1

BI GING TM TT
H
H

A
A
H
H

C
C
N
N

C
C
T
T
H
H

I
I
-
-

K
K

T
T
H
H
U
U

T
T
X
X

L
L

N
N

C
C

nh (L u h n i b )

GV:T.s Trng Th T Oanh
2

CHNG 1 :
KHI NIM V HA HC NC V NC THI

I. KHI NIM
Nh c nc s sng trn tri t c tn ti v pht trin l nh c ngun ti
nguyn thin nhin: Nc
- Nc l cht lng duy nht tng th tch khi ng bng v trng lng gim
nn bng ni trn mt nc hin tng phn tng nhit trong cc h nc
v i dng
- Nhit ha hi cao nn tch ly nhit lng ln v phng thch khi ngng t
yu t chnh nh hng ti kh hu tan cu
- V mt ha hc, nc (H
2
O) c kh nng tham gia vo nhiu phn ng ha
hc (ha tan tt)ha tan kh oxy nhiu hn bt k cht lng no (31mL
O
2
/1 L nc) s sng xut hin c trong lng ao , h, bin, i dng.
Tan b nc cp sinh hat, nng nghip, cng nghip, dch v sau khi s dng
u tr thnh nc thi. Nc thi b nhim vi cc mc khc nhau v li
c vo mi trng. Ngoi ra do mt rng, suy gim lp thc vt che ph mt
t, lng nc ngt ngy cng d b mt (cc b) do bc hi v do mc nc
ngm. Nh vy, khi lng nc ngt c th s dng hin nay ch yu t sng h
v mt phn nc ngm rt hn ch m cn bi cn kit ( tng vng) v s
lng v b suy gim dn v cht lng
Ngun nc ngm thng c xu hng gim do khai thc nhiu m khng c
b sung kp thi. Hin nay, nc s dng trong cng nghip, nng nghip v sinh
hat chim 250 m
3
/nm/u ngi
iu t ra yu cu khn cp bo v ngun nc Phi x l sn
xut nc sch cho sinh hat v sn xut, hn ch thi cht nhim vo MT t
nhin.
-
II. HA HC NC
Cc hp cht v c v hu c trong nc t nhin c th tn ti dng ion ha
tan, kh ha tan, dng rn hoc lng. Chnh s phn b ca cc hp cht ny quyt
3

nh bn cht ca nc t nhin: nc ngt, nc l hoc nc mn; nc giu
dinh dng hoc nc ngho dinh dng; nc cng hoc nc mm; nc b
nhim nng hoc nh
II.1 Thnh phn ha hc trung bnh ca nc h v nc bin tan cu
Ta nhn thy tng nng cc ion ha tan trong nc bin cao hn rt nhiu so
vi trong nc sng. S ha tan cc cht rn (ion) trong nc chnh l yu t
quyt nh mn ca ngun nc. Nng cc ion ha tan cng cao dn in
(EC) ca nc cng cao. mn c th c xc nh qua EC, n v micro
Siemen/cm (S/cm).
mn (% hoc ppt) = K*EC (S/cm)*1000;
K=0,5---0,85 (ty tng vng).
Trong thc t, hm lng cc nguyn t ha hc phn b trong nc sng ph
thuc vo c im kh hu, a cht, a mo v v tr thy lc

II.2 S ha tan cc kh
Kh ha tan vo nc ch n 1 gii hn nht nh, gii hn ny gi l bo ha
Oxy: vi oxy bo ha ch yu ph thuc vo t
0
ca nc, p kh
quyn trn b mt ca nc v 1 phn vo mn ca nc. Trong iu kin
ngun nc khng b nhim do cc cht hu c khng bn (t nc thi sinh
hat, cng nghip thc phm, phn hy sinh khi), gi tr DO o c thng
gn bng gi tr oxy ha tan mc bo ha. Do thng s DO thng c s
dng nh gi mc nhim ngun nc do cht hu c. Khi nc b
nhim do cc cht hu c d b phn hy bi vi sinh vt th lng oxy ha tan
trong nc s b tiu th bt, do gi tr DO s rt thp so vi DO bo ha ti
iu kin . V vy, DO thng c s dng nh mt thng s nh gi mc
nhim cht hu c ca cc ngun nc. DO c ngha ln i vi qu trnh
t lm sch ca sng (assimilative capacity - AC): phn hy cht hu c trong
iu kin t nhin.
CO
2
: nng CO
2
ha tan trong nc ng mt vai tr quan trng.
Kh CO
2
c hp thu vo mi trng nc, phn ng vi nc to ra cc ion
carbonat (CO
3
2-
) v bicarbonat (HCO
3
-
). Nng CO
2
trong nc ph thuc vo
pH: pH thp CO
2
dng kh, pH 8-9 dng bicarbonat l ch yu, pH 10
dng carbonat chim t l cao (v diagram HCO
3
-
v CO
3
2-
). Nng CO
2
nh
4

hng trc tip n nhiu tnh cht, qu trnh ha hc, sinh hc ca nc nh
kim, axit, kh nng xm thc, qu trnh quang hp,
I I .2 Cc cht rn bao gm cc thnh phn v c, hu c v sinh vt c
phn thnh 2 lai da theo kch thc:
- Cht rn c th lc c c ng knh s 10
-6
m (1 m): Cht rn dng keo
v vi khun thuc loi cht rn dng keo.
- Cht rn khng th lc: cc cht rn c ng knh ln hn 10
-6
m: To, ht,
bn, sn, ct thuc loi cht rn c th lng..
Cc loi cht rn
- Cht rn bay hi v cht rn khng bay hi
Cht rn l lng (suspended solids SS):
Cht rn ha tan (dissolved solids - DS):
- Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS).
-Nc bin
V phng din ha hc, c th xem nc bin l dung dch hn hp ca
NaCl 0,5 M v MgSO
4
0,05 M, nc bin cng cha nhiu nguyn t ha hc
khc vi nng thp hn. Nc bin trn ton cu c nhng c im sau:
T l thnh phn cc cu t chnh n nh: nhn chung trn phm vi ton
cu, nc bin kh ng nht v t l thnh phn ca cc cu t chnh, nng
tuyt i ca cc cu t ny c th bin ng theo vng, khu vc:
a. T l Na/Cl: 0,55 0,56
b. T l Mg/Cl: 0,06 0,07
c. T l K/Cl: 0,02
pH n nh: pH ca nc bin gn nh lun n nh gi tr 8,1 0,2
trn phm vi ton cu. iu ny c gii thch do:
a. Tc dng m ca h m H
2
CO
3
HCO
3

CO
3
2

b.Tc dng m ca h m B(OH)
3
B(OH)
4


c. Cn bng trao i gia cc cation ha tan trong nc bin vi lp silicat
trm tch y i dng:
pE n nh: pE ca nc bin cng c gi tr n nh trong khong 12,5
0,2. Do nc bin khng nhng c tc dng m pH m cn c kh nng m
oxy ha kh.


5

- Nc sng
Nng cc nguyn t ha hc trong nc sng phn b ph thuc vo c
im kh hu, a cht, a mo v v tr thy vc. Nhn chung, c im thnh
phn cc ion ha tan ca cc dng sng trn th gii do 3 yu t ch o quyt
nh:
nh hng ca nc ma (vng nhit i nhiu ma).
nh hng ca s bc hi kt tinh (vng sa mc).
nh hng ca s phong ha (vng n i, t ma).
vng ca sng, thnh phn ha hc ca nc b nh hng mnh bi
thnh phn ha hc ca nc bin, c bit l cc ion Cl

, Na
+
, SO
4
2
v HCO
3

.
III. CHT LNG NGUN NC
Ngun nc c th s dng c cho cc mc ch khc nhau ca con ngi,
chng ta phi xc nh cc tnh cht vt l, tnh cht ha hc ca nc nh gi
cht lng ngun nc. Cc tiu chun nh gi cht lng ngun nc da vo
cc yu t sau:
A. CH TI U VT L
1. Nhit : Nhit ca nc n nh v ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng.
Nhit ca nc nh hng n qu trnh x l v cc nhu cu tiu th.
2. mu: Mu ca nc do cc cht l lng trong nc to nn, cc cht l lng
ny c th l thc vt hoc cc cht hu c di dng keo. mu khng gy c
hi n sc khe.
3. c: c nh gi s c mt ca cc cht l lng trong nc nh
hng n truyn nh sng. c khng gy c hi n sc khe nhng nh
hng n qu trnh lc v kh trng nc.
4. Mi v: Cc cht kh, khong v mt s ha cht ha tan trong nc lm cho
nc c mi. Cc mi v thng gp: mi t, mi tanh, mi thi, mi ha hc c
trng nh Clo, amoniac, v cht, mn, chua
5. Cn: Gm c cn l lng v cn ha tan (v c v hu c), cn khng gy c
hi n sc khe nhng nh hng n qu trnh x l nc.
6

6. Tnh phng x: Nc ngm thng nhim cc cht phng x t nhin, thng
nc ny v hi i khi c th dng cha bnh. Nhng nu ch tiu ny b
nhim bi cc cht phng x t nc thi, khng kh, t cc cht c hi vt qu
gii hn cho php th rt nguy him.
B. CH TI U HA HC
1. pH: Phn nh tnh axit hay tnh kim ca nc. pH nh hng n cc hot
ng sinh hc trong nc, tnh n mn, tnh ha tan.
2. acid: Trong nc thin nhin acid l do s c mt ca CO
2
, CO
2
c
hp th t kh quyn hoc t qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c trong nc thi
cng nghip (chim a s) v nc phn. acid khng gy c hi n sc khe
con ngi nhng nh hng n qu trnh x l nc cp v nc thi.
3. kim: do 3 ion chnh HCO
3
-
, OH
-
, CO
3
2-
lm cho nc c kim. Nc c
kim cao lm cho ngi s dng nc cm thy kh chu trong ngi. kim
nh hng n qu trnh keo t, kh st, lm mm nc, kim tra n mn, kh
nng m ca nc thi, ca bn.
4. cng: cng ca nc biu th hm lng cc ion Ca
2+
v Mg
2+.
cng
khng gy c hi n sc khe con ngi, nhng dng nc c cng cao s
tiu hao nhiu x bng khi git , tng n mn i vi cc thit b trao i
nhit, ni hi to nn cn bm, khe nt gy n ni hi.
5. Clorur (Cl
-
): Clorur trong nc biu th mn. Clorur khng gy c hi n
sc khe con ngi nhng dng lu s gy nn bnh thn.
6. Sulfat (SO
4
2-
): Sulfat tiu biu cho ngun nc b nhim phn hoc nc c
ngun gc khong cht hoc hu c. Sulfat gy c hi n sc khe con ngi v
sunfat c tnh nhun trng. Nc c Sulfat cao s c v cht, ung vo s gy bnh
tiu chy.
7. St (Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
): St tn ti trong nc dng st III (dng keo hu c, huyn
ph), dng st II (ha tan). St cao tuy khng gy c hi n sc khe con ngi
nhng nc s c mi tanh kh chu v ni vng b mt, lm vng qun o khi
git, h hng cc sn phm ngnh dt, giy, phim nh, hp, ng cn trong
ng ng v cc thit b khc lm tc nghn cc ng dn nc.
8. Mangan (Mn
2+
): Mangan c trong nc vi hm lng thp hn st nhng
cng gy nhiu tr ngi ging nh st.
7

9. Oxy ha tan (DO): Oxy ha tan trong nc ph thuc vo cc yu t: nhit ,
p sut v c tnh ca ngun nc (thnh phn ha hc, vi sinh, thy sinh). Xc
nh lng Oxy ha tan l phng tin kim sot nhim v kim tra hiu qu
x l.
10. Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD): L lng oxy cn thit oxy ha ht cc hp
cht hu c c trong nc. Nc nhim bn s c oxy ha cao phi tn nhiu
ha cht cho cng tc kh trng.
11. Nhu cu Oxy sinh ha (BOD): L lng oxy cn thit vi khun s dng
phn hy cht hu c di iu kin hiu kh. Ch tiu ny nh gi kh nng
t lm sch ca ngun nc. BOD cng cao chng t mc nhim cng nng.
12. Florur (F
-
): Trong thin nhin, cc hp cht ca florur kh bn vng, t b
phn hy bi qu trnh lm sch. Nu thng xuyn dng nc c florur ln hn
1,3mg/l hoc nh hn 0,7mg/l u d mc bnh h hi men rng.
13. Dihydro sulfur (H
2
S): Kh ny l sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy cc cht
hu c, rc thi. Kh ny lm nc c mi trng thi kh chu, vi nng cao,
n c tnh n mn vt liu.
14. Cc hp cht ca acid Silicic (Si): trong nc nu c cc hp cht axit silicic
s rt nguy him do cn silicat lng ng trn thnh ni, thnh ng lm gim kh
nng truyn nhit v gy tc ng.
15. Photphat (PO
4
2-
): C pht pht v c v photphat hu c. Trong mi trng t
nhin, P hu c hu ht l nhng cht mang c tnh mnh di dng thuc dit
cn trng, cc v kh ha hc. Photphat lm ha cht bn cy, cht kch thch tng
trng, cht to bt trong bt git, cht lm mm nc, kch thch tng trng
nhiu loi vi sinh vt, phiu sinh vt, to photphat gy nhiu tc ng trong vic
bo v mi trng.
16. Nit (N) v cc hp cht cha Nit (NH
4
+
, NO
2
-
, NO
3
-
): S phn hy ca rc
thi, cc cht hu c c trong nc thi sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip to thnh
cc sn phm amoniac, nitrt, nitrt. S hin din ca cc hp cht ny l cht ch
th nhn bit trng thi nhim bn ca ngun nc.
17. Kim loi nng: c mt li v mt hi:
- Mt li: vi hm lng hu ch, gip duy tr v iu ha nhng hot ng ca c
th.
8

- Mt hi: vi hm lng cao gy kh chu hoc dn n ng c.
18. Cc thnh phn c hi khc: L thnh phn cc cht m ch tn ti trong
nc vi mt hm lng rt nh cng gy c hi n tnh mng con ngi,
thm ch gy t vong, l cc cht: Arsen (As), Berili (Be), Cadimi (Cd), Cyanur
(CN), Crm (Cr), Thy ngn (Hg), Niken (Ni), Ch (Pb), Antimoin (Sb), Selen
(Se), Vanadi (V). Mt vi gam thy ngn hoc Cadimi c th gy cht ngi, vi
hm lng nh hn chng tch ly trong cc b phn ca c th cho ti lc
hm lng gy ng c. Ch tch ly trong xng, Cadimi tch ly trong thn v
gan, thy ngn tch ly trong cc t bo no.
19. Cht bo v du m: Cht bo v du m d phn tn v khuyt tn rng. Cht
bo a vo ngun nc t cc ngun nc thi, cc l st sinh, cng nghip sn
xut du n, lc du, ch bin thc phm Cht bo ngn s ha tan oxy vo
nc, git cc vi sinh vt cn thit cho vic t lm sch ngun nc.
20. Thuc dit c v tr su: Thuc dit c v tr su ngoi vic gy nhim
vng canh tc cn c kh nng lan rng theo dng chy, gy ra cc tn thng trn
h thn kinh nu tip xc lu ngy, chng cng c th tch t trong c th gy ra
nhng bin i gien hoc cc bnh nguy him.
C. CH TI U SI NH HA
1. Tng s vi trng: Ch tiu ny nh gi mt vi trng trong nc, cc vi
khun ny hoc sng trong nc, hoc t t ra tri vo nc hoc t cc cht
bi tit. Ch tiu ny khng nh gi v mt c hi i vi sc khe m ch nh
gi cht lng ngun nc.
2. Coliform: Coliform sng k sinh trong ng tiu ha ca ngi v ng vt,
ch tiu ny dng xem xt s nhim bn ca nc bi cc cht thi.
3. E. Coli: Ch tiu ny nh gi s nhim phn ca ngun nc nhiu hay t
(nhim phn ngi hoc ng vt), gy nh hng n sc khe con ngi, i
khi thnh dch bnh lan truyn.
IV. CC TIU CHUN, QUY CHUN LIN QUAN N CHT
LNG NC
Tiu chun cht lng nc c t ra xc nh ngun nc c thch hp
cho mc ch s dng hay khng. Thng thng tiu chun cht lng nc
thng quy nh v mc / nng cho php ca cc cht hin din trong nc
9

Cc tiu chun lin quan n cht lng nc
TCVN 6773:2000 - Cht lng nc - Cht lng nc dng cho thu li.
TCVN 6774:2000 - Cht lng nc - Cht lng nc ngt bo v i sng thu
sinh.
TCVN 6980:2001 - Cht lng nc - Tiu chun nc thi cng nghip thi vo
vc nc sng dng cho mc ch cp Nc sinh hot
TCVN 6981:2001 - Cht lng nc - Tiu chun nc thi cng nghip thi vo
vc nc h dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot.
TCVN 6982:2001 - Cht lng nc - Tiu chun nc thi cng nghip thi vo
vc nc sng dng cho mc ch th thao v gii tr di nc.
TCVN 6983:2001 - Cht lng nc - Tiu chun nc thi cng nghip thi vo
vc nc h dng cho mc ch th thao v gii tr di nc.
TCVN 6984:2001 - Cht lng nc - Tiu chun nc thi cng nghip thi vo
vc nc sng dng cho mc ch bo v thu sinh.
TCVN 6985:2001 - Cht lng nc - Tiu chun nc thi cng nghip thi vo
vc nc h dng cho mc ch bo v thu sinh.
TCVN 6986:2001 - Cht lng nc - Tiu chun nc thi cng nghip thi vo
vc nc bin ven b dng cho mc ch bo v thu sinh.
TCVN 6987:2001 - Cht lng nc - Tiu chun nc thi cng nghip thi vo
vc nc bin ven b dng cho mc ch th thao v gii tr
di nc.
Cc qui chun k thut quc gia
1. QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc mt
2. QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc
ngm
3. QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia nc bin ven b
4. QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi sinh hot
5. QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng
nghip

10

CHNG 2 :

CC CHU TRNH HA HC TRONG K THUT
MI TRNG


I. CC QU TRNH V PHN NG HA HC TRONG MI
TRNG NC
I.1 Phn ng to phc
Nc t nhin c cha rt nhiu ion v hp cht c kh nng to phc mnh,
v d axit humic, amino axit, ion clorua,.... Ngoi ra, trong nc t nhin cn c
cc tc nhn to phc nhn to xut pht t cc loi cht thi cng nghip thi vo
cc ngun nc.
Cc tc nhn to phc ny c th to phc vi hu ht cc ion kim loi c
trong nc (Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
, Mn
2+
, Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Cu
2+
, Zn
2+
, Co
2+
, Ni
2+
, Sr
2+
, Cd
2+
, Ba
2+
).
Do cc phn ng to phc nu, nn cc ion kim loi thng tn ti trong nc
di nhiu dng khc nhau, ty theo pH, cc tc nhn c mt,... v rt t khi tn ti
di dng ion t do n l.
Phn ng to phc xy ra trong nc c th nh hng n cc phn ng
ring ca phi t v cc kim loi, lm thay i mc oxy ha ca ion kim loi, ha
tan cc hp cht khng tan ca kim loi. Ngc li, phn ng to phc cng c th
lm kt ta mt s kim loi di dng hp cht phc.
Nhiu cation kim loi b gi li trong t do qu trnh trao i ion, nhng
khi to phc vi mt s phi t mang in tch m, cc ion kim loi s to thnh
cc anion phc v do khng cn b hp th vo t na.
Hp cht humic l cc phi t to phc quan trng nht thng gp trong
nc t nhin. Tnh cht ca nc t nhin b nh hng ng k bi s c mt
ca cc hp cht humic do tnh axit - baz, kh nng hp ph v to phc ca
chng. Axit fulvic tan c trong nc, do nh hng trc tip n cht lng
nc; axit humic v humin tuy khng tan c trong nc nhng cng c kh
nng nh hng n tnh cht nc thng qua kh nng trao i ion v cht hu
c vi nc.
11

Do c kh nng lin kt vi nhiu ion kim loi v khng tan trong nc,
nn humin v axit humic c kh nng tch ly mt lng ln kim loi trong trm
tch.
I.2 Phn ng oxy ha-kh
Hin tng oxyha-kh rt quan trng trong ha hc nc v nc thi. Trong
nc mt cc cht nhim hu c bi oxy ha bi oxy ha tan trong nc, phn
ng ny lm lng oxy ha tan b gim i iu ny nh hng n s sng ca cc
thy sinh vt hiu kh trong nc (tm , c)
Trong qu trnh XL nc thi, phn ng oxy ha kh c ng dng trong 1 cng
an ca chui h thng XL
S bin i NH
4
+
, NO
2
-
, NO
3
-
trong nc
- Trong nc, rt nhiu phn ng oxy ho kh xy ra c xc tc bi VSV.
Cc VSV l cc cht xc tc, oxy s oxy ha cc cht hu c,
- Rt nhiu cht trong nc c kh nng trao i c H+ v e.
- S dch chuyn ca e trong phn ng oxyha-kh km theo s dch chuyn
ca ion H+ v y c mi quan h cht ch gia qu trnh oxyha-kh v
qu trnh acid-base
Trong mi trng nc, hin tng oxy ha kh xy ra nh sau:
- mi trng kh, trong lp bn lng ky kh, carbon ca CO
2
( lp nc
cn c th bi kh n CH
4
. Trong trng hp lp nc di y tr nn k kh,
c th tn ti cc cht trng thi b kh nh: Fe
2+
, Mn
2+
, CH
4
, NH
4
+
, H
2
S. S bo
ha DO trong nc lm cho lp nc b mt c tnh oxy ha v nng oxy cao
(mi trng oxy ha). S oxy ha kh trong nc nh hng rt ln n cht
lng nc v i sng ca cc thy sinh.
II. CC CHU TRNH CHUYN HA TRONG NC
Vai tr ca vi sinh vt trong cc chuyn ha ha hc ca mi trng nc. Cc vi
sinh vt, vi khun, nm mc v to ng vai tr trung gian to iu kin cho nhiu
chuyn ha ha hc xy ra trong nc v t. Vi sinh vt thng qua nhiu phn
ng khc nhau to thnh nhiu loi trm tch v cc khong vt sa lng. Nhiu loi
vi sinh vt tham gia vo nhiu chu trnh chuyn ha ca cc nguyn t trong mi
trng, v vy cc chu trnh ny c gi l chu trnh sinh a ha.


12

II.1 Phn ng chuyn ha cacbon
Vi sinh vt ng mt vai tr quan trng trong chu trnh cacbon. Cc loi to
quang hp l loi sinh vt c nh cacbon quan trng nht trong mi trng nc.
To quang hp tiu th CO
2
, lm pH ca nc tng v do lm kt ta CaCO
3

v CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
. Lng cacbon hu c c to thnh nh hot ng ca vi
sinh vt s tip tc b chnh vi sinh vt phn hy chuyn ha trong chu trnh sinh
a ha thnh nhin liu ha thch nh du m, than , than bn, Cacbon hu
c trong sinh khi, nhin liu ha thch c th b vi sinh vt phn hy hon ton
to thnh CO
2
. C th tm tt cc qu trnh chuyn ha cacbon c lin quan n vi
sinh vt nh sau:
Quang hp: l qu trnh trong to hoc cc loi thc vt bc cao, vi
khun quang hp s dng nng lng nh sng c nh cacbon thnh cht hu
c:
CO
2
+ H
2
O + hv {CH
2
O} + O
2
(k)
Qa trnh hiu kh: l qu trnh trong cht hu c b oxy ha trong
iu kin c oxy phn t O
2
:
{CH
2
O} + O
2
(k) CO
2
+ H
2
O
Qa trnh k kh: qu trnh oxy ha cht hu c s dng ngun oxy kt
hp nh NO
3

, SO
4
2
, khng s dng oxy phn t.
S phn hy sinh khi: vi khun hoc nm mc phn hy xc ng thc
vt, chuyn cacbon hu c, nit, lu hunh, photpho thnh cc dng hp cht hu
c hoc v c n gin c th hp th bi thc vt.
Qu trnh to metan: cc cht hu c c th b vi khun to metan
(methane-forming bacteria) nh Methanobacterium chuyn thnh metan trong
iu kin thiu kh (anoxic) lp trm tch bng phn ng ln men (y l mt
loi phn ng oxy ha kh, trong cht oxy ha v cht kh u l cht hu c):
2{CH
2
O} CH
4
+ CO
2

qu trnh ny ng vai tr quan trng trong chu trnh cacbon. Qu trnh ny cung
cp khong 80% lng CH
4
cho kh quyn.
Qu trnh phn hy cc hp cht hydrocacbon: cc hp cht
hydrocacbon ln c th b Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium v
13

Nocardia oxy ha trong iu kin hiu kh. Nh c qu trnh ny m cht thi du
m c th b phn hy trong nc v trong t. V d cc phn ng:
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
O
2
H + O
2
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
O
2
H + 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
S phn hy sinh hc cc hp cht hu c: nh cc qu trnh xy ra trong
qu trnh x l nc thi th. C th biu din s phn hy ny bng phn ng
i din sau:
{CH
2
O} + O
2
(k) CO
2
+ H
2
O + sinh khi
II.2 Phn ng chuyn ha nit
Chu trnh nit l mt trong cc qu trnh ha hc quan trng nht trong
nc v t c s tham gia ca vi sinh vt. Qu trnh ny da vo 4 chuyn ha
quan trng:
C nh nit (nitrogen fixation): l qu trnh trong phn t N2 t kh
quyn c chuyn thnh nit hu c (ch yu do vi khun Rhizobium):
3{CH
2
O} + 2N
2
+ 3H
2
O + 4H
+
3CO
2
+ 4NH
4
+

Nitrat ha (nitrification): l qu trnh oxy ha NH3 hoc NH4+ thnh
NO
3

(do vi khun Nitrozomonas v Nitrobacter):

NH
3
+ 3/2 O
2
H
+
+ NO
2

+ H
2
O (Nitrosomonas)
NO
2

+ O
2
NO
3

(Nitrobacter)
nitrat ha ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong t nhin, n cung cp ion nitrat
cho thc vt hp th (y l dng nit ch yu thc vt c th hp th c). Phn
bn dng mui amoni s c vi khun chuyn ha thnh nitrat thc vt c th
hp th tt nht.
Kh nitrat (nitrate reduction): l qu trnh kh NO
3

thnh NO
2

:
NO
3

+ {CH
2
O} NO
2

+ H
2
O + CO
2

Denitrat ha (denitrification): l qu trnh trong NO
3

v NO
2

b kh
thnh N
2
trong iu kin khng c oxy t do:
4NO
3

+ 5{CH
2
O} + 4H
+
2N
2
| + 5CO
2
| + 7H
2
O
qu trnh denitrat ha cng c th to thnh NO v N
2
O.
14

II. 3 Phn ng chuyn ha lu hunh
Chu trnh lu hunh c lin quan n s chuyn ha qua li gia cc dng
hp cht khc nhau ca lu hunh nh: hp cht sulfat v c tan, hp cht sulfat
khng tan, hp cht sinh hc cha lu hunh, hp cht hu c tng hp cha lu
hunh. Cc qu trnh c s tham gia ca vi sinh vt trong chu trnh lu hunh bao
gm:
Kh sulfat thnh sulfua di tc dng ca cc vi khun nh
Desulfovibrio:
SO
4
2
+ 2{CH
2
O} + 2H
+
H
2
S + 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
H
2
S to thnh do c v c mi kh chu nn c th lm gim cht lng
nc.
Oxy ha sulfua di tc dng ca cc vi khun nh Thiobacillus:
2H
2
S + 4O
2
4H
+
+ 2SO
4
2

Mt s loi vi khun oxy ha sulfua c th chu c mi trng axit v rt
nguy him cho mi trng. V d, cc vi khun loi ny c th oxy ha pyrite
FeS
2
trong nc r r t m khai thc qung to thnh axit sulfuric. Axit to thnh
s ha tan nhiu kim loi trong qung v cui cng i vo cc ngun nc ngm /
nc mt v gy nhim.
Qu trnh phn hy cc hp cht hu c c cha lu hunh di tc
dng ca vi khun c th to ra cc cht hu c cha lu hunh bay hi v c mi
kh chu, nh metyl thiol CH
3
SH, dimetyl disulfua CH
3
SSCH
3
. Qu trnh phn
hy ny cng to ra H
2
S.
II.4 Phn ng chuyn ha photpho
Cc qu trnh c s tham gia ca vi sinh vt trong t v nc ng mt vai
tr quan trng trong chu trnh photpho. Mt s vi khun c kh nng tch ly
photpho t nc tt hn to. Photpho tch ly trong t bo v c th gii phng tr
li gip vi khun pht trin khi mi trng thiu cht dinh dng ny.
Photphat (PO
4
3
): cng nh nitrat, photphat l cht dinh dng cn cho s
pht trin ca thc vt thy sinh. Nng photphat trong cc ngun nc khng
nhim thng nh hn 0,01 mg/L. Nc sng b nhim do nc thi th,
nc thi cng nghip hoc nc chy trn t ng rung cha nhiu loi phn
15

bn, c th c nng photphat n 0,5 mg/L. Photphat khng thuc loi ha cht
c hi i vi con ngi, nhiu tiu chun cht lng nc khng quy nh nng
ti a cho photphat.
Mc d khng c hi i vi ngi, song khi c mt trong nc nng
tng i ln, cng vi nit, photphat s gy ra hin tng ph dng
(eutrophication). Theo nhiu tc gi, khi hm lng photphat trong nc t n
mc > 0,01 mg/l (tnh theo P) v t l P:N:C vt qu 1:16:100, th s gy ra hin
tng ph dng ngun nc. Hin tng ph dng thng xy ra vi cc h,
hoc cc vng nc t lu thng trao i.
Sulfat (SO
4
2
)
Cc ngun nc t nhin, c bit nc bin v nc phn, thng c nng
sulfat cao. Sulfat trong nc c th b vi sinh vt chuyn ha to ra sulfit v
axit sulfuric c th gy n mn ng ng v b tng. nng cao, sulfat c th
gy hi cho cy trng.
Clorua (Cl

)
L mt trong cc ion quan trng trong nc v nc thi. Clorua kt hp
vi cc ion khc nh natri, kali gy ra v cho nc. Ngun nc c nng clorua
cao c kh nng n mn kim loi, gy hi cho cy trng, gim tui th ca cc
cng trnh bng b tng,... Nhn chung clorua khng gy hi cho sc khe con
ngi, nhng clorua c th gy ra v mn ca nc do t nhiu nh hng n
mc ch n ung v sinh hot.
Cc kim loi nng
Pb, Hg, Cr, Cd, As, Mn,...thng c trong nc thi cng nghip. Hu ht
cc kim loi nng u c c tnh cao i vi con ngi v cc ng vt khc.
Ch (Pb): ch c trong nc thi ca cc c s sn xut pin, acqui, luyn
kim, ha du. Ch cn c a vo mi trng nc t ngun khng kh b
nhim do kh thi giao thng. Ch c kh nng tch ly trong c th, gy c thn
kinh, gy cht nu b nhim c nng. Ch cng rt c i vi ng vt thy sinh.
Cc hp cht ch hu c c gp 10 100 ln so vi ch v c i vi cc loi c.
Thy ngn (Hg): thy ngn l kim loi c s dng trong nng nghip
(thuc chng nm) v trong cng nghip (lm in cc). Trong t nhin, thy
ngn c a vo mi trng t ngun kh ni la. cc vng c m thy ngn,
16

nng thy ngn trong nc kh cao. Nhiu loi nc thi cng nghip c cha
thy ngn dng mui v c ca Hg(I), Hg(II) hoc cc hp cht hu c cha
thy ngn.
Thy ngn cng rt c vi cc ng vt khc v cc vi sinh vt. Nhiu loi
hp cht ca thy ngn c dng dit nm mc.
Arsen (As): asen trong cc ngun nc c th do cc ngun gy nhim
t nhin (cc loi khong cha arsen) hoc ngun nhn to (luyn kim, khai
khong...). Arsen thng c mt trong nc di dng arsenit (AsO
3
3
), arsenat
(AsO
4
3
) hoc arsen hu c (cc hp cht loi methyl arsen c trong mi trng
do cc phn ng chuyn ha sinh hc arsen v c).
Arsen v cc hp cht ca n l cc cht c mnh (cho ngi, cc ng
vt khc v vi sinh vt), n c kh nng tch ly trong c th v gy ung th. c
tnh ca cc dng hp cht arsen: As(III) > As(V) > Arsen hu c.
II. 5 Phn ng chuyn ha st
Mt s vi khun (nh Ferrobacillus, Gallionella, Sphaerotilus) c th s
dng cc hp cht ca st ly nng lng cho qu trnh ng ha ca chng,
thng qua qu trnh oxy ha Fe(II) thnh Fe(III) vi oxy phn t:
4Fe
2+
+ 4H
+
+ O
2
4Fe
3+
+ 2H
2
O
Ngi ta thng tm thy nhng lng ln st (III) oxid tch t di dng bn sa
lng nhng ni vi khun oxy ha st pht trin mnh.
17

CHNG 3:
HA NC NHIM NC


I. CC CHT NHIM CHNH TRONG MI TRNG NC
I.1 nhim mi trng nc
nhim nc c ngun gc t nhin: Do ma, tuyt tan, gi bo, l lt a
vo mi trng nc cht thi bn, cc sinh vt v vi sinh vt c hi k c xc cht
ca chng.
nhim nc c ngun gc nhn to: Qu trnh thi cc cht c hi ch
yu di dng lng nh cc cht thi sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip, giao
thng vo mi trng nc.
Theo bn cht cc tc nhn gy nhim, ngi ta phn ra cc loi
nhim nc: nhim v c, hu c, nhim ho cht, nhim sinh hc, nhim
bi cc tc nhn vt l. C nhiu cht gy nhim nc. Tc hi ca cc cht gy
nhim khng nhng ty thuc vo tnh cht vt l, ha hc m cn ph thuc
vo dng tn ti ca chng trong mi trng. V d: arsen l nguyn t c, nhng
cc dng arsen khc nhau th c c tnh khc nhau, cc hp cht v c ca As
(III) c hn cc hp cht As (V) tng ng, cn arsen dng (CH
3
)
2
As +
CH
3
COO

(arsenobetain) c nhiu trong hi sn li t c...

V vy, khi nh gi v mc nhim nc, khng nhng ch cn phn
tch xc nh s c mt ca nguyn t, hoc hp cht gy nhim m cn phi xc
nh c dng tn ti ca n trong mi trng (speciation).
Do hot ng t nhin v nhn to m thnh phn v cht lng ca nc
trong mi trng c th b thay i. Sau mt thi gian nc c th t lm sch
thng qua cc qu trnh t nhin nh hp ph, lng, lc, to keo, phn tn, oxy
ha, kh, polime ha, bin i di tc dng ca vi sinh vt... Kh nng t lm
sch ca nc ch ng k i vi cc ngun nc c lu thng (sng, sui,...). Do
trong iu kin c dng chy oxy t khng kh mi c th khuch tn v ha tan
vo nc tham gia vo qu trnh phn hy cc cht nhim ca vi sinh vt. Khi
a mt lng qu nhiu cht gy nhim vo cc ngun nc t nhin, vt qu
kh nng t lm sch ca n th ngun nc s b nhim.
18

I.2. Cc ngun gy nhim nc
Cc ngun gy nhim nc ch yu xut pht t qu trnh sinh hot v
hot ng sn xut ca con ngi to nn (cng nghip, th cng nghip, nng
ng nghip, giao thng thy, dch v). nhim nc do cc yu t t nhin (ni
la, xi mn, bo, lt,...) c th rt nghim trng, nhng khng thng xuyn, v
khng phi l nguyn nhn chnh gy suy thoi cht lng nc ton cu. Cc
ngun gy nhim nc thng gp l nc thi


Cc tiu ch nhim chnh thng c s dng so snh l COD (nhu
cu oxy ha hc), BOD
5
(nhu cu oxy sinh ha), SS (cht rn l lng).
Nc sng b nhim do cc yu t t nhin: nc sng vng ven bin v
c th cc vng khc su hn trong ni a cng c th b nhim mn. Nc
sng b nhim mn theo cc knh rch a nc mn vo cc h cha... gy nhim
mn cc vng xa b bin. Nc sng, knh rch b nhim phn c th chuyn axit,
st, nhm... n cc vng khc gy suy gim cht lng nc vng b tc ng.
Ngi ta thng chia cc ngun gy nhim nc thnh hai loi l ngun
im v ngun khng im:
Ngun im (point source): l ngun gy nhim c th xc nh c v
tr, lu lng c th, v d cng thi nc thi th vo sng, h, cng thi nh
my,...
19

Ngun khng im (nonpoint source): l ngun gy nhim khng xc
nh c c th v tr, lu lng, v d nc chy trn khu th, nng thn,
nc ma b nhim,...
Phn loi cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng nc
cc cht hu c d b phn hy sinh hc hoc cc cht tiu th oxy;
cc cht hu c bn vng;
cc kim loi nng; cc ion v c;
cc kh ha tan;
du m;
cc cht phng x;
vi trng;
cc cht c mi;
cc cht rn.

Cc yu t nh hng n nng ca cht nhim trong mi trng nc
phng thc a cht nhim vo mi trng;
tnh cht vt l ca cht nhim;
tnh cht ha hc ca cht nhim;
tnh cht sinh ha (kh nng chuyn ha) ca cht nhim;
c im tc dng sinh hc (tch ly sinh hc ca cht nhim);
iu kin kh tng thy vn;
pH ca mi trng, bn vng ca cht nhim.

II. CC LOI NC THI- C TNH-NGUN X THI
Nc thi sinh hat:
Nc thi sinh hat l nc c thi b sau khi s dng thng c thi
ra t cc cc cn h gia nh, c quan, trng hc, bnh vin, ch, v cc cng
trnh cng cng khc. Lng nc thi ny ca khu dn c ph thuc vo dn s,
vo tiu chun cp nc. nhng khu dn c ng c, iu kin v sinh thp
km, nc thi sinh hat khng c x l thch ng l mt trong nhng ngun
gy nhim mi trng nghim trng.
Nc thi sinh hat cha nhiu cht hu c d b phn hy sinh hc, cc
thnh phn v c, vi sinh vt v vi trng gy bnh. Cht hu c cha trong nc
20

thi sinh hat bao gm cc hp cht nh protein (40 50%); carbohydrat (40 -
50%) gm tinh bt, ng v xenlulo; v cc cht bo (5 -10%). Nng cht hu
c trong nc thi sinh hat dao ng trong khang 150 450% mg/l theo trng
lng kh. C khang 20 40% cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc.
Lng nc thi sinh hot dao ng trong phm vi rt ln, ty thuc vo
mc sng v cc thi quen ca ngi dn. Nc thi sinh hot c thnh phn vi
cc gi tr in hnh nh sau: COD = 500 mg/l, BOD
5
= 250 mg/l, SS = 220 mg/l,
P = 8 mg/l, N-NH
3
& N
org.
= 40 mg/l, pH = 6.8, TS = 720mg/l.
Nc thi th: thnh phn c bn cng gn tng t nc thi
sinh hot (to thnh do s gp chung nc thi sinh hot + nc thi v sinh +
nc thi ca cc c s thng mi, cng nghip nh)
Nc thi cng nghip (industrial wastewater): l nc thi t cc
c s sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip, giao thng vn ti.
Khc vi nc thi sinh hot hay nc thi th, nc thi cng nghip
khng c thnh phn c bn ging nhau, m ph thuc vo ngnh sn xut cng
nghip c th. V d: nc thi ca cc x nghip ch bin thc phm thng cha
lng ln cc cht hu c; nc thi ca cc x nghip thuc da ngoi cc cht
hu c cn c cc kim loi nng, sulfua,...
c tnh nhim v nng ca nc thi cng nghip rt khc nhau ph
thuc vo lai hnh cng nghip v ch cng ngh la chn. Lu lng nc
thi ca cc x nghip cng nghip c xc nh ch yu bi c tnh sn phm
c sn xut. Thnh phn nc thi sn xut rt a dng, thm ch ngay trong 1
ngnh cng nghip, s liu cng c th thay i ng k do mc hon thin ca
cng ngh sn xut hoc iu kin mi trng.
i lng PE (population equivalent) thng c s dng so snh
mt cch tng i mc gy nhim ca nc thi cng nghip vi nc thi
th. i lng ny c xc nh da vo lng thi trung bnh ca mt ngi
trong mt ngy i vi mt tc nhn gy nhim xc nh. Cc tc nhn gy
nhim chnh thng c s dng so snh l COD (nhu cu oxy ha hc),
BOD
5
(nhu cu oxy sinh ha), SS (cht rn l lng).
21

V d: tnh PE ca ngun nc thi c lu lng l 200 m
3
/ngy m, nng
BOD
5
ca nc thi l 1200 mg/L. Lng BOD
5
trung bnh do mt ngi thi
ra trong mt ngy l 50 g/ngi.ngy.
Nh vy, xt i vi thng s BOD
5
, nc thi ca ngun thi ny tng
ng vi nc thi ca mt khu dn c c 4 800 ngi.

III. QUAN TRC MI TRNG NC (MONITORING)- NH GI
TC NG MI TRNG
Quan trc mi trng l vic theo di thng xuyn cht lng mi
trng vi cc trng tm, trng im hp l nhm phc v cc hot ng bo v
mi trng v pht trin bn vng. Cc mc tiu c th ca quan trc mi trng
gm:
Cung cp cc nh gi v din bin cht lng mi trng trn quy m
quc gia, phc v vic xy dng bo co hin trng mi trng.
Cung cp cc nh gi v din bin cht lng mi trng ca tng vng
trng im c quan trc phc v cc yu cu tc thi ca cc cp qun l
nh nc v bo v mi trng.
Cnh bo kp thi cc din bin bt thng hay cc nguy c nhim, suy
thoi mi trng.
Xy dng c s d liu v cht lng mi trng phc v vic lu tr,
cung cp v trao i thng tin trong phm vi quc gia v quc t.
III.1 Cc thng s quan trc mi trng nc
- Mi trng nc mt: pH, nhit , TDS, EC, SS, DO, OD, COD, N-NH,
N-NO, c, Fe, Cl
-
, S
2-
, SO
4
2-
, PO
4
3
, du m khong, Coliform.
- Mi trng nc ma : pH, dn in (EC), NO
2
, SO
4
2-
, NO
3
-
, Cl
-
, NH
4
+
,
Na
+
, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, K
+
, PO
4
3-

22



III.2 Tn sut v thi gian ly mu
- Ty thuc vo yu cu cng tc qun l mi trng, c im ngun nc.
- Khi c nhng thay i theo chu k hay thng xuyn, cn thit k khng
gian v thi gian gia 2 ln ly mu lin tip pht hin c nhng thay i.
- Quan trc s c MT-thu mu hng ngy hoc nhiu ln trong ngy.
- V nguyn tc, tn s thu mu cng dy, chnh xc ca nh gi cng
cao.

23



24

III.3 nh gi tc ng mi trng
nh gi tc ng mi vit tt l TM (ting Anh l EIA) l qu trnh phn
tch, nh gi, d bo nh hng n mi trng ca cc d n quy hoch, pht
trin kinh t - x hi, ca cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh, cng trnh kinh t, khoa
hc k thut, y t, vn ho, x hi, an ninh, quc phng v cc cng trnh khc
xut cc gii php thch hp v bo v mi trng.
Cc hot ng k trn tc ng n mi trng c th tt hoc xu, c li
hoc c hi nhng vic nh gi tc ng mi trng s gip nhng nh ra quyt
nh ch ng la chn nhng phng n kh thi v ti u v kinh t v k thut
trong bt c mt k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi no.


25

CHNG 4 :
CC K THUT X L NC V NC THI

I. CHT LNG NC

Cht lng ngun nc l mt yu t quan trng quyt nh cng ngh x
l nc, xc nh cc thng s v liu lng ha cht cn phi s dng trong qu
trnh x l. (xem cc ch tiu cht lng nc chng I)
KHI NIM V DO, BOD, COD
DO l lng oxy ho tan trong nc cn thit cho s h hp ca cc sinh
vt nc (c, lng th, thu sinh, cn trng v.v...) thng c to ra do s ho
tan t kh quyn hoc do quang hp ca to. Nng DO trong nc nm trong
khong 8 - 10 ppm, v dao ng mnh ph thuc vo nhit , s phn hu ho
cht, s quang hp ca to v v.v... Khi nng DO thp, cc loi sinh vt nc
gim hot ng hoc b cht. Do vy, DO l mt ch s quan trng nh gi s
nhim nc ca cc thu vc.
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand - nhu cu oxy ha hc) l lng oxy cn
thit oxy ho cc hp cht ho hc trong nc bao gm c v c v hu c.
Nh vy, COD l lng oxy cn oxy ho ton b cc cht ho hc trong nc,
trong khi OD l lng oxy cn thit oxy ho mt phn cc hp cht hu c
d phn hu bi vi sinh vt.
Ton b lng oxy s dng cho cc phn ng trn c ly t oxy ho tan
trong nc (DO). Do vy nhu cu oxy ho hc v oxy sinh hc cao s lm gim
nng DO ca nc, c hi cho sinh vt nc v h sinh thi nc ni chung.
Nc thi hu c, nc thi sinh hot v nc thi ho cht l cc tc nhn to ra
cc gi tr OD v COD cao ca mi trng nc.
Ch s COD biu th c lng cc cht hu c khng b oxy ha bng vi
sinh vt, do thng n c gi tr cao hn gi tr BOD.

26

BOD : Nhu cu xy ha sinh hc hay nhu cu xy sinh hc : l lng oxy
cn cung cp oxy ho cc cht hu c trong nc bi vi sinh vt. (Biochemical
oxygen Demand- nhu cu oxy sinh ho): lng oxy cn thit vi sinh vt oxy
ho cc cht hu c theo phn ng:
Cht hu c + O
2
= CO
2
+ H
2
O + t bo mi + sn phm trung gian
Trong mi trng nc, khi qu trnh oxy ho sinh hc xy ra th cc vi sinh vt
s dng oxy ho tan, v vy xc nh tng lng oxy ho tan cn thit cho qu
trnh phn hu sinh hc l php o quan trng nh gi nh hng ca mt dng
thi i vi ngun nc. OD c ngha biu th lng cc cht thi hu c trong
nc c th b phn hu bng cc vi sinh vt.
OD l mt ch s v ng thi l mt th tc c s dng trong qun l v kho
st cht lng nc cng nh trong sinh thi hc hay khoa hc mi trng.
BOD
5
: Oxy ho ht cht hu c trong nc thng phi mt 20 ngy 20
o
C.
n gin ngi ta ch ly ch s OD sau khi Oxy ho 5 ngy, k hiu OD
5
.
Sau 5 ngy c khong 80% cht hu c b oxy ho.
Qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c trong nc xy ra theo 2 giai on :
Giai on 1: ch yu cc cht cacbonhydro b oxy ha. Qu trnh ny ko
di khong 20 ngy.
Giai on 2 : Cc hp cht Nit b Oxy ha, thng thng bt u t ngy
th 5.
Mc oxy ha cc cht hu c khng u theo thi gian. Thi gian u,
qu trnh oxy ha xy ra vi cng mnh hn v sau gim dn. Do ,
xc nh gn ng nhu cu oxy sinh ha cn phi o sau 20 ngy v lc khong
98 n 99 % lng cht hu c trong nc thi b Oxy ha. Nhng trong 20 ngy
th mt nhiu thi gian ch i. Hn na, t ngy th 5 tr i khng nhng cc
hp cht cacbonhydro b oxy ha m xy ra ng thi s oxy ha cc hp cht
Nit (giai on 2). Khi n s lm nh hng ti kt qu o ca OD thc t.
V vy, trong thc t ngi ta s dng OD
5
kim sot mc nhim ca
nc.
V d: i vi nc thi sinh hot v nc thi ca mt s ngnh cng
nghip c thnh phn gn ging vi nc thi sinh hot th lng oxy tiu hao
oxy ha cc cht hu c trong vi ngy u chim 21%, qua 5 ngy m chim
27

87% v qua 20 ngy m chim 99%. kim tra kh nng lm vic ca cc cng
trnh x l nc thi ngi ta thng dng ch tiu OD
5
. Khi bit OD
5
c th
tnh gn ng OD
20
bng cch chia cho h s bin i 0,68.
BOD
20
= BOD
5
: 0,68

II CNG NGH X L NC
II.1 Cc im cn ch khi thit k cc qui trnh x l
Khi thit k mt h thng x l nc thi th vic la chn s cng ngh da
vo cc yu t sau y:
+ Cng sut ca trm x l.
+ Thnh phn v c tnh ca nc thi ( quyt nh qui trnh x l ha hc hay
sinh hc)
+ Mc x l cn thit nc thi.
+ Tiu chun x nc thi vo cc ngun tip nhn tng ng.
+ Phng php s dng cn.
+ Kh nng tn dng cc cng trnh c sn.
+ iu kin mt bng v c im a cht thu vn khu vc xy dng, (nht l
nhit v n nh hng n tc phn ng ca cc qu trnh ha hc v sinh
hc).
+ Kh nng p ng thit b cho h thng x l
+ Chi ph u t xy dng, qun l, vn hnh v bo tr.
+ Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut khc.
II.2 S cng ngh x l nc
Tm tt quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi :
Cc phng php x l nc thi c chia thnh cc loi sau :
- x l l hc
- x l ha hc v ha l
- x l sinh hc
Phng php XL l hc
Trong phng php ny, cc lc vt l c p dng tch cc cht
khng ha tan ra khi phase nc, c tm tt trong bng sau :
ng 1 : Cc qu trnh l hc p dng trong XL nc thi
28

Cng trnh ng dng
Li chn rc Loai cc cht th v c th lng
Nghin rc nghin cc cht rn th n kch thc nh hn
iu ha iu ha lu lng v ti trng OD v SS
Khuy trn Khuy trn ha cht v cht kh vi nc thi, gi cn
trng thi l lng
To bng Gip cho vic tp hp cc ht cn nh thnh cc ht
ln c th tch ra bng lng trng lc
Lng Tach cc cn lng v nn bn
Tuyn ni Tach cc ht cn l lng nh v cc ht cn c t
trng xp x t trng ca nc, hoc s dng nn
bn sinh hc
Lc Tch cc ht cn l lng cn li sau x l sinh hc
hoc ha hc
Vn chuyn kh b sung v tch kh

Phng php XL ha hc
Phng php ny s dng cc phn ng ha hc XL nc thi, thong
thng cc cng trnh XL ha hc hay kt hp vi cc cng trnh XL l hc.
Phng php ny c hiu qu cao nhng thng to thnh cc sn phm ph c
hi. Cc qu trnh XL ha hc c trnh by tm gn trong bng xxx
ng 2: Cc qu trnh ha hc ng dng trong XL nc thi
Qa trnh ng dng
Kt ta Tch phosphor v tch cn l lng b lng
Hp ph Tch cc cht hu c khng c XL bng cc phng php
ha hc / sinh hc thng thng. qu trnh ny cng c s
dng tch kim loi nng, kh Chlorine ca nc thi trc
khi x vo ngun tip nhn
Kh trng Ph hy cc vi sinh vt gy bnh (kh bng Chlorine, ClO
2
,
Ozone, tia UV)

Phng php XL sinh hc
29

Mc ch ca vic XL nc thi bng phng php sinh hc l keo t v
tch cc loi keo khng lng v n nh (phn hy) cc cht hu c nh s hot
ng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh hoc k kh. Sn phm cui cng ca qu tr2inh
phn hy sinh hc thng l cc cht kh (CO
2
, N
2
, CH
4
, H
2
S), cc cht v c
(NH
4
+
, PO
4
3-
) v t bo mi.
Quy trnh cng ngh x l NT thng p dng gm cc giai on sau :
Giai on tin x l: ng phng php c hc, ho hc v ho l
loi b cc loi rc th, cht rn l lng (SS)...ra khi ngun nc. Ngoi ra, cn
c chc nng lm n nh cht lng nc thi nh: iu chnh pH, lu lng v
ti lng cc cht gy bn c trong ngun thi.
Giai on x l sinh hc: Ch yu dng cc phng php x l nh:
ym kh, hiu kh, thiu kh loi b cc hp cht hu c tan c trong ngun
nc nhm lm gim cc ch s OD, COD, N, P...c trong ngun nc. Qu
trnh ny s hot ng hiu qu khi cc thnh phn c cht (cc hp cht cha
cacbon), dinh dng (cc hp cht cha nit v photpho), nng oxy ho tan
trong nc,...c b sung hp l.
Giai on x l hon thin: Nhm mc ch lm n nh cht lng
nc, kh trng cho ngun nc trc khi x ra mi trng. Giai on ny thng
dng phng php ho hc x l. Kt thc qu trnh x l, nc u ra m
bo yu cu cht lng x thi m khng lm nh hng ti mi trng.
Giai on x l bn: S dng phng php c hc v ho l x l
nhm gim thiu th tch bn thi hay chuyn trng thi bn t trng thi lng
sang trng thi rn dng cho cc mc ch khc nh x b hay lm phn vi sinh.
Sau y l mt vi cng ngh v h thng XL nc thi
30


Hnh 1 : H thng x l nc thi








Hnh 2: Cng ngh x l nc thi ca ngnh ch bin thy sn cng ty Agrex
SiGn
1. Song chn rc
2. B iu ha
3. B lng I
4. B x l sinh hc dnh bm
5. B lng t II
6. B tip xc
7. Cng trnh x nc thi
ra sng Si Gn
8. Cp khng kh nn
9. B nn bn
10. Trm bm bn
11. Sn phi bn


Bn d

Cn

Bn tun hon

Kh
Nc tch

Chlor
3
1 2 4
5 6
7
9
10
11
Sng

31


Hnh 3: H thng x l nc hiu kh

X L SINH HC
Phn ln cc cht hu c trong nc thi b phn hy bi qu trnh sinh hc.
Trong qu trnh x l sinh hc cc vi sinh vt s s dng oxy phn hy cht
hu c v qu trnh sinh trng ca chng tng nhanh. Ngoi cht hu c (hin
din trong nc thi), oxygen (do ta cung cp) qu trnh sinh hc cn b hn ch
bi mt s cht dinh dng khc. Ngoi tr nit v phospho, cc cht khc hin
32

din trong cht thi vi hm lng cho qu trnh x l sinh hc. Nc thi sinh
hot cha cc cht ny vi mt t l thch hp cho qu trnh x l sinh hc. Mt s
loi nc thi cng nghip nh nc thi nh my giy c hm lng carbon cao
nhng li thiu phospho v nit, do cn b sung hai ngun ny vi khun
hot ng c hiu qu. Nhng yu t khc nh hng n qu trnh x l sinh hc
l nhit , pH v cc c t.

C nhiu thit k khc nhau cho b x l sinh hc hiu kh, nhng loi
thng dng nht l b bn hot tnh, nguyn tc ca b ny l vi khun phn hy
cc cht hu c trong nc thi v sau to thnh cc bng cn ln tin
hnh qu trnh lng d dng. Sau cc bng cn c tch ra khi nc thi
bng qu trnh lng c hc. Nh vy mt h thng x l bn hot tnh bao gm:
mt b bn hot tnh v mt b lng.



Hnh 4 : X l sinh hc hiu kh
B Aerotank (hiu kh)
Nguyn l lm vic ca b Aerotank:
* Aerotank l cng trnh x l sinh hc s dng bn hot tnh ( l loi
bn xp cha nhiu VS c kh nng oxy ho cc cht hu c). Thc cht qu trnh
x l nc thi bng b Aerotank tri qua 3 giai on:
Giai on 1: Tc oxy ho xc nh bng tc tiu th oxy.
Giai on 2: n hot tnh khi phc kh nng oxy ho, ng thi oxy
ho tip nhng cht hp cht chm oxy ho.
Giai on 3: Giai on nit ho v cc mui NH4+.
33

* Khi s dng b Aerotank phi c h thng cp kh.


Hnh 5: Aeroten


B UASB (k kh)
Nguyn l lm vic ca b UASB
Loi b ny thng dng x l nc thi cng nghip c nhim bn ln, t
dung x l nc thi sinh hot v n gy mi kh chu.
Nc thi sau khi iu chnh pH v dinh dng c dn vo y b v nc thi
i ln vi vn tc 0.6 0.9 m/h. Qu trnh x l nc thi bng phng php k
kh xy ra (bn + nc thi) to ra kh (70 80% CH
4
).
u v nhc im ca b UASB :
* u im: Gim lng bn sinh hc, do gim c chi ph x l bn.
Kh sinh ra l kh biogas (CH4) mang tnh kinh t cao. X l c hm lng cht
hu c cao, ti a l 4000 mg/l, OD 500 mg/l, iu ny khng th thc hin
c cc b sinh hc hiu kh hay ch p dng nhng b c bit nh Aerotank
cao ti. So vi Aerotank (0.3 0.5 kgBOD/m3/ngy)th b UASB chu c ti
trng gp 10 ln khong 38 kg BOD/m3/ngy, t gim c th tch b.
Khng tn nng lng cho vic cp kh v y l b x l sinh hc k kh , i vi
cc b hiu kh th nng lng ny l rt ln. X l cc cht c hi, cht hu c
kh phn hy rt tt. Kh nng chu sc cao do ti lng ln. t tn din tch.
34

* Nhc im: Khi ng lu, phi khi ng mt thng trc khi hot ng.
Hiu qu x l khng n nh v y l qu trinh sinh hc xy ra t nhin nn
chng ta khng th can thip su vo h thng. Lng kh sinh ra khng n nh
gy kh khn cho vn hnh h thng thu kh. X l khng t hiu qu khi nng
BOD thp.

KHU VC TRONG MT AO X L NC THI (FACULTATIVE)


35

CHNG 5 :
CC PHNG PHP X L NC THI THEO HNG
THN THIN VI MI TRNG
5.1 Thc vt thy sinh
5.2 Ch phm vi sinh vt
5.3 Lc mng

5.1 X L NC THI BNG THY SINH THC VT


36





37

5.1.1 X l nc thi bng to
To l nhm vi sinh vt c kh nng quang hp, chng c th dng n bo (vi
loi c kch thc nh hn mt s vi khun), hoc a bo (nh cc loi rong bin,
c chiu di ti vi mt). Cc nh phn loi thc vt da trn cc loi sn phm
m to tng hp c v cha trong t bo ca chng, cc loi sc t ca to
phn loi chng.
To c tc sinh trng nhanh, chu ng c cc thay i ca mi trng, c
kh nng pht trin trong nc thi, c gi tr dinh dng v hm lng protein
cao, do ngi ta li dng cc c im ny ca to :
a. X l nc thi v ti s dng cht dinh dng. Cc hot ng sinh hc trong
cc ao nui to ly i cc cht hu c v dinh dng ca nc thi chuyn i
thnh cc cht dinh dng trong t bo to qua qu trnh quang hp. Hu ht cc
loi nc thi th, nng nghip, phn gia sc u c th c x l bng h
thng ao to.
b. Bin nng lng mt tri sang nng lng trong cc c th sinh vt. To
dng nng lng mt tri quang hp to nn ng, tinh bt... Do vic s
dng to x l nc thi c coi l mt phng php hu hiu chuyn i
nng lng mt tri thnh nng lng ca c th sng.
c. Tiu dit cc mm bnh. Thng qua vic x l nc thi bng cch nui to
cc mm bnh c trong nc thi s b tiu dit do cc yu t sau y:
Thng thng ngi ta kt hp vic x l nc thi v sn xut v thu hoch to
loi b cht hu c trong nc thi. Tuy nhin to rt kh thu hoch (do kch
thc rt nh), a s c thnh t bo dy do cc ng vt rt kh tiu ha,
thng b nhim bn bi kim loi nng, thuc tr su, cc mm bnh cn li trong
nc thi.
Cc phn ng din ra trong ao to ch yu l "hot ng cng sinh gia to v vi
khun".
Cc yu t cn thit cho qu trnh x l nc thi bng to
Dng cht: Ammonia l ngun m chnh cho to tng hp nn protein ca t
bo thng qua qu trnh quang hp. Phospho, Magnesium v Potassium cng l
cc dng cht nh hng n s pht trin ca to. T l P, Mg v K trong cc t
bo to l 1,5 : 1 : 0,5.
38

- su ca ao to: su ca ao to c la chn trn c s ti u ha
kh nng ca ngun sng trong qu trnh tng hp ca to. Theo cc c s l
thuyt th su ti a ca ao to khong 4,5 5 inches (12,5cm). Nhng nhng
th nghim trn m hnh cho thy su ti u nm trong khong 8 10 inches
(20 25cm). Tuy nhin trong thc t sn xut, su ca ao to nn ln hn
20cm (v nm trong khong 40 50 cm) to thi gian lu tn cht thi trong
ao to thch hp v tr hao th tch mt i do cn lng.
- Thi gian lu tn ca nc thi trong ao (HRT): thi gian lu tn ca nc
thi ti u l thi gian cn thit cc cht dinh dng trong nc thi chuyn
i thnh cht dinh dng trong t bo to. Thng th ngi ta chn thi gian
lu tn ca nc thi trong cc ao ln hn 1,8 ngy v nh hn 8 ngy.
- Lng BOD np cho ao to: lng BOD np cho ao to nh hng n
nng sut to v nu lng BOD np qu cao mi trng trong ao to s tr nn
ym kh nh hng n qu trnh cng sinh ca to v vi khun. Mt s th
nghim Thi Lan cho thy trong iu kin nhit i su ca ao to l 0,35
m, HRT l 1,5 ngy v lng BOD np l 336 kg/(ha/ngy) l ti u cho cc ao
to v nng sut to t c l 390 kg /(ha/ngy).
- Khuy trn v hon lu: qu trnh khuy trn trong cc ao to rt cn thit
nhm ngn khng cho cc t bo to lng xung y v to iu kin cho cc
dinh dng tip xc vi to thc y qu trnh quang hp. Trong cc ao to ln
khuy trn cn ngn c qu trnh phn tng nhit trong ao to v ym kh
y ao to. Nhng vic khuy trn cng to nn bt li v n lm cho cc cn
lng ni ln v ngn cn qu trnh khuch tn nh sng vo ao to. Moraine v
cc cng s vin (1979) cho rng tc dng chy trong ao to ch nn khong
5 cm/s. Hon lu gip cho ao to gi li c cc t bo vi khun v to cn hot
ng; gip cho qu trnh thng thong kh, thc y nhanh cc phn ng trong ao
to.
- Thu hoch to: to c th c thu hoch bng li hoc giy lc, thu
hoch bng cch to bng cn hoc tch ni, thu hoch sinh hc bng cc loi c
n thc vt v ng vt khng xng sng n to.
5.1.2 X l nc thi bng thy sinh thc vt c kch thc ln
39

Thy sinh thc vt l cc loi thc vt sinh trng trong mi trng nc, n c
th gy nn mt s bt li cho con ngi do vic pht trin nhanh v phn b rng
ca chng. Tuy nhin li dng chng x l nc thi, lm phn compost, thc
n cho ngi, gia sc c th lm gim thiu cc bt li gy ra bi chng m cn
thu thm c li nhun.
5.1.3 Cc loi thy sinh thc vt chnh
Thy thc vt sng chm: loi thy thc vt ny pht trin di mt nc v
ch pht trin c cc ngun nc c nh sng. Chng gy nn cc tc hi
nh lm tng c ca ngun nc, ngn cn s khuych tn ca nh sng vo
nc. Do cc loi thy sinh thc vt ny khng hiu qu trong vic lm sch
cc cht thi.
Thy thc vt sng tri ni: r ca loi thc vt ny khng bm vo t m
l lng trn mt nc, thn v l ca n pht trin trn mt nc. N tri ni trn
mt nc theo gi v dng nc. R ca chng to iu kin cho vi khun bm
vo phn hy cc cht thi.
Thy thc vt sng ni: loi thy thc vt ny c r bm vo t nhng
thn v l pht trin trn mt nc. Loi ny thng sng nhng ni c ch
thy triu n nh.

Mt s thy sinh thc vt tiu biu
Loi Tn thng thng Tn khoa hc
Thu sinh thc vt sng chm
Hydrilla Hydrilla
verticillata
Water milfoil Myriophyllum
spicatum
Blyxa Blyxa aubertii
Thu sinh thc vt sng tri ni
tri ni
Lc bnh Eichhornia
crassipes
40

Bo tm Wolfia arrhiga
o tai tng Pistia stratiotes
Salvinia Salvinia spp
Thu sinh thc vt sng ni
Cattails Typha spp
Bulrush Scirpus spp
Sy Phragmites
communis

Nhim v ca thu sinh thc vt trong cc h thng x l
Phn c th Nhim v
R v/hoc thn
L gi bm cho vi khun pht trin
Lc v hp thu cht rn
Thn v /hoc l
mt nc hoc pha
trn mt nc
nHp thu nh mt tri do ngn cn s
pht trin ca to
lm gim nh hng ca gi ln b mt x l
Lm gim s trao i gia nc v kh quyn
Chuyn oxy t l xung r

Mt s gi tr tham kho thit k ao Lc Bnh x l nc thi
41

Thng s S liu thit k Cht lng
nc thi
sau x l
Nc thi th
- Thi gian lu tn nc > 50 ngy BOD5 <
30mg/L
- Lu lng np nc thi 200 m3/(ha.day) TSS < 30 mg/L
- su ti a < 1,5 m
- Din tch mt n v ao 0,4 ha
- Lu lng np cht hu c < 30kg BOD5/(ha.day)
- T l di : rng ca ao > 3 : 1
Nc thi qua x l cp I
- Thi gian lu tn nc > 6 ngy BOD5 <
10mg/L
- Lu lng np nc thi 800 m3/(ha.day) TSS < 10 mg/L
- su ti a 0,91 m TP < 5 mg/L
- Din tch mt n v ao 0,4 ha TN < 5 mg/L
- Lu lng np cht hu c < 50kg BOD5/(ha.day)
- T l di : rng ca ao > 3 : 1

X l nc thi cc lng ngh bng lau sy
Lau sy l loi cy c th sng trong nhng iu kin thi tit khc nghit nht.
H sinh vt xung quanh r ca chng v cng phong ph, c th phn hu cht
42

hu c v hp th kim loi nng trong nhiu loi nc thi khc nhau, nh cc loi
nc thi lng ngh.


Phng php dng lau sy x l nc thi do Gio s Kathe Seidel ngi c
a ra t nhng nm 60 ca th k 20. Khi nghin cu kh nng phn hu cc
cht hu c ca cy ci, ng nhn thy im mnh ca phng php ny chnh l
tc dng ng thi gia r, cy v cc vi sinh vt tp trung quanh r. Trong ,
loi cy c nhiu u im nht l lau sy.
Khng nh cc cy khc tip nhn xy khng kh qua khe h trong t v r, lau
sy c mt c cu chuyn xy bn trong t trn ngn cho ti tn r. Qu trnh
ny cng din ra trong giai on tm ngng sinh trng ca cy. Nh vy, r v
ton b cy lau sy c th sng trong nhng iu kin thi tit khc nghit nht.
xy c r thi vo khu vc xung quanh v c vi sinh vt s dng cho qu
trnh phn hu ho hc. c tnh, s lng vi khun trong t quanh r loi cy
ny c th nhiu nh s vi khun trong cc b hiu kh k thut, ng thi phong
ph hn v chng loi t 10 n 100 ln.
Chnh v vy, cc cnh ng lau sy c th x l c nhiu loi nc thi c cht
c hi khc nhau v nng nhim ln. Hiu qu x l nc thi sinh hot
(vi cc thng s nh amoni, nitrat, phospht, OD5, COD, colifom) t t l
phn hu 92-95%. Cn i vi nc thi cng nghip c cha kim loi th hiu
qu x l COD, BOD
5
, crom, ng, nhm, st, ch, km t 90-100%.
Nc ta hin c khong 1.450 lng ngh truyn thng, tp trung ch yu ng
bng Bc b, vi cc ngh nh ch bin sn phm nng nghip (lm bn, min,
nu ru, ch bin tht gia sc, gia cm); sn xut, ti ch giy, st, nha, ho
cht; sn xut gm, mc, kim kh? Ti nhiu lng ngh, nc thi ang l nguy
c ln gy nhim nc mt, lm pht sinh nhiu mm bnh nguy him? Nc
thi khng c x l m x thng ra sng, h, knh, mng... hay t b hoang
ca lng.
Vit Nam l t nc nhit i, kh hu nng m, rt thch nghi cho s pht trin
ca cc loi lau sy. Mt khc cc lng, din tch t nng nghip b b hoang
43

cng cn kh ln. Do vy, vic p dng phng php x l nc thi bng lau sy
s rt hiu qu.

44





CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM


QCVN 24: 2009/BTNMT


QUY CHUN K THUT QUC GIA
V NC THI CNG NGHIP
National Technical Regulation on Industrial Wastewater








H NI - 2009
45



Li ni u

QCVN 24: 2009/BTNMT do Ban son tho quy chun k thut
quc gia v cht lng nc bin son, Tng cc Mi trng v
V Php ch trnh duyt v c ban hnh theo Thng t s
25/2009/TT-BTNMT ngy 16 thng 11 nm 2009 ca B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng.





















46

QUY CHUN K THUT QUC GIA
V NC THI CNG NGHIP
National Technical Regulation on Industrial Wastewater

1. QUY NH CHUNG
1.1. Phm vi iu chnh
Quy chun ny quy nh gi tr ti a cho php ca cc thng s nhim trong
nc thi cng nghip khi x vo ngun tip nhn.
1.2. i tng p dng
1.2.1. Quy chun ny p dng i vi t chc, c nhn lin
quan n hot ng x nc thi cng nghip vo ngun tip nhn.
1.2.2. Nc thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip v lnh vc hot
ng c th c quy nh ring.
1.3. Gii thch thut ng
Trong Quy chun ny, cc thut ng di y c hiu nh sau:
1.3.1. Nc thi cng nghip l dung dch thi ra t cc c s sn xut, ch
bin, kinh doanh, dch v cng nghip vo ngun tip nhn nc thi.
1.3.2. Kq l h s lu lng/dung tch ngun tip nhn nc thi ng vi lu
lng dng chy ca sng, sui, knh, mng, khe, rch hoc dung tch ca cc h,
ao, m nc.
1.3.3. K
f
l h s lu lng ngun thi ng vi tng lu lng nc thi ca cc
c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v cng nghip khi x vo cc ngun tip
nhn nc thi.
1.3.4. Ngun tip nhn nc thi l ngun nc mt hoc vng nc bin ven
b, c mc ch s dng xc nh, ni m nc thi cng nghip c x vo.
1. QUY NH K THUT
47

2.1. Gi tr ti a cho php ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng
nghip c tnh ton nh sau:
Cmax = C x Kq x K
f


Trong :
- Cmax l gi tr ti a cho php ca thng s nhim trong nc thi cng
nghip khi x vo ngun tip nhn nc thi, tnh bng miligam trn lt (mg/l);
- C l gi tr ca thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip quy nh ti mc
2.3;
- Kq l h s lu lng/dung tch ngun tip nhn nc thi quy nh ti mc 2.4;
K
f
l h s lu lng ngun thi quy nh ti mc 2.5.
2.2. p dng gi tr ti a cho php Cmax = C (khng p dng h s Kq v K
f
)
i vi cc thng s: nhit , pH, mi, mu sc, coliform, tng hot phng x ,
tng hot phng x .
2.3. Gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip c
quy nh ti Bng 1 di y:
Bng 1: Gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip
TT Thng s n v
Gi tr C
A B
1 Nhit
0
C 40 40
2 pH - 6-9 5,5-9
3 Mi - Khng kh
chu
Khng kh
chu
4 mu (Co-Pt pH = 7) - 20 70
5 BOD
5
(20
0
C) mg/l 30 50
6 COD mg/l 50 100
7 Cht rn l lng mg/l 50 100
48

8 Asen mg/l 0,05 0,1
9 Thu ngn mg/l 0,005 0,01
10 Ch mg/l 0,1 0,5
11 Cadimi mg/l 0,005 0,01
12 Crom (VI) mg/l 0,05 0,1
13 Crom (III) mg/l 0,2 1
14 ng mg/l 2 2
15 Km mg/l 3 3
16 Niken mg/l 0,2 0,5
17 Mangan mg/l 0,5 1
18 St mg/l 1 5
19 Thic mg/l 0,2 1
20 Xianua mg/l 0,07 0,1
21 Phenol mg/l 0,1 0,5
22 Du m khong mg/l 5 5
23 Du ng thc vt mg/l 10 20
24 Clo d mg/l 1 2
25 PCB mg/l 0,003 0,01
26 Ho cht bo v thc vt ln hu
c
mg/l 0,3 1
27 Ho cht bo v thc vt Clo hu
c
mg/l 0,1 0,1
28 Sunfua mg/l 0,2 0,5
29 Florua mg/l 5 10
30 Clorua mg/l 500 600
31 Amoni (tnh theo Nit) mg/l 5 10
32 Tng Nit mg/l 15 30
33 Tng Phtpho mg/l 4 6
34 Coliform MPN/100ml 3000 5000
35 Tng hot phng x Bq/l 0,1 0,1
49

36 Tng hot phng x Bq/l 1,0 1,0
Trong :
- Ct A quy nh gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng
nghip khi x vo cc ngun tip nhn l cc ngun nc c dng cho mc ch cp
nc sinh hot;
- Ct B quy nh gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng
nghip khi x vo cc ngun tip nhn l cc ngun nc khng dng cho mc ch
cp nc sinh hot;
- Thng s clorua khng p dng i vi ngun tip nhn l nc mn v nc
l.
2.4. H s lu lng/dung tch ngun tip nhn nc thi Kq c quy nh nh
sau:
2.4.1. H s Kq ng vi lu lng dng chy ca ngun tip nhn nc thi l
sng, sui, knh, mng, khe, rch c quy nh ti Bng 2 di y:
Bng 2: H s Kq ca ngun tip nhn nc thi l sng, sui, knh,
mng, khe, rch
Lu lng dng chy ca ngun tip nhn nc thi (Q)
n v tnh: mt khi/giy (m
3
/s)
H s Kq
Q s 50 0,9
50 < Q s 200 1
200 < Q s 1000 1,1
Q > 1000 1,2
Q c tnh theo gi tr trung bnh lu lng dng chy ca sng, sui, knh,
mng, khe, rch tip nhn nc thi vo 03 thng kh kit nht trong 03 nm lin tip
(s liu ca c quan Kh tng Thu vn). Trng hp cc sng, sui, knh, mng,
khe, rch khng c s liu v lu lng dng chy th p dng gi tr Kq = 0,9 hoc S
Ti nguyn v Mi trng ni c ngun thi ch nh n v c chc nng ph hp
50

xc nh lu lng trung bnh ca 03 thng kh kit nht trong nm lm c s chn h
s Kq.
2.4.2. H s Kq ng vi dung tch ca ngun tip nhn nc thi l
h, ao, m c quy nh ti Bng 3 di y:
Bng 3: H s Kq ca h, ao, m
Dung tch ngun tip nhn nc thi (V)
n v tnh: mt khi (m
3
)
H s Kq

V 10 x 10
6
0,6
10 x 10
6
< V 100 x 10
6
0,8
V > 100 x 10
6
1,0
V c tnh theo gi tr trung bnh dung tch ca h, ao, m tip
nhn nc thi 03 thng kh kit nht trong 03 nm lin tip (s liu ca
c quan Kh tng Thu vn). Trng hp h, ao, m khng c s liu
v dung tch th p dng gi tr Kq = 0,6 hoc S Ti nguyn v Mi
trng ni c ngun thi ch nh n v c chc nng ph hp xc
nh dung tch trung bnh 03 thng kh kit nht trong nm lm c s xc
nh h s Kq.
2.4.3. i vi ngun tip nhn nc thi l vng nc bin ven b
khng dng cho mc ch bo v thu sinh, th thao hoc gii tr di
nc th ly h s Kq = 1,3. i vi ngun tip nhn nc thi l vng
nc bin ven b dng cho mc ch bo v thu sinh, th thao v gii tr
di nc th ly h s Kq = 1.
2.5. H s lu lng ngun thi K
f
c quy nh ti Bng 4 di
y:
Bng 4: H s lu lng ngun thi K
f

Lu lng ngun thi (F)
n v tnh: mt khi/ngy m (m
3
/24h)
H s K
f
51

F 50

1,2
50 < F 500 1,1
500 < F 5.000 1,0
F > 5.000 0,9
2.6. Trng hp nc thi c gom cha trong h nc thi thuc khun vin
ca c s pht sinh nc thi dng cho mc ch ti tiu th nc trong h phi tun
th Tiu chun quc gia TCVN 6773:2000 v Cht lng nc Cht lng nc
dng cho thu li.
3. PHNG PHP XC NH
3.1. Phng php xc nh gi tr cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng
nghip thc hin theo cc tiu chun quc gia sau y:
- TCVN 4557:1988 - Cht lng nc - Phng php xc nh nhit ;
- TCVN 6492:1999 (ISO 10523:1994) Cht lng nc - Xc nh pH;
- TCVN 6185:2008 Cht lng nc Kim tra v xc nh mu;
- TCVN 6001-1: 2008 Cht lng nc - Xc nh nhu cu oxy ho sau n ngy
(BOD
n
) Phn 1: Phng php pha long v cy c b sung allylthiourea;
- TCVN 6491:1999 (ISO 6060:1989) Cht lng nc - Xc nh nhu cu oxy
ho hc (COD);
- TCVN 6625:2000 (ISO 11923:1997) Cht lng nc - Xc nh cht rn l
lng bng cch lc qua ci lc si thu tinh;
- TCVN 6626:2000 Cht lng nc - Xc nh Asen - Phng php o ph hp
th nguyn t (k thut hydrro);
- TCVN 7877:2008 (ISO 5666 -1999) Cht lng nc - Xc nh thu ngn;
- TCVN 6193:1996 Cht lng nc - Xc nh coban, niken, ng, km, cadimi
v ch. Phng php trc ph hp th nguyn t ngn la;
- TCVN 6002:1995 (ISO 6333-1986) Cht lng nc - Xc nh mangan -
Phng php trc quang dng fomaldoxim;
52

- TCVN 6222:2008 Cht lng nc - Xc nh crom tng - Phng php o
ph hp th nguyn t;
- TCVN 6177:1996 (ISO 6332-1988) Cht lng nc - Xc nh st bng
phng php trc ph dng thuc th 1,10-phenantrolin;
- TCVN 6181:1996 (ISO 6703-1-1984) Cht lng nc - Xc nh Xianua tng;
- TCVN 6216:1996 (ISO 6439-1990) Cht lng nc - Xc nh ch s phenol -
Phng php trc ph dng 4-aminoantipyrin sau khi chng ct;
- TCVN 5070:1995 Cht lng nc - Phng php khi lng xc nh du
m v sn phm du m;
- Phng php xc nh tng du m thc vt thc hin theo US EPA Method
1664 Extraction and gravimetry (Oil and grease and total petroleum hydrocarbons);
- TCVN 6225-3:1996 Cht lng nc - Xc nh clo t do v clo tng s. Phn
3 Phng php chun iot xc nh clo tng s;
- TCVN 4567:1988 Cht lng nc Phng php xc nh hm lng
sunfua v sunphat;
- TCVN 6494:1999 Cht lng nc - Xc nh cc ion florua, clorua, nitrit,
orthophotphat, bromua, nitrit v sunfat ha tan bng sc k lng ion. Phng php dnh
cho nc bn t;
- TCVN 5988:1995 (ISO 5664-1984) Cht lng nc - Xc nh amoni -
Phng php chng ct v chun ;
- TCVN 6638:2000 Cht lng nc - Xc nh nit - V c ha xc tc sau khi
kh bng hp kim Devarda;
- TCVN 6187-1:2009 (ISO 9308-1: 2000/Cor 1: 2007) Cht lng nc - Pht
hin v m vi khun coliform, vi khun coliform chu nhit v escherichia coli gi nh -
Phn 1 - Phng php mng lc;
- TCVN 6053:1995 Cht lng nc - o tng hot phng x anpha trong
nc khng mn. Phng php ngun dy;
53

- TCVN 6219:1995 Cht lng nc - o tng hot phng x
beta trong nc khng mn;
- TCVN 6658:2000 Cht lng nc Xc nh crom ha tr su
Phng php trc quang dng 1,5 Diphenylcacbazid.
3.2. Khi cha c cc tiu chun quc gia xc nh gi tr ca cc thng s
nhim trong nc thi cng nghip quy nh trong quy chun ny th p dng tiu chun
quc t c chnh xc tng ng hoc cao hn.
4. T CHC THC HIN
4.1. Quy chun ny thay th vic p dng i vi Tiu chun Vit
Nam TCVN 5945:2005 v Nc thi cng nghip - Tiu chun thi km
theo Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2006 ca
B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic bt buc p dng cc tiu
chun Vit Nam v mi trng.
4.2. C quan qun l nh nc v mi trng c trch nhim
hng dn, kim tra, gim st vic thc hin Quy chun ny.
4.3. Trng hp cc tiu chun quc gia v phng php xc nh vin dn
trong mc 3.1 ca Quy chun ny sa i, b sung hoc thay th th p dng theo tiu
chun mi.