Mch chng trm dung hng ngoi

Lun vn
ti: Mch chng trm
dung hng ngoi

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Mch chng trm dung hng ngoi

MC LC
Trang
LI NI U.......1
LI CM N...2
NHN XT CA GIO VIN .3
CHNG I: GII THIU V MT VI LINH KIN C S DNG
TRONG MCH
1.1. in tr...6
1.2. T in7
1.3. Tranzitor..8
1.4. Diode_Led, led hng ngoi v mt thu...9
1.5. IC 7805_ IC n p 5 Vol...11
1.6. IC NE555.11
1.7. OP-AMP.....15
1.8 loa pht17
CHNG II: S KHI V NHIM V CC KHI CHNH
2. 1. S khi pht hng ngoi..18
2.2. S khi thu hng ngoi....19
CHNG III: S NGUYN L V NGUYN L HOT NG
3. 1. Khi ngun...20
3.2. Khi pht tn hiu hng ngoi..20
3.3. Khi thu tn hiu hng ngoi v pht tn hiu bo ng..20
CHNG IV: THI CNG TI ......22
CHNG V: KT LUN24

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5.1. u im.24
5. 2. nhc im ...24
5.3 ti liu tham kho 24
5.4 phn mn s dng ..24

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LI NI U
-o0oNgy nay, con ngi cng vi nhng ng dng ca khoa hc k thut tin tin
ca th gii, chng ta v ang ngy mt thay i, vn minh v hin i hn.
S pht trin ca k thut in t to ra hng lot nhng thit b vi cc c
im ni bt nh s chnh xc cao, tc nhanh, gn nhl nhng yu t rt
cn thit gp phn cho hot ng ca con ngi t hiu qu ngy cng cao
hn.
in t ang tr thnh mt ngnh khoa hc a nhim v. in t p
ng c nhng i hi khng ngng ca cc ngnh, lnh vc khc nhau cho
n nhu cu thit yu ca con ngi trong cuc sng hng ngy. Mt trong
nhng ng dng ca rt quan trng ca ngnh cng ngh in t l k thut
iu khin t xa bng hng ngoi. S dng hng ngoi c ng dng rt nhiu
trong cng nghip v cc lnh vc khc trong cuc sng vi nhng thit b iu
khin t xa rt tinh vi v t c nng sut, kinh t tht cao .
Xut pht t nhng ng dng , chng em thit k v thi cng mt
mch ng dng nh trong thu pht hng ngoi : MCH CHNG TRM
DNG TIA HNG NGOI. V thi gian, ti liu v trnh cn hn ch nn
vic thc hin n cn nhiu thiu st Knh mong nhn c s ch dn v
gp tn tnh ca tt c qu thy c cng cc bn.

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LI CM N
-o0o ti c hon thnh theo ng thi gian yu cu ca nh trng cng nh ca
khoa..v t c kt qu trn khng ch l s n lc ca bn thn chng em m cn
c s gip ca gia nh, s ch bo ca thy c gio v cc bn sinh vin.
Em xin chn thnh cm n :

S ch dn v gp ca thy TRNG NGC H Cm n thy nhit tnh

cung cp thng tin hng dn v h tr em kim tra, khc phc mt s thng tin cha
chnh xc.

Xin cm n cc bn sinh vin trong lp gip chng ti rt nhiu mt nh

phng tin, sch v, kin . . .

Trong qu trnh thc hin ti ny, mc d em rt c gng, xong s khng trnh
khi thiu xt. Rt mong nhn c s gp , ph bnh, ch dn ca qu thy c, cc
bn sinh vin v bn c.
Sinh vin thc hin : L VIT THI / MSSV : 07119092

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NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

Tp H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm

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CHNG I: GII THIU V MT VI LINH KIN C

S DNG TRONG MCH
1.1in tr
- in tr l mt linh kin c tnh cn tr dng in v lm mt s chc nng
khc ty vo v tr in tr trong mch in.
- Cu to: in tr c cu to t nhng vt liu c in tr sut cao nh lm
bng than, magie kim loi Ni-O2, oxit kim loi, dy qun. biu th gi tr
in tr. Ngi ta dung cc vng mu biu th gi tr in tr.
- K hiu:
- Hnh dng thc t:

Hnh 1.1 in tr
- Cch c tr s in tr 4 vng mu: Gi tr in tr thng c th hin qua
cc vch mu trn thn in tr, mi mu i din cho mt s. Mu en: s 0,
mu nu: s 1, mu : s 2, mu cam: s 3, mu vng: s 4, mu lc: s 5, mu
lam s 6, mu tm s 7, mu xm: s 8, mu trng: s 9.

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- Nhn trn thn in tr, tm bn c vch mu nm st ngoi cng nht, vch

mu v vch mu th hai, k n c dng xc nh tr s ca mu..

- Vch th ba l vch xc nh nhn t

ly tha: 10(gi tr ca mu) . Gi tr ca in tr
c tnh bng cch ly tr s nhn vi
nhn t ly
tha
Gi tr in tr = tr s x nhn t ly
tha)

hnh 1.2 vng mu in tr

- Phn cui cng: (khng cn quan tm nhiu)lvch mu nm tch bit vi ba

vch mu trc, thng c mu hong kim hoc mu bc, dng xc nh sai
s ca gi tr intr, hong kim l 5%, bc l 10%.
Bin tr

Hnh 1.3 bin tr

1.2.T in
-T in l linh kin c kh nng tch in. T in cch in vi dng in mt
chiu v cho dng in xoay chiu truyn qua.
-T in c chia lm hai loi chnh: loi khng phn cc v loi c phn cc.
-Loi c phn cc thng c gi tr ln hn loi khng phn cc, trn hai chn
ca loi phn cc c phn bit chn ni m, ni dng r rng, khi gn t c
phn cc vo mch in, nu gn ngc chiu m dng, t phn cc c th b
h v hot ng sai. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn gi tn t in theo vt liu lm t,
v d: t gm, t giy, t ha...
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-Hnh dng: t in c kh nhiu hnh dng khc nhau.

K hiu: c k hiu l
C
Hnh 1.4 t in
Biu tng trn mch in:

n v ca t in
- n v ca t in l Fara, 1 Fara c tr s rt ln v trong thc t ngi ta
thng dng cc n v nh hn nh
+ P(Pico Fara) 1 Pico = 1/1000.000.000.000 Fara (vit gn l 1pF)
+ N(Nano Fara) 1 Nano = 1/1000.000.000 Fara (vit gn l 1nF)
+ MicroFarra 1 Micro = 1/1000.000 Fara
(vit gn l 1F)
=> 1F = 1000nF = 1.000.000 Pf
Cch c gi tr ca t in:
- c trc tip trn thn in tr, v d 100F (100 micro Fara)
Nu l s dng 103J, 223K, 471J vv th n v l pico, hai s u gi nguyn ,
s th 3 tng ng s lng s 0 thm vo sau( ch J hoc K cui k k hiu
cho sai s).
-V d 1:103J s l 10000 pF (thm vo 3 s 0 sau s 10) = 10 nF.
- V d 2: 471K s l 470 pF (thm 1 s 0 vo sau 47)
Sau tr s in dung bao gi cng c gi tr in p, in p ghi trn t chnh l
in p cc i m t c th chu c, vt qua gi tr ny th t in c th b
h hng hoc b chy n.
1.3. Tranzitor

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K hiu : transistor NPN

Q 1

Hnh 1.5 tranzitor

Transistor PNP

Q 2

Cu to: bi 2 tip xc P-N ghp lin tip gm cc vng bn dn loi P v N

xp xen k nhau, vng gia c tnh cht dn in khc vi 2 vng ln cn v c
b rng rt mng khong 10A0 m nh to ln tip xc P-N gn nhau. Nu
vng gia l N ta c transistor PNP, ngc li nu vng gia l vng P ta c
transistor NPN.
1.4. Diode_Led, Led hng ngoi v mt thu
- Diode thng

Hnh 1.6 cu to diode

- Photodiode :
nh sng hng ngoi (tia hng
ngoi) c pht ra t Led l nh
sng khng th nhn thy c bng
mt thng, c bc sng khong t
0.86m n 0.98m. Tia hng ngoi
c vn tc truyn bng vn tc nh
sng
Hnh 1.7 led hng ngoi v mt thu
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Modul mt thu trn th trng c 2 loi module mt thu tn hiu hng ngoi . Mt loi
v st v 1 loi v bng nha. Dng loi module ny chng c nhiu bn ngoi v
thu c tn hiu xung quanh n

1.5. IC 7805_ IC n p 5 Vol.

hnh 1.8 IC 7805

Vi nhng mch in khng i hi n nh ca

in p qu cao, s dng IC n p thng c ngi thit k
s dng v mch in kh n gin. Cc loi n p thng
c s dng l IC 78xx, vi xx l in p cn n p. V d
7805 n p 5V, 7812 n p 12V. Vic dng cc loi IC n p
78xx tng t nhau, di y l minh ha cho IC n p 7805
S pha di IC 7805 c 3 chn:
Chn s 1 l chn IN
Chn s 2 l chn GND
Chn s 3 l chn OUT
Ng ra OUT lun n nh 5V d in p t ngun cung cp thay i. Mch
ny dng bo v nhng mch in ch hot ng in p 5V (cc loi IC
thng hot ng in p ny). Nu ngun in c s c t ngt: in p
tng cao th mch in vn hot ng n nh nh c IC 7805 vn gi c in
p ng ra OUT 5V khng i.
Mch trn ly ngun mt chiu t mt my bin p vi in p t 7V n 9V
a vo ng IN. Khi kt ni mch in, do nhiu nguyn nhn, ngi dng d
nhm ln cc tnh ca ngun cung cp khi u ni vo mch, trong trng hp
ny rt d nh hng n cc linh kin trn board mch. V l do mt diode
cu c lp thm vo mch, diode cu m bo cc tnh ca ngun cp cho
mch theo mt chiu duy nht, v ngui dng cng khng cn quan tm n cc
tnh ca ngun khi ni vo ng IN na.
Ch : in p t trc IC78xx phi ln hn in p cn n p t 1.5V n 2V
T in ng vai tr n nh v chng nhiu cho ngun. (c th b hai t in
nu mch in khng i hi).
1.6. IC NE555.

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IC NE555 gm c 8 chn.
- Chn s 1(GND): cho ni mass ly dng cp cho IC

hnh 1.9 IC NE555

- Chn s 2(TRIGGER): ng vo ca 1 tn so p.mch so p dng cc transistor

PNP. Mc p chun l 2*Vcc/3.
- Chn s 3(OUTPUT): Ng ra .trng thi ng ra ch xc nh theo
mc volt cao(gn bng mc p chn 8) v thp (gn bng mc p chn 1)
- Chn s 4(RESET): dng lp nh mc trng thi ra. Khi chn s 4 ni mass th
ng ra mc thp. Cn khi chn 4 ni vo mc p cao th trng thi ng ra ty theo
mc p trn chn 2 v 6.
- Chn s 5(CONTROL VOLTAGE): dng lm thay i mc p chun trong IC
555 theo cc mc bin p ngoi hay dng cc in tr ngoi cho ni mass. Tuy
nhin trong hu ht cc mch ng dng chn s 5 ni mass qua 1 t t 0.01uF n
0.1uF, cc t c tc dng lc b nhiu gi cho mc p chun n nh.
- Chn s 6(THRESHOLD) : l ng vo ca 1 tng so p khc .mch so snh dng
cc transistor NPN .mc chun l Vcc/3.
- Chn s 7(DISCHAGER) : c th xem nh 1 kha in v chu iu khin bi
tng logic .khi chn 3 mc p thp th kha ny ng li.ngc li th n m ra.
Chn 7 t np x in cho 1 mch R-C lfc IC 555 dng nh 1 tng dao ng .
- Chn s 8 (Vcc): cp ngun nui Vcc cp in cho IC.Ngun nui cp cho IC
555 trong khong t 5v - 15v v mc ti a l 18v.
Cu to ca NE555 gm OP-amp so snh in p, mch lt v transistor
x in. Cu to ca IC n gin nhng hot ng tt. Bn trong gm 3 in
tr mc ni tip chia in p VCC thnh 3 phn. Cu to ny to nn in p
chun. in p 1/3 VCC ni vo chn dng ca Op-amp 1 v in p 2/3 VCC
ni vo chn m ca Op-amp 2. Khi in p chn 2 nh hn 1/3 VCC, chn S
= [1] v FF c kch. Khi in p chn 6 ln hn 2/3 VCC, chn R ca FF =
[1] v FF c reset.

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Hnh 1.10 cu to IC NE555

Gii thch s dao ng:
K hiu 0 l mc thp bng 0V, 1 l mc cao gn bng VCC. Mch FF l loi
RS
Flip-flop,KhiS=[1]thQ=[1]v

=[ 0].

Sau , khi S = [0] th Q = [1] v

Khi R = [1] th

= [0].

= [1] v Q = [0].

Tm li, khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v khi R = [1] th Q = [0] bi v = [1],

transisitor m dn, cc C ni t. Cho nn in p khng np vo t C, in p
chn 6 khng vt qu V2. Do li ra ca Op-amp 2 mc 0, FF khng reset.
Giai on ng ra mc 1:
Khi bm cng tc khi ng, chn 2 mc 0.
V in p chn 2 (V-) nh hn V1(V+), ng ra ca Op-amp 1 mc 1 nn S
= [1], Q = [1] v = [0]. Ng ra ca IC mc 1.Khi = [0], transistor tt, t C
tip tc np qua R, in p trn t tng. Khi nhn cng tc ln na Op-amp 1 c
V- = [1] ln hn V+ nn ng ra ca Op-amp 1 mc 0, S = [0], Q v vn
khng i. Trong khi in p t C nh hn V2, FF vn gi nguyn trng thi
.
Giai on ng ra mc 0:

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Khi t C np tip, Op-amp 2 c V+ ln hn V- = 2/3 VCC, R = [1] nn Q = [0]

v

= [1]. Ng ra ca IC mc 0.

= [1], transistor m dn, Op-amp2 c V+ = [0] b hn V-, ng ra ca Op-

amp 2 mc 0. V vy Q v
transistor

khng i gi tr, t C x in thng qua

Kt qu cui cng:
Ng ra OUT c tn hiu dao ng dng sng vung, c chu k n nh
Thit k mch dao ng = IC
Ni dung : IC to dao ng h XX555, Thit k mch dao ng to ra xung
vung c tn s v rng bt k.
1. IC to dao ng XX555 ; XX c th l TA hoc LA v v ...

hnh 1.11 mch to xung IC555

Mch dao ng to xung bng IC 555, Vcc cung cp cho IC c th s dng t
4,5V n 15V , ng mch mu l dng ngun, mch mu en di cng
l ngun m.
T 103 (10nF) t chn 5 xung mass l c nh v bn c th b qua ( khng
lp cng c )
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Khi thay i cc in tr R1, R2 v gi tr t C1 bn s thu c dao ng c

tn s v rng xung theo mun theo cng thc:
T = 0.7 (R1 + 2R2) C1 v f = 1.4 / ( (R1 + 2R2) C1 )
T = Thi gian ca mt chu k ton phn tnh bng (s)
f =Tn s dao ng tnh bng (Hz)
R1 = in tr tnh bng ohm (W )
R2 = in tr tnh bng ohm ( W )
C1 = T in t nh bng Fara ( W )
T=Tm+Ts T: chu k ton phn
Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1
Tm : thi gian in mc cao
Ts = 0,7 x R2 x C1 Ts : thi gian in mc thp

Chu k ton phn T bao gm thi gian c

in
mc cao Tm v thi gian c in mc thp
Ts
T cc cng thc trn ta c th to ra mt
dao ng xung vung c rng Tm v Ts bt k.
Sau khi to ra xung c Tm v Ts ta c T = Tm + Ts v f = 1/ T
1.7.Op-amp
Vi mch khuych i thut ton 741 c hai u vo "INVERTING ( - )":o, "NONINVERTING (+)": Thun v u ra chn 6.

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hnh 1.12 cu to opamp 741

Khuych i vi 741
A. Khuych i o: Chn 2 ni vi tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra o
B. Khuych i khng o: Chn 3 ni vi tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra khng o

741 hot ng c, cn phi lp thm 2 in tr R1, R2 vo mch nh s hnh di

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Tnh h s khuych i ca mch dng vi mch 741

Khuych i o
H s khuych i (AV) = -R2 / R1
V d: Nu R2 = 100 Kohm, R1 = 10 kohm, h s khuych i ca mch:
-100 / 10 = -10 (AV)
Nu in p u vo l 0.5v th in p u ra
0.5v X -10 = -5v
Khuych i khng o
H s khuych i(AV) = 1+(R2 / R1)

Hnh 1.13 opamp thc t

1.8.Loa pht
L loi loa nh, n gin.
Hai chn:mt chn cp ngun (mu ),chn cn li ni mass (mu en)

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CHNG II: S KHI V NHIM V CC KHI

CHNH
2.1. S khi pht hng ngoi

Hnh 2.1 s khi pht hng ngoi

Khi chn chc nng v khi m ha: Khi ngi s dng bm vo cc phm
chc nng pht lnh yu cu ca mnh, mi phm chc nng tng ng vi
mt s thp phn. Mch m ha s chuyn i thnh m nh phn tng ng
di dng m lnh tn hiu s gm cc bt 0 v 1. S bit trong m lnh nh phn
c th l 4 bit hay 8 bit ty theo s lng cc phm chc nng nhiu hay t.
.
- Khi dao ng c iu kin: Khi nhn 1 phm chc nng th ng thi khi
ng mch dao ng to xung ng h, tn s xung ng h xc nh thi gian
chun ca mi bit .
- Khi cht d liu v khi chuyn i song song ra ni tip: M nh phn ti
mch m ha s c cht a vo mch chuyn i d liu song song ra ni
tip. Mch chuyn i d liu song song ra ni tip c iu khin bi xung
ng h v mch nh thi nhm m bo kt thc ng lc vic chuyn i
s bit ca mt m lnh.
- Khi iu ch v pht FM: m lnh di dng ni tip s c a qua mch
iu ch v pht FM ghp m lnh vo sng mang c tn s 38Khz n
100Khz, nh sng mang cao tn tn hiu c truyn i xa hn, ngha l tng c
ly pht.

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- Khi thit b pht: l mt LED hng ngoi. Khi m lnh c gi tr bit =1 th

LED pht hng ngoi trong khong thi gian T ca bit . Khi m lnh c gi
tr bit=0 th LED khng sng. Do bn thu khng nhn c tn hiu xem
nh bit = 0 .
2.2. S khi thu hng ngoi

Hnh 2.2 s khi thu hng ngoi

- Khi thit b thu: Tia hng ngoi t phn pht c tip nhn bi LED thu
hng ngoi hay cc linh kin quang khc.
- Khi khuch i v Tch sng: trc tin khuch i tnh hiu nhn ri a
qua mch tch sng nhm trit tiu sng mang v tch ly d liu cn thit l
m lnh.
- Khi chuyn i ni tip sang song song v Khi gii m: m lnh c a
vo mch chuyn i ni tip sang song song v a tip qua khi gii m ra
thnh s thp phn tng ng di dng mt xung kch ti ng ra tng ng
kch m mch iu khin.
-Tn s sng mang cn c dng so pha vi tn s dao ng bn phn thu
gip cho mch thu pht hot ng ng b , m bo cho mch tch sng v
mch chuyn i ni tip sang song song hot ng chnh xc.

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CHNG III: S NGUYN L V NGUYN L HOT

NG
3.1. Khi ngun
- Khi ngun ly ngun AC_ 220V t in li gia nh,dng bin th h p xung
9Vol_AC, khi qua cu chnh lu c DC_ 9V, dng IC 7805 p cung cp 2 mc
in p cho ton mch l +12vol v +5vol
3.2. Khi pht tn hiu hng ngoi
Tn hiu ng ra ca IC 555 trong b pht hng ngoi l dng xung vung c tn s
1KHz v c truyn n led pht sng hng ngoi c tn s tng t. Tn hiu ra
chn s 3. Mch c pht xa khong 6m.
3.3. Khi thu tn hiu hng ngoi v pht tn hiu bo ng
Mt thu nhn tn hiu t mch pht a n opamp th nht n khuch i ln sau
chnh lu v lc thnh p DC. p DC ny s c so snh vi p chun, opamp
th 2 c s ding nh 1 b so snh p. Tn hiu ra c kch vo chn s 2 ca
IC555. IC555 ng vai tr nh 1 mch n n khi c tn hiu kch vo n th n s
lm loa bo ng vang ln mt thi gian v tt.
Bnh thng th loa bo ng khng ku nhng khi c ngi i qua th n s lm cho
mt thu mt tn hiu , p chnh lu gim xung kch IC555 lm loa vang ln

Hnh 3.1 s nguyn l mch pht

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Hnh 3.2 s nguyn l mch ngun v mch thu

jhin

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CHNG IV: THI CNG TI

Hnh 4.1 mch in mch pht

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Hnh 4.2 s mch in mch ngun v mch thu

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CHNG V : KT LUN
5.1 u im
mch n gin,d s dng t tn km c th s dng rng ri nhiu ni.
5.2 Nhc im
D b nhiu do nh sng trng i vo mt thu
Khong cch gia mch pht v mch thu cn hn ch
5.3 ti liu tham kho
5.3.1. Datasheet ca ICNE555, op-amp 741 www.datasheetall.com
5.3.2. Cc bi vit trn cc din n in t
- Din n www.dientuvietnam.net
V mt s ti liu trn google.com
5.4 phn mm s dng
Protues 7.5 phn mm s dng thit k mch

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