2. 2.1 1.

FORCE AND MOTION ANALYSING LINEAR MOTION Types of physical quantity: has only a magnitude (i) Scalar quantity: . has both magnitude and direction (ii) Vector quantity: The difference between distance and displacement: length of the path taken (i) Distance: distance of an object from a point in a certain direction (ii) Displacement: Distance always longer than displacement. Example: The following diagram shows the location of Johor Bahru and Desaru. You can travel by car using existing road via Kota Tinggi, or travel by a small plane along straight path. Calculate how far it is from Johor Bahru to Desaru if you traveled by: a. The car b. The plane Kota Tinggi 41 km 53 km

Distance and displacement

2.

3. 4.

Solution: a. b. by car = 41 + 53 = 94 km

Johor Bahru

by plane = 60 km

Desaru The path traveled by the plane is shorter than travelled by the car. So, Distance = 94 km Displacement = 60 km

60 km

Hands-on Activity 2.2 pg 10 of the practical book. Idea of distance and displacement, speed and velocity. Speed and velocity 1. 2. 3. 4. the distance traveled per unit time or rate of change of distance Speed is .. the speed in a given direction or rate of change of displacement Velocity is: ..... total distance traveled, s (m) , v = s m s-1 Average of speed: time taken, t (s) t s (m) , v = s ms-1 Average of velocity:displacement, ... Time taken, t (s) t

5.

Example: An aero plane flies from A to B, which is located 300 km east of A. Upon reaching B, the aero plane then flies to C, which is located 400 km north. The total time of flight is 4 hours. Calculate i. The speed of the aero plane ii. The velocity of the aero plane Solution: i. Speed = Distance Time = 300 + 400 4 = 175 km h-1 ii. velocity = displacement time (Determine the displacement denoted by AC and its direction)
= . 500 . 4

C 400 km

300 km

B C 400 km

A 300 km Acceleration and deceleration 1.

= 125 km h-1 (in the direction of 0530)

Study the phenomenon below;

0 m s-1

20 m s-1

40 m s-1

2. 3.

The velocity of the car increases. Observation: the rate of change of velocity Acceleration is, . Final velocity initial velocity Or, a = v u Then, a = Time of change t Example of acceleration; t=2s t=2s
A B C

0 m s-1

20 m s-1

40 m s-1

20 0 2 = 10 m s-2

Calculate the acceleration of car; i) from A to B aAB = 20 0 2 ii) 4. 5. From B to C aBC = 40 20 2

= 10 m s-2 = 10 m s-2

when the velocity of an object decreases, In calculations, a will Deceleration happens ... be negative Example of deceleration; A lorry is moving at 30 m s-1, when suddenly the driver steps on the brakes and it stop 5 seconds later. Calculate the deceleration of lorry. Answer : v = 0 m s-1, u = 30 m s-1, t = 5 s Then , a = 0 30 5 = -6 m s-2

Analyzing of motion 1. Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape. Refer text book photo picture 2.4 page 26. (i) Determination of time:

the frequency of the ticker timer = 50 Hz ( 50 ticks in 1 second) so, 1 tick = 1 second = 0.02 seconds 50 (ii) Determination of displacement as the length of ticker tape over a period of time. x y (iii)

xy = displacement over time t measure by ruler s

. . . . . . . . Uniform velocity .. . . . . . . . . Acceleration ...... . . . . . . . .

Acceleration, then deceleration

Determine the type of motion;

... (iv)

Determination of velocity

12.6 cm displacement = -1 Velocity, v = 12.6 = 90.0 cm s 0.14 (v) Determine the acceleration Length/cm
v 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 u

7 x 0.02 = 0.14 s time = ..

a= vu t = 40.0 15.0 .. 5(0.2) =

25.0 1.0

-2 = 25.0 cm s

The equation of 0 motion 1. 2.

ticks s : displacement, v : final velocity The important symbols : .. u : initial velocity, t : time, a : acceleration a= vu t 1 2 at 2

The list of important formula; 1 1. s = (u + v)t 2. 2 3. 5. v = u + at v 2 = u 2 + 2as 4.

s = ut +

3.

Example 1 : A car traveling with a velocity of 10 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3 m s-2 for 20 s. Calculate the displacement of the car while it is accelerating. given : u = 10 m s-1 , a = 3 m s-2 , t = 20 s. s=? s = ut + at2 s = (10)(20) + (3)(20)2 = 800 m s = 800 m

Example 2 : A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to rest. If the distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.

given : u = 16 m s-1 , v2 = u2 + 2 as

v = 0(rest) , s = 8 m

a=?

02 = 162 + 2 a(8)
Exercise 2.1 1.

a = -16 ms-2

Length / cm Figure 2.1 shows a tape chart consisting of 5-tick strip. Describe 16 the motion represented by AB and BC. In each case, determine the ; 12 A to B acceleration, BC uniform velocity (a) displacement 8 s = 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 16 + 16 = 72.0 cm 4 (b) average velocity 72.0 0 A Figure 2.1 B C Time/s vaverage = 6(0.1) = 120.0 cm s-1 16.0 (c) acceleration Note : v = = 160 cm s-1 0.1 v u 160 40 4.0 a= = u= = 40.0 cm s-1 t 0.5 0.1 = 240 cm s-2 t = 5 (0.1) = 0.5 s 2. A car moving with constant velocity of 40 ms-1 . The driver saw and obstacle in front and he immediately stepped on the brake pedal and managed to stop the car in 8 s. The distance of the obstacle from the car when the driver spotted it was 180 m. How far is the obstacle from the car has stopped. u = 40 ms-1 v=0 t=8s s initial = 180 m (from car to obstacle when the driver start to step on the brake) sfinal = ? ( from car to abstacle when the stopped) obstacle sinitial s sfinal 1 1 s = ( u + v ) t = ( 40 + 0 )8 = 160m 2 2 sfinal = sinitial s = 180 160 = 20 m

2.2

ANALYSING MOTION GRAPHS

0m 0s

100m 10s

200m 20s

300m 400m 500m displacement The object for time t seconds. 30s moves with 40s uniform velocity 50s

After t seconds, object returns to origin (reverse) with in thethe form of graph called a motion graphs The data of the motion of the car can be presented. uniform velocity Total displacement is zero The displacement-time Graph a) displacement (m) Graph analysis: Uniform displacement all the time Graph is quadratic form . Graph gradientincreases = velocity =0 Displacement with time. time (s) b) displacement (m) The object is stationary or is not moving Graph gradient increases uniformly ... The object moves with increasing velocity with uniform Graph analysis: acceleration. Displacement increases uniformly .. Graph gradient is fixed time (s) c) displacement (m) The object move with uniform velocity . Graph analysis: . time (s) d) Displacement (m) .. Graph analysis: . .. time (s)

e)

displacement (m)

Graph analysis: Graph is quadratic form. .. Displacement increases with time. .. Graph gradient decreases uniformly ..

time (s) f) displacement (m) A B

The object moves with decreasing velocity, with uniform .. deceleration. Graph analysis: OA = uniform velocity (positive move ahead) .. AB = velocity is zero (rest) .. BC = uniform velocity (negative reverse)

O The velocity-time Graph a) v/ m s-1

C time (s) Graph analysis: No change in velocity .. Zero gradient the object moves with a constant velocity or .. the acceleration is zero. t t /s The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of the moving object : s=vxt Graph analysis: Its velocity increases uniformly .... The graph has a constant gradient The object moves with a uniform acceleration t t /s The area under the graph is equal to the displacement, s of the moving object : s = ( v x t) Graph analysis: The object moves with a uniform acceleration for t1 s ... After t1 s, the object decelerates uniformly (negative gradient ) until it comes to rest. The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of the moving object : s = vt2

b)

v/ m s-1

c)

v (m s-1)

t1

t2

t (s)

d)

v (m s-1)

Graph analysis: The shape of the graph is a curve ....... Its velocity increases with time. .. The gradient of the graph increases. The object moves with increasing acceleration. The area under the graph is equal to the total displacement of t (s) the moving object. ....

e)

v (m s-1)

.. t (s) Examples 1. s/m 20 10 0 -10 2.

O P

The shape of graph is a curve Graph analysis: Its velocity increases with time. ...... The gradient of the graph decreases uniformly. . The object moves with a decreasing acceleration. The area under the graph is the total displacement of the moving object.

Calculate:Given : SOP =and 20 m (i) Velocity over OP, QR RSSOQ = 20 m SOR = 0 m S = 10 m OS (ii) Displacement tOP = 2 s tPQ = 3 s tQR = 2 s tRS = 1 s Solution : 20 0 20 1 1 =10ms = 10ms (i) VOP = VQR = 2 2 -10 0 1 = 10ms R VRS = 8 t/s 1 (ii) S = -10m
S

v/m s-1 10 5
P

Calculate:(i) acceleration,a over OP, PQ and QR (ii) Displacement Given : VO = 0 m s-1, VP = 10 m s-1 , Q Solution : VQ = 10 m s-1 VR = 0 m s-1 tOP = 4 s tPQ = 4 s tQR = 2 s 10 0 10 10 = 2.5ms2 aPQ= = 0 ms 2 (i) aOP = 4 4 R 0 10 8 10 t/s = 5.0 ms 2 aQR = 2 1 (ii) S = (4 +10)(10) = 70.0m 2

Excercise 2.2 1. (a) s/m (b) s/m 10 t/s -5 0 -10 Figure 2.21 Describe and interprte the motion of a body which is represented by the displacement time graphs in Figure 2.21 a) The body remains in rest 5 m at the back of initial point b) The body start move at 10 m infront of the initial point, then back to initial point in 2 s. The body continue it motion backward 10 m.. The body move with uniform velocity. c) The body move with inceresing it velocity. 2. Describe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the velocity-time graphs shown in figure 2.22. In each case, find the distance covered by the body and its displacement (a) v/m s-1 (b) v/m s-1 10 t/s -5 0 -10 Figure 2.22 The body move with uniform velocity , 5 m s-1 backward. The body start it motion with 10 m s-1 backward and stop at initial point in 2 s, then continue it motion forward with increasing the velocity until 10 m s-1 in 2 s. 2 4 t/s 2 4 t/s t/s (c) s/m

(a) (b)

2.3

UNDERSTANDING INERTIA

Idea of inertia A pillion rider is hurled backwards when the motorcycle starts to move. 1. Bus passengers are thrust forward when the bus stop immediately. 2. Large vehicle are made to move or stopped with greater difficulty. 3. Hand-on activity 2.5 in page 18 of the practical book to gain an idea of inertia 4. Meaning of inertia : The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to ... continue its uniform motion in a straight line Refer to figure 2.14 of the text book, the child and an adult are given a push to swing. An adult (i) which one of them will be more difficult to be moved ... An adult (ii) which one of them will be more difficult to stop? . The relationship between mass and inertia : . The larger the mass, the larger its inertia. .. have the tendency to remain its situation either at rest or in The larger mass . moving. Application of inertia Positive effect : Drying off an umbrella by moving and stopping it quickly. (i) Building a floating drilling rig that has a big mass in order to be stable and safe. (ii) To tight the loose hammer (iii) We should take a precaution to ovoid the effect. Negative effect : . During a road accident, passengers are thrust forward when their (i) ... car is suddenly stopped. Passengers are hurled backwards when the vehicle starts to move and are hurled forward .. it stops immediately. (ii) when A person with a heavier/larger body will find it move difficult to stop his movement. A heavier vehicle will take a long time to stop.

Mass and inertia 1.

2. 3.

Effects of inertia 1.

2.

 (iii) (iv) Execise 2.3 1. What is inertia? Does 2 kg rock have twice the inertia of 1 kg rock? Inetia is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue its uniform motion in a straight line. Yes, the inertia increase with the mass increased.

2.

Figure 2,3 A wooden dowel is fitted in a hole through a wooden block as shown in figure 2.31. Explain what happen when we (a) strike the top of the dowel with a hammer, A wooden block move up of a wooden dowel. A wooden block has inertia to remains at rest. hit the end of the dowel on the floor. The wooden block move downward of a wooden dowel. A wooden block has inertia to continue it motion.

(b)

2.4 1. 2.

ANALYSING MOMENTUM it has momentum. When an object is moving, ... depends on its mass and velocity. The amount of momentum ... as the product of its mass and its velocity, that is Momentum, p = m x v Unit= kg m s-1

Idea of momentum

3.

Momentum is defined.

Conservation of momentum mb
mg

vb

vg = 0

Momentum = mbvb Starting position before she catches the ball Receiving a massive ball

(mb + mg) vb&g Momentum = (mb+mg)vb&g

mb

vb Starting position before she throws the ball

vg mg Momentum = mgvg

Momentum = mbvb Throwing a massive ball

The principle of conservation of momentum : In the absence of an external force, the total momentum of a system remains unchanged. The colliding objects move separately after collision. 1. Elastic collision ... u1 m1 u2 m2 m1 v2 m2

Momentum :

m1u1 + m2u2

m1v1 + m2v2

Before collision 2.

after collision

The colliding objects move together after collision. Inelastic collision :... u1 m1 u2 = 0 m2 v m1 + m2

Before collision after collision Momentum : m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v 3. explosion : The objects involved are in contact with each other before explosion and are ........ separated after the explosion. v1 v2 (m1 + m2), u = 0 m2

Before Momentum : (mexplosion 1 + m2)u = m1 vv - m2 v2 Example 1 :

after explosion

Car A

Car B

Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at 20 m s-1 in front of it. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A is still moving at 25 m s-1 after collision, determine the ofsCar after collision. -1 Given : m = 100 kg , velocity u = 30 m , vB = 25 m s-1, m = 90 kg,
A A A B

Solution :

uB = 20 m s-1 , vB = ? mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB (100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100)(25) + (90)(vB) vB = 25.56 m s-1

Example 2 :

Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at 20 m s-1 in front of it. Car A is pulled by Car B after collision. Determine the common velocity of Car A and B after collision. Solution : Given : mA = 100 kg , uA = 30 m s-1, mB = 90 kg, mAuA + mBuB = (mA + mB ) v (B+A) (100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100 + 90) v (B+A) v(A + B) = 25.26 m s-1 Example 3 : A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s-1 . Calculate the velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing. Solution : Given ; mb = 2 g = 0.002 kg, vg = ? 0 = mgvg mb vb, 0 = (1)(vg) (0.002)(150), mg = 1 kg, u(g+b) = 0 , vb = 150 m s-1 uB = 20 m s-1 , v(A+B) = ?

vg = 0.3 m s-1

Exercise 2.4 1. An arrow of mass 150 g is shot into a wooden block of mass 450 g lying at rest on a smooth surface. At the moment of impact, the arrow is travelling horizontally at 15 ms-1. Calculate the common velocity after the impact. ma = 150 g mwb = 450 g m (a+wb) = 600 g va = 15 m s-1 vwb = 0 v(a+ wb) = ? (0.15 x 15) + (0.450 x 0) = 0.6 v(a+ wb) v(a+ wb) = 3.75 m s-1 A riffle of mass 5.0 kg fires a bullet of mass 50 g with a velocity of 80 m s-1 .Calculate the recoil velocity. Explain why the recoil velocity of a riflle is much less than the velocity of the bullet. mr = 5.0 kg vr = ? ( 5.0 ) vr = ( 0.05)(80) vr = 0.8 m s-1 mb = 50 g vb = 80 m s-1 mava + mwbvwb = m(a+wb)v(a+wb) ,

2.

mr vr = mb vb , 2.5

UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECT OF A FORCE

Idea of force 1. What will happen when force act to an object? Force can make an object; 1. Move 2. Stop the moving 3. Change the shape of the object 4. Hold the object at rest An object is said to be in balance when it is: 1. In a stationary state 2. Moving at uniform velocity Stationary object Normal reaction, N Stationary object explanation : Magnitude R = W but R acts in an opposite direction to the weight. ( object is in equilibrium ) ...

Idea of balanced forces 1.

2.

weight, w = mg 3. An object moving with uniform velocity Normal reaction, N .. explanation : Frictional force Force, F Force , F = Friction ... .. Resultant = F Friction .. weight, w = mg = 0 (object is in equilibrium) Examples : .. 1.A car move at constant velocity. ...

2.A plane flying at constant velocity. .. .. when it is moving in acceleration. Idea of unbalanced forces force Resultant 1. 2. A body is said to be in unbalanced.. The ball move in acceleration .. Explanation; because the forces act are not balanced. F > F F F So, the ball move in F direction

 .. Relationship between forces, mass and acceleration (F = ma) Experiment 2.2 page 29. Aim : To investigate the relationship between acceleration and force applied on a constant mass. Experiment 2.3 page 31 Aim: To investigate the relationship between mass and acceleration of an object under constant force. 1. Refer to the result of experiment 2.2 and 2.3, it is found that; a F when m is constant and a 1/m when F is constant. Therefore, a F/m From a F/m, F ma Therefore, F = kma k =constant =1 2. 1 newton (F = 1 N) is defined as the force required to produce an acceleration of 1 m s-2 (a=1 m s-2) when its acting on an object of mass 1 kg ( m = 1 kg) F = ma So, Example 1 : Calculate F, when a = 3 m s-2 dan m = 1000 kg F = ma F = (1000)(3) F = 3000 N Example 2 : m = 25 kg F = 200 N

3.

Calculate the acceleration, a of an object. F = ma 200 = 25 a a = 8.0 ms-2 Exercise 2.5

1.

A trolley of mass 30 kg is pulled along the ground by horizontal force of 50 N. The opposing frictional force is 20 N. Calculate the acceleration of the trolley. m = 30 kg , F Ff = ma , F = 50 N , Ff = 20 N , a =?

50 20 = 30 a a = 1.0 m s2

2.

A 1000 kg car is travelling at 72 km h-1 when the brakes are applied. It comes to a stop in a distance of 40 m. What is the average braking force of the car? m = 1000 kg , u = 72 km h-1, v = 0, s = 40 m, F = ? F = ma, = 1000 x 5.0 = 5000.0 N Note : u = 72 km h-1 =20 m s-1 v2 = u2 + 2as 0 = 202 + 2a(40) a = 5.0 m s2

2.6

ANALYSING IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE

Impulse and impulsive force The change of momentum 1. Impulse is . The large force that acts over a short period of time during collision 2. Impulsive force is and explosion. 3. Formula of impulse and impulsive force: It is known that a= (vu)/t Refer, F = ma Therefore, So, F = m( v u) t Ft = mv mu , Unit = N s

Ft is defined as impulse, which is the change in momentum. F = mv mu , t Ft = mv mu Unit : newton (N) F is defined as impulsive force which is the rate of change of momentum over the 5(10) - (- 5(10)) 100 = 100 N short period of time Example 1; = 100 Ns v u 1

wall If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg Impulse, Ft = Example 2; 5(10) - (- 5(10)) v = 100 Ns and t = 1 s and impulsive force, F = u 100 = 50 N 2

Impulsive force , F 1 / t Therefore, F decreases when the time of collision increases ( refer to examples )

Wall with a soft surface If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg Impulse, Ft = 4. and t = 2 s and impulsive force, F =

The relationship between time of collision and impulsive force.

Exercise 2.6 1. A force of 20 N is applied for 0.8 s when a football player throws a ball from the sideline. What is the impulse given to the ball? Fimpulse = Ft = 20 x 0.8 = 16.0 Ns

2.

A stuntman in a movie jumps from a tall building an falls toward the ground. A large canvas bag filled with air used to break his fall. How is the impulsive force reduced? 1. 2. A large canvas bag will increase the time of collision. When the time of collision increase the impulsive force will decrease.

2.7 BEING AWARE OF THE NEED FOR SAFETY FEATURES IN VEHICLES

Safety features in vehicles

Reinforced passenger compartment Head rest Windscreen Crumple zones

Crash resistant door pillars

Anti-lock brake system (ABS) Traction control

Air bags

bumpers

Importance of safety features in vehicles Safety features Padded dashboard Rubber bumper Shatter-proof windscreen Air bag Importance Increases the time interval of collision so the impulsive force produced during an impact is thereby reduced Absorb impact in minor accidents, thus prevents damage to the car. Prevents the windscreen from shattering

Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus prevents injuries to the driver and passengers. Prevents the passengers from being thrown out of the car. Slows Safety seat belt down the forward movement of the passengers when the car stops abruptly /suddenly. - The absorber made by the elastic material Prevents the collapse of the front (hentaman) and back ofduring the caritinto the : To absorb the effect of impact moving Side bar doors passenger compartment. Also gives good protection from a side-on - in Made by the soft material of bumper collision. : To increase the time during collision, then the impulsive force will be decreased. - The passengers space made by the strength materials. Exercise 2.7 : To decrease the risk trap to the passenger during accident. - Keep anphysics air bagconcepts, at the in front of dash board and into front of passengers 1. By using explain the midifications the bus that help to improve that : Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and safety of passengers and will be more comfortable. thus prevents injuries to the driver and passengers. - Shatter-proof windscreen : Prevents the windscreen from shattering.

the object is said to be free falling is known as acceleration due to gravity. on the strength of the gravitational field . the gravitational field of the earth. is on the force of gravity. as the gravitational force acting on a 1 kg mass. . g= F . where, F : gravitational force m m : mass of an object

g = 9.8 N kg-1 2.8 UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY that an object of mass 1 kg will experience a gravitational force of 9.8 N. Carry out hands-on activity 2.8 on page 35 of the practical book. Acceleration due to gravity. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It pulled by the force of gravity. An object will fall to the surface of the earth because... Solution : F = mg = (60) as (9.8) earths gravitational force. The force of gravity also known ... = 588.0 N When an object falls under the force of gravity only, ... The acceleration of objects falling freely The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends ... Given : m = 600 kg. F = 4800 N, g = ? g = F = 4800 . = 8 N kg-1 Gravitational field m 600 1. The region around the earth is . 2. 3. 4. 5. The object in gravitational field The gravitational field strength is defined .. The gravitational field strength, g can be calculate as; At the surface of the earth, . ..

6. 7.

This means .. Example 1. Can you estimate the gravitational force act to your body? mass = 60 kg, g = 9.8 N kg-1, F = ?

Example 2, A satellite of mass 600 kg in orbit experiences a gravitational force of 4800 N. Calculate the gravitational field strength.

Example 3, A stone is released from rest and falls into a well. After 1.2 s, it hits the bottom of the well. (a) What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the bottom? (b) Calculate the depth of the well. Given : u = 0 ms-1, t = 1.2 s, a = g = 9.8 ms-2 (a) v = ? v = u + at = 0 + (9.8)(1.2) = 11.76 ms-1 (b) Depth = s = ? s = ut + at2 = (0)(1.2) + (9.8)(1.2)2 = 7.0561 m Weight 1. 2.

as the gravitational force acting on the object. The weight of an object is defined .. For an object of mass m, the weight can be calculate as : weight, W = mg where, g = acceleration due to gravity. Example : The mass of a helicopter is 600 kg. What is the weight of the helicopter when it land on the peak of a mountain where the gravitational field is = mg 9.78 N kg-1? W = 600 x 9.78 = 58 68 N

Exercise 2.8 1. Sketch the following graphs for an object that falling freely. (a) (b) (c) Displacement-time graph, Velocity-time graph Acceleration-time graph (a) s / m (b) v / m s-1

(c) a / m s2

t/s

t/s

t/s

2.

The following data was obtained from an experiment to measure the acceleration due to gravity. Mass of steel bob = 200 g, distance covered = 3.0 m, time of fall = 0.79 s. Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of steel bob. Give the explanation why your answer different with the constant of gravitational acceleration, g = 9.8 m s-2. It is a stationary state m = in 200 g s= 3.0 m t = 0.79 s u=0 g=? = 0.2 kg It is moving with uniform velocity Normal R s = ut + greaction, t2 3.0 = 0 (0.79) + g (0.792) g = 9.6 m s-2 Normal reaction, R

The answer Weight, less than the constant because of the air frictional W=mg weight, W=mgforce. 2.9 IDEA OF EQUILIBRIUM FORCES Magnitude of R = W Magnitude of R = mg cos An object inacts equilibrium when : R andis W in opposite direction. And acts in opposite direction. Resultant force = W R = 0 So ,Resultant force = mg cos R = 0 1. So, ( object in equilibrium ) ( object in equilibrium ) 2. normal reaction, R friction force Weight, W Force , F = Frictional force Resultant force = F Frictional force =0 (object in equilibrium) force, F

stationary object

An object moving with uniform velocity

Addition of Force 1.

a resultant force is a single force the Addition of force is defined as ..... represents in magnitude and direction two or more forces acting on an object F resultant = the total of forces (including the directions of the forces) Examples : the forces are acting in one direction F1 = 10 N F2 = 5 N Resultant force, F = F1 + F2 = 10 + 5 = 15 N

Example : the forces are acting in opposite directions F1 = 10 N F2 = 5 N Resultant force, F = F1 - F2 = 10 - 5 = 5 N

Example : the forces are acting in different directions F2 = 5 N

500

F F1 = 10 N

Parallelogram method: 1. 2. 3. 4. Draw to scale. Draw the line parallel with F1 to the edge of F2, and the line parallel with F2 to the edge of F1 Connect the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the initial point. Measure the length of the diagonal from the initial point as the value of the resultant force. F2 F F1 Triangle method Solution : Resultant force, F = 6000 5300 1. Draw to scale. =700 N They were not in 2. Displace one of the forces to theequilibrium edge of another force. 3. Complete the triangle and measure the resultant force from the initial point. Example 1: During Sport Day two teams in tug of war competition pull with forces of 6000 N and 5300 N respectively. What is the value of the resultant force? Are the two team in equilibrium? Resultant force, F = 10.5 x 50 = 525 N

Example 2:

A boat in a river is pulled horizontally by two workmen. Workmen A pulls with a force of 200 N while workmen while workmen B pulls with a Fx make an angle 250 with each other. Draw a force of 300 N. The ropes used Cos = , therefore Fx = F cos parallelogram and label the F resultant force using scale of 1 cm : 50 N. Fy Determine the magnitude force. Sin = of resultant , therefore Fy = F sin F 250 10.5 cm Fx Fx = F cos = 50 cos 60 = 50 (0.5) = 25 N

Fy = F Sin = 50 sin 600 Fy = 50 (0.8660) = 43.3 N Resolution of a force reverse process of finding the resultant force 1. Resolution of a force is Fy F Vertical Component Fx mg = 800 N Refer to trigonometric formula: F is the resultant force of Fx and Fy Therefore, F can be resolved into Fx and Fy F= mg sin 400 + 200 = 800(0.6427) + 200 = 514.2 + 200 = 714.2 N horizontal component

Example :

The figure below shows Ali mopping the floor with a force 50 N at an angle of 600 to the floor.

F = 50 N 600

Example of resolution and combination of forces

F=?

200 N 400 400

Problem solving 1. 2. 3.

the resultant force is equal to zero. When a system is in equilibrium, . If all forces acting at one point are resolved into horizontal and vertical the sum of each component is equal to zero. components, Example 1; Show on a figure;

a) the direction of tension force, T of string b) the resultant force act to lamp 700 700 c) in calculate the magnitude of tension force, T Fmaximum when both of forces act same direction; (c ) T = 2T sin 700 T b) T T a) Fmaximum = 18 + 6 18 N 24 N Therefore, mlampg = 2T sin 700 = 24 N 6N mlamp g T = mlamp = 1.5 kg Fminimum when the forces act in opposite direction ; 2sin70 0 Fminimum = 18 6 18 N 12 N Wlamp = 14.7 N = 12 N 6 N = 1.5(9.8) = 7.82 N 2sin70 0 Exercise 2.9 1. Two force with magnitude 18 N and 6 N act along a straight line. With the aid of diagrams, determine the maximun possible value and the minimum possible value of the resultant force. F = Resultant of Force F2 = 2202 + 2002 F = 297.32 N F

2.

A football is kicked simultaneously by two players with force 220 N and 200 N respectively, as shown in Figure 2.9. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force.

220 N 900 200 N

2.10

UNDERSTANDING WORK, ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY When a force that acts on an object moves the object through a Work is done, .. distance in the direction of the force. of a force and the distance traveled in the direction of WORK is the product.. the force. WORK = FORCE X DISPLACEMENT The formulae of work; W =Fxs W : work in Joule/J F : force in Newton/N s : displacement in meter/m

Work 1. 2. 3.

4.

Example 1;

Force, F s

W = Fs

If, F = 40 N and s = 2 m Hence, W = 40 x 2 = 80 J Example 2;

80 N 600 W = Fs = 80 cos 600 (5) = 80 (0.5) (5) = 200 J s= 5m

Example 3; T F = 30 N h = 1.5 m W=Fs=Fh = 30 (1.5) = 45.0 J T

Example 4; F = 600 N

W=Fs = 600 x 0.8 = 480 J

S = 0.8 m Energy 1.

It is the potential to do work. Energy is ................................................................................................................. created nor be destroyed. potential energy, kinetic energy, electrical

energy, sound energy, nuclear energy, heat and chemical energy.

2. 3. 4.

Energy cannot be .................................................................................................... Exist in various forms such as ... Example of the energy transformation; When we are running up a staircase the work done consists of energy change from Chemical Energy Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Example : work is done, it means 100 J of energy is consumed. If 100 J of

The energy quantity consumed is equal to the work done. 5.

Work done and the change in kinetic energy Force, F s 1. 2. energy of an object due to its motion. Kinetic energy is Refer to the figure above, Work = Fs = mas = m ( v2) Through, v2 = u2 +2as u=0 and, as = v2

The formulae of Kinetic energy, Ek = mv2 3. Example 1; A small car of mass 100 kg is moving along a flat road. The resultant force on the car is 200 N. a) What is its kinetic energy of the car after moving through 10 m? b) What is its velocity after moving through 10 m? Given : m = 100 kg , F = 200 N a. Kinetic energy, Ek = Fs = 200 x 10= 2000 J b. Velocity, v mv2 = 2000 v = 6.32 m s-1

Solution :

Work done and gravitational potential energy

1.

h = 1.5 m created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another form. energy of an object due to its position. Gravitational potential energy is... (possessed by an object due to its position in a gravitational field)

energy 2. W = Fs Maximum = mg h Potential where, F = mg So, Gravitational energy, Ep = mgh Refer to the figure above; Kinetic energy decrease and potential energy 3.Increase Example; If m = 10 kg potential energy decrease W = 10 (10) 1.5 and kinetic energy increase = 150 J

Therefore Work done = 150J Ep = 150 J Principle of conservation of energy And, Maximum kinetic energy Carry out hands-on activity 2.10 on page 38 of the practical book. To show the principle of Given : hof = conservation 20 m, u = 0 , g energy. = 9.8 ms-2 , v = ? 1. 2. Energy cannot be Ep = Ek mgh = mv2 2 achieve a maximum height before changing its Example : a thrown ball upwards will m(9.8)(20) = mv direction and falls v2 = 392, v = 19.8 m s-1 the rate of doing work. Therefore, power, P = workdone , so, timetaken P= W t

Where, P : power in watt/W W : work in joule/J t : time to do work in seconds/s

3.

Example in calculation : A coconut falls from a tree from a height of 20 m. What is the velocity of coconut just before hitting the earth?

Power 1. Power is

2.

A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights from the floor to a height of 2 m above his head in a time of 0.8 s. What is the power generated by the weightlifter during this time?-2 g = 9.8 ms-2) Solution : Given : m = 180 kg, h = 2 m, t = 0.8 s and g = 9.8 ms . P = ? W mgh P= = t t =
180 9.8 2 0.8

Efficiency 1. 2. Formulae of efficiency : Efficiency = 3. Analogy of efficiency; Energy input, Einput

= 4 410 W

as the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy. Defined... Useful energy output 100% Energy input

unwanted energy
D evice/ m echine

Useful energy, Eoutput

Energy transformation Solution : Given : m = 0.12 kg, s= 0.4 m, t = 5 s, 4.

Einput = 0.8 J

Example;(a) AnE electric motor in a toy crane can lift a 0.12 kg weight through a height of output = ? 0.4 m in 5 s. During this time, the batteries supply 0.8 J of energy to the motor. Calculate Eoutput = F xof s the motor. (a) The useful of output =the (0.12 x 10) x 0.4 (b) The efficiency of motor = 0.48 J (b) Efficiency = ? Efficiency = = Eoutput Einput x 100%

0.48 x 100% = 60% 0.80

Carry out hands-on activity 2.11 on page 39 of the practical book to measure the power.

Exercise 2.10 1. What is the work done by a man when he pushes a box with a force of 90 N through a distance of 10 m? State the amount of energy transferred from the man to the force. W=Fs The energy transferred to the force = 900 J = 90 x 10 = 900 J A sales assistant at a shop transfers 50 tins of milk powder from the floor to the top shelf. Each tin has a mass of 3.0 kg and the height of thee top shelf is 1.5 m. (a) Calculate the total work done by the sales assistant. m = 3.0 x 50 = 150 kg h = 1.5 m W = mhg = 150 x 9.8 x 1.5 = 2205 J (b) P= = What is his power if he completes this work in 250 s? W t
2205 = 8.82 W 250

2.

2.11

APPRECIATING THE IMPORTANCE OF MAXIMISING THE EFFICIENCY OF DEVICES During the process of transformation the input energy to the useful output energy, some of energy transformed into unwanted forms of energy. .. The efficiency of energy converters is always less than 100%. ... The unwanted energy produced in the device goes to waste. Example of wasting the energy; Kinetic energy .. Input enegy from the petrol output energy

1. 2. 3.

Energy loss due to Energy loss Energy loss Energy loss due to friction at . . friction in as heat as sound other parts in the .... .. .. . moving parts engine .... . . . 4. 5. The world we are living in face acute shortage of energy. It is very important that a device makes the best possible use of the input energy.

Ways of increasing the efficiency of devices Engine must be designed with the capability to produce greater amount of 1. Heat engines .. mechanical work. 2. Electrical devices. ...... Light Fittings - replace filament light bulb with fluorescent lamps which have higher efficiency. - use a lamp with a reflector so that the illumination can be directed to specific areas of the user. Air-conditioners. - choose a model with a high efficiency. - accommodate the power of air-conditioner and the size of the room - Ensure that the room totally close so that the temperature in the room can be maintained.

Refrigerators - choose the capacity according to the size of the family. - installed away from source of heat and direct sunlight. - the door must always be shut tight. - more economical use a large capacity refrigerator. - use manual defrost consumption. Washing machines - use a front loading as such more economical on water and electricity - front loading use less detergent as compared to a top loading machine. Operation of electrical devices 1. 2. 3. 2.12

when they are in good operating The electrical devices increase the efficiency. condition.will increase the life span of device. Proper management ..... Example : -the filter in an air-conditioner and fins of the cooling coil of a refrigerator .. must be periodically cleaned. UNDERSTANDING ELASTICITY

Carry out Hands-on activity 2.12 page 40 of the practical book. the property of an object that enables it to return its original shape and 1. Elasticity is ... dimensions after an applied external force is removed. The property of elasticity is caused by the existence of forces of 2. Forces between atoms .. repulsion and attraction between molecules in the solid material. 3. Forces between atoms in equilibrium condition
Force of attraction Force of repulsion Force of repulsion

Explanation : 1. The atoms are separated by a distance called the equilibrium distance and vibrate at it position. 2. Force of repulsion = Force of attraction 4. Forces between atoms in compression compressive force compressive force

Force of repulsion

Force of repulsion

5.

Explanation ; 1. Force of repulsion takes effect. 2. When the compressive force is removed, force of repulsion between the atoms pushes the atom back to their equilibrium positions. Forces between atoms in tension force of attraction

stretching force

stretching force

Explanation ; 1. Force of attraction takes effect. 2. When the compressive force is removed, force of repulsion between the atoms pushes the atom back to their equilibrium positions. Carry out Experiment 2.4 on page 41 of the practical book To investigate the relationship between force and extension of a spring Hookes Law that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force 1. Hookes Law states provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded. as the maximum force that can be applied to 2. Elastic limit of a spring is defined. spring such that the spring will return to its original length when the force released. when the length of the 3. The spring is said to have a permanent extension,... spring longer than the original length even though the force acts was released and the elastic limit is exceeded. When the spring obey Hookes Law. 4. The limit is not exceeded,. Theelastic mathematical expression for Hookes Law is : F x F = kx, k = Force constant of the spring Force constant, k = 5. Graf F against x F/ N
E Q P

F x

with unit N m-1, N cm-1 or N mm-1

0 R

x (cm)

F = kx Spring obeying Hookes Law

Spring not obeying Hookes law (exceeded the elastic limit) k = F x with unit N m-1, N cm-1 or N mm-1

Force constant,

6.

Spring Constant, k F/N 0.8

k is the gradient of the F - x graph k= F x 0.8 = 8 = 0.1 N cm-1

0 Example 1;

x/cm

A spring has an original length of 15 cm. With a load of mass 200 g attached, the length of the spring is extend to 20 cm. a. Calculate the spring constant. b. What is the length of the spring when the load is in increased by 150 g? [assume that g = 10 N kg-1] Given : lo = 15 cm, a. b. k = ?, m = 200 g , F = 2.0 N, l = 20 cm x = 5 cm
2.0 1 k= F x = 5 = 0.4Ncm l = ? , when m = 150 g, F = 1.5 N From a, k = 0.4 N cm-1

x= Example 2;

F 3.5 = = 8.75cm k 0.4

= 23.75 cm The graph shows the relationship between the stretching force, F and the spring extension, x. Graph F against x of (a) Calculate the spring constant of P and Q. F (N) spring P and spring Q (b) Using the graph, determine the stretching force acts to spring P and 8 P spring Q, when their extension are 0.5 cm 7 Solution 6 a. Spring constant, k = gradient of graph Q 5 6 1 =15.79N cm kP = 4 0.38 3 3 1 = 6.0 N cm kQ = 0.5 2 b. When x = 0.5, FP = 8.0 N 1 ( extrapolation of graph P) FQ = 3.0 N 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 x (cm)

l = 15 + 8.75

Elastic potential energy 1.

the energy stored in a spring when it is extended or compressed Elastic potential energy .. spring with the original length F compression x x spring compressed F x = compression F spring extended x = extension F, extension x x

Other situation where the spring extended and compressed Relationship between work and elastic potential energy
F/N

Graph F against x

Area under the graph

F x x / cm

= work done = Fx So, Elastic potential energy = Fx

Example ;
5 kg

15 cm

8 cm

x = 15 8 = 7 cm = 0.07 m Force act to the spring, F = 5 x 10 = 50 N Elastic potential energy = Fx = 50 (0.07)

= 1.75 J

Factors that effect elasticity Hands-on activity 2.13 on page 42 the practical book to investigate the factors that affect elasticity.

Type of material different Diameter of spring wire same Diameter of spring same Length of spring same Summarise the four factors that affect elasticity Factor Length Diameter of spring Diameter of spring wire Type of material Exercise 2.12 1.

same different same Same

same same different same

same same same different

Change in factor Effect on elasticity Shorter spring Less elastic Longer spring More elastic Smaller diameter Less elastic Larger diameter More elastic Smaller diameter More elastic Larger diameter Less elastic the elasticity changes with the type of materials

A 6 N force on a spring produces an extension of 2 cm. What is the extension when the force is increased to 18 N? State any assumption you made in calculating your answer. To solve the problem, determine the spring constant to use the formula F = k x F = 6 N , x = 2 cm F = kx When, F = 18 N, x = ? 6 = k (2) 18 = 3 x -1 k = 3 N cm x = 6 cm If a 20 N force extends a spring from 5 cm to 9 cm, (a) what is the force constant of the spring? F = 20 N, x = 9 5 = 4 cm, k = ? F = kx 20 = k (4) k = 5 N cm-1 (b) Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring. E = Fx = (20)(0.04) = 0.4 J

2.

Reinforcement Chapter 2 Part A : Objective Questions 1. When a coconut is falling to the ground, which of the following quantities is constant?

A. B. C. D. 2.

Velocity Momentum Acceleration Kinetic energy

Velocity / ms-1 4

In an inelastic collision, which of the following quantities remains constant before and after the collision? A. Total acceleration B. Total velocity C. Total momentum D. Total kinetic energy Calculate the weight of a stone with mass 60 g on the surface of the moon. (The gravitational acceleration of the moon is 1/6 that of the Earth.) A. B. C. D. E. 0.1 N 60 g = 0.06 kg W = 0.06 (1/6)(10) 0.2 N = 0.1 N 0.4 N 0.6 N 0.8 N

0 2 4 6 Time / s Calculate the momentum of the trolley from t = 2s to t = 4s. A. B. C. D. E. 7. 1.5 kg m s-1 P = mv 3.0 kg m s-1 = 1.5 x 4 4.0 kg m s-1 = 6.0 kg ms-1 -1 6.0 kg m s 7.5 kg m s-1

3.

This figure shows an aircraft flying Lift in the air. Thrust Air friction

4.

The momentum of a particle is depend on A. mass and acceleration B. weight and force C. mass and velocity Which of the following diagrams shows a body moving at constant velocity? A. B. C. D. 2N 12 N 12 N 20 N 2N 7N 14 N 17 N

Weight The aircraft above accelerates if A. B. C. D. 8. Lift > Weight Thrust > Lift Lift > Air friction Thrust > Air friction m = 0.3 kg 5m What is the momentum of the stone just before it hits the ground? A. B. C. D. E. 0.15 kg m s-1 0.3 kg m s-1 1.5 kg m s-1 3.0 kg m s-1 15.0 kg m s-1

5.

6.

The graph below shows the motion of a trolley with mass 1.5 kg.

Solution : v first to calculate the P) P = mv (find Ep = Ek mgh = mv2 (0.3)(10)(5) = (0.3) v2 v = 10 m s-1 P = (0.3)(10) = 3.0 kg m s-1

10.

9.

A big ship will keep moving for some distance when its engine is turned off. This situation happens because the ship has A. B. C. D. great inertia great acceleration great momentum great kinetic energy

An iron ball is dropped at a height of 10 m from the surface of the moon. Calculate the time needed for the iron ball to land. (Gravitational acceleration of the moon is 1/6 that of the Earth and g = 9.8 N kg-2) A B C D E
2 0.6 s s = ut + gt = (0)t + (9.8/6)t2 1.4 s 1.7 s t = 3.5 s 3.5 s 12.0 s

Part B : Structure Questions 1. Method (a) The forces given parallel with the surface of motion, So, all the car. (i) Car A forces given used to move the (ii) Car B Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.1(i) and (ii) show two methods used by the mechanic to move a breakdown car. A constant force, F = 500 N is used to push and pull the car in method A and B. (a) (i) Which method is easier to move the car? F = Fgiven - Ffriction = 500 200 (ii) State a reason for your answer in (a)(i). = 300 N F = Fgiven Cos 500 Ffriction = 500 cos 600 200 The frictional force acting between the car and track surface in both methods is = 50.0 Nthe 200 N. Calculate, (i) horizontal resultant force in method A. F=ma (ii) 50.0 = 1000 a horizontal resultant force in method B. a = 0.05 m s-2

(b)

The acceleration of Car A = 0.3 m s-2 To move Car B with the same acceleration of Car A, increase the force given to 1000 N

(iii)

acceleration of the car in method B.

(c)

Suggest a method to move Car B so that the acceleration produced is equal to that of method A. ....

2.

ceiling

Tin P (i) a) Q

water Diagram 2.1

N (ii)

hand

b)

c)

Diagram 2.1(i) shows tin P that is empty and tin Q that is filled with water. A student find difficult to pushed tin Q. Write the inference about the observation. The difficulty to move the tin depends to its mass. Diagram 2.1(ii) shows a tin being released from the different positions M and N. The hand of a student at position R needs greater force to stop the motion of the tin falling from position M. Explain this observation. From position M the velocity of tin is more than the velocity compare when it is from N. Ek increase then the force to stop it will be increased. Based on the observation (i) and (ii), state two factors that affect the magnitude of the momentum of the object. mass and velocity If water flows out from a hole at the bottom of the tin Q, how would the inertia of Tin Q depends on time ? inertia of tin Q will decrease because the mass of tin decreased.

d)

3.

2 ms-1

P 3.0 m

iron ball ( 2 kg ) S smooth surface 1.0 m Q Diagram 3 R Rough surface 2.0 m T

The figure shows a iron ball that is rolled through PQRST. The rough surface of QR has frictional force of 4 N. a) Calculate (i) the kinetic energy of the iron ball at P. Ek = mv2 = (2)(22) = 4.0 J (ii) the potential energy of the iron ball at P. Ep = mgh = (2) (10) (3.0) = 60.0 J the total of energy of the iron ball at P. E = Ek + Ep = 4.0 + 60.0 = 64.0 J Calculate the total of energy of the iron ball when it reaches at Q ? 64.0 J ( the conservation of energy ) Calculate the work done against friction along QR. W = Ff x s = 4 x 1.0 = 4.0 J

(iii)

b) c)

(i) (ii)

d)

Calculate the total kinetic energy of the iron ball at S. Es = E Ef Ek at S = Es - Ep at s = 64.0 4.0 = 60.0 (2)(10)(2.0) = 60.0 J = 20.0 J Calculate the speed of the ball at position T. Ek at T = 20.0 J = m v2 = (2)(v2) v2 = 20 v = 4.5 m s-1

e)

Part C : Essay Questions 1.

(ii) Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car moving at high velocity when it suddenly crashes into a wall. Diagram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player. a) (i) What is the meaning of momentum? (ii) Based on the observations of Diagram (i) and (ii), compare the characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when it is hit with a racquet. Hence, relate these characteristics to clarify a physics concept, and name this concept. Explain why a tennis player uses a taut racquet when playing. In launching a rocket, a few technical problems have to be overcome before the rocket can move upright to the sky. By using appropriate physics concepts, describe the design of a rocket and the launch techniques that can launch the rocket upright. (i) (ii) momentum is product of mass and velocity - The shape of car changed but the shape of wall remained. - The shape of ball remained but the shape of the racquet string was changed. (The racquet string is elastic but the wall is harder) - The time taken of collision between the ball and racquet string more than the time taken when the car hit the wall. - The impulsive force will decrease when the time of collision increased. - The concept is the impulsive force.

(i)

b) c)

Answer a)

b)

- To decrease the time of collision between the ball and the racquet string. - Impulsive force will be increased. - The force act to the ball will be increased. - The velocity of ball will be increased. - Make a gradually narrower at the front shape (tapering) : To decrease air friction - Made by the high strength and high rigidity of materials : To decrease the probability to become dented (kemik). - Made by the low density of material.

c)

: To reduce the mass/weight - The structure is fractional engine : The mass will be decreased and the velocity will increase. - Made by the high of heat capacity of materials : It will be high heat resistance.

2.

Properties Brand

Reaction time / s 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.6

Mass / kg 1.5 1.8 0.9 2.5

A B C D

Engine thrust force / N 10.0 12.5 6.5 16.0

Resistance force / N 4.0 2.4 2.2 6.5

In a radio-controlled car racing competition, 4 mini-cars branded A, B, C and D took part. The information of the 4 cars is given in the table above. Details of the above information are given as below; Reaction time - Duration between the moment the radio-controlled is switched on and the moment the car starts moving. Resistance - Average value of opposing forces includes the friction between wheels and track, and air resistance. (a) What is the meaning of acceleration? (b) Draw a graph of velocity against time that shows a car moving initially with constant acceleration, then moving with constant velocity and followed by constant deceleration until it stops. (c) Explain the suitability of the properties in the above table in constructing a radiocontrolled car racing purpose. Hence, determine which brand of car will win the 50-metre race. (c) If Car B in the above table is moved up the plane at the angle of 30o to the horizon, (i) Show that the car is able to move up the plane. (ii) Determine the acceleration of the car. Answer :

(a) (b)

Increase the velocity v / ms-1 displacement = area under the graph t/s - time reaction mast be short : fast to detect the signal to start its move - has a small of mass : to decrease the inertia, then easier to start move and to stop its moving. - thrust force is high : has more power during its moving / increase the acceleration - friction force is low : decrease the lost of force - the best car is A : because it has short of time reaction, small of mass, high of thrust force and low friction of force. (i) EB = (12.5 2.4 ) (50) = 505.0 J 0 50 m0 50Sin30 E (suitable to move up) = 1.8 (10) 30 = 450 .0 J EB> E ( car B can move up the plane) (ii) F = ma , 12.5 2.4 = 1.8 a, a = 5.61 ms-1

(c)

(d) (50Sin300)