu khin lung da trn c ch ca s trt c trnh by trong chng 2. Qu trnh thu pht s liu nh sau: Khi mi khung I c nhn, c N(S) v N(R) u c c. u tin so snh N(S) vi N(R). Nu chng bng nhau tc l khung ng th t v c chp nhn. Nu chng khng bng nhau, khung s b hy b v tr li khung REJ hoc khung SREJ. Sau N(R) c kim tra trong danh sch truyn li.

Cu 9 : M hnh OSI,v chc nng

*M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model) l m hnh tham chiu kt ni cc h thng m - l mt thit k da vo nguyn l tng cp, l gii mt cch tru tng k thut kt ni truyn thng gia cc my vi tnh v thit k giao thc mng gia chng. M hnh ny c pht trin thnh mt phn trong k hoch Kt ni cc h thng m do ISO v IUT-T khi xng. N cn c gi l m hnh by tng ca OSI. *S tch lp ca m hnh OSI ny mang li nhng li ch sau: - Chia hot ng thng tin mng thnh nhng phn nh hn, n gin hn gip chng ta d kho st v tm hiu hn. - Chun ha cc thnh phn mng cho php pht trin mng t nhiu nh cung cp sn phm. - Ngn chn c tnh trng s thay i ca mt lp lm nh hng n cc lp khc, nh vy gip mi lp c th pht trin c lp v nhanh chng hn. *Chc nng ca cc tng trong m hnh OSI 1.Tng vt l : Cung cp phng tin truyn tin, th tc khi ng, duy tr, hy b cc lin kt vt l cho php truyn cc dng d liu dng bit. Ni cch khc mc Vt l m bo cho cc yu cu v thit b nh my tnh, thit b u cui, bus truyn tin... 2.Tng lin kt d liu :Thit lp, duy tr, hy b cc lin kt d liu, kim sat lung d liu, khc phc sai st, ct hp d liu. V d: Giao thc BSC, SDLC, HDLC, LAPB, LAPD. 3.Tng mng: nh r cc th tc cho cc chc nng nh nh tuyn, iu khin lu lng, thit lp cuc gi v kt thc cc thng tin ngi s dng mng li, xy dng da trn kiu kt

ni t nt n nt do lp lin kt thng tin cung cp. V d: Giao thc IPX ,X.25PLP, IP 4.Tng vn chuyn: nh r giao thc v cc cp dch v cho thng tin khng li gia cc HOST i qua mng con. V du : Giao thc SPX, TCP, UDP. 5. Tng phin: nh r thng tin t qu trnh ny n qu trnh kia, khi phc li, ng b phin. Lp phin c nhim v thit lp (v hy b) mt knh thng tin (i thoi) gia hai thc th giao thc lp ng dng ang thng tin trong mt giao dch mng y . 6.Tng trnh din( trnh by): lin quan n vic biu din (c php) ca s liu khi chuyn i gia hai tin trnh ng dng ang thng tin. c c mt kt ni cc h thng m ng ngha, mt s dng c php s liu tru tng ph bin c nh ngha cc tin trnh ng dng s dng cng vi nhng c php chuyn s liu c lin quan. Mt chc nng khc ca lp trnh by lin quan n vn an tan s liu.. 7.Tng ng dng: L mc cao nht ca m hnh OSI, cung cp phng tin ngi s dng c th truy cp c vo mi trng OSI ng thi cung cp dch v thng tin phn tn, thng thng l mt chng trnh/tin trnh ng dng - mt lot cc dch v thng tin phn tn trn khp mng. Cc dch v ny bao gm qun l v truy cp vic chuyn file, cc dch v trao i thng bo v ti liu chung nh th tn in t.

Cu 10 : Trnh by phng php chn ng theo vector khong cch (Distance-Vector) ?

tng ca Distance-Vector nh sau: - Mi nt thit lp mt mng mt chiu (vector) cha khong cch (chi ph) t n n tt c cc nt cn li v sau pht vector ny n tt c cc nt lng ging ca n. Gi thit u tin trong Distance-Vector l: - mi nt phi bit c chi ph ca cc ng ni t n n tt c cc nt lng ging c ng ni kt trc tip vi n. Mt ni kt b t (down) s c gn cho chi ph c gi tr v cng. V d:

Bng nh tuyn ti nt A

 u im - Nt p ca loi gii thut phn tn nh trn nm ch n cho php tt c cc nt t c thng tin vch ng m khng cn phi c s hin din ca b iu khin trung tm no. - Cn c vi chi tit lm cho gii thut Distance-Vector hon ho hn: s cp nht thng tin: + Theo chu k (periodic update): Tn s pht thng tin vch ng i c th khc nhau ty vo gii thut, chng thng c gi tr t vi giy n vi pht. + Do b kch hot (triggered update): mi khi c s thay i thng tin trong bng vch ng ca nt, ngha l mi khi bng vch ng c s thay i, nt s gi bn cp nht ny cho cc lng ging ca mnh.

(Cu 6: Cc topology cho mng cc b ph bin hin nay l g? nu u v nhc im ca chng?

Topology ca mng l cu trc hnh hc khng gian m thc cht l cch b tr phn

t ca mng cng nh cch ni gia chng vi nhau. Thng thng mng c 3 dng cu trc ph bin l: Mng dng hnh sao (Star Topology), mng dng vng (Ring Topology) v mng dng tuyn (Linear Bus Topology). Ngoi 3 dng cu hnh k trn cn c mt s dng khc bin tng t 3 dng ny nh mng dng cy, mng dng hnh sao - vng, mng hn hp,v.v.... 1.Mng dng hnh sao (Star topology) Mng dng hnh sao bao gm mt trung tm v cc nt thng tin. Cc nt thng tin l cc trm u cui, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc ca mng. Trung tm ca mng iu phi mi hot ng trong mng vi cc chc nng c bn l: - Xc nh cp a ch gi v nhn c php chim tuyn thng tin v lin lc vi nhau. - Cho php theo di v s l sai trong qu trnh trao i thng tin. - Thng bo cc trng thi ca mng... Cc u im ca mng hnh sao: - Hot ng theo nguyn l ni song song nn nu c mt thit b no mt nt thng tin b hng th mng vn hot ng bnh thng. - Cu trc mng n gin v cc thut ton iu khin n nh. - Mng c th m rng hoc thu hp tu theo yu cu ca ngi s dng. Nhc im ca mng hnh sao: - Kh nng m rng mng hon ton ph thuc vo kh nng ca trung tm . Khi trung tm c s c th ton mng ngng hot ng. - Mng yu cu ni c lp ring r tng thit b cc nt thng tin n trung tm. Khong cch t my n trung tm rt hn ch (100 m). Nhn chung, mng dng hnh sao cho php ni cc my tnh vo mt b tp trung (HUB) bng cp xon, gii php ny cho php ni trc tip my tnh vi HUB khng cn thng qua trc BUS, trnh c cc yu t gy ngng tr mng. Gn y, cng vi s pht trin switching hub, m hnh ny ngy cng tr nn ph bin v chim a s cc mng mi lp. 2.Mng hnh tuyn (Bus Topology) Trong mng hnh tuyn, my ch (host) cng nh tt c cc my tnh khc (workstation) hoc cc nt (node) u c ni v vi nhau trn mt trc ng dy cp chnh chuyn ti tn hiu. Tt c cc nt u s dng chung ng dy cp chnh ny. Pha hai u dy cp c bt bi mt thit b gi l terminator. Cc tn hiu v gi d liu (packet) khi di chuyn ln hoc xung trong dy cp u mang theo i ch ca ni n. u im ca loi hnh mng ny l dng dy cp t nht, d lp t. Tuy vy cng c nhng bt li l s c s n tc giao thng khi di chuyn d liu vi lu lng ln v khi c s hng hc on no th rt kh pht hin, mt s ngng trn ng dy sa cha s ngng ton b h thng. 3.Mng dng vng (Ring Topology) Mng dng ny, b tr theo dng xoay vng, ng dy cp c thit k lm thnh mt vng khp kn, tn hiu chy quanh theo mt chiu no . Cc nt truyn tn hiu cho nhau mi thi im ch c mt nt m thi. D liu truyn i phi c km

theo a ch c th ca mi trm tip nhn. Mng dng vng c thun li l c th ni rng ra xa, tng ng dy cn thit t hn so vi hai kiu trn. Nhc im l ng dy phi khp kn, nu b ngt mt ni no th ton b h thng cng b ngng.)