TRNG I HC S PHM TP.

H CH MINH
KHOA TON TIN.

TI :
CC PHP CHIU XUYN TM V
CC PHP THU X. TH HIN TRONG
M HNH X NH CA KHNG GIAN
AFFINE
GVHD: PGS.TS L ANH V.
SVTH: NHM 3 TON 2A
KHA 34.
NM HC: 2009 2010.
1
Thng 5 /
2010
M U:
Felix Klein l ngi u tin a ra cch phn loi hnh hc theo nhm cc bin
i trong n, da vo cch phn loi ny th hnh hc x nh l mn hnh hc tng qut
nht trong tt c cc mn hnh hc cao cp v s cp s dng cng c tuyn tnh. S
lng khi nim, nh l ca hnh hc x nh khng nhiu nhng n ng cho mi hnh
hc khc. Hn th t mt s khi nim, nh l ca hnh hc x nh c th suy ra c
cc khi nim, nh l ca hnh hc s cp v affine. Th mnh ca hnh hc x nh l c
th gii quyt cc bi ton v tnh ng qui v thng hng (c bit l hnh hc phng)
mt cch tng qut. Ngoi ra ta c th sng to cc bi ton s cp qua nguyn l i
ngu, phng php a im ra v tn....
2
MC LC
ti:
Cc php chiu xuyn tm v cc php thu x. Th hin trong
m hnh x nh ca khng gian Affine.
A. M hnh x nh ca khng gian Affine.
I. Xy dng m hnh.
II. Mt s th hin trong m hnh.
B. Php chiu xuyn tm.
I. nh ngha.
II. Cc nh l.
III. i ngu ca php chiu xuyn tm.
IV. Php chiu xuyn tm v i ngu ca n trong P
2
.
V. Mt s ng dng.
C. Php thu x.
I. Php thu x cp.
II. Php thu x n.
III. Cc php thu x trong khng gian x nh P
2
v P
3
.
IV. Cc php bin i affine sinh ra bi cc php thu x .
V. Bi tp.

3
A. M HNH X NH CA KHNG GIAN AFFINE
I. XY DNG M HNH:
Xut pht t khng gian affine A
n
ta bit cch xy dng m hnh ca khng
gian x nh P
n
bng cch thm vo A
n
nhng im v tn. By gi ngc li, t khng
gian x nh P
n
ta hy b bt i mt s im no xy dng m hnh ca khng gian
affine.
Ta hy chn trong P
n
mt siu phng bt k v t
A
n
= P
n
\ l tp hp nhng im thuc P
n
m khng thuc . Ta s chng minh A
n
l
mt khng gian affine
Gi V
n+1
l khng gian vecto nn ca khng gian x nh P
n
.
Trang b cho V
n+1
cu trc affine chnh tc:
Khi , ( )
1 1
V ,V ,
n n

+ +
l mt
khng gian affine, k hiu li l
1 n
A
V
+

v k
hiu
1
0
n
V
+

r
l im
1
0
n
A
V
+
.
Mi im
1
[ ]
n n
X P V
+
(i din bi
vect
1 n
x V
+

r
) tng ng vi mt khng
gian vect con mt chiu ca V
n+1
. Xt ng
thng affine d
X
qua O c khng gian phng l
x
r
( khng gian vect 1 chiu sinh bi
x
r
).
ng thng affine ny ch ph thuc im X
m khng ph thuc vect i din.
4
1 1 1
:
( , ) :
n n n
V V V
x y xy y x

+ + +


uur
a
Cho siu phng x nh

( ) W trong P
n
[V
n+1
] ( W l khng gian vect con n
chiu trong V
n+1
). t W
A
l siu phng affine qua O nhn W lm khng gian phng.
Ta trang b cho [ ] \
n n
A P V cu trc khng gian affine lin kt vi W nh
sau:
Trong
1 n
A
V
+
ly mt siu phng affine
A
W
+
song song (nhng khc) vi
A
W .
Khi ,
A
W
+

l mt khng gian affine n chiu nhn W lm khng gian phng.
Ly
n
X A , tc l [ ]
n
X P V v X . Khi vect i din ca
X l
x W
r
. Suy ra
1
{0}
n
x W
x W V
+

'

r r
r
.
T , ta c:
X A
d W X
+ +

,
X
+

l duy nht v nh x

:
n
A
A W
X X

+
+

a

l song nh.
A
n
, W cng vi nh x

:
( , ) :
n n
f A A W
X Y XY X Y
+ +

uuuuuur
uuur
a

l mt khng gian affine, tht vy:
1
A
: , : !
n
a
X A v W X W
+ +

r
( ) X X
+
,(

l song nh).
Mt khc do
A
W
+
l khng gian affine n chiu nhn W lm khng gian phng nn tn
ti duy nht
a
Y W
+ +
sao cho:
X Y v
+ +

uuuuuur
r
. Li v

l song nh nn c duy nht

n
Y A
(tng ng vi Y
+
qua
1

) tha:
XY X Y v
+ +

uuuuuur
uuur r
.
Vy
, , ! :
n n
X A v W Y A XY v
r uuur r
5

2
A
:
, , :
n
X Y Z A XY YZ X Y Y Z X Z XY
+ + + + + +
+ +
uuuuuur uuuuur uuuuuur
uuur uur uuur
Vy ta trang b cho [ ] \
n n
A P V cu trc khng gian affine lin kt vi W.
II. MT S TH HIN TRONG M HNH:
1. Ta v mc tiu affine:
Xt mc tiu x nh ( ) { }
0 1 2
: , , ,....., ,
n
A A A A E
ca khng gian x nh P
n
.
Chn siu phng
1 2
, ,....,
n
A A A lm siu phng v tn.
Gi E
i
l giao im ca ng thng A
0
A
i
vi siu phng cha cc nh A
i
cn li
ca mc tiu v im E (i=1..n).
t e
i
=
0 i
A E
uuuur
(i=1..n), ta c h
vect {e
i
}
i=1..n
l cc vect c s trong khng
gian vect V
n
. Do ta c th dng b im
{A
0
; E
1
, E
2
,, E
n
} (1) lm mc tiu affine
ca khng gian affine A
n
= P
n
\.
Mt im X trong P
n
c ta x
nh l X(x
0
: x
1
:: x
n
).(X).
Do x
0
0. Ta t X
i
=
0
i
x
x
(i=1..n).
Vy ta im X(1:X
1
: X
2
:: X
n
).
Vi im O chn (trong cch xy dng m hnh affine ), ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
0 0
, , 1, 2,...,
i i
OX X OA A e A i n
uuur uuuur
nn
OX
uuur
=
0
OA
uuuur
+X
1
.
0 1
A E
uuuuur
++X
n
.
0
A
n
E
uuuuur

Suy ra
0
A X
uuuur
=X
1
.
0 1
A E
uuuuur
++X
n
.
0
A
n
E
uuuuur
Vy trong khng gian affine, im X c ta i vi mc tiu (1) l X(X
1
, X
1
,, X
n
).
2.Cc m_phng affine:
6
Xt mt m_phng P
m
no ca P
n
m khng nm trong siu phng P
n-1
= ( Vi
1 2
, ,....,
n
A A A ) . i vi mc tiu x nh chn, c phng trnh x
0
= 0 v
P
m
c phng trnh l:
ij
0
. 0 , 1, 2,...,
n
j
j
a x i n m

Trong ma trn A=(a)

ij
c hng rank(A) = n m .
Gi A
m
l tp hp nhng im X
thuc P
m
m khng thuc tc l
A
m
= P
m
I A
n
v c ta X(x
0
: x
1
:
: x
n
).
Ta c:
ij
0
. 0 , 1, 2,...,
n
j
j
a x i n m

Do X khng thuc nn x
0
0 nn
chia 2 v ca phng trnh m_phng
cho x
0
, ta c:
ij
1
. 0 , 1, 2,..., (I)
n
j io
j
a X a i n m

Ta thy ma trn h s ca h phng trnh ny cng c hng l n m.

Tht vy, ta hy xt h phng trnh sau:
ij
0
. 0
, 1, 2,...,
0
n
j
j
o
a x
i n m
x

'

.
t
7
10 11 12 1
11 12 1
20 21 22 2
21 22 2
1
,0 ,1 ,2 ,
,1 ,2 ,
v
1 0 0 0
n
n
n
n
n m n m n m n m n
n m n m n m n
a a a a
a a a
a a a a
a a a
B B
a a a a
a a a


1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
]
1
]
L
L
L
L
K
K
L
L
K
.
Ta c rank(B) = n m + 1 v P
m
khng thuc .
Nu rank(B
1
) < n m th rank(B) < n m +1 (v l) nn rank(B
1
) = n m.
Vy h (I) xc nh phng trnh ca mt m_phng affine.
3. Cc php bin i affine:
Trong tp hp tt c nhng php bin i x nh ca P
n
, ta xt nhng php bin
i x nh bin siu phng P
n-1
thnh chnh n. Mi php bin i nh vy bin mi
im c ta x nh (x
0
: x
1
:: x
n
) thnh im c ta x nh (x
0

: x
1

:: x
n

) sao cho
nu x
0
= 0 th x
0

= 0 v nu x
0
0 th x
0

0. Mun vy phng trnh ca php bin i

x nh cn phi c phng trnh x
0
= x
0

.Do phng trnh ca php bin i x nh c

dng:
'
ij
0
'
0 0
. , 1, 2,...,
n
i j
j
x a x i n
x x

'

Trong ma trn A ca php bin i x nh l mt ma trn vun cp n+1 khng suy

bin v c dng:
A=
10 11 1
20 21 2
0 1
1 0 0
n
n
n n nn
a a a
a a a
a a a
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
L
L
L L L
L
L
Khi php bin i x nh ni trn ca P
n
s sinh ra trn khng gian affine A
n
mt php bin i affine. Thc vy, ta hy ly mt im X

A
n
c ta x nh l (x
0
:
x
1
:: x
n
), trong x
0
0. Qua php bin i x nh ni trn im X bin thnh im X

c ta x nh l (x
0

: x
1

:: x
n

). Chuyn ta x nh ca X v ca X

sang ta
affine ta c php bin i l:
8
'
1 11 1 12 2 1 10
'
2 21 1 22 2 2 20
'
1 1 2 2 0
. . ... .
. . ... .
...
. . ... .
n n
n n
n n n nn n n
X a X a X a X a
X a X a X a X a
X a X a X a X a
+ + + +

+ + + +

'

+ + + +

(*) Vi X
i
=
0
i
x
x
, X
i
=
0
'
i
x
x
(i=1..n).
Trong ma trn A

=(a
ij
),( i,j=1..n) l ma trn vung cp n khng suy bin nn ta
c phng trnh (*) l phng trnh mt php bin i affine.
4. T s kp:
a. Gi s A,B,C,D l bn im phn bit nm trn mt ng thng x nh (d) ca P
n
nhng khng c im no trong bn im nm trn siu phng v tn =P
n-1
. Ta chn
mc tiu x nh {E
i
;E}
i=0..n
sao cho E
0

A, E
1
=(d) I . Khi cc im B,C,D c ta
biu th tuyn tnh qua E
0
v E
1
.
Ta c: A

E
0
(1:0:0::0), E
1
(0:1:
:0).
Do ta cc im cn li l:
B(1:b:0::0), C(1:c:0::0),
D(1:d:0::0).
Do A B nn b 0. Suy ra
1 1
0 b
=b 0.
Vy ta c
(ABCD)=
1 1 1 1
0 0
: :
1 1 1 1
c d c d
c b d b
b c b d

.
Nu chuyn ta cc im x nh sang ta affine ta c:
A(0,0,,0), B(b,0,,0), C(c,0,,0), D(d,0,,0).
T ta tnh c ta cc vect sau:
9
(d)
P
n-1
E0
E
1
A
B
C
D
CA
uuur
=(-c,0,,0),
CB
uuur
=(b-c,0,,0) ,
DA
uuur
=(-d,0,,0),
DB
uuur
=(b-d,0,,0)
Do (ABC)=
c
c b
v (ABD)=
d
d b
Vy ta c (ABCD)=
( )
( )
ABC
ABD
b. Nu c mt trong bn im A,B,C,D l im v tn, chng hn l im D th khi ta
c D

E
1
v ta c:
(ABCD)=
1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1
: :
1 1 1 0 1
1
c c c
c b c b
b c b


.
Vy (ABCD

)=(ABC).
A. PHP CHIU XUYN TM
I. nh ngha
Trong khng gian x nh
n
P
cho 2 siu phng v v im \ { }
n
C P
V :
c
p sao cho X thnh ( ) '
c
p X X sao cho CX ' X
Khi
c
p c gi l php chiu xuyn tm t ln vi tm C.
Nhn xt:
- Php chiu xuyn tm hon ton
xc nh bi cp siu phng , v
tm chiu C.
- Php chiu xuyn tm gi bt ng
tt c nhng im giao ca hai siu
phng v .
10
II. Mt s nh l
1.nh l 1 :
Nu coi 2 siu phng v l 2 khng gian x nh (n-1) - chiu th php chiu xuyn
tm l mt ng cu x nh.
Chng minh:
Gi
W
n
v
W'
n
l 2 khng gian vecto nn ca v
t l (n-2)-phng
Cho
1 1
{ ,..., , }
n n
A A A

h im c lp x nh ca
Trong :
1, 1
\
i
n
A i n
A

Ta c:
'
( )
n c n
A p A
H
'
1 1
{ ,..., , }
n n
A A A

c lp x nh.
Tht vy: nu
'
1 1
{ ,..., , }
n n
A A A

ph thuc x nh
Th
' '
n n
A A (v l.!) ( Do
1 1
,...,
n
A A

c lp x nh trong

)
Gi
i
e
l vector i din ca 1,
i
A i n
'
n
e
l vector i din ca
'
n
A
e l vector i din ca C
Ta c:
'
, ,
n n
C A A thng hng
Suy ra:
'
n n
e ae be +
Nu:
' '
' '
0 .
0 .
n n
n n n n
a e b e A C
b e a e A A


11
Vy , 0 a b chn a=1 suy ra:
'
n n
e e be +
t
1 1
'
1 1
{ ,..., , }
' { ,..., , }
n n
n n
e e e
e e e

l 2 c s ca
W
n
v
W'
n
Do
dim dim '
n n
W W
suy ra tn ti duy nht ng cu tuyn tnh
: '
n n
W W sao cho
'
( ) 1, 1 v ( )
i i n n
e e i n e e
Ta s chng minh
X
c vector i din x th s c ( ) '
c
p X X vector i
din l ( ) ' x x
Ly
X
c vector i din
x
. Suy ra: ( ) '
c
p X X
Do
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0
'
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0
....
( ) ....
( ) ....
( ) ....
( ) ....
( ) ( )
n n
n n
n n
n n
n n n
n
X x x e x e x e
x x e x e x e
x x e x e x e
x x e x e x e be
x x e x e x e x be
x x ce c x b

+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
Suy ra:
( ), , x x e
ph thuc tuyn tnh nn ba im m
( ), , x x e
i din thng
hng, tc
( ) x
i din cho mt im no thuc ng thng CX .
Mt khc: ( ) W'
n
x v ' CX X
Dn n: ( ) x l vector i din ca X
Vy ta chng minh
c
p c cm sinh t ng cu tuyn tnh

sao cho
X
c vector i din x th s c ( ) '
c
p X X vector i din l
( ) ' x x . Do
c
p l mt ng cu x nh.
2.nh l 2:
12
Cho 2 siu phng , ' trong
1
[ ]
n n
P V
+
th nh x x nh : ' f l mt php
chiu xuyn tm khi v ch khi mi phn t ca ' l t ng. Tc l
', ( ) M f M M
Chng minh:
Cch 1:
R rng php chiu xuyn tm bin mi im ' M thnh chnh n.
Ngc li: gi s : ' f l nh x x nh m ', ( ) M f M M
Nu:
+ ' th f id

v f l php chiu xuyn tm vi tm C

+ '
t W,W ln lt l khng gian vector nn ca v '
V ' Z W W
Gi:
: W W'
l ng cu tuyn tnh cm sinh bi vi
1
[ ]
n n
P V
+

lc :
( ) f
Nhn xt:
| ' | ' | ' | '
, 0
W W W W
f id id




( Gi ta s chng minh vi 3 im thng hng
( ) ( ) \ ' , ' ( ) '\ ' M M f M
,
( ) C
th vi X
v
( ) ' ' f X X
cng i qua im C. t kt lun C l tm chiu ).
Ly ( ) \ ' M
c \ w W Z lm vector i din
Suy ra:
( ) ' w w
l vector i din ca ( ) ( ) ' '\ ' f M M
Khi : W Z w < > , ' ' W Z w < > v {w,w} c lp tuyn tnh.
Xt im ' C MM c vector i din ( ) ' ( ') w w W W
.
Ly X c vector i din l x
( ) ' ' f X X c vector i din l ( ) ' x x .
Ta c:
13
( ) ( )
( )
(z Z)
( )
( ) '
( ) '
x z aw
x z aw
x z aw
x x a w w



+
+
+

iu ny ni cho chng ta bit: X, X i qua C . Tc l f l php chiu xuyn tm t C
ln ln
'
.
Cch 2:
Gi P
n-2
= .
+) Chiu thun: f l mt
php chiu xuyn tm
th hin nhin n gi
bt ng nhng im
nm trn P
n-2
.
+) Chiu o: f l nh x x nh c tnh cht f(M) = M vi mi M thuc P
n-2
cn chng
minh f l php chiu xuyn tm.
Trong chn mt mc tiu x nh l {A
1
, A
2
, A
n-1
,A
n
, E} vi A
1
, A
2
, ,A
n-1
thuc
P
n-2
, ta c A
n
, E khng thuc P
n-2
, gi A
n
= f(A
n
) v E = f(E).
Trn ta c mc tiu l {A
1
, A
2
, A
n-1
,A
n
, E} l nh ca mc tiu
{A
1
, A
2
, A
n-1
,A
n
, E} qua f. Gi M = A
n
E th M thuc P
n-2
do f(M) = M nn
ng thng A
n
E cng qua M. Trong mt phng x nh to bi hai ng thng A
n
E v
A
n
E gi C l giao im ca A
n
A
n
v EE. Gi f l php chiu xuyn tm c c s nn
l v vi tm chiu l C. Ta c: f (A
i
) = A
i
vi i = 1,2,,n-1 do A
i
vi i = 1,2,,n-1
nm trn P
n-2
v f (A
n
) = A
n
v f (E) = E. Do s xc nh duy nht ca php bin i x
nh xc nh bi {A
1
, A
2
, A
n-1
,A
n
, E} v {A
1
, A
2
, A
n-1
,A
n
, E} nn f f .
Vy f l php chiu xuyn tm.
14
3.nh l 3:
Trong
n
P
vi cho hai siu phng v ' . Gi s : ' f l mt nh x x nh,
khng phi l php chiu xuyn tm. Khi ta c th phn tch f thnh tch ca m php
chiu xuyn tm vi 1 m n +
Chng minh:
Xt trng hp ' v trong
'
c mt p-phng m mi im
ca u t ng i vi f ( ) 0 2 p n < .
V f khng phi l php chiu xuyn tm nn ' .
Ly mt im A nhng ' A , im I , im B trn ng thng IA
m khng trng vi I, A.
t A=f(A), B=f(B), th AB i qua I.
Do AA v BB ct nhau ti mt im C no .
Ly mt siu phng
1
cha v A nhng khng cha A th cha c B.
Gi
1 1
: ' g l php chiu xuyn tm bi tm C.
Khi , tch
1 1
: g f o l mt nh x x nh,
(p+1)-phng tng A + nm trn giao
1
v mi im ca (p+1)-phng tng
A + u bt ng i vi
1
g f o (v cc im trn

u bt ng khi qua f v g
1
nn

bt ng qua
1
g f o v A qua f bin thnh A m A qua g
1
bin thnh giao im
ca CA vi
1
tc l im A vy A bt bin qua
1
g f o
, mi im thuc A +

u
biu th qua p+1 im c lp trong v A suy ra n bt ng ).
Nu
1
g f o khng phi l php chiu xuyn tm ( tc l
1
A + ) th cho
1
g f o ng vai tr nh f ban u ta li c php chiu xuyn tm
2 1 2
: g sao
15
cho
2 1 2
: g g f o o gi bt ng mi im ca mt (p+2)- phng no nm
trong
2
.
Tip tc cch lm nh th sau mt s hu hn bc ta c th tm c cc php chiu
xuyn tm
1 1 2 1 2 1
: ' , : ,...., :
p p p
g g g

sao cho tch
1
.... :
q q
h g g f o o o
gi bt ng cc im ca mt (n-2)-phng.
Do h l mt php chiu xuyn tm.
Suy ra
1 1
1
....
q
f g g h

o o o l tch ca q+1 php chiu xuyn tm. V 2 q p n + +
nn 1 1 1. q n p n +
Xt trng hp ' v trong ' khng c im no t ng di
vi f. Ly mt im C , t C=f(C) ri ly mt siu phng '' i qua
C, khng i qua C m '' . Gi : ' '' s l php chiu xuyn tm
bi tm l mt im ' U CC , th : '' s f o l mt nh x x nh c
im '' C t ng . p dng trng hp trn suy ra l tch ca mt
s 1 n php chiu xuyn tm. Do f l tch ca mt s n php chiu
xuyn tm.
Cui cng xt trng hp ' . Ch cn ly mt php chiu xuyn tm
: ' ''' r no th : ''' r f o l mt nh x x nh ri vo mt
trong hai trng hp trn. Suy ra f l tch ca mt s 1 n + php chiu
xuyn tm.
III.i Ngu Ca Php Chiu Xuyn Tm:
Cng nh nhiu cc khi nim, nh l trong hnh hc x nh th php chiu xuyn tm
cng vi cc nh l bi tp v n th u c i ngu. Do tnh i ngu cho nn y
16
chng ti ch nu khi nim v nh l m khng chng minh li. V hy xem nh l mt
bi tp
1 nh ngha:
Trong khng gian x nh
n
P
cho 2 im O v O v siu phng
\ OO'
n
P

Gi B l b ng thng tm O , B l b ng thng tm O
V : ' p B B

theo quy tc
m B
bin thnh ( ) ' p m m

sao cho
( )
m ' ' O m
Khi p

c gi l php chiu xuyn siu phng t O ln O vi c s

v 2 tm
O,O
n=2 php chiu xuyn siu phng c gi li l php chiu xuyn trc.
2. Mt s nh l:
nh l 1: php chiu xuyn siu phng l mt nh x x nh.
nh l 2: iu kin cn v mt nh x x nh l php chiu xuyn siu phng l
ng ni hai tm phi t ng.
nh l 3: Mt nh x x nh khng phi l php chiu xuyn x nh u c th phn tch
thnh khng qu n+1 php chiu xuyn siu phng.
3. Bi tp p dng.
Hy pht biu cc bi tp mc 1.4 di dng bi ton i ngu ri chng minh bng
php chiu xuyn siu phng.
IV. Php chiu xuyn tm v i ngu ca n trong P
2
:
1. nh ngha :
a) nh ngha 1:
Trong mt phng x nh, mt nh x x nh gia hai hng im gi l php chiu
xuyn tm (php phi cnh) nu cc ng thng ni cc im tng ng lun i qua
mt im C c nh, im C c gi l tm phi cnh.
17
b) i ngu ca nh ngha 1:
Trong mt phng x nh, mt nh x x nh gia hai chm ng thng c gi l
php chiu xuyn trc (php phi cnh) nu giao im ca cc cp ng thng tng
ng lun nm trn mt ng thng t c nh, ng thng t c gi l trc phi cnh.
2.nh l:
a) nh l 1:
iu kin cn v mt nh x x nh f gia hai hng im {m} v {m} l
php chiu xuyn tm l giao im O ca hai gi t ng, tc f(O) = O.
18
b) nh l i ngu ca nh l 1:
iu kin cn v mt nh x x nh f gia hai chm ng thng {S} v
{S} l php chiu xuyn trc l ng thng ni S v S t ng, tc f(SS) = SS.
V. Mt s p dng:
p dng 1 : Chng minh nh l papus bng php chiu xuyn tm
Trong mt phng x nh cho 2 ng thng phn bit
1 2
, d d
ct nhau ti O. Trn d
1
cho 3
im phn bit
, , A B C O
. Trn d
2
cho 3 im phn bit A, B, C khc O . Gi D,E,F
ln lt l giao im ca BC v BC, CA v AC , AB v AB. Khi D,E,F thng
hng.
Chng minh:
Gi ' ' M AC B C v
' ' N AB A C
Xt cc php chiu xuyn tm
1
: ' h AB d
vi tm A v
1
: ' g d B C
vi tm C
t
: ' ' f gh AB B C
f bin B thnh B => f l php
chiu xuyn tm t AB n BC.
Ngoi ra, f ln lt bin A,F,N ln
lt thnh M,D,C.
V vy, AM( ) ' AC
,DF, NC ( ) ' A C
ng quy ti tm chiu ca f.
M ' ' AC A C E suy ra D,E,F thng hng.
p dng 2: (Chng minh nh l Desargues th I )
Trong mt phng x nh cho hai tam nh ABC v ABC.
' ', ' ', ' ' D AB A B E BC B C F AC A C
Chng minh D,E,F thng hng khi v ch khi AA,BB,CC ng quy.
Chng minh:
19
Chiu thun:
Gi
' ' ', ' , ' M CC A B N CC DF P CC AB
.
Xt 2 php chiu xuyn tm sau:
: h AB DF vi tm C bin A,B,D,P thnh F,E,D,N
: ' g DF AB
vi tm C bin F,E,D,N thnh A,B,D,M
t
: ' ' f g h AB A B o
l php chiu xuyn tm
(Do l tch ca cc php chiu xuyn tm v f gi bt ng ' ' D AB A B )
Do : AA, BB,MP( ) ' CC
phi ng quy ti tm chiu O ca f.
Suy ra: AA, BB, CC ng quy.
Chiu o:
Xt hai tam nh DBB v FCC c A = DBFC, A = DBFC, O = BBCC do O,
A, A thng hng (do AA, BB, CC ng qui ti O ) nn p dng chiu thun ca nh
l Desargues th I th BC, BC, DF ng qui ti E, tc D, E, F thng hng.
Bi Tp p dng:
Chng minh cc bi ton sau bng php chiu xuyn tm:
20
a) nh l Menalaus
b) Trong [ ]
2
P V
, cho 2 ng thng phn bit d v d v ba im phn bit
A, B ,C khng thuc cc ng thng . Mt ng thng thay i i
qua A ct d ti M, ct d ti M. Gi N l giao im ca BM v d, N l
giao im CM v d. Chng minh rng c im [ ]
2
I P V
I, N, N
lun thng hng. Xt trng hp c bit khi B trng vi C.
c) Trong [ ]
2
P V
, cho 2 ng thng phn bit d v d v ba im phn bit
A, B ,C khng thuc cc ng thng . Mt ng thng thay i i
qua A ct d ti M, ct d ti M. Xc nh tp hp giao im ca BM v
CM. Chn ng thng v tn qua A,B,C t suy ra mt kt qu ca
hnh hc affine phng bng m hnh x nh ca khng gian affine.
21
B - CC PHP THU X
I. Php thu x cp:
a) nh ngha:
- Trong P
n
cho m phng () v (n m 1) phng () b nhau, tc l
n
P



'

ta bo v l (m, n m 1) cp.
- Cho f l mt php bin i x nh ca P
n
, ta ni f l thu x cp ( thu x (m,n
m 1) cp ) vi ( , ) l cp nn nu f gi bt ng mi im nm trn v . Tc l:
( ) , X f X X .
- Trong trng hp m = 0 th thu x
( 0, n 1 ) cp c gi l thu x tm vi tm l = O
v c s thu x l siu phng .
b) nh l:
Cho f l thu x (m,n m 1) cp nn l ( , )
m n
P
f id
khi tn ti duy nht { }
\ 0,1 k K sao cho
( ) th X' X f X X
th ng thng ni X v X ct ti A v ct ti B u
c t s kp ca hng 4 im (ABXX) = k.
Chng minh:
Gi f l php thu x (m,n m 1) cp nn l ( , ) vi l ci phng m chiu
(m < n) v l ci phng (n m 1) chiu b vi v hai ci phng ny cha ton
nhng im kp ca f. V dim = m nn c th chn trong m+1 im c lp x nh
l
0 1
, ,....,
m
A A A . V dim = n m 1 nn ta c th chn trong n m im
22
c lp x nh l
1 2
, ,....,
m m n
A A A
+ +
. Chn thm mt im E khng nm trn
v ( iu ny c th lm c v v l hai phng cho nhau ) ta c mt mc tiu
x nh trong P
n
l { }
0 1 1
: , ,...., , ,..., ,
m m n
R A A A A A E
+
. Gi
{ }
0 1 1
, ,...., , ,...,
m m n
e e e e e
+
l c s nn ca mc tiu R. i vi mc tiu
trn th m - phng c phng trnh l
1 2
... 0
m m n
x x x
+ +
cn (n
m 1 ) phng c phng trnh l
0 1
... 0
m
x x x . Qua php thu
x f cc im thuc v u kp nn ta suy ra biu thc ta ca f i vi mc tiu
chn c dng :
'
'
. . voi p 0 v 0,1,... .
. . voi q 0 v 1, 2,... .
i i
j j
k x p x i m
k x q x j m m n

'
+ +

Ma trn A ca f c (m + 1) s p v c (n m) s q trn ng cho chnh, cc phn

t khc u bng 0, tc:
1
0 . . . . 0
0 . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . 0
0 . . . . 0
n
p
p
A p
q
q
+
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
]
Nu p = q th f l nh x ng nht.
Nu X v X l hai im tng ng ca f ( tc l X = f (X) ) vi X khng l im
kp ca f. Gi s X = (x
0
:x
1
::x
m
:x
m+1
:.:x
n
) v X khng thuc (do X khng l
im kp ca f ) nn trong cc s x
0
,x
1
,,x
m
phi c t nht mt s khc 0 v trong cc
s x
m+1
,.,x
n
phi c t nht mt s khc 0 (do X khng thuc ). Ta c X = (px
0
:px
1
:
:px
m
:qx
m+1
:.:qx
n
). Gi s ng thng ni X v X ct ti A v ct ti B. im
A thuc ng thng XX nn A c ta l:
[ ] [ ] [ ] . . ' A X X +
, mt khc A thuc nn ta ca A tha phng
trnh ca .
23
Gi s [ ] [ ]
0 1 1
: : ... : : : .... :
m m n
A a a a a a
+

th
1 2
.... 0
m m n
a a a
+ +
.
Ta c:
. . . 0 voi 1, 2,...,
j j j
a x q x j m m n + + +
. V c t nht
mt x
j
0 nn
. 0 q +
, ta ly
1 v q
khi
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
0 1
. ' ( ) : ( ) : .... : ( ) : 0: .... : 0
m
A q X X q p x q p x q p x
Tng t ng thng XX ct ti B c ta l
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 2
. ' 0: .... : 0: ( ) : ( ) : .... : ( )
m m n
B p X X p q x p q x p q x
+ +

Do X = (x
0
:x
1
::x
m
:x
m+1
:.:x
n
) c x
i
0 vi 0 i m v x
j
0 vi m +1 j n nn
0 do p q
i j
i j
x x
px qx

Ta c: ( ) ( )
' '
( ) 0
0 ( )
1 1
: :
( ) 0
0 ( )
i i i
j i j
i i i
j j j
x q p x x
x x p q x
p
k ABXX XX AB
px q p x px q p q
qx qx p q x

V k 0 v p v q u khc 0; k 1 v p q (do f khc nh x ng nht). Vy t s kp

( ) ' ABXX
khng ph thuc vo im X.
II. Php thu x n:
a) nh ngha:
- Php bin i x nh :
n n
f P P c gi l php thu x n
nu c mt siu phng m mi m ca n u l im bt ng.
- Siu phng c gi l c s nn hay nn thu x.
- Nhn xt rng php ng nht l mt trng hp c bit ca php thu x n,
lc siu phng bt k no ca P u l c s nn ca php thu x.
b) nh l:
Nu f l mt thu x n khc php ng nht th c duy nht mt im bt ng O
sao cho mi ng thng qua O u bin thnh chnh n ( bt bin ) nhng ni chung
24
khng bt ng ( tc l mt im bt k ca ng thng c th bin thnh mt im
khc cng thuc ng thng ) im gi l tm thu x.
Nhn xt:
- Nu tm thu x O khng nm trn nn thu x th php thu x n chnh l
php thu x tm O v c s thu x l siu phng .
- Nu tm thu x O thuc siu phng th thu x f c gi l thu x n c
bit.
Chng minh:
- Gi s f l php thu x n, khc php ng nht v c c s nn l . Do l
siu phng nn c th chn trong h n im c lp x nh l { }
1 2
, ,....,
n
A A A v
c cc vect i din l
1 2
, ,....,
n
e e e . Gi d l ng thng bt k khng nm trong
v ct ti A. Ly
0 0
v A d A
ta c
'
0 0
( ) A f A v A
0
, A, A
0
thng hng. Ta c
th tm c cc vect e
0
, a, e
0
l i din cho A
0
, A, A
0
m e
0
= e
0
+ a ( iu ny c
th lm c v gi s x, y, z l ba vect i din cho A
0
, A, A
0
th do ba im A
0
, A,
A
0
thng hng nn c mt vect biu th tuyn tnh qua hai vecto cn li, tc: z = mx +
ny, t e
0
= z, e
0
= mx, a = ny cng l ba vect i din cho A
0
, A
0
, A m e
0
= e
0
+ a ).
- Ly E l im c vecto i din l e = e
0
+ e
1
+ +e
n
th ta c
{ }
0 1 2
, , ,...., ,
n
A A A A E l mc tiu ca P
n
.
Do A thuc nn vecto i din ca n biu th
tuyn tnh qua h vecto
1 2
, ,....,
n
e e e , tc:
a = a
1
.e
1
+ a
2
.e
2
+ + a
n
.e
n
, vy A = (0 : a
1
:
a
2
: : a
n
) v
A
0
= A + A
0
= ( 1 : a
1
: a
2
: : a
n
).
Xt E
0
= A
1
+A
2
++A
n
= (0:1:1::1) do cc
A
1
, A
2
,.,A
n
bt ng nn E
0
bt ng. Gi l php bin i tuyn tnh lin kt vi f .
Do
0 0
' ( ) A f A
v A
1
, A
2
,.,A
n
bt ng, f(E
0
)=E
0
nn ta c:
25
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
. ' . . . .... .
. voi 1, 2,...,
... . ...
Cho 1 , ta c:
... ... ... ...
. . .... . ...
n n
i i i
n n
n n n n
n n n
e k e k e a e a e a e
e k e i n
e e e k e e e
k
e e e e e e e e e e e e
k e k e k e e e e

+ + + +

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + 1, 1,
i
k i n
Ma trn ca f l :
0
0 1
0
0 ... ... 0
. 1 0 ... 0
... 0 ... ... ..
... ... ... ... 0
. 0 ... 0 1
n
k
k a
M
k a
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
Nhn thy ( )
0 0 1 0 2 0
1: : : .... :
n
O k k a k a k a
l mt im bt
ng ca f. By gi chng minh mt ng thng d bt k qua O bt ng. Ly X = ( x
0
:
x
1
: x
2
:.: x
n
) thuc d v
X = f(X) = ( k
0
.x
0
: k
0
.a
1
.x
0
+ x
1
: k
0
.a
2
.x
0
+ x
2
: . : k
0
.a
n
.x
0
+ x
n
)
= X + x
0
.O tc l f(X) thuc ng thng ni O vi X ( l d ). Vy d l ng
thng bt ng. (pcm)
Nhn xt:
Vy mt php thu x no gi bt ng mt siu phng th hoc l thu x tm
hoc l thu x c bit.
III. Cc php thu x trong khng gian x nh P
2
v P
3
:
1. Trong khng gian P
2
:
- Thu x ( 0, 1) cp nn l ( O ,d ) vi O l mt im v d l ng thng khng
qua O. Vi mi im v M d M O ng thng OM ct d ti A v nu M = f(M) th
(OAMM) = k ( vi k l mt s cho trc ).
26

- Thu x n c bit c tm O v c c s nn l ng thng i qua O. Nu ta
bit mt cp im tng ng M v M = f(M) th nh N ca im N c xc nh :
+) O, N, N thng hng.
+) ng thng MN ct ng thng MN ti mt im nm trn d.
2. Trong khng gian P
3
:
- Thu x ( 0, 2 ) cp nn l ( O, P ) vi O l mt im, P l mt phng khng qua
O. Vi v M P M O ng thng OM ct P ti A v M = f(M) c xc nh:
+) M, M, O, A thng hng.
+) ( OAMM ) = k ( vi k l mt s cho trc ).
27
- Thu x ( 1, 1 ) cp nn l ( d, d ) vi d v d l 2 ng thng cho nhau.
Php thu x trn c gi l php thu x song trc vi trc l d v d . nh M ca
im M khng thuc d v d c xc nh:
+) ng thng MM ct d v d ti hai im A v B.
+) (ABMM) = k ( vi k l mt s cho trc ).
- Thu x n c bit tm O v c nn l mt phng P cha im O. Nu bit mt
cp im tng ng M v M = f(M) th nh N ca im N c xc nh :
+) O, N, N thng hng.
28
+) ng thng MN ct MN ti mt im nm trn P.
IV. Cc php bin
i affine sinh ra bi cc php thu x :
Ta bit rng mi php bin i x nh bo tn siu phng v tn W ca P
n
v u
sinh ra mt php bin i affine trong khng gian affine A
n
= P
n
\W. Sau y, ta xt mt
vi trng hp khi f l mt php thu x no .
1. Gi s f l php thu x ( 0, n 1 ) cp vi nn l ( O, ) v h s thu x l k.
Vi mi im M khng l im bt ng ( i.e
v M M O ) nh ca n l M = f(M) c xc nh sao cho (OAMM) = k ( k0
v k1 ) trong A l giao im ca ng thng OM vi siu phng .
+) Nu chn l siu phng v tn v xt khng gian affine
A
n
= P
n
\ th A l im v tn nn ta c t s n
( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' ' MM O MM OA OAMM k
. Nh vy:
1
. ' ' . OM k OM OM OM
k
. Vy f
sinh ra php v t tm O t s
1
k
.
+) Nu chn siu phng W no i qua O lm siu phng v tn th O l im v
tn nn: ( ) ( ) ' ' AMM OAMM k
. Ngoi ra cc ng thng MM lun song song vi
29
nhau ( phng l ca chng c xc nh bng phng ca im v tn O ). Vy f sinh ra
trn
A
n
= P
n
\W mt php thu x affine c c s l W, phng thu x l l, t s thu x l k.
2. Gi s f l php thu x n c bit c tm O nm trn nn . Nu ly hai cp
im M, M = f(M) v N, N = f(N) th MM v NN u qua O v MN giao vi MN ti
mt im thuc . Nu ly l siu phng v tn th trong A
n
= P
n
\W ta c: MN song
song MN v MM song song vi NN, suy ra: MM = NN.
Vy f sinh ra trong A
n
mt php tnh tin.
V. Bi tp:
Bi 1: Trong P
2
cho bin i x nh c biu thc ta :
'
0 1 2
'
1 0 2
'
0 0 1
x x x
x x x
x x x

+
'

Chng minh f l php thu x tm. Tm tm, nn , t s thu x.

Gii:
Tm cc im kp ca f:
- Phng trnh tm cc im kp ca f l:
0 1 2 0 1 2
1 0 2 0 1 2
2 0 1 0 1 2
0
0 (1)
0
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x



+ + +

+ +
' '

+ +

Xt ( ) ( )
2
1 1
2
1 1 0 2 . 1 0
1
1 1

+ +

Ta c hai gi tr ring l = 2 v = - 1(bi 2).

- Vi = 2 thay vo (1) ta c:
0 1 2 0
0 1 2 1
2 0 1 2
2 0 1
2 0 1
1 2 0
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ +

+
' '

+

Vy ta c im kp l: A = (1: 1: 1).
- Vi = -1 thay vo (1) ta c:
30
0 1 2
0 1 2 0 1 2
0 1 2
0
0 0
0
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
+ +

+ + + +
'

+ +

Vy tp hp cc im kp lp thnh mt ng thng
c phng trnh
0 1 2
( ) 0 d x x x + +
. Nhn xt A khng thuc d nn f l thu x tm A v
c nn l ng thng
0 1 2
( ) 0 d x x x + +
.
Tnh t s thu x k:
Ly B = (1: 0 : -1) thuc d. Ly C = A + B = (2: 1 : 0) th f(C) = D = (1: 2: 3) th k =
(ABCD) =
1 2 1 1
1 1 1 2 1 1
: : 2
1 2 1 1 1 2
0 1 0 2

Bi 2: Trong P
2
cho mc tiu { }
0 1 2
, , , S S S E
. Vit biu thc ta ca php thu x
f : P
2
P
2
trong cc trng hp sau:
a) f l thu x tm, c tm l im S
0
= (1: 0: 0), trc thu x l ng thng S
1
S
2
, t
s thu x k.
b) f l thu x tm, c tm l im E = (1: 1: 1), trc l ng thng
0 1 2
( ) : 0 d x x x + +
t s thu x l k = 2.
c) f l thu x c bit, c trc l ng thng
0 1 2
( ) : 0 x x x +
tm l im S =
(1: 0: 1), bin im E = (1: 1:1) thnh im E = (2: 1: 2).
Gii:
Gi e
0
, e
1
, e
2
, e ln lt l cc vecto i din cho S
0
, S
1
, S
2
, S v l php bin i
tuyn tnh lin kt vi f.
a) Ly G = S
1
+ S
2
= (0: 1: 1) thuc S
1
S
2
th E = S
0
+ G. t E = f(E) th E thuc
S
0
E tc E = a.S
0
+ b.E = (a+b : b: b) v gi e l vecto i din cho E. Do f l thu x
n nn (S
0
GEE) = k.
31
Ta c:
1 1 1
0 1 0 1
: :
0 1 0 1 ( )
1 1 1
a b
b b a b
k
a b a b b
b
+
+

+ +
Chn b = 1 th a+b = k. Suy ra:
E = (k: 1: 1).
Ta c: f(S
0
)=S
0
, f(S
1
)=S
1
, f(S
2
)=S
2

, f(E)=E nn suy ra:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2
0 1 2 0 1 2
0 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 2
. , . , .
. ' ( ) . .
. . . . .
e l e e l e e l e
e l e e e e l k e e e
l e l e l e l k e e e



+ + + +
+ + + +
Chn l = 1 th l
0
= k , l
1
= l
2
=1. Suy ra ma trn ca f
l:
0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
k
M
1
1

1
1
]
.
Biu thc ca f l:
0 0
1 1
2 2
' .
' , 0
'
x k x
x x
x x

'

b) Ly A = (1: 0: -1) , B = (1: 1: -2) v D =B - A = (0: 1: -1) thuc ng thng d.

Ly X = E + D = (1: 2: 0) v X = f(X) th X thuc ng thng ED tc X = a.E+b.D =
(a: a+b: a-b).
Lc : m=e
0
e
2
l vecto i din cho A; n=e
0
+e
1
2e
2
l vecto i din cho B; p=e
1
e
2
l
vecto i din cho D; x=e
0
+2e
1
l vecto i din cho X, x=ae
0
+(a+b)e
1
+(a-b)e
2
l vecto
i din cho X.
Do f l php thu x tm vi t s k nn: (EDXX) = k.
Ta c:
1 1 1
1 2 1 1
: :
0 1 0 1
1 2 1
a
a b b a
k
a a b
a b
+


+
Chn b = 1 th a = k , lc : X = (k: k+1: k-1).
32
Ta c: f(A)=A, f(B)=B, f(E)=E, f(X)=X suy ra:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2
0 1 2 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 1 2
0 1 2 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
0 0 0 1
. ( ) ( ) .
2 . 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) . 2
. ( ) ( ) ( ) .
2
( ) . .
3 3 3
e e l e e e e l e e
e e e l e e e e e e l e e e
e e e e l e e e e e e l e e e
l l l l l l
e l e e l

+ + + +
' '

+ + + + + + + +

+ _
+ + +

,

( ) [ ]
0 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 0 1 2
0 1 0 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
0 0 1
.
2 2 4
( ) . . .
3 3 3
2
( ) . . .
3 3 3
( ) . ' 2 . . ( 1). ( 1).
Cho l =1, ta c :
. .
3 3
e
l l l l l l
e l e e l e
l l l l l l
e e e e
x l x e e l k e k e k e
l l l l l
l e e

_

,

+ + _ _
+ + +
'

, ,

+
+ +

+ + + +
_
+ + +

,
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
0 2 0 0 1 0 2
0 1 2
2 1 0 0 2 1 1 2 1 0 2 0 1 2
2 2 2 4
. 2. . . .
3 3 3 3
. ( 1). ( 1).
. . 2 . . ( 1). ( 1).
l l l l l l l
l e l e e l e
k e k e k e
l l l e l l e l l l e k e k e k e
+ + + _ _ _ _
+ + + +

, , , ,
+ + +
+ + + + + + + +
Ta c:
2 1 0 0
2 1 1
2 1 0 2
1
1 1
2 1
l l l k l
l l k l
l l l k l k
+

+ +
' '

+

Lc :
0 0 1 2
1 0 1 2
2 0 1 2
2 1 1
( ) . . .
3 3 3
1 2 1
( ) . . .
3 3 3
1 1 2
( ) . . .
3 3 3
k k k
e e e e
k k k
e e e e
k k k
e e e e

+ _ _
+ +

, ,

+ _ _
+ +
'

, ,

+
+ +

Biu thc ca f l:
0 0 1 2
1 0 1 2
2 0 1 2
2 1 1
' . . .
3 3 3
1 2 1
' . . .
3 3 3
1 1 2
' . . .
3 3 3
k k k
x x x x
k k k
x x x x
k k k
x x x x

+
+ +

+
+ +
'

+
+ +

33
Thay k=2 ta c:
0 0 1 2
1 0 1 2
2 0 1 2
' 4.
' 4 , 0
' 4
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x

+ +

+ +
'

+ +

c) Ta c: E = (1: 1: 1) v E = f(E) = (2: 1: 2), tm l S = (1: 0: 1). Xt S

0
= (1: 0: 0)
th S
0
khng thuc
0 1 2
( ) : 0 x x x +
v S
0
khng thuc ng thng EE v ta ca
ng thng EE l:
( )
2 0 0 1 1 2
2 0 0 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
: : : : 1: 0: 1
1 2 2 2 2 1
a a a a a a
b b b b b b
_ _


, ,
. Ta ca ng
thng ES
0
l ( ) 0:1: 1
, gi A l giao im ca ES
0
vi suy ra: A = (0: 1: 1).
Ta ca ng thng SS
0
l: ( ) 0:1: 0
. Ta ca ng thng AE l: ( ) 1: 2: 2
,
Gi S
0
= f(S
0
) th S
0
l giao im ca SS
0
vi AE suy ra S
0
= (2: 0: 1).
Ly B = (1: 1: 2) v C = (1: -1: 0) thuc , ta c:
f(B) = B, f(C) = C, f(E) = E, f(S
0
) = S
0
34
Tac:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
[ ]
[ ]
0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 2
0 1 2 1 0 1 2
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 2
0 1 2 2 0 1 2
2 1 2 0 1 2 1
1
( ) ( 4 ). ( 2 ). (4 2 ).
2
2 . 2
1
. ( ) ( 4 ). ( 2 ). (4 2 ).
2
. 2 2
( ) ( 2 ). ( ). (2
e l l l e l l l e l l e
e e e l e e e
e e l e e e l l l e l l l e l l e
e e e l e e e
e l l e l l e

+ + + +
+ + + +

+ + + +
'

+ + + +
+ +
( ) ( )
[ ]
1 2 2
0 0 2
0 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 2
0 1 2 0
0 1 2 1
2 2 1
2 ).
. 2 cho 1 ta c :
1
( 4 ). ( 2 ). (4 2 ). 2
2
4 4 1
2 0 1
1 4 2 2
l l e
e l e e l
l l l e l l l e l l e e e
l l l l
l l l l
l l l

'

+
+ + + + +
+

+
' '



Ta c:
0 0 2
1 0 1 2
2 0
( ) 2.
( )
( )
e e e
e e e e
e e

+ +
'

Vy biu thc ca f l:
0 0 1 2
1 1
2 0 1
' 2
' , 0
'
x x x x
x x
x x x

+
'

Bi 3: Chng minh rng trong P

2
mt php bin i x nh f c 3 im bt ng thng
hng l mt php thu x tm hay thu x c bit.
Gii.
Gi d l ng thng i qua 3 im bt ng thng hng ca f.
Do f bo ton t s kp ca hng 4 im; nn ly im M bt k thuc d th f (M) = M.
Do , d l ng thng ( ng vai tr siu phng trong P
2
) bt ng i vi f.
Ta xt 3 trng hp:
TH 1: Nu khng c im bt ng no ca f nm ngoi d th f l php thu x c bit
vi nn l d v tm l mt im nm trn d.
35
TH 2: Nu c 1 im bt ng ca f nm ngoi d th f l php thu x tm.
TH 3: Nu c hn 1 im bt ng ca f nm ngoi d th f l php ng nht. V ly X
bt k khng thuc d v nhng im bt ng ngoi d th mi ng thng qua X u bt
ng nn X l im kp. Khi c th xem f l php thu x c bit hay php thu x
tm bt k.
Bi 4: Trong P
2
cho php bin i x nh f c phng trnh:

1 2 3
2 1 3
3 1 2 3
'
'
' 2 2 3
kx x x
kx x x
kx x x x

+
'

Chng minh rng f l mt php thu x . Xc nh tm v nn ca php thu x.

Gii:
Phng trnh tm im kp ca f:

1 2 3 1 2 3
2 1 3 1 2 3
3 1 2 3 1 2 3
0
0
2 2 3 2 2 (3 ) 0
kx x x kx x x
kx x x x kx x
kx x x x x x k x
+

+ +
' '

+ +

(*)
Xt
3 2
3
1 1
1 1 0 3 3 1 0
2 2 3
( 1) 0
k
k k k k
k
k

+ +


Do k = 1 l gi tr ring duy nht bi ba .
Thay k = 1 vo (*) v gii h tng ng ta c:

1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
0
0 0
2 2 2 0
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
+

+ +
'

Nh vy, d:
1 2 3
0 x x x +
l ng thng cha tt c cc im kp ca f, tc l
f (X) = X , x d .
Do , f l php thu x vi nn thu x l d (pcm).
Hn na, tm O ca f phi thuc d. Nn f l thu x c bit.
Ta i tm ta ca tm O.
36
Ly
2
\ M P d (ty ). Khi OM l ng thng bt bin.
( ) ' . O = MM ' d f M M OM Suy ra
Chn M = ( 0: 0: 1 ). Thay vo phng trnh ca f ta c :
f(M) = M = ( 1: -1 : -3 )
Phng trnh ng thng MM: x1 + x2 = 0
Khi : O = MM ' d =
1 1 1 1 1 1
: : ( 1:1: 2)
1 0 0 1 1 1
_


,
Bi 5: Trong P
2
vi mc tiu {A
i
;E} cho php bin i x nh f xc nh bi:
f(A
1
) = A
3
; f(A
3
) = A
1
; f(A
2
) = E; f(E) = A
2
a) Vit phng trnh ca f i vi mc tiu chn
b) Tm cc im kp ca f
c) Chng minh rng f l php thu x i hp
Gii.
a) Vit phng trnh f:
Ta c :
1 3
2
3 1
2
(1: 0: 0) (0: 0:1)
(0:1: 0) (1:1:1)
(0: 0:1) (1: 0: 0)
(1:1:1) (0:1: 0)
A A
A E
A A
E A

Gi f
ur
l AXTT lin kt ca f
Gi {e
1
, e
2
, e
3
}l c s nn ca mc tiu chn
V e = e
1
+ e
2
,+e
3
. Khi :
f
ur
(e
1
), f
ur
(e
2
), f
ur
(e
3
) ln lt l vect i din ca A
3
, E, A
1
, A
2
Ta c
1 3
2 1 2 3
3 1
( ) (0, 0,1)
( ) (1,1,1)
( ) (1, 0, 0)
f e k ke
f e g ge ge ge
f e h he

+ +
'

ur
ur
ur
(*)
Ta tm k, g, h
Ta c f
ur
(e) = f
ur
(e
1
) + f
ur
(e
2
) + f
ur
(e
3
)
37
0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
1
1
1
k g h
k
g
h
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
+ +
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
] ] ] ]

'

T (*) suy ra
1 3
2 1 2 3
3 1
( )
( )
( )
f e e
f e e e e
f e e

+ +
'

ur
ur
ur
Ma trn ca f trong mc tiu chn l:
0 1 1
0 1 0
1 1 0
M
1
1

1
1
]
Phng trnh ca f :
1 1
2 2
3 3
1 2 3
2 2
3 1 2
' 0 1 1
' 0 1 0
' 1 1 0
'
'
'
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x

1 1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]

'

b) Tm im kp ca f
Phng trnh tm im kp ca f :
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 2 2
3 1 2 1 2 3
+ 0
(1 ) = 0
0
x x x x x x
x x x
x x x x x x






' '

+ +

(**)
Xt
1 1
0 1 0
1 1

=
2
(1- ) - (1- )
Do cc gi tr ring l = 1( bi 2 ) v = -1 ( bi 1 )
Thay = 1 vo (**) v gii h tng ng ta c :
38
1 2 3
2 1 2 3
1 2 3
0
0 0 0
0
x x x
x x x x
x x x
+

+
'

Tp hp cc im kp ca f l ng thng d c phng trnh

1 2 3
0 x x x +
Thay =- 1 vo (**) v gii h tng ng ta c :
1 2 3
2
2
1 3
1 2 3
0
0
2 0
0
x x x
x
x
x x
x x x
+

' '

+ +

Ta c im kp ca f l I (1:0:1)
c) Cch 1:
Cho M l mt im ty trong P
2
, gi N l nh ca M
Gi [x] l ma trn ta ca M
[x] l ma trn ta ca N
Theo bi [x] = M [ x]

[x] = M
-1
[ x] = M [x] ( V M
-1
= M )
Suy ra M l nh ca N
Do f l php thu x i hp.
Cch 2:
Ta thy f l php thu x tm vi tm thu x l im I (1:0:1)
v trc thu x l ng thng d :
1 2 3
0 x x x +
Ly A (1:2:0 ) th A I v A d
A = f (A) = (2:2:1)
2 0 0 1 1 2
' : : [2: 1: 2]
2 1 1 2 2 2
AA
1

1
]
( )
1 2 2 2 2 1
' : : 3: 4: 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
B AA d
_



,
Khi ' I AA
Ta c
1 3
4 0
0 4

nn
39
1 1 1 2
0 2 0 2 2 2
( ') : 1
3 1 3 2 2 2
4 2 4 2
IBAA


Do f c h s thu x l -1. Nn f l php thu x i hp.
Bi 6: Trong P
2
cho ng thng d v hai im phn bit M, M khng thuc d.
Chng minh rng:
a) C mt php thu x c bit duy nht f ca P
2
nhn d lm nn thu x v bin M
thnh M. Hy dng nh ca mt im bt k N qua f.
b) Cho ty mt s k khc 0. CMR c mt v ch mt php thu x tm f ca P
2

nhn d lm nn thu x, k l h s thu x v bin thnh M thnh M. Hy dng
nh ca mt im bt k N qua f.
Gii :
a) Gi ' S MM d . Ta xy dng mt php bin i x nh nh sau :
Ly
2
0
, , { , '} X P X d X M M
X MX d


Xt:
2 2
0
:
M M'= (M)
d (d) = d
X ( ) '
f P P
f
f
f X SX X M

a
a
a
+ f l php bin i x nh gi bt ng ng thng d.
+ Mt khc,
2
, X P X d : X, f(X), S thng hng hay f gi bt bin mi ng
thng qua S.
Suy ra f l php thu x c bit tm S, nn l ng thng d..
* S duy nht :
F c xy dng nh trn l duy nht v khng ph thuc vo im X; tc l vi
im X bt k u cho ta cng mt kt qu xy dng .
im ' S MM d l xc nh duy nht.
Vy tn ti duy nht php thu x c bit f nhn d lm nn v bin M thnh M.
40
* Dng nh ca N qua f:
Cch dng:
' S MM d
0
X MN d
0
( ) ' ' f N N SN X M
TA c N l im cn dng.
X
0
Chng minh:
Ta c:
0 0 0
( ) X d f X X
Do M, N, X
0
thng hang nn M, f (N), X
0
thng hang ( Do f bo ton 3 im thng
hng ).
Do f gi bt bin mi ng thng qua S nn N, f (N), S thng hng.
Vy
0
( ) ' ' f N N SN X M
l im cn dng.
b) Ta xy dng tng t cu a.
* Dng nh ca N qua f:
' S MM d
Dng A xc nh duy nht sao cho (ASMM) = k
0
X MN d
0
( ) ' ' f N N AN X M
41
X
0
Bi 7: Trong P
1
cho thu x cp f vi c s (P,Q) c ma trn biu din trong mt mc tiu
no l
a b
c d
_

,
. Hy tnh h s thu x k.
Gii:
Gi {A
0
,A
1
,E} l mc tiu ca P
1
m trong ma trn ca f l
a b
c d
_

,
.
Gi ( ) ( )
: , :
p p q q
P x y Q x y
ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
: , :
p p p p q q q q
f P ax by cx dy f Q ax by cx dy + + + +
do P , Q bt ng nn ta c:
;
p p p p q q q q
p p q q
ax by cx dy ax by cx dy
x y x y
+ + + +

. t
;
p q
p q
x x
y y

ta c:
42
2
2
1
. ( ). 0
1
. ( ). 0
a b c d c d a b
a b c d c d a b

+ + +
+ + +
. Do P v Q phn bit nn . Vy v
l hai nghim ca phng trnh
2
. ( ). 0 c x d a x b + .
Gi A
0
= f(A
0
) = (a:c) v do P v Q phn bit nn
0
p p
q q
x y
x y
_

,
th h s thu x l:
( )
0 0
1
0
' : :
1
0
p p
p p p p p
q q q q q
q q
x x a
a
y y c y cx ay
c a
c
k PQA A
a x x a y cx ay c a
c
y y c

t ;
a a N
M N k
c c M

Ta c:
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
a d
a a d a
M N
c c c c
a a b a a d a ad bc
MN M N
c c c c c c c

+ +

'
_

+ + +

,
Ta c:
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
. 1
1 ( ) 2
2 2
k
k
a d
c
N M N M M N a bc d
k
ad bc
k M N MN MN ad bc
c

+ _
'

+ + + +
,
+ +

43
Vy k v
1
k
l nghim ca phng trnh
2 2
2
2
1 0
a bc d
X X
ad bc
_ + +
+

,
44
Danh sch sinh vin nhm 3:
1) inh Vn Dng. ( Nhm trng )
2) Trn Tun Anh.
3) Cao Vn Hong.
4) Hunh Phng Nam.
5) L Tn Cng.
6) L Khc Hiu.
7) Bi Th Thanh An.
8) Hng Hip.
9) Nguyn Hong Khi.
10) V Thanh Hi.
11) Phm Nguyn Tr My.
12) Trn Hunh Tho Ly.
13) Lu Quc Anh.
14) Lng Hong Khng.
15) H Th Nguyt.
16) Nguyn Vn Ho.
17) Nguyn Hu Li. (K33.101.062)
45