Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

The objective of the project is to develop a device with the help of which we can authenticate a specified person or a group of persons to enter any authenticated area or just recognising them on the basis of RFID tags they are holding. The user will waive his tag over the RFID antenna and the 14 byte number on the tag will be read and it will be shown that he or she is authenticated or not. The project basically works on the radio frequency identification mechanism. The RFID module is the main part of the project and the microcontroller used is obviously the heart of it. We may divide the whole project into two parts. First is the design process. Design process basically contains the software work related to the printed circuit board. The ORCAD is the software used to design the whole pcb and the other hardware part is done with hands. The whole theory thus is divided into 2 parts. 1) The hardware construction and programming of the microcontroller. 2) The design process to design the schematic of the printed circuit board.

TECHNICAL DETAILS
The major part of the project will be an RFID READER module which is basically used for reading the RFID tags which the user holds. By reading, we mean to say that using radio frequency identification, the 14 bytes of data is read by the module and transmitted to the controller(we wish to use pic16f877a). Then the controller reads the data and we can manipulate the results by reading the bytes and programming the controller. The RFID reader module is a radio frequency identification based module which is used to read the tags possessed by the user. The basic fundamental is RFID. The antenna keeps poling for the data and it works with 125khz frequency. The baud rate is 9600 bps. That means the module sends the data with this speed. Whenever the tag comes in the limiting area of the antenna, the 14 bytes of the tag data is instantaneously transmitted to the controller by TTL logic. It is our wish to convert the

TTL logic into serial logic i.e. using MAX232 ic and a serial port to communicate with the computer. PIC16f87XA PIC16f87XA is a member of 8 bit microcontroller family. Some of the features of this controller are as given____ High-Performance RISC (REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET CONTROLLER) CPU: 1. Only 35 single-word instructions to learn 2. All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle 3. Operating speed: DC 20 MHz clock input DC 200 ns instruction cycle 4. Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory 5. Pin out compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX microcontroller. The Block diagram of the module is given as under.

fig no. 1

USEFULLNESS
The project we propose has a lot of uses in the industry, any educational institute or at home. As security is the major aspect in todays world. It can be used in *industries, where some areas must be restricted to engineers or higher authorities. *educational institutes, for example a library where the record of incoming and outgoing persons is to be taken care of. *at home, only family can be authorised to enter the house and nobody else. And a lot of circumstances may appear where we may use the security system like this. MARKET POTENTIAL AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE As seen with the view of industrial uses, the usefulness has been discussed above. The important criterion on the basis of which a product finds its place is the reliability. Hacking the above system is however not impossible but very difficult and it is a highly reliable device which authorises only the predefined personalities and we can also keep a database of the visitors. Secondly, as a system similar to this is already in use in metro stations where your card is used to charge you for your journey. The peripherals used are as follows:1) RFID reader module. 2) HD44780 LCD section. 3) PIC 16F877A controller. 4) RFID ANTENNA. 5) POWER SUPPLY SECTION.

Chapter 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & WORKING Circuit diagram:

fig no. 2
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Work to be done
The purpose of the project is to be done rf based authentication. Which are mostly provided in metro trains, in MNCs etc.To fulfil this purpose we generally used here rf module system. which is the heart of this project. The another component that we used here is pic16f887microcontroller. 1. So the main work to be done here is to make the layout of this project. The layout can be get with the help of software ORCAD. 2. Now we have to implement this layout on PCB.For this purpose we make the layout on PCB with the help of pen by putting the carbon paper on PCB.After that we have mark this layout with black sketch. 3. The etching of project can be done with the help of ferric chloride solution by putting the PCB in this solution, now this solution has to place under the sunlight. So that etching can be done fast. 4. Now we have to drill the PCB where necessary connection is required .component required for this purpose is rf module system ,IC16f887 ,LCD display ,Resister1k, 10k,capacitor100mf ,Regulatlar7805

,Diodes,Connectors,Led,Transformer etc. 5. To run this project first of all we have to make the power supply.The required component for power supply is resister of 1k,4 diodes,regulator7805,LED,step down transformer etc. 6. The microcontroller that we used here is PIC 16f887.The first pin of mc will attach to reset switch and capacitor and resister. 7. Pin no 9 and 10 attach to two capacitor and connected to vcc. 8. Pin no 19,20,27,28,29,30,32 connected to LCD display. 9. Last but not least, we have to make the source code with the help of PIC burner. 10. Now we have to make the project report of this project.

Work done
1. The layout and etching of project is done with the help of Project Guide=vishesh gupta Team member=Srishti Thakur, Navneet kaur Rathore 2. Drilling is done with the help of Team member= Srishti Thakur, Navneet kaur Rathore, 3. Power supply is run with the help of Team member=Srishti Thakur, Navneet kaur Rathore 4. Soldering of another component is done with the help of Team member=Pallavi shree 5. Source code is made with the help of Project Guide=vishesh gupta Team member= Srishti Thakur, Navneet kaur Rathore,Pallavi shree 6. Project report is made by Team member= Srishti Thakur, Navneet kaur Rathore,Pallavi shree

RFID Reader Test Circuit

In this tutorial we will create most basic circuit for testing RFID Reader. Once you complete this successfully, you know how to get data from RFID Reader. You will also have working code that you may use will other more useful projects. The test circuit will be built around PIC16F877A microcontroller. The output device will be a 16x2 lcd module. So we set up a basic PIC16F877A circuit. The circuit will have the following :1. PIC16F887A MCU 2. 20MHz Crystal 3. Reset Circuit. 4. 5v Power Supply Circuit. 5. ISP (For programming) 6. LCD Module. 7. LCD Module Contrast adjust pot.

Please note that power supply circuit is NOT shown in the above schematic. You will need a 7805 voltage regulator IC in order to generate 5v from any source of 8-18v. The above circuit is so common that you may require it as a base for several projects and experiment. TROUBLESHOOTING
1. NO Display on LCD i. Make sure AVR Studio Project is set up for clock frequency of 20MHz (20000000Hz) ii. Adjust the Contrast Adj Pot.

2. RFID Reader is NOT reading card. i. ii. iii. Make sure you have bought compatible 125KHz tags. Use only 16MHz crystal (for other value you need to change the program) Fuse bits are set as told above. 7

3. Compiler Errors i. Many people these days has jumped to embedded programming without a solid concept of computer science and programming. They don't know the basics of compiler and have very less experience. To learn basic of compilers and their working PC/MAC/Linux( I mean a desktop or laptop) are great platform. But embedded system is not good for learning about compilers and programming basics. It is for those who already have these skills and just want to apply it. 1. Make sure all files belonging to the LCD Library are added to the "Project". 2. Make sure all files belonging to the USART Library are added to the "Project".

The RFID Reader is used to read the tags. The tags can be used to identify peoples. For example in a electronic door lock, the user just need to bring a tag (which can be a card or keychain) near the antenna. The system identify the user and present a welcome message (like "Welcome Mr. Steve"), then it prompts for password. Its like your ATM card but the advantage is that you don't need to bring it out from your wallet. Just touch the wallet to the antenna, and that's it! The USB to TTL Module is used to connect the RFID reader to PC. Connect the RFID reader to USB/TTL Converter as show in in the image below.

fig no. 3

The connection is simple. All the PIN names are written on the PCBs itself so no confusion while wiring. After that attach the antenna to the RFID reader module.
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RFID Antenna

fig no. 4 RFID Antenna Connected

fig no. 5
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Now make sure the data mode select jumper is towards the 'U' side. Finally connect the USB to Serial Converter to your PCs USB port. On RealTerm Window, go to port tab and select the settings as shown below.
1. 2.

Baud = 9600 Port = Port Number Assigned to the CP2102 Module. (Can be found out from, Right Click My Computer, Properties->Hardware->Device Manager->Ports)

3. 4. 5. 6.

Parity = None Data bits = 8+ Stop Bits =1 Hardware Flow Control =NONE

The Top black portion on the Realterm window shows the data received from the port. When you bring a tag near the Antenna, the green LED on the RFID Reader will blink and the data will be shown on real term. The above images shows three data packets. The same tag was brought close three times. INTERPRETING RFID DATA PACKET. The RFID data packet is made up of 14 bytes. The first is a start byte whose ASCII value is decimal 2. This is shown in RealTerm as STX. Then their are 10 ASCII chars which is the ID of tag in HEX format. After that their is a two byte check sum, this is also in hex. Finally their is a end byte whose ASCII value in decimal is 3. It is shown in RealTerm as ETX. For example in our case card data is 3D006217D7 so the checksum is calculated as follows. (3D) XOR (00) XOR (62) XOR (17) XOR (D7) You can use Windows Calculator is Scientific Mode (View -> Scientific) to calculate the above. Make sure the calculator is in HEX mode. The result comes to be 9F Which you can see is present as checksum in the above packet (shown in RealTerm)
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To convert the tag number to decimal leave the first two digits on the tag data and take the rest 8 digits. Ex Tag Data 3D006217D7. Leave 3D and take 006217D7. Paste that in Windows calculator (in HEX mode) and change to Decimal mode by clicking "Dec" which is placed next to "Hex". Calculator will convert the data to decimal number. You can confirm that this number is also printed on the tag. In our case it comes to be 6428631 Which was printed on our tag!

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Chapter 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
The project basically works on the radio frequency identification mechanism. The RFID module is the main part of the project and the microcontroller used is obviously the heart of it. We may divide the whole project into two parts. First is the design process. Design process basically contains the software work related to the printed circuit board. The ORCAD is the software used to design the whole pcb and the other hardware part is done with hands. The whole theory thus is divided into 2 parts. 1. The hardware construction and programming of the microcontroller. 2. The design process to design the schematic of the printed circuit board. The explanation of the first part will contain the full hardware processes and the peripherals details. The hardware construction and programming of the microcontroller The heart of the project is obviously the microcontroller. The MCU used here is PIC16F877A. 40 pin PDIP IC to control everything in the circuit process. The details of the controller used is as follows. PIC16f87XA PIC16f87XA is a member of 8 bit microcontroller family. Some of the features of this controller are as given____ High-Performance RISC (REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET CONTROLLER) CPU: 1. Only 35 single-word instructions to learn 2. All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle 3. Operating speed: DC 20 MHz clock input DC 200 ns instruction cycle 4. Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory 5. Pin out compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX microcontroller.
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6. Peripheral Features: 1. Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler. 2. Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler that can be incremented during Sleep via external crystal/clock. 3. Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler. 4. Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules. 5. Capture is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 12.5 ns. 6. Compare is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 200 ns. 7. PWM max. Resolution is 10-bit. 8. Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C (Master/Slave). 9. Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection. 10. Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR). Analog Features: 1. 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D) 2. Brown-out Reset (BOR) 3. Analog Comparator module with: i. ii. iii. Two analog comparators. Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module. Programmable input multiplexing from device Inputs and internal voltage reference. iv. Comparator outputs are externally accessible.

Special Microcontroller Features: 1. 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical 2. 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical 3. Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years 4. Self-reprogrammable under software control 5. In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins 6. Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming 7. Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
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8. Programmable code protection 9. Power saving Sleep mode 10. Selectable oscillator options 11. In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins Following is a comparison table b/w different 16f member.

Table no. 1

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pic16f887

fig no. 6 The pic16f887a comes in different packages. One of them is PDIP that is dual inline package. That is shown above. We have used the same package in the project.

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LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (HD 44780)

LCD Display Liquid crystal displays (LCD) are widely used in recent years as compares to LEDs. This is due to the declining prices of LCD, the ability to display numbers, characters and graphics, incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, their by relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD and also the ease of programming for characters and graphics. HD 44780 based LCDs are most commonly used. LCD pin description The LCD discuss in this section has the most common connector used for the Hitatchi 44780 based LCD is 14 pins in a row and modes of operation and how to program and interface with microcontroller is describes in this section.
Pin 1 2 3 4 Symbol VSS VCC VEE RS I/O I Description Ground +5V power supply Power supply to control contrast RS=0 to select command register, RS=1 to select data register. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 R/W E PB0 PB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 I I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O R/W=0 for write, R/W=1 for read Enable The 8 bit data bus The 8 bit data bus The 8 bit data bus The 8 bit data bus The 8 bit data bus The 8 bit data bus The 8 bit data bus The 8 bit data bus

Table no. 2

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VCC, VSS, VEE The voltage VCC and VSS provided by +5V and ground respectively while VEE is used for controlling LCD contrast. Variable voltage between Ground and Vcc is used to specify the contrast (or "darkness") of the characters on the LCD screen.
RS (register select)

There are two important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code register is selected, then allowing to user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home etc.. If RS=1, the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD.
R/W (read/write) The R/W (read/write) input allowing the user to write information from it. R/W=1, when it read and R/W=0, when it writing. EN (enable)

The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When data is supplied to data pins, a high power, a high-to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order to for the LCD to latch in the data presented at the data pins. D0-D7 (data lines) The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of the LCDs internal registers. To displays the letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z, a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS =1. There are also command codes that can be sent to clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor. We also use RS =0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive the information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W =1 and RS =0, as follows: if R/W =1 and RS =0, when D7 =1(busy flag =1), the LCD is busy taking care of internal operations and will not accept any information. When D7 =0, the LCD is ready to receive new information.

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POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTION:

VOLTAGE REGULATOR

TRANSFORMER

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

SHUNT CAPACITOR

fig no.7 The power supply circuit comprises of four basic parts: The transformer steps down the 220 V a/c. into 12 V a/c. The transformer work on the principle of magnetic induction, where two coils: primary and secondary are wound around an iron core. The two coils are physically insulated from each other in such a way that passing an a/c. current through the primary coil creates a changing voltage in the primary coil and a changing magnetic field in the core. This in turn induces a varying a/c. voltage in the secondary coil.

The a/c. voltage is then fed to the bridge rectifier. The rectifier circuit is used in most electronic power supplies is the single-phase bridge rectifier with capacitor filtering, usually followed by a linear voltage regulator. A rectifier circuit is necessary to convert a signal having zero average value into a non-zero average value. A rectifier transforms alternating current into direct current by limiting or regulating the direction of flow of current. The output resulting from a rectifier is a pulsating D.C. voltage. This voltage is not appropriate for the components that are going to work through it. The ripple of the D.C. voltage is smoothened using a filter capacitor of 1000 microF 25V. The filter capacitor stores electrical charge. If it is large enough the capacitor will store charge as the voltage rises and give up the charge as the voltage falls. This has the effect of smoothing out the waveform and provides steadier voltage output. A filter capacitor is connected at the rectifier output and the d.c voltage is obtained across the capacitor. When this capacitor is used in this project, it should be twice the supply voltage. When the filter is used, the RC charge time of the filter capacitor must be short

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and the RC discharge time must be long to eliminate ripple action. In other words the capacitor must charge up fast, preferably with no discharge.

1.

When the rectifier output voltage is increasing, the capacitor charges to the peak voltage Vm. Just past the positive peak, the rectifier output voltage starts to fall but at this point the capacitor has +Vm voltage across it. Since the source voltage becomes slightly less than Vm, the capacitor will try to send current back through the diode of rectifier. This reverse biases the diode. The diode disconnects or separates the source the source form load. The capacitor starts to discharge through load. This prevents the load voltage from falling to zero. The capacitor continues to discharge until source voltage becomes more than capacitor voltage. The diode again starts conducting and the capacitor is again charged to peak value Vm. When capacitor is charging the rectifier supplies the charging through capacitor branch as well as load current, the capacitor sends currents through the load. The rate at which capacitor discharge depends upon time constant RC. The longer the time constant, the steadier is the output voltage. An increase in load current i.e. decrease in resistance makes time constant of discharge path smaller. The ripple increase and d.c output voltage V dc decreases. Maximum capacity cannot exceed a certain limit because the larger the capacitance the greater is the current required to charge the capacitor.

The voltage regulator regulates the supply if the supply if the line voltage increases or decreases. The series 78xx regulators provide fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. An unregulated input voltage is applied at the IC Input pin i.e. pin 1 which is filtered by capacitor. The out terminal of the IC i.e. pin 3 provides a regular output. The third terminal is connected to ground. While the input voltage may vary over some permissible voltage range, and the output voltage remains constant within specified voltage variation limit. The 78xx ICs are positive voltage regulators whereas 79xx ICs are negative voltage regulators.

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These voltage regulators are integrated circuits designed as fixed voltage regulators for a wide variety of applications. These regulators employ current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe area compensation. With adequate heat sinking they can deliver output currents in excess of 1 A. These regulators have internal thermal overload protection. It uses output transistor safe area compensation and the output voltage offered is in 2% and 4% tolerance.

The rfid section

RFID is a great technology, has may uses and become very cheap and easy to implement these days. Very interesting and useful project can be made by using RFID technology. In our tutorial series on RFID we will get introduced to this magical technology and practically create RFID based solutions. In RFID or Radio Frequency Identification their is a tag (or label) which has a unique ID stored on it. We can read this ID by using a RFID reader. Not much fun yet? Well the features which makes magical are :1. 2.

The RFID tag does not need to make any electrical contact with reader (Wow!) The RFID Tag is an active device which has a chip and antenna but does NOT need any power and are low cost!(Some tags need battery)

3.

RFID tags are very small, don't need battery so can be put in cards (looks like a credit/ATM cards) or key chains.

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RFID Example For example RFID may be used to identify a person in a secure access system as shown below.

RFID SECURITY SYSTEM

fig no. 8 As soon as a RFID Tag (Which may be a card or a key chain) is brought near the system, it recognize the person and grant access. The great thing is that you don't have to open your wallet and bring out the card (as you do for credit or ATM cards), just bring out the wallet and bring it near the system that's it! The images below shows some example of RFID Tags. Note that the pen and the Credit Card are not tags they are just for scale.

UART Based Plug and Play RFID Reader.

In order to read any RFID tag you need a RFID Reader. We have a great UART based Card Reader Module at very low cost. It is a complete module with Antenna and Logic Chip (which handles everything). The module does everything and sends the final decoded card number (in HEX format) via UART. As you may know UART is a hardware which sends and receive data in a protocol called RS-232. RS232 is the
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simplest serial protocol. It is so common that nearly all MCU supports RS232 via one or more USARTs(also called UART). UART Communication involves just 2 data lines. One of them is called RxD (Receiving Data) and Another is called TxD (Transmitting Data). One more line called "common" is also necessary between two isolated systems. Normally GND is kept common between all devices and modules. Since RFID Reader Module only sends data and does not receive any data, only Tx line from RFID is used.

Typical Interface Between MCU and RFID Reader fig no. 9 In the previous diagram please note the following facts
1.

Microcontroller board is powered from an external source like DC adaptor or battery.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Microcontroller board has 5v regulator built in. 5v Output is available from above regulator. The 5v out is feed to the RFID reader which powers the module. Tx line from RFID reader is feed to the Rx line of MCU. Tx line of MCU and Rx line of RFID Reader are unused.

Now when a Card (tag) is brought near the RFID reader, it tries to communicate with the tag, receives the data and decodes it. Finally it send the data over the Tx line. The UART module in MCU receives the data and USART library buffers it into the internal
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memory. The user program running on the MCU wait till the USART library informs it that sufficient data is available (in this case more than 13 bytes). When data is available, user program can read and validate the data. After that it can be used as per application requirement. For example if card number matches internally stored card number, the user is granted access to the system or open a door and log the entry time of that person in a database.

PIN Configuration of RFID Reader

Fig no.10

PIN1 : Tx PIN2: Rx PIN3: Not Connected. PIN4: GND PIN5: Vcc (5v) InputThe antenna that comes bundled with the module can be easily connected by just plugging it in.

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Chapter 4 Programming and Result

At last we can state that the module is quite simple to use and with a little programming skill we can do wonders with it. It can be interfaced with the stepper motor or simple dc motors to open the door for someone authorised and with gsm technology interfaced, when a wrong person tries to enter, the module will not only ring the alarm but also will call you or the nearest police station. The basic source code used for the controller is as follows...

SOURCE CODE USED IN THE CONTROLLER

/* THE PROGRAM FOR RFID READER MODULE VIP DATE STARTED= 1-11-2012*/

#include<16f887a.h> // #fuses HS #byte intcon = 0x0b #byte pir1 = 0x0c #byte rcsta = 0x18 #byte pie1 = 0x8c #byte txsta = 0x98 #byte spbrg= 0x99
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#byte port_c = 0x07 #byte tris_c = 0x87 #byte txreg = 0x19 #byte rcreg = 0x1a #byte port_d = 0x08 #byte tris_d = 0x88 #byte port_e = 0x09 #byte tris_e = 0x89 #byte tris_b=0x86 #byte port_b=0x06 #byte option=0x81 #byte intcon=0x8b

void lcd_command(unsigned char cmd); void lcd_data(unsigned char dat); unsigned int32 i,j=0,grant=0,deny=0; unsigned char ch,array[20]; #INT_RDA receive()
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{ array[j]=rcreg; //pir1 &= 0xdf; lcd_data(array[j]); j++; } #INT_EXT function() { lcd_command(0x02); lcd_command(0x01); lcd_command(0x38);

lcd_command(0x0e); lcd_command(0x06); lcd_command(0x80); lcd_data("denied="); lcd_command(0x88); lcd_data(deny+48);

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lcd_command(0xc0); lcd_data("granted="); lcd_command(0xc9); lcd_data(grant+48); for(i=0;i<200000;i++); lcd_command(0x02); lcd_command(0x01); lcd_command(0x38); lcd_command(0x0e); lcd_command(0x06); } void main() { spbrg = 129; //for baud rate 2400 for 20 megahertz crystal txsta &= 0xef; //sync = 0 rcsta |= 0x80; // spen = 1 txsta |= 0x20; // txen = 1

txsta |= 0x04; //brgh = 1 rcsta |= 0x10; //cren = 1

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tris_c |= 0xc0;

tris_d = 0x00; tris_e = 0x00; tris_b &= 0x01; option = 0xbf;

pie1 |= 0x20; intcon = 0xd0;

lcd_command(0x02); lcd_command(0x01); lcd_command(0x38); lcd_command(0x0e); lcd_command(0x06);

lcd_command(0xc0); lcd_data("PLZ SHOW UR CARD"); lcd_command(0x80);

while(1)
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{ if(j>=14) { j=0; for(i=0;i<300000;i++); lcd_command(0x02); lcd_command(0x01); lcd_command(0x38); lcd_command(0x0e); lcd_command(0x06); lcd_command(0xc0); switch(array[12]) { case 'f':

lcd_data("CARD 1"); for(i=0;i<200000;i++); lcd_command(0x02);

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lcd_command(0x01); lcd_command(0x38); lcd_command(0x0e); lcd_command(0x06); lcd_command(0xc0); lcd_data("access granted"); lcd_command(0x80); grant++; break; case '7': lcd_data("CARD 2"); for(i=0;i<200000;i++); lcd_command(0x02); lcd_command(0x01); lcd_command(0x38); lcd_command(0x0e); lcd_command(0x06); lcd_command(0xc0); lcd_data("access denied");

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lcd_command(0x80); deny++; break;

} } } }

void lcd_command(unsigned char cmd) { port_e = 0x00; port_d = cmd;

port_e |= 0x04; for(i=0;i<100;i++); port_e &= 0xfb; for(i=0;i<100;i++); }

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void lcd_data(unsigned char dat) { port_e = 0x01; port_d = data;

port_e |= 0x04; for(i=0;i<100;i++); port_e &= 0xfb; for(i=0;i<100;i++); }

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Chapter 5 Conclusion and future scope

As seen with the view of industrial uses, the usefulness has been discussed above. The important criterion on the basis of which a product finds its place is the reliability. Hacking the above system is however not impossible but very difficult and it is a highly reliable device which authorises only the predefined personalities and we can also keep a database of the visitors. Secondly, as a system similar to this is already in use in metro stations where your card is used to charge you for your journey. The scope for security purpose for this project is enormous. These RFID tags used can be miniaturised and put into your household things like wallet, briefcase so that its only identity remains with you. You collar your dog with rfid tag and its easy to unauthorized him to go into the garden or anything else. The point is, in daily life, its future scope is vital.

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REFRENCES
PIC16F877A datasheet. HD47780 datasheet. www.extremeelectronics.co.in http://shop.extremeelectronics.co.in/product_info.php?cPath=54&products_id=238 http://shop.extremeelectronics.co.in/product_info.php?cPath=34&products_id=132 www.wikipedia.org

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