MC LC. Trang LI M U. 3 Chng I. TNG QUAN H THNG THNG TIN DI NG GSM. 4 1.1.

Gii thiu tng quan v h thng thng tin di ng GSM. 4 1.1.1. Lch s pht trin mng GSM. 4 1.1.2. c im truyn sng trong mng GSM. 5 1.2. Cu trc mng v chc nng ca cc thnh phn chnh trong mng GSM. 7 1.2.1. S cu trc c bn mng GSM. 7 1.2.2. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn chnh trong mng. 8 1.2.3. Mng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (CCSN7). 10 1.3. Cc k thut chnh s dng trong mng GSM. 15 1.3.1. M ha ting ni . 15 1.3.2. M ha knh v ghp xen. 15 1.3.3. iu ch. 17 1.3.4. San bng. 18 1.3.5. Nhy tn. 19 1.3.6. iu khin cng sut. 19 1.4. Cu trc knh v cu trc khung tin trong mng GSM. 20 1.4.1. Cu trc knh c bn. 20 1.4.2. Cu trc khung tin. 24 1.4.3. Cu trc cm (Burst). 26 1.5. Hot ng ca mng GSM trong qu trnh thit lp mt cuc gi. 26 1.5.1. Trm di ng MS thc hin mt cuc gi. 26 1.5.2. Trm di ng MS nhn mt cuc gi. 28 1.6. Xu hng pht trin ca mng GSM. 29 Chng II. H THNG GPRS H TR MNG GSM. 31 2.1. Gii thiu chung v mng GPRS. 31 2.2. Cu trc mng v chc nng ca cc thnh phn chnh trong h thng GPRS. 32 2.2.1. Cu trc mng GPRS. 32 2.2.2. Chc nng ca cc phn t chnh trong mng GPRS. 33 2.2.3. Mt phng truyn dn v mt phng bo hiu trong mng GPRS. 37 2.3. Cu trc knh logic trong mng GPRS. 42

2.3.1. Knh iu khin pht qung b kiu gi PBCCH. 43 2.3.2. Cc knh iu khin chung kiu gi PCCCHs. 43 2.3.3. Cc knh iu khin ring bit kiu gi PDCCHs. 44 2.3.4. Knh lu lng d liu gi PDTCH. 44 2.4. Cc k thut chnh s dng trong mng GPRS h tr mng GSM. 44 3.4.1. K thut m ha d liu (CS1CS4). 45 3.4.2. K thut chuyn mch gi. 47 3.4.3. K thut xe ng truyn. 48 2.5. Gii php thit b mng li GPRS ca hai nh cung cp ln trn th gii. 50 2.5.1. Thit b mng li GPRS ca Ericsson. 51 2.5.2. Thit b mng li GPRS ca Alcatel. 52 2.6. Xu hng pht trin ca mng GPRS. 52 Chng III. H THNG EDGE H TR MNG GSM. 54 3.1. Gii thiu chung v mng EDGE. 54 3.2. Cu trc mng v chc nng ca cc thnh phn chnh trong mng EDGE. 55 3.3. Cc k thut chnh s dng trong mng EDGE h tr mng GSM. 56 3.3.1. iu ch 8-PSK. 56 3.3.2. Cc phng php m ha v iu ch. 59 3.4. Mt s gii php k thut cho mng EDGE ca Nokia. 60 3.4.1. Vng ph sng cho 8-PSK 61 3.4.2. H tr phng thc truyn lp tin tin IR cho ng ln/xung. 62 3.4.3. Abis ng. 63 3.5. Xu hng pht trin mng EDGE. 64 KT LUN. 66 TI LIU THAM KHO. 67 CC THUT NG VIT TT. 68

LI M U
Ngy nay trong thi i cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc, thi k nn kinh t hng ha m ca th thng tin nhanh v chnh xc l mt trong nhng nhu cu cp bch v cn thit i vi mi con ngi. Do vy nhu cu s dng in thoi tng ln rt nhanh. c bit l nhu cu s dng in thoi di ng, l phng tin khng th thiu trong thi i kinh t nng ng. m bo cht lng cc dch v v nhu cu ca x hi th cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng khng ngng nng cp mng. Do tin ti cng ngh thng tin di ng th ba (3G) th cc nh khai thc GSM Vit Nam cng nh trn th gii u mong mun gi li mng li ca mnh trong khi tin hnh nng cp mng, vn duy tr c cc dch v ang cung cp hin thi. Vn cn nhc chnh l cc kha cnh kinh t v k thut cho vic nng cp, iu buc cc nh khai thc GSM phi suy tnh v la chn. Chnh v vy cc nh khai thc GSM la chn tin hnh nng cp mng theo con ng GSM GPRS EDGE WCDMA. Thc t cc nh khai thc GSM trn th gii tin hnh nng cp thnh cng theo con ng . Cn Vit Nam th cc mng GSM ang ch quyt nh ca Chnh Ph cp giy php nng cp ln mng thng tin di ng th h th 3 (3G). Da vo tnh hnh thc t cho nn Em chn ti tt nghip l: Cc bin php k thut h tr mng GSM theo chun 3G (GSMWCDMA). ti gm c 3 chng sau: - Chng I. Tng quan v h thng thng tin di ng GSM. - Chng II. H thng GPRS h tr mng GSM. - Chng III. H thng EDGE h tr mng GSM. Sau mt thi gian nung nu v nghin cu lun vn Em chn c ti v hon thnh. Do nhiu yu t kh khn hp thnh ln ti khng khi khng trnh c nhng thiu st, Em rt mong c s ng gp ca cc thy v cc bn Em rt ra c bi hc, b sung vo kinh nghim trong cng vic cng nh trong cuc sng. Em xin chn thnh cm n Thy Gio Th.S Bi nh Thnh nhit tnh hng dn Em trong sut qu trnh lm n tt nghip, cc Thy C trong b mn, Anh Th.S Nguyn Nh Thng, cc Anh Ch trong Cng Ty Viettel Telecom v cc bn trong lp gip Em hon thnh ti ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n!

Chng I. TNG QUAN H THNG THNG TIN DI NG GSM.

1.1. GII THIU TNG QUT V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG GSM. 1.1.1. Lch s pht trin mng GSM.
Vo cui th k 19, cc th nghim ca nh bc hc ngi ITALYA Marconi Guglielmo (1874-1937, t gii Nobel Vt L nm 1909) cho ta thy thng tin v tuyn c th thc hin lin lc c gia cc my thu pht di ng xa nhau. Loi m s dng thi l m Morse v n nm 1928 h thng v tuyn truyn thanh c thit lp ln u tin cho cnh st. n nm 1933 s cnh st Bayone New Jersy thit lp c mt h thng in thoi di ng tng i hon chnh u tin trn th gii. Cc thit b thi s dng rt cng knh, nng, y tp m v rt tn ngun do s dng n in t, cht lng mng di ng km. Tn s sng v tuyn s dng trong di thp ca bng VHF ln ch c th lin lc c trong khong cch vi chc dm. Tuy vy thi qun i ng dng n mt cch rt hiu qu trong qu trnh trin khai v chin u v trong i sng nh: Cnh st, cu thng, cu ha, hng hi, hng khng... n nm 1947 Bell Laboratories c thai nghn v mt mng di ng t bo. Nhng cng ngh in t thi cha pht trin lm ln mi n nm 1981 th h thng v tuyn di ng t bo u tin Chu u c lp t u tin khu vc bn o Scan-i-na-v, thot u ch dng cho vi chc ngn thu bao. H thng ny ra i nh s pht trin ca cc mch t hp v tch hp nh: Cc b vi x l, cc mch tng hp tn s, cc chuyn mch nhanh dung lng ln v thng c gi l mng v tuyn di ng mt t cng cng PLMRN (Public Land Mobile Radio Network), lm vic di tn UHF. Do nm 1982 ti Hi Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng Chu u CEPT (Conference of Post ang Telecommunications) thnh lp c nhm chuyn mn v thng tin di ng GSM (Groupe Speciale Mobile). Nhm ny c nhim v xc nh mt h thng thng tin di ng cng cng tiu chun cho ton Chu u hot ng trn bng tn 900MHz. Nhm quyt nh xy dng h thng ton cu cho thng tin di ng GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications - h thng ton cu cho thng tin di ng). Cc th nghim v cc m phng c tin hnh

nhiu nc Chu u trn nhiu h thng vi nhiu nguyn tc v cc chun khc nhau. Ti nm 1986 th c 9 ngh v chun cho mt h thng GSM ton Chu u v c th nghim ti hi ngh din ra Pari. Hi ngh c tin hnh b phiu vi 15 nc Chu u chn ra cu hnh chun ca h thng GSM cn c theo cc yu cu sau: Hiu qu ph, cht lng m thanh, gi thnh my di ng, gi trm c nh, tnh tin li, kh nng phc v vi cc dch v mi v kh nng cng hot ng vi cc mng hin hnh. Cho n nm 1992 th ton Chu u c 6 mng t bo khc nhau ti 16 nc phc v cho 1,2 triu thu bao. Lc th cc thu bao di ng ca cc mng khng tng thch nhau, dn n gi thnh thit b v gi s dng dch v rt cao dn n s lng thu bao rt t. H thng GSM cho php cc trm di ng (MS) trong mng khng nhng lin lc c vi nhau m cn lin lc c vi bt k thu bao no ni ti cc mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), cc mng s lin kt a dch v ISDN (Intergrated Services Digital Network)... Cc dch v ch yu khi mng GSM ra i l: Truyn thoi, truyn s liu, truyn fax, truyn cc bn tin ngn SMS.

1.1.2. c im truyn sng trong mng GSM.

c tnh truyn sng trong thng tin v tuyn di ng l tn hiu thu c my thu b thay i so vi tn hiu pht my pht v tn s, bin , pha v thi gian gi chm. Cc thay i ny c tnh cht rt phc tp v s tc ng ca chng nh hng ti cht lng lin lc hay truyn d liu. N ph thuc vo hng lot cc yu t nh: a hnh, khong cch lin lc, di tn, kh quyn, mt thu baoTuy vy ta c th c bn chia nh hng ca chng thnh: nh hng ca hiu ng Dopler, tn hao ng truyn, hiu ng pha-inh v hin tng tri tr. Tn hao ng truyn: L lng suy gim ca mc in thu so vi mc in pht i. Mc in trung bnh ca tn hiu thu gim dn theo khong cch, do cng sut ca tn hiu trn mt din tch ca mt cu sng ti gim dn theo khong cch gia anten pht v anten thu, hp th ca mi trng truyn sngTn hao ng truyn ph thuc vo: Tn s bc x, a hnh, mt thu bao, mc di ng ca chng ngi vt, loi anten c s dngTrong mng t bo th tn hao ny tng t l vi ly tha ca khong cch, tun theo lut m 4.

Tn hao ng truyn hn ch kch thc ca t bo v c ly thng tin, do ta c th li dng n phn chia hiu qu cc t bo, cho php ti s dng tn s mt cch hin hu, lm tng hiu qu s dng tn s. nh hng ca hiu ng Dopler: L s thay i ca tn s tn hiu thu so vi tn s tn hiu c pht gy bi chuyn ng tng i gia my thu v pht trong qu trnh truyn sng. Gi s tn s thu c ti my thu l: f = fc + fm*cosi f = fc*(1+(v/c) * cosi) (1.1) Trong : f l tn s tn hiu thu c u vo my thu. fc l tn s sng mang pht khng b iu ch. fm l lng dch tn Dopler. i gc ca tia sng ti th i so vi hng chuyn ng ca my thu. c l vn tc nh sng m fm= v *fc/c. Khi my thu ng yn so vi my pht (v = 0) hoc my thu chuyn ng vung gc vi gc ti ca tn hiu pht (i = 900) th tn s ca tn hiu thu mi khng b thay i. Ngc li th b thay i v hiu ng xy ra mnh nht khi my thu chuyn ng theo phng ca tia sng ti (i = 00; 1800) nh: Anten pht b tr dc theo quc l cn my thu t trn xe chuyn ng trn xa l Hin tng pha-inh: mt khong cch ngn no th mc tn hiu thu trung bnh khng i, khi mc in tc thi ca tn hiu thu ti anten c th thay i nhanh hoc chm (pha-inh nhanh hoc pha-inh chm), nhng khi khong cch gia MS v BTS tng th mc in thu trung bnh gim. Nguyn nhn gy ra pha inh l: S truyn lan theo nhiu tia ca sng v tuyn trong mi trng di ng nh: Nhiu x, tn x v phn x t cc chng ngi vt hay ngi ta cn gi l pha inh a ng. Pha inh gi l phng nu mc tn hiu thu trung bnh xy ra nh nhau vi mi tn s lm vic ca knh trong sut di tn. Pha inh tn s l pha inh xy ra i vi tt c cc tn s trong sut di tn. Khi pha-inh rt su xy ra th tn hiu thu c c th gim ti khng, t s tn hiu/tp m nh hn khng (S/N<0) th u ra ca my thu hon ton ph thuc vo nhiu ca knh. Hin tng tri tr: i vi thng tin di ng s th vic truyn dn tn hiu theo nhiu tia sng trong mi trng di ng dn n s tri tr v tri tr c th xem nh di ca xung khi xung cc hp c pht i.

Hin tng tri tr lm hn ch tc truyn tin v khi lu lng tri tr cng ln th tc truyn tin cng nh. i vi h thng thng tin di ng trong nh th tc ti a c th t c khong 2 Mb/s m khng cn b san bng knh. Cn i vi thng tin di ng t bo ln mun truyn tin vi tc cao th nht thit phi c b san bng knh hoc l chia nh kch thc ca t bo (thc cht ca b san bng knh l mch lc). Do kch thc ca t bo c nh hng rt ln n c im truyn sng trong thng tin di ng.

1.2. CU TRC MNG V CHC NNG CA CC THNH PHN CHNH TRONG MNG GSM. 1.2.1. S cu trc c bn mng GSM.

Um Air Interface M T TE MS M T TE MS BTS BTS BTS

A-bis Interface

A Interface

BSC

TRAU BSS

OM C/ ADC/NM C PSTN CSPDN PSPDN PLMN ISDN

M SC/VLR M T TE MS M T TE MS BTS BTS BTS BSC TRAU BSS HLR/ AuC/EIR

G MSC

NSS

Hnh 1.1. Cu trc mng GSM. Ch thch: Ch vit tt PLMN GSM MT TE MS Um BTS BSS Ting Anh Groupe Speciale Mobile Global System for Mobile Communication Mobile Terminal Terminal Equipment Mobile Station Um Air Interfacee Base Transceiver Station Base Station System Ting Vit Nhm chuyn mn di ng H thng ton cu cho thng tin di ng GSM u cui di ng Thit b u cui Trm di ng Giao din v tuyn gia MS v BTS Trm thu pht gc H thng trm gc

BSC MSC VLR HLR EIR AuC GMSC NMC OMC ADC A-bis A ISDN PSTN

Base Station Controller Mobile Switching Centre Visitor Location Register Home Location Register Equipment Identity Register Authentication Centre Gateway Mobile Switching Centre Network Management Centre Operations and Maintenance Centre Administration Centre A-bis Interface A Interface Intergrated Services Digital Network

Public Switched Telephone Network Circuit Switched Packet Data CSPDN Network Packet Switched Packet Data PSPDN Network PLMN Public Land Mobile Network TRAU Transcoder Rate Adapter Unit

Trm iu khin gc Trung tm chuyn mch di ng B ghi nh v tm tr B ghi nh v thng tr B ghi nhn dng thit b Trung tm nhn thc thu bao Cng trung tm chuyn mch di ng Trung tm qun l mng Trung tm khai thc v bo dng Trung tm qun tr iu phi Giao din A-bis gia BTS v BSC Giao din A gia BSS v MSC Mng s lin kt a dch v Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng Mng d liu gi chuyn mch knh Mng d liu gi chuyn mch gi Mng di ng mt t cng cng Khi thch ng tc chuyn i m

1.2.2. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn chnh trong mng GSM.

Trm di ng MS: L mt thu bao dng truy nhp cc dch v ca h thng. MS gm c mt u cui di ng MT v mt thit b u cui TE. Trong u cui di ng c mt Modul thng minh dng xc nhn thu bao SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) m thiu SIM th thit b di ng khng th truy nhp mng GSM c ngoi tr cc s khn cp nh: Cnh st, cu thng Thc t MS c rt nhiu hnh dng, kch thc v chc nng khc nhau, iu ny tu thuc vo cc nh sn xut hay cc dch v ca mng GSM. MS c 2 chc nng chnh l: Chc nng truyn d liu v chc nng lin quan n truyn dn giao din v tuyn. Trm thu pht gc BTS: Thc hin cc chc nng thu pht v tuyn trc tip n cc thu bao di ng MS trong t bo BTS qun l thng qua giao din v tuyn Um nh: Pht qung b cc thng tin ca h thng, thc hin thu pht mt cuc giBTS c kt ni vi BSC thng qua giao din A-bis (s dng ng truyn vi ba hoc cp quang vi tc truyn dn trn di 100 Mb/s). Ngoi ra BTS cn c chc nng m ho v gii m ting ni (knh), sa li, iu khin cng sut pht Trm in khin gc BSC : Thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch v iu khin cc knh v tuyn ca h thng BSS, BSC thc hin vic qun l cc knh v

tuyn v truyn cc bn tin n v i t thu bao di ng MS. BSC n nh knh v tuyn trong ton b thi gian thit lp cuc gi v gii phng lin kt khi kt thc cuc gi. Ngoi ra BSC cn c nhim v qun l cc trm BTS thuc phm vi ca mnh Trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC: Lp tuyn gi v iu khin cuc gi; cc th tc cn thit lm vic vi cc mng khc nh: Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN, mng s lin kt a dch v ISDN, mng chuyn mch s cng cng theo mch CSPSN, mng d liu gi chuyn mch theo gi PSPDN... ; cc th tc cn thit tin hnh chuyn iu khin (HO); cc th tc lin quan ti qun l qu trnh di ng ca cc trm di ng nh: Nhn tin thit lp cuc gi, bo mi v tr trong qu trnh lu ng v nhn thc nhm chng cc cuc truy nhp tri php. B ghi nh v thng tr HLR: L mt n v c s d liu dng qun l cc thu bao di ng. HLR cha mt phn thng tin c VLR chuyn ti bo mi thng xuyn v tr hin thi ca MS ang nm trong MSC no. Ngoi ra n cn cha cc thng tin v thu bao nh: Cc dch v ph m MS c quyn s dng trong mng hay cc thng s nhn thc lin quan ti qu trnh nhn thc thu bao (s nhn din thu bao di ng quc t). Trung tm nhn thc thu bao AuC: L mt n v c s d liu trong mng, cung cp cc tham s m mt v nhn thc cn thit m bo tnh ring t (mt) ca tng cuc gi, nhn thc quyn truy nhp ca thu bao ang tin hnh truy nhp mng v AuC c t trong khi HLR. B ghi s nhn din thit b EIR: Cng l mt c s d liu ca mng, cha cc thng tin v thit b nh con s nhn din phn cng ca thit b di ng. N cho php MSC nhn din c cc MS b hng, b ly cp hay ang gi trm v c t trong khi HLR. B ghi nh v tm tr VLR: L mt khi chc nng theo di mi MS hin c trong vng MSC ca n, k c cc MS ang hot ng ngoi vng ph sng HLR v n c b tr trong cng mt thit b vi MSC. OMC, NMC v ADC: L cc b phn chc nng m thng qua chng c th gim st qu trnh hot ng ca cc trm, iu khin cc yu cu cn thit, qun l v bo tr ton b h thng. Ngoi ra cn c khi thch ng tc chuyn i m TRAU: TRAU c nhim v chuyn i tn hiu thoi ca mng GSM thnh dng m dng trong in thoi c nh. TRAU c th c b tr trong BSC hoc trong MSC.

 truyn cc gi tin n v i nhanh chng, chnh xc ti a im thu th trong mng GSM s dng mng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (CCSN7) v ci tin ca n. y l mt vn khng km phn quan trng lm tng tc truyn dn s dng trong mng GSM. Ta s i su v mng bo hiu CCSN7 phn di y.

1.2.3. Mng bo hiu knh chung s 7 CCSN7 (Common Channel Signalling Number Seven).
Bo hiu knh chung s 7. Trong h thng thng tin di ng th ng bo hiu CCSN7 tch ring so vi ng ting. Trong mng CCSN7 th khng nht thit phi c phi c mt knh bo hiu trn mi ng ni. C ngha l cc bn tin bo hiu c th c cc ng truyn khc nhau so vi ng ting n c im thu. iu ny gip cho h thng trnh c s c v tc nghn. trnh nhm ln vi cc bn tin khc th ngi ta gn nhn cho cc bn tin bo hiu. Knh bo hiu c th chim mt khe thi gian bt k trn ng truyn dn 2 Mb/s (tr khe TS0) v c s dng truyn tt c cc bo hiu ca cc knh thoi ng ni tng ng. Nu bn tin bo hiu v knh thoi c pht i cng mt ng truyn PCM th c gi l bo hiu lin kt, cn ngc li l t lin kt. Mng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (CCSN7). Trong mng GSM s dng mng bo hiu CCSN7 v ci tin ca n. S ci tin l CCSN7 c thit k c th sp t trn m hnh 7 lp ca OSI. S tng ng gia CCSN7 v m hnh OSI c cho bi hnh sau:
MSC/VLR HLR/GMSC... OSI

MS

BTS

BSC

MSC

ISUP TUP

CM L p 3 MM RR RR L p 2 LAPDm L p 1 Bo hi u l p 1 Radio LAPDm BTSM LAPD RR BTSM LAPD BSSAP SCCP MTP l p 3 MTP l p 2

CM MM

L p 7 L p 4-6 L p 3

MAP TCAP BSSAP SCCP SCCP

MTP l p 3MTP l p 3

MTP l p 2MTP l p 2 L p 2 MTP l p 1MTP l p 1 L p 1 A

Bo hi u Bo hi u l p 1 l p 1 A-bis

Bo hi u MTP l p 1 l p 1

10

Hnh 1.2. M t s tng ng gia CCSN7 v m hnh OSI. Ch thch: Ting Anh Connection Management Mobility Management Radio Resource Management Link Access Produres on Dm LAPDm Channel Base Station System Application BSSAP Part BTSM BTS Management SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part MTP Message Transfer Part MAP Mobile Application Part Transaction Capabilities TCAP Application Part ISUP ISDN User Part Link Access Procedures on DLAPD Channel TUP Telephone User Part Ch vit tt CM MM RR Ting vit Qun l ni thng Qun l di ng Qun l tim nng v tuyn Cc th tc thm nhp ng truyn knh Dm Phn ng dng h thng trm gc Qun l trm thu pht gc Phn iu khin ni thng bo hiu Phn chuyn thng bo Phn ng dng di ng Phn ng dng kh nng trao i Phn ngi s dng ISDN Cc th tc truy nhp ng truyn trn knh D Phn ngi s dng in thoi

Bo hiu gia MSC vi cc phn t khc trong h thng con chuyn mch NSS: Da vo hnh v ta thy pha bn phi cng l cc giao thc cho bo hiu knh chung s 7 gia MSC vi VRL, HLR, GMSC v PSTN. Tng ng vi cc giao thc l s phn lp theo m hnh OSI. Trong phn truyn bn tin MTP c s dng nh l mi trng truyn dn v nh tuyn cng nh nh a ch. Phn iu khin v ni thng bo hiu SCCP c b sung cho bo hiu s 7 m bo m hnh ca CCITT ph hp vi m hnh OSI. SCCP c b sung cc chc nng thit lp cc u ni logic v m rng thm cho vic nh a ch v nh tuyn. MTP v SCCP to nn phn phc v mng v tng ng vi cc lp 1,2 v 3 ca OSI 7 lp. Phn ng dng di ng MAP v phn ng dng kh nng trao i TCAP u l cc giao thc lp 7. TCAP m bo chc nng thng tin vi u xa ca ng bo hiu v thit lp cc hi thoi nhiu ngi s dng, cn MAP th dnh ring cho GSM v n c s dng h thng con chuyn mch NSS ca PLMN.

11

Cc giao thc ISUP v TUP tng ng vi cc lp t 4-7 trong m hnh OSI v l cc giao thc lp 7 gia PSTN v MSC thit lp v gim st cuc gi. Giao din A: y l giao din gia MSC v BSC ca h thng trm gc BSS v n c s dng truyn cc bn tin gia MSC vi BSC v MS. Cc bn tin gia MSC v MS s dng cc giao thc sau: - Giao thc qun l ni thng CM: Giao thc ny c s dng iu khin thit lp, gim st v gii phng cc cuc gi. ng thi qun l cc dch v b sung v cc dch v bn tin ngn. - Giao thc qun l di ng MM: c s dng qun l v tr cng nh tnh bo mt ca trm di ng. Giao thc CM v MM thuc lp 3 v c t bn trong MSC. Thay cho vic s dng cc bn tin ISDN-UP v MAP th n c bin i v truyn i cc bn tin CM v MM. Cc bn tin iu khin cuc gi nh ng k cc dch v b sung cng c sp xp bn tin MAP trong MSC. Phn ng dng h thng trm gc BSSAP l giao thc c s dng truyn cc bn tin CM v MM, iu khin trc tip BSS nh khi MSC yu cu BSC n nh knh. BSSAP s dng cc giao thc MTP v SCCP truyn cc bn tin sau: Cc bn tin lin quan n MS gia BSC v MSC, cc bn tin ti/t MS ch nh hng theo ni thng v cc bn tin phn phi dng phn loi gia cc bn tin BSSAP v DTAP. Giao din A-bis: y l giao din gia BSC v BTS, cc bn tin c trao i giao din ny c nhiu ngun gc v ni nhn khc nhau nh: Cc bn tin iu khin BTS, cc bn tin i t MS v cc bn tin ti MS t nhiu ngun khc nhau ca mng. Cc bn tin lp 3 t MS c truyn trong sut (khng b x l) qua BTS v giao din A-bis ti BSC. Giao thc qun l tim nng v tuyn RR nm trong BSC dng thit lp, duy tr v gii phng ni thng cc tim nng v tuyn cc knh iu khin dnh ring. Hu ht cc bn tin giao thc RR c truyn i trong sut, nhng cng c mt s bn tin lin quan mt thit vi BTS th s c x l ti BTS bi giao thc qun l BTS (BTSM) nh: Bn tin mt m th kha mt m ch gi n BTS m khng gi n MS. Giao thc c s dng lp 2 trn giao din A-bis l cc th tc thm nhp ng truyn knh D (LAPD). Knh D l knh bo hiu dng phn bit vi

12

knh B l knh lu lng. Giao thc ny c chc nng pht hin li, sa li v nh hn khung bng cch a vo cc c u khung v cui khung. Giao din v tuyn Um: y l giao din rt quan trng ca h thng lin quan cht ch ti tc ng truyn v cht lng mng, l giao din gia BTS v MS. Lp bo hiu 1: y l lp vt l trnh by cc chc nng cn thit truyn cc lung bit trn cc knh vt l mi trng v tuyn. giao din ny cc bn tin c gi i lin quan n n nh knh vt l v cc thng tin h thng ca lp vt l bao gm: - Sp xp cc knh logic trn cc knh vt l. - M ha knh sa li trc FEC. - M ha knh pht hin li CRC. - Mt m ha. - Chn ch ri. - Thit lp cc knh vt l dnh ring. - o cng trng ca cc knh dnh ring v cng trng ca trm gc xung quanh. - Thit lp nh trc thi gian v cng sut theo s iu khin ca mng. Cc cng m qua lp ny cung cp dch v cho lp 2 c gi l cc im thm nhp dch v SAP. Cc cng ny tn ti di dng khc nhau cho cc bn tin ngn v cho cc bn tin ca lp ng truyn. Lp bo hiu 2: Lp ny s ng dng cc dch v ca lp bo hiu 1, vi mc ch l cung cp ng truyn tin cy thu bao v mng. Giao thc ca lp ny l LAPDm, c xy dng trn c s giao thc LAPD ca ISDN. Tuy nhin LAPDm c mt vi thay i so vi giao thc LAPD ph hp vi mi trng truyn dn v tuyn v t c hiu sut ln hn trong vic tit kim ph tn nh: Trong lp 2 khng s dng phn kim tra tng, v m ha knh lp 1 thc hin chc nng ny ri. Trong lp 2 th li c mt s khung iu khin mang thng tin v lp 3 nh: SABM v UA. Do tit kim c thi gian truyn dn v ph ca tn hiu. Lp bo hiu 3: y l lp cao nht ca MS m bo cc th tc bo hiu gia MS v mng v c chia thnh 3 lp con: Qun l tim nng v tuyn RR, qun l di ng MM v qun l ni thng CM. - Qun l tim nng v tuyn RR: Cc bn tin ca lp ny c t bn trong BSC v c truyn trong sut qua BTS. Bao gm cc chc nng cn thit

13

thit lp, duy tr v gii phng u ni cc tim nng trn cc knh iu khin dnh ring: + Thit lp ch mt m. + Thay i knh dnh ring khi vn nh c. + Chuyn giao t mt ny n mt khc. + nh ngha li tn s s dng cho nhy tn. - Qun l di ng MM: Lp con ny cha cc chc nng lin quan n tnh di ng ca mt thu bao nh: Nhn thc, n nh li IMSI v nhn dng trm di ng bng cch yu cu IMSI hay IMEI. - Qun l ni thng CM: Lp ny gm c 3 phn t sau: iu khin cuc gi CC, m bo cc dch v b sung SS v m bo cc dch v bn tin ngn. + iu khin cuc gi CC (Call Control): Cung cp cc chc nng v cc th tc iu khin cuc gi ISDN, cc chc nng v cc th tc ny c ci tin ph hp vi mi trng truyn dn v tuyn. Vic thit lp li cuc gi hay thay i trong qu trnh gi cc dch v mng nh: Thay i t ting ti s liu v ngc li l hai th tc c bit mi trong CC, hay bo hiu gia cc thu bao. + Phn t m bo cc dch v b sung SS (Suppliment Service): X l cc dch v b sung khng lin quan n cuc gi nh: Chuyn hng cuc gi khi khng c tr li, i gi + Phn t m bo dch v bn tin ngn SMS (Short Message Service): Cung cp cc giao thc lp truyn ti cc bn tin ngn gia mng v thu bao.

1.3. CC K THUT CHNH S DNG TRONG MNG GSM. 1.3.1. M ho ting ni.
y l mt vn sng cn lin quan n vic n nh tc bit; lin quan cht ch ti ph tn ca tn hiu, mc tiu th ngun. Vi cc h thng t bo nh th vic ny khng quan trng lm c th dng cc bin php m ho ting ni n gin nh: iu ch Delta, iu ch xung m Logarit Log-PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation) hay EDM (Embedded Delta Modulation) nhm t c gi chm x l thp, n gin v thit b v mc tiu th ngun thp vi cht lng yu cu. i vi cc mng t bo ln th m ha ting ni phc tp hn rt nhiu, tiu tn ngun hn. Tuy nhin thi gian gi chm x l ng k v da trn cc c tnh c bn ca m thanh v qu trnh pht m cho php nn thng tin cao nhm t c tc bit thp vi cht lng ting ni theo yu cu. gi ting ni ca chng ta qua mt mng v tuyn th ta phi chuyn ting ni thnh tn hiu s. Trong mng GSM ngi ta p dng m ho ting ni thng dng l m ha d on

14

tuyn tnh gii php kch thch xung u RPE-LPC (Regular Pulse Excitation Linear Pridictive Coding), chuyn ting ni dng tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s nn. Gii php kch thch xung u RPE l cc xung kch thch phn b u v bin ca chng tnh ton c. N cho php t tc trn di 10 kb/s v c th xung thp tn 4,8 kb/s, hoc s dng phng php m ha d on tuyn tnh kch thch m CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction) cho php tc sau m ha thp xung 2,4 kb/s. M ho ting ni s dng trong mng GSM l RPE-LPC cho php truyn ting ni vi tc 13,4 kb/s cho cht lng m thanh gn chung.

1.3.2. M ha knh v ghp xen (m ha chng nhiu v tro th t truyn).

M ho knh: Knh v tuyn thng gy ra cc li cm trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu s. chng li li cm th phi m ho chng nhiu kt hp vi tro th t truyn mt cch thch hp. Cc m chng nhiu dng m ho trong mng GSM l s dng m khi v m xon kt hp. Trong m khi l m kim tra bit chn nhm pht hin li cn st sau khi sa bng m xon (m xon s dng trc m khi). tc bit truyn i khng qu ln th ta ch m ho cc bit quan trng trong tn hiu truyn i. Nu tc bit ln th dn n chim ph tn ln lm gim hiu qu s dng ph tn. Trong mng GSM th m khi vi 3 bits kim tra c s dng m ho 50 bits ting ni quan trng nht, sau 53 bits ny c ghp vi 132 bits ting ni quan trng, cng vi 4 bits ui to thnh cm 189 bits. Sau li c m ho tip bng m xon vi tc 1/2 ( di p buc k = 5) to nn di m l 378 bits (1892), ghp vi 78 bits khng quan trng khng c m ho to thnh khi 456 bits (l tng s bit c trong mt cm pht ln knh truyn). Tc truyn tn hiu thoi trong GSM l (189+78)bit/20ms = 13,4 kb/s. Sau y l s m ha thoi trong mng GSM.

15

r=1 2

Type Ia 50 Vocoder 132

Error Detection

Convolutional encoder

189 Interleaver MPX 378 ADD 456

K= 5

Type Ib

4 78

189

Type II

Hnh 1.3. S m ha thoi trong mng GSM. Ta c th gii thch ti sao m ha knh trong mng GSM c c tc truyn d liu l 9,6 kb/s, da vo s iu ch sau: D liu c a vo b m ha l khi 191 bits c di l 20 ms, cng vi 3 bits c trng thi ng ln USF v cng vi 40 bits chui kim tra khi BCS, ta c 237 bits. Sau khi s dng 3 bits m ha li c trng thi ng ln USF v cng vi 4 bits ui thm vo ta c 244 bits. Tip ti ta cho qua b m ha xon vi tc r=1/2 v di k=5, ta c tng s bit ca khi sau m ha xon l 488 bits. Nhng khi v tuyn GSM c c l 456 bits nn ta phi nn s bit xung bng cch cho qua khi Puncturing loi b i 32 bits. Cui cng ta c khi 456 bits, vi phng php ny cho ta tc truyn d liu l 191bit/20ms = 9,6 kb/s.

D ata in 191bits

A dd U SF 6 bits

197bits

BCS 40bits

237bits U SF P recoding 3bits 240bits

D ata out 456bits

244bits Puncturing 488bitsC onvolution C oding 1 32 bits r= k=5 2

A dd tail bit 4 bits

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Hnh 1.4. S m ha d liu trong mng GSM. Trong mng GSM s dng m ha knh ton tc cho tc truyn i l 22,8 kb/s, d liu c truyn i trn knh truyn l 9,6 kb/s. Tc bit ting ni c truyn i trong knh lu lng l 13,4 kb/s. Ghp xen (tro th t truyn): L bin php nhm gim tng quan li, gim nh nhim v cho gii m knh pha thu. Bn cht ca ghp xen l thay v truyn cc ma trn i theo hng th cc ma trn s liu c truyn i theo ct. pha thu th cc tn hiu s liu sau gii iu ch c sp xp li theo th t ban u, li cm s c ri ra. Nh b gii m chng nhiu s pht hin v sa c d dng hn. Trong mng GSM th tro th th truyn c thc hin 2 ln nhm gii tng quan li mt cch trit .

1.3.3. iu ch.
t c hiu qu ph tn cao th trong mng GSM ngi ta s dng phng php iu ch kha dch pha cc tiu Gau-x GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying), c ng bao khng i BT=0.3 (Bandwidth bitinterval). Tc l tn hiu sau khi iu ch MSK c dng xung ch nht (tn hiu NRZ) cho qua b lc Gaussian c dng hnh chung th tn hiu sau b lc c dng gn nh hnh sin. Vi BT = 0,3 tc l b lc c thit k vi hnh chung cn. Phng php ny cho php iu ch s liu vi tc truyn ti a l 9,6 kb/s v rng ph tn hiu u ra l 50kHz. Ngoi ra n cn cho php truyn thoi vi tc l 13,4 kb/s. c im ca loi iu ch ny l phn ng xung u ra tri ln sang cc du ln cn to nn ISI (InterSymbol Interference). Nh lm suy gim gia 2 sng mng ln cn l 18 dB v hn 50 dB i vi cc knh xa hn. y l phng php iu ch bng hp da trn k thut iu ch dch pha.
Sin( w (t))

T?n hi u sau i?u ch? M SK a(t) B lc b(t) T?ch ph n Gaussian t?ng phn L PF c(t)

S in(c(t))

Q (t)

C os( w(t) + o)
90

T i b khu?ch i

Cos( w (t))

C os(c(t))

I(t) T?n hi u t? b dao ng

Hnh 1.5. S iu ch GMSK.

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Sau y l thit b thc t iu ch 0,3 GMSK c s dng trong mng Vinaphone ca hng Agilent HP (Agilent HP 8657A).

1.3.4. San bng.

Do c im truyn sng trong thng tin di ng nh hng ti sng mang ln pha thu b gii iu ch khng d dng g loi b c xuyn nhiu gia cc du ISI. y l nhiu do ti pha thu cc Symbol c truyn k tip nhau s chng ln ln nhau v mt thi gian v gy nhiu ln nhau. Do loi b ISI mt cch hiu qu th trong mng GSM ngi ta s dng mch san bng vi thut ton Viterbi s dng vi ca s c lng knh. Nh thut ton ny m tnh phn tp theo tia sng c li dng, lm gim nh hng ca knh bin i theo thi gian (thc cht mch san bng l mch lc). phc v san bng th chui san bng knh c pht km vi tn hiu pht. Trong mng GSM th chui d knh gm 26 bits c truyn vo gia khung ca tn hiu TDMA. Cn c vo chui d knh th mch san bng my thu s nh gi c c lng knh mt cch lin tc theo thi gian nhm a ra cc quyt nh chnh xc v tnh cc tnh ca cc bit s liu.

1.3.5. Nhy tn.

Trong mi t bo th c rt nhiu tn s c s dng v MS c th thay i cc tn s ngay trong mi khung TDMA c gi l nhy tn. Tc nhy tn trong mng GSM l 217ln/s. Do cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng mng GSM trong mi quc gia cng chia s mt bng tn chung ln vn nhiu nh hng rt ln n cht lng dch v, nht l cc vng th ni tp trung mt thu bao di ng ln. Do cc nh khai thc mng GSM p dng k thut nhy tn nhm gim nh hng ca

18

phaing a ng, ca nhiu ln cht lng thoi c ci thin ng k. Lm cho qu trnh s dng li tn s cht ch v hiu qu hn. V k thut nhy tn c 2 u im ln l li phn tp tn s v li trung bnh ho nhiu. li phn tp tn s c ngha trong vic ci thin vng ph sng, v cc tn s khc nhau th c d tr pha inh khc nhau; lm gim nh hng ca phaing a ng i vi MS c bit l ng xung, do ng xung khng c phn tp v anten. li trung bnh ha nhiu c ngha trong vic ci thin cht lng, v MS ch b nhiu mt s tn s nht nh trong chui tn s nhy tn. Mt tn s b nhiu th c trung bnh ho vi cc tn s khng b nhiu khc v nu cng nhiu tn s nhy tn th s cho ta kt qa li ln hn. Hin nay mng GSM s dng hai k thut nhy tn chnh l: K thut nhy tn bng gc (Base Band Hopping) v k thut nhy tn tng hp (Synthersizer Hopping).

1.3.6. iu khin cng sut.

Kim sot cng sut trong mng GSM l rt cn thit, dng gim nhiu gia cc t bo nm gn nhau lm vic trn cng mt bng tn s. iu ny lm tng hiu qu ti s dng tn s v iu khin cng sut cn cho php tit kim pin ca my di ng MS. ng thi nh vo cng sut ta tnh c ln ca mt t bo s dng. Khng gy nhiu, nh hng n cc mng khc hot ng trong cng di tn s. i vi h thng thng tin di ng CDMA th iu khin cng sut rt l vn sng cn.

1.4. CU TRC KNH V CU TRC KHUNG TIN TRONG MNG GSM. 1.4.1. Cu trc knh c bn.
H thng GSM gm c rt nhiu sng mang, s dng phng thc a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA (Time Division Multi Access) v phng thc song cng phn chia theo tn s FDD (Frequency Division Duplex). Sau y l bng di tn s s dng trong mng GSM. Di tn GSM 400MHz Di tn s dng 450.4-457.6 MHz + 460.4-467.6 MHz Ni p dng Chu u

19

800MHz 900MHz 1800MHz 1900MHz

824-849 MHz + 890-915 MHz + 1710-1785 MHz 1850-1910 MHz

869-894 MHz 935-960 MHz + 1805-1880 MHz + 1930-1990 MHz

M Chu u, Chu Chu u, Chu M

Bng 1.1. Cc di tn s s dng trong mng GSM bo m cc quy nh v tn s bn ngoi bng th phi c khong bo v gia cc bng. Do ngi ta n nh trong mng GSM khong cch gia 2 sng mang ln cn nhau l 200 kHz. Di tn s s dng chung cho mng GSM ton cu l di 900 MHz, Vit Nam cng s dng di ny. 1.4.1.1. Knh v tuyn. Mi sng mang GSM hnh thnh ln mt knh v tuyn. Nh vy xt trong di 900 MHz v di 1800 MHz ta c tng ng 124 cp v 374 cp sng mang, ng vi 124 knh (bt u t knh 890.2 MHz) v 374 knh (bt u t 1710.2 MHz) tn s v tuyn dng trong mng GSM. Hai sng mang lin tip nhau trong mng GSM cch nhau mt khong cch l 200 kHz. Thc t, thng thng mt t bo th ngi ta s dng 2 sng mang v cho php ti a 14 cuc m thoi hot ng cng mt lc. nhng ni c mt thu bao cao th ngi ta s dng n 3 sng mang cho php 22 cuc m thoi hot ng mt thi im. 1.4.1.2. Knh Vt L. Mi tn s v tuyn c phn chia theo thi gian v mi khung TDMA c di l 4,615 ms. Trong mi khung TDMA li phn nh thnh 8 khe thi gian c di l 0,577 ms v mang theo 156,25 bits. Mi mt khe thi gian mt tn s l mt knh vt l, dnh truyn ti thng tin trn ng truyn v tuyn gia MS v BTS. Do mi sng mang c th c 8 MS cng hot ng mt thi im ln cc khe c nh s t TS0TS7. Tng s knh c th c ca h thng GSM ph thuc vo di tn nh: di 900 MHz v 1800 MHz c 124 v 374 knh v tuyn ng vi 992 v 2992 knh vt l. Do h thng s dng cu trc khung ln trn mi knh vt l ta c th ghp mt s knh logic, mi mt loi knh logic th phc v mt mc ch nht nh nh: Truyn thoi, s liu, tm gi, truy nhp, bo hiu to cuc gi, truyn tn hiu o lng, iu khin 1.1.4.3. Cc knh logic. Cc bit thc hin cng chc nng hnh thnh ln knh logic. Trong h thng GSM gm c 11 loi knh logic, trong c 2 knh c s dng truyn thng tin thoi hoc s liu gi l knh lu lng v 9 knh cn li dng cho bo hiu v iu khin.

20

Hnh 1.6. M t cu trc knh logic trong mng GSM. Ch thch: Ch vit tt TCH/F TCH/H FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SACCH FACCH Ting Anh Traffic Channel/Full Rate Traffic Channel/Half Rate Frequency Correction Channel Synchronization Channel Broadcast Control Channel Paging Channel Radom Access Channel Access Grant Channel Standalone Dedicated Control Channel Slow Associated Control Channel Fast Associated Control Channel Ting Vit Knh lu lng ton tc Knh lu lng bn tc Knh hiu chnh tn s Knh ng b Knh iu khin pht qung b Knh tm gi Knh truy nhp ngu nhin Knh trao quyn truy nhp Knh iu khin dnh ring ng ring mt mnh Knh iu khin lin kt chm Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh

Cc knh lu lng TCH (Traffic Channel): Knh ton tc TCH/F (Full Rate Channel): Dng cho truyn thoi vi tc m ha l 13 kb/s hoc truyn s liu vi tc 9,6; 4,8 hoc 2,4 kb/s. Knh ton tc s dng phng php iu ch pha cc tiu Gaussian, tng tc sng mang, tc

21

 bit tng ln tc thi t 022,8 kb/s. Nu mt knh ton tc s dng phng php iu ch 8-PSK th tc bit tc thi tng t 096,6 kb/s. Knh bn tc TCH/H (Half Rate Channel): Dng cho truyn thoi vi tc m ha l 7 kb/s v truyn s liu vi tc l 4,8 v 2,4 kb/s. Knh bn tc phn b ti nguyn v tuyn tng ng cho nhiu ngi s dng trn mt na knh vt l v tc m ha ca knh bn tc bng 1/2 knh ton tc. Cc knh iu khin v bo hiu: Li c chia lm 3 loi l: Cc knh iu khin pht thanh, cc knh iu khin dng chung v cc knh iu khin dnh ring. Cc knh pht thanh BCH (Broadcast Channels): Gm c 3 loi knh l: Knh hiu chnh tn s FCCH, knh ng b SCH v knh iu khin pht thanh BCCH. Knh hiu chnh tn s FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel): L knh ng xung truyn t BTS ti MS mang thng tin hiu chnh tn s cho cc MS v thng bo tn s pht knh BCCH cho cell hin thi. Knh ng b SCH (Synchronization Channel): L knh ng xung truyn t BTS ti MS mang thng tin v h thng cho cc MS ang hin din trong t bo m BTS phc v ng b. Ngoi ra knh ny cn truyn c s khung TDMA v m nhn din trm gc BSIC ( Base Station Identity Code- gm c m quc t v m quc gia) ca BTS chn. Knh iu khin pht thanh BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel): y l knh ng xung, dng thng bo cho MS cc thng tin ring v t bo v mng (cho bit tn s no ang dng, s nhn din vng nh v LAI, t bo no b cm, m t cc t bo ln cn, m mng, m nc). Cc knh iu khin chung CCCH (Common Control Channels): Cng gm c 3 knh l: Knh tm gi PCH, knh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH v knh trao quyn truy nhp AGCH. Knh tm gi PCH (Paging Channel): L knh ng xung, dng nhn gi MS. Khi c mt cuc gi ti mt MS no ang ng k v tr trong mt vng LA no , th tt c cc BTS trong vng LA s pht tn hiu gi MS gm c s IMSI hoc TMSI trn knh Paging. Knh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH (Random Access Channel): y l knh ng ln truyn t MS ti BTS yu cu mng t mt knh iu khin dnh ring ng ring SDCCH, hoc p li tn hiu nhn tm gi ca mng, hoc MS dng truy nhp nhm to mt cuc gi hay ng k.

22

Knh trao quyn truy nhp AGCH (Access Grant Channel): y l knh ng xung c mng s dng n nh mt knh iu khin dnh ring ng ring SDCCH cho mt MS. Cc knh iu khin dnh ring DCCH (Dedicated Control Channels): Cng gm c 3 loi knh l: Knh iu khin dnh ring ng ring mt mnh SDCCH, knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH v knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH. Knh iu khin dnh ring ng ring mt mnh SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel): Knh ny ch c dnh ring truyn bo hiu gia mng v mt MS, thc hin cc th tc cp nht, ng k v tr v thit lp mt cuc gi trc khi MS c n nh mt knh lu lng TCH. SDCCH c pht c ng ln ln ng xung. Knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel): y l knh ng ln xung, knh ny c kt hp vi mt knh lu lng TCH hoc mt knh SDCCH. Trn ng ln th MS bo co kt qu o lng v cng v cht lng tn hiu ca cell hin thi v 6 cell ln cn ti BTS phc v qu trnh HO. Trn ng xung t BTS ti MS th knh ny mang lnh iu khin cng sut, pht nh trc v thi gian pht cho MS. Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH (Fast Associated Control Channel): y l knh ng ln - xung, knh ny c kt hp vi mt knh TCH s dng bo hiu chuyn vng, khi MS ang lin lc chuyn t cell ny ti cell khc. thi gian gin on lin lc trong khi chuyn vng khng qu ln th knh FACCH c t chc bng cch ly trm cc bit ca knh TCH truyn tn hiu iu khin.

1.4.2. Cu trc khung tin.

C cu m v gii m mt trong mng GSM s dng s khung TDMA nh mt thng s, do trm BTS nht thit phi nh th th s cc khung TDMA theo mt mu tun hon, khng th nh chng v hn c v cuc m thoi d b nghe trm. Chu k ca khung tn hiu l 2715648 khung, m mi khung c di l 4.615 ms ln di ca mt chu k l 2715648x4.615= 3 gi 28 pht 53 s v 760 ms. V mt thi gian cc knh vt l mt knh tn s c t chc theo cu trc khung, a khung, siu khung hoc siu siu khung. Chu k ln nht khung TDMA l 2715648 khung c gi l mt siu siu khung. Mt siu siu khung c chia thnh 2715648/1326 = 2048 siu khung v

23

c nh s t 02047, c di l 6,12 s. Mi siu khung c chia thnh cc a khung v c hai loi a khung l: - a khung 26 khung c nh s t 025, c di l 26x4,615ms = 120 ms cc a khung ny c s dng ti cc knh lu lng TCH, SACCH v FACCH v c 51 a khung 26 s to nn mt siu khung c di l 51x120 = 6,12 s. - a khung 51 khung c nh s t 050, c di l 51x4,615ms = 235 ms (v mi khung TDMA c di l 4,615 ms) v a khung ny s dng cho cc knh iu khin pht thanh BCCH, SDCCH v SACCH v c 26 a khung 51 s to nn mt siu khung c di l 25x235ms = 6,12 s. Trong mt khe thi gian c 156,25 bits m khong cc cc bit l 3,69 s nn mt khe thi gian c di l 156,25x3,69s = 0,577 ms. Tm cm thng ca 8 ngi s dng l xp cho nhau c ghp knh trn mt sng mang v tuyn cho ta di ca mt khung TDMA l 8x0,577ms = 4,615ms. Do mt a khung TDMA 26 c di l 120 ms cn mt a khung TDMA 51 c di l 235 ms.

24

1 siu siu khung =2048 siu khung =2715648 khung TDMA (3h 28m53s 760m s) 0 1 2 3 4 6 2047 2045 204

1 siu khung= 26x51 khu ng TDMA(6,12s) 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 23 24 25 48 49 50

1 a khung= 26khun g TDMA(1 20m s) 0 1 2 3 23 24 25

1 a khung= 51khung TDMA(23 5m s) 0 1 2 3 48 49 50

1khung TDMA= 8khethi gia n(4,615m s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cmthung

3 TB

1khethi gia n =156,25bits =0,577m s (tc 271Kbp s) 57 3 1 26 57 Cc bit u c m ung TB F D Cc bit u cm

8,25 CP

Cmsat n s

3 TB 3 39 u c m TB Cc bit

14 2 Cc bit c ? nh 64 Dy bit ng b

3 TB 3 39 Cc bit u c m TB

8,25 CP 8,25 CP

Cm ng b

Cmtruy n h p

3 TB

41 Dy ng b

36 3 Cc bit u c m TB

68,25 CP

Hnh 1.7. Cu trc siu siu khung, siu khung, khung TDMA v cm Burst trong GSM

25

1.4.3. Cu trc cm (Burst).

Thng tin c pht trong mt khe thi gian biu th nh mt khi d liu gi l mt cm Burst (c di l 15/16 ms tng ng vi 156,25 bits) v c 5 cm mang ngha khc nhau nh sau: Cm bnh thng, cm thm nhp, cm hiu chnh tn s, cm ng b v cm gi. Cm bnh thng (NM-Normal Burst): c s dng truyn cc thng tin trn knh lu lng (TCH) v cc knh iu khin CCH (Control Channels), ngoi tr cc knh RACCH, SCH v FCCH. Cm hiu chnh tn s (FB-Frequency Corrrection Burst): Cm ny c s dng hiu chnh tn s cho my di ng. Khi cm ny c truyn th n tng ng nh mt sng mang khng b iu ch vi mt lng dch tn xc nh. Vic lp i lp li cc cm ny c gi l knh hiu chnh tn s FCCH. Cc MS khi thu knh FCCH s thu c sng mng khng b iu ch v dng n nh l tn hiu quy chiu iu chnh tn s sng ca mnh. Cm ng b (SB-Synchronixation Burst): Cm ny c s dng truyn tn hiu ng b thi gian cho my di ng truyn trn knh ng b. Cm thm nhp (AB-Access Burst): Cm ny c s dng thm nhp ngu nhin v truyn trn knh iu khin lin kt chm RACCH ng ln. Cm ny c khong phng v di hn so vi cc cm khc trnh ln nhau. Cm gi (DM-Dummy Burst): c pht i t BTS trong mt s trng hp nh: Trn knh Paging PCH khi khng c tm gi cng nh khng trao quyn truy nhp hay trong qu trnh lin lc khi c phn ni ngng.

1.5. HOT NG CA MNG GSM TRONG QU TRNH THIT LP MT CUC GI. 1.5.1. Trm di ng MS thc hin mt cuc gi.
MS yu cu n nh knh: Sau khi thc hin vic quay s, MS yu cu c n nh knh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH. Khi nhn c yu cu ny trm thu pht gc BTS s gii m bn tin. Phn mm ca BSS n nh knh iu khin dnh ring ng ring mt mnh SDCCH vi bn tin n nh knh tc thi gi trn knh cho php truy nhp ngu nhin AGCH. MS tr li: MS tr li bn tin n nh knh tc thi trn knh iu khin dnh ring ng ring mt mnh SDCCH. MS s truyn i cc bn tin SABM (kiu cn bng knh khng ng b t hp). Bn trong bn tin SABM bao gm cc ch th yu cu cc dch v khc nhau nh bn tin yu cu thc hin cuc gi hay cp

26

nht v tr. Cc bn tin ny c x l ti trm gc BSS v c chuyn ti trung tm chuyn mch MSC thng qua giao din A-bis. Yu cu nhn thc: Sau khi nhn c cc yu cu v dch v, trung tm chuyn mch MSC s gi i mt yu bn tin yu cu nhn thc i vi trm di ng MS. Cc yu cu dch v s c gi ti trm gc BSS thng qua ng bo hiu CCSN7. Trm thu pht gc s lm nhim v truyn cc yu cu ny ti MS trn knh iu khin chuyn dng c lp SDCCH. MS tr li nhn thc: Trm di ng MS tr li yu cu nhn thc bng mt p ng nhn thc. p ng tr li nhn thc ca MS s c trm thu pht gc BTS chuyn ti trung tm chuyn mch MSC trn ng bo hiu v tuyn. Yu cu m ha: Sau qu trnh nhn thc c hon thnh th MSC s gi n BSC mt lnh yu cu m ha qu trnh trao i thng tin gia MS v MSC. Qu trnh ny c c thit lp hay khng l ph thuc vo BSC, v MSC thit lp ch m ha Cipherring Mode l ON hay OFF, nu l ON th cc thut ton hay kha bo mt c s dng. Hon thnh qu trnh m ha: MS tr li hon thnh qu trnh m ha bng cch gi bn tin thc hin xong qu trnh m ha ti MSC. MS thit lp cuc gi: Trm di ng MS gi bn tin thit lp cuc gi trn knh iu khin chuyn dng c lp SDCCH ti tng i di ng MSC yu cu dch v thit lp cuc gi. Yu cu n nh knh lu lng: Sau khi tng i MSC nhn c bn tin yu cu thit lp cuc gi th MSC s gi li h thng BSS bn tin n nh knh lu lng, bn tin ny ch th loi knh lu lng yu cu l knh bn tc hay ton tc hoc l truyn s liu. Trm thu pht gc BTS s ch nh v n nh cho MS mt knh lu lng TCH bng cch gi mt lnh n nh trn knh SDCCH. MS hon thnh vic n nh knh TCH: p ng lnh n nh th MS chim ly knh TCH v ng thi gi bn tin hon thnh vic n nh knh trn knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH. Bn tin chung: MSC gi bn tin chung ti trm di ng MS gi, bn tin ny thng bo cho MS bit hon thnh vic gi v c tn hiu hi m chung c nghe thy t my MS. Bn tin kt ni: Khi MS b gi nhc my tr li th mt bn tin kt ni c gi ti thu bao gi, tn hiu ny l trong sut i vi trm BSS. Bn tin kt ni c truyn thng qua knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH. tr li tn hiu

27

ni th MS m mt ng ting v truyn i thng qua knh FACCH, bn tin kt ni vi tng i di ng MSC v cuc gi c thc hin. 1.5.2. Trm di ng MS nhn mt cuc gi. Nhn tin tm gi: Khi thu bao nhn c tn hiu tm gi th tng i di ng MSC s gi mt bn tin yu cu nhn tin n h thng iu khin trm gc BSC. Khi c tin nhn n th BSC s x l bn tin ny v truyn chng trn knh nhn tin PCH. Thu bao tr li: Sau khi thu c bn tin Paging Request th trm di ng MS tr li bng cch gi bn tin yu cu truyn trn knh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH. n nh knh iu khin chuyn dng c lp SDCCH: Khi nhn c bn tin n nh knh th BSS s x l bn tin v ngay lp tc n nh mt knh iu khin SDCCH. Vic n nh ny s c m ha v truyn trn knh cho php truy nhp AGCH. Trm di ng MS c n nh mt knh SDCCH v truyn mt bn tin kiu cn bng khng ng b tng hp SABM tr li nhn tin. Mng s tr li trn ng ln thit lp kt ni v tuyn lp th hai. Sau khi c x l ti phn BSS th bn tin tr li tm gi s c gi ti MSC. Yu cu nhn thc: Sau khi tng i di ng MSC nhn c bn tin tr li tm gi th n s gi i mt yu cu nhn thc i vi trm di ng MS ti trm gc BSS. Ti y BSS s lm nhim v truyn cc yu cu ny ti trm di ng MS trn knh iu khin chuyn dng c lp SDCCH. MS tr li nhn thc: Trm di ng MS tr li yu cu nhn thc bng mt p ng nhn thc ti trm thu pht gc BTS. Sau trm thu pht gc BTS chuyn ti trung tm chuyn mch MSC trn ng bo hiu v tuyn. Yu cu m ha: Sau khi qu trnh nhn thc c hon thnh th MSC s gi n BSC mt lnh yu cu m ha qu trnh trao i thng tin gia MS v MSC. Qu trnh ny c thit lp ph thuc vo BSC v MSC t ch ON hay OFF. Hon thnh qu trnh m ha: MS tr li hon thnh qu trnh m ha bng cch gi i bn tin Hon thnh ch m ha ti MSC. Bn tin thit lp: MSC gi bn tin thit lp ti MS yu cu cc dch v. BSS gi bn tin thit lp trn knh iu khin chuyn dng c lp SDCCH. MS xc nhn cuc gi: Khi MS nhn c bn tin thit lp cuc gi, n s gi i mt bn tin xc nhn cuc gi v thng bo cho MSC c th nhn c cuc gi.

28

n nh knh: Khi nhn c bn tin xc nhn th tng i di ng MSC gi i mt bn tin n nh knh. H thng trm gc BSS nhn c bn tin ny, n nh knh lu lng TCH v gi i bn tin n nh knh ti trm di ng MS trn knh iu khin chuyn dng c lp SDCCH. Hon thnh n nh knh: Trm di ng MS chim ly knh TCH v gi i bn tin hon thnh vic n nh knh trn knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH. H thng trm gc sau khi nhn c bn tin ny th gi n ti tng i di ng MSC. Bn tin chung: MS gi bn tin chung ti tng i di ng MSC trn knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH. Sau tng i di ng MSC gi hi m chung ny cho my ch gi. MS thc hin kt ni: Khi trm di ng b gi tr li th n s gi bn tin kt ni trn knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH ti MSC, v thit lp mt ng thoi n MS gi. Bn tin kt ni c truyn qua BSS ti tng i di ng MSC trn ng bo hiu. Bn tin xc nhn kt ni c gi tr li tng i di ng MSC tm n tng i ca my ch gi. Thit lp cuc gi thnh cng: Kt ni cuc gi c thit lp v cuc gi c din ra.

1.6. XU HNG PHT TRIN CA MNG GSM.

Do mng GSM s dng ng truyn d liu chuyn mch knh i xng vi tc truyn d liu l 9,6 kb/s v truyn thoi 13,4 kb/s.Tc cc i m mt khe thi gian c th cung cp cho mt ngi s dng l 271 kb/s. V mi mt thu bao s dng mt khe thi gian trong sut qu trnh lin lc ca mnh ln cng l tc ti a cho php mt ngi s dng. Do nhu cu khng ngng ngy cng cao ca ngi s dng v tc truyn dn, cht lng mng, dung lng ng truyn dn vi cc dch v nh: Internet, th in t,wap.M mng GSM hin ti th li khng p ng c cc nhu cu . Trc tnh hnh cc nh khai thc mng GSM khng ngng nghin cu v tm ti. h tr tc truyn d liu cao hn th v mt k thut c hai gii php sau: Ti u tc m ha knh v nh tuyn d liu i qua giao din v tuyn Um. Cc nh khai thc mng GSM chn gii php h tr mng l: D liu chuyn mch knh tc cao HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data). y l gii php nh tuyn d liu i qua giao din Um nhiu hn bng cch s dng mt vi knh lu lng tc l MS s dng 4 khe thi gian thay cho mt khe thng

29

thng cho mt cuc gi. Do vy tc truyn d liu ca ngi s dng tng ln l: 4x9,6kb/s = 38,4 kb/s. HSCSD cn h tr c truyn i xng v truyn khng i xng. ch truyn i xng th tc truyn ln t MS ln BTS v ng truyn xung t BTS ti MS l bng nhau v thng dng truyn thoi. Cn ch truyn khng i xng th tc truyn xung t BTS xung MS cao hn tc ngc li v thng c dng truyn d liu. D liu trong HSCSD c truyn di dng cc lung bit song song c a vo cc khe thi gian khc nhau thng qua cc cm Burst, truyn i trn mt sng mang v chng s c kt hp ti u cui. Vic cp pht khe thi gian hon ton ph thuc vo th tc cp pht khe thi gian v dch v ng k ca ngi s dng. Nu d liu khng in vo 4 khe thi gian th cc bit trng s c chn vo. mt s nc trn th gii trin khai nhng n khng c trin khai rng, v s dng c 4 khe nn ph thuc rt ln vo chnh sch gi ca nh khai thc mng. Phn ln lu lng truyn d liu l khng i xng m giao din v tuyn Um th li khng ti u cho chuyn mch knh khng i xng. Vit Nam cc mng GSM cng trin khai mng HSCSD trn mng ca mnh. iu ny t ra l phi nng cp mng HSCSD ln na nhm p ng nhu cu tc truyn d liu cho ngi s dng vi cht lng mng cao. ng trc tnh hnh th cc nh cung cp dch v GSM chn gii php: Dch v v tuyn gi chung (General Packet Radio Service) cho php t tc truyn d liu l 21,4 kb/s trn mt khe thi gian v tc truyn d liu ln nht m mt thu bao c th t c l: 8x 21,4kb/s = 171,2 kb/s.

30

Chng II. H THNG GPRS H TR MNG GSM.

2.1. GII THIU CHUNG V MNG GPRS.
Do mng GSM c nhng hn ch v tc v dung lng truyn dn ni trn nn n nm 1999 cc nh khai thc mng GSM p dng gii php GPRS, v trin khai hot ng trn c s nn tng ca mng GSM. GPRS p dng nguyn l chuyn mch gi v tuyn truyn s liu ca ngi s dng mt cch hiu qu vi tc truyn s liu cao hn chuyn mch knh mng GSM hay HSCSD, m khng nh hng ti cc dch v hin thi ca mng GSM. GPRS cho php truyn s liu vi tc cao hn v: Trong mng GSM th mt thu bao ch s dng mt khe thi gian trong sut thi gian lin lc ca mnh ln tc t c ti a truyn d liu l 9,6 kb/s v truyn thoi l 13,4 kb/s. Cn trong chuyn mch knh tc cao HSCSD th mi mt MS s dng ti a 4 khe thi gian vi tc ti a cho php truyn d liu l 38,4 kb/s (4 khe x 9,6 kb/s). Nhng vi s h tr ca GPRS bng phng php chuyn mch gi th tc ti a cho php truyn d liu l 171,2 kb/s (s dng ht 8 khe thi gian x 21,4 kb/s). GPRS cho php thit lp cuc gi nhanh hn v: Trong mng GSM, thi gian thit lp trong vi giy, cn trong mng GPRS th cho php thi gian kt ni di 1s v coi nh MS lun kt ni vi mng s liu. GPRS cho php tnh cc t hn mng GSM v: Trong mng GPRS tnh cc theo dung lng truyn dn ch khng tnh theo thi gian truyn dn nh mng GSM. Do n cho php MS kt ni vi mng di lu m khng b tnh tin nh: c web, th in t GPRS cho php s dng ph tn hiu qu hn v: Trong truyn dn chuyn mch knh, mt knh c n nh cho mt ngi s dng trong sut khong thi gian ca cuc gi. Vi mt mng chuyn mch gi GPRS, ph v tuyn c chia cho tt c mi ngi s dng trong mt t bo. Ph tn c s dng ch khi no thu bao c thng tin gi. Khi khng c s liu pht, ph hon ton ri v c s dng cho cc cuc gi khc. Nh vy khi s liu bng n mt cch t nhin, cc ti nguyn mng c th c cn bng mt cch hiu qu hn, bi v nh khai thc c th s dng nhng khong trng trong truyn dn iu khin cc cuc gi khc tc l: Sau khi MS gi v nhn d liu xong th ti nguyn v tuyn c gii phng ngay cho ngi khc s dng nu c nhu cu. Nh vy mt knh vt l (mt khe thi gian) c th s dng cho nhiu MS v mi MS c th s dng nhiu khe thi gian cng mt lc. V ti mt thi im m MS khng s dng

31

khe thi gian ca mnh trao i thng tin th khe ri s c dnh cho ngi khc s dng. GPRS s dng giao thc IP: y l mt giao thc mi c s dng m mng GSM khng c. V xu hng hin nay l cc mng u h tr giao thc IP, n cho php lin kt cc mng vi nhau v lin kt vi mng Internet ton cu. Nh c kh nng kt ni vi Internet ln GPRS cho php MS s dng dch v Internet di ng. Khi nhu cu pht trin cao, tc truyn s liu cao hn n 2 Mb/s theo phng thc chuyn mch gi, s c h tr trong tng lai thng qua s dng mng 3G. Chuyn mch knh khng thch hp cho lu lng ln, v ngi s dng phi tr tin cho ton b thi gian chim dng knh mc d c nhng thi im khng c gi tin no c gi i. Tri li vi cng ngh chuyn mch gi GPRS, khch hng ch phi tr tin cho s gi tin c chuyn i (tc l thu bao ch tr tin theo dung lng truyn dn). Thu bao GPRS ch chim ti nguyn mng GSM khi c yu cu truyn ti, sau n s gii phng ngay iu ny thun li cho ngi s dng khi kt ni trc tuyn mt thi gian di vi mng.

2.2. CU TRC MNG V CHC NNG CA CC THNH PHN CHNH TRONG MNG GPRS. 2.2.1. Cu trc mng GPRS.
GPRS c thit k bi ETSI v c trin khai trn c s h tng sn c ca mng GSM m khng lm nh hng n cc dch v hin thi ca mng. Vi mc ch trin khai nhanh cc dch v s liu gi trn mng GSM vi chi ph u vo thp, hin ti mng GSM ch cn nng cp v phn mm, ngoi tr khi BSC phi nng cp v phn cng, cng c mt s tuyn truyn dn c s dng cho c GSM v GPRS, nh cc tuyn BTS v BSC Mng GSM ch cung cp dch v chuyn mch knh, nhng mng GPRS li cung cp chuyn mch gi. Do mng GSM v GPRS hot ng nhp nhng cng vi nhau th ta phi a thm mt s thit b mi h tr chuyn mch gi vo s dng. Hai nt mi c b sung l nt h tr dch v GPRS (SGSN: Service GPRS Support Node) v nt h tr cng GPRS (GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node) v khi iu khin gi PCU (Packet Control Unit). Do MS c th chuyn cc gi tin qua mng GSM ti mt mng d liu gi bn ngoi (internet).

32

Giao di n Um MT TE MS MT TE MS BTS BTS BTS

Giao di n A-bis

Giao di nA

BSC/PCU

TRAU BSS

OMC/ ADC/NMC PSTN CSPDN PSPDN PLMN ISDN

MSC/VLR MT TE MS MT TE MS BTS BTS BTS BSC/PCU TRAU BSS HLR/ AuC/EIR

GMSC

NSS

Thay i HW v SW cho GPRS

Giao di n Gb M NG L I gpRS INTERNET M NG D LIU KH C

SGSN

GGSN

Hnh 2.1. Cu trc mng GPRS.

2.2.2. Chc nng ca cc phn t chnh trong mng GPRS.

2.2.2.1. Chc nng ca cc phn t mi b sung trong mng GPRS. Nt h tr dch v GPRS (SGSN- Serving GPRS Support Node): Chc nng ca nt h tr dch v GPRS (SGSN) tng t nh chc nng ca MSC/VLR. Ch khc ch l MSC/VLR thc hin cc chc nng trong vng chuyn mch knh cn SGSN phc v trong vng chuyn mch gi. Tc l SGSN ph trch vic phn pht v nh tuyn cc gi s liu gia thit b MS v cc mng truyn s liu bn ngoi. Khi c cc gi tin gi cho MS th cc gi ny s c nh tuyn ti BSS. Lc ny SGSN s thc hin vic chuyn i giao thc gia mng ng trc IP v giao thc ti BSS/MS. Vng phc v ca SGSN th c chia thnh vng nh tuyn RA (Routing Area), n tng t nh cc vng nh v LA (Local Area) mng chuyn mch knh. Khi MS ca mng GPRS chuyn ng t RA ny sang RA khc th MS tin hnh cp nht vng nh tuyn cng ging cp nht vng nh v trong mng chuyn mch knh. Ch c mt iu khc nhau cn bn l MS c th cp nht vng nh tuyn trong khi ang xy ra phin s liu, cn trong chuyn mch knh th MS khng tin hnh cp nht vng nh v.

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Cc nt SGSN phc v cho bt k mt thu bao GPRS no nm trong vng phc v ca n v cho nhiu BSC, cn mi mt BSC ch trao i thng tin vi mt SGSN thng qua giao din Gb v SGSN c cc chc nng chnh sau: - Phc v tt c cc trm di ng GPRS trong mt khu vc no . - Qun l tnh di ng nh: Nhp mng, ri mng, cp nht RA v paging. - Lu tr v duy tr thng tin thu bao trong thanh ghi v tr SGSN (SLR) ca tt c cc thu bao ng k trong khu vc nh tuyn thuc v SGSN . - iu khin gi: Truyn d liu ngi dng t PCU ti SGSN v ngc li. - Qun l phin: Kch hot hoc lm khng hot ng giao thc d liu gi PDP (Packet Data Protocol- context) thit lp mt kt ni ti SGSN. - iu khin cp nht khu vc nh tuyn inter-SGSN: SGSN mi ni thu bao ng k- lin lc vi SGSN c nhn cc thng tin v thu bao thng qua thanh ghi SLR (Subcriber Location Register). - Thc hin k thut nn d liu, nhm rt ngn thi gian kt ni trong mng. - iu khin SMS: Trung tm SMS c th kt ni trc tip vi SGSN qua Gd. - Qun l s thc thi o lu lng trong vng ny ca mng. - Duy tr v qun l li: pht hin li trong qu trnh truyn v cc th tc. - Cung cp cc kt ni vi cc phn t khc trong mng: SGSN- MSC/VLR, HLR, BSC. - Cung cp cc kh nng tng tc vi mng GSM, trong khi c hai cng ngh ny cng s dng chung mt ngun ti nguyn v tuyn. - iu hnh vic sp xp theo trt t cc hng ca cc gi d liu khi tin hnh trao i gia BSS v SGSN. - Tp hp, cung cp cc d liu phc v cho vic tnh cc: Gm cc b d liu charging data truyn, t to cc file dng tnh ha n. - iu khin tr trc: Ghi n cc account tr tin cho vic s dng GPRS. Nt h tr cng GPRS (GGSN). Chc nng ca GGSN trong h thng GPRS, tng t nh chc nng ca GMSC trong mng GSM. GGSN cung cp mt giao din cng Gi phc v cho vic trao i d liu gi gia thu bao vi cc mng s liu gi bn ngoi v GGSN c cc chc nng chnh sau:

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- Cung cp giao din Gi gia mng GPRS vi cc mng d liu bn ngoi, GGSN ng vai tr nh mt b nh tuyn, kt ni ti mng IP. - Bo mt IP. - nh tuyn v truyn ti d liu gia cc GSN v cc phn t trong mng. - Qun l phin lm vic trong mng GPRS: GGSN h tr cc th tc qun l phin nh: PDP context activation, deactivation v modification. - Cung cp kh nng chuyn i khun, dng ca cc gi d liu trao i gia mng GPRS vi cc mng d liu khc. iu ny cho php cc gi d liu X.25 v IP c truyn ti vi cng khun dng. - Cung cp cc d liu phc v cho vic tnh cc. - iu khin vic truy nhp ca cc thu bao. S kt hp gia nt h tr dch v SGSN v nt h tr cng GGSN: Cc chc nng ca nt h tr dch v SGSN v nt h tr cng GGSN c th kt hp c vi nhau trong cng mt khi vt l hoc c th tch thnh cc khi ring bit truyn i. Khi m hai nt thuc hai mng cng cng mt t PLMN khc nhau th chng kt ni vi nhau thng qua giao din IP ca GPRS. Khi d liu iu khin gi PCU (Packet Control Unit): Khi iu khin d liu gi PCU c nhim v kt hp cc chc nng iu khin knh v tuyn GPRS vi phn h trm gc BSS ca mng GSM hin ti, PCU c t ti b iu khin trm gc BSC v phc v cho BSC . PCU qun l cc chc nng v chuyn tip khung, qun l cc thng tin bo hiu v dch v mng, bo hiu BSSGP, nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu, qun l ti tin cc lp RLC/MAC v truyn ti d liu ca ngi s dng. Ti PCU cc khi d liu RLC s c sp xp li trong khung iu khin kt ni logic LLC (Logic Link Control), sau c chuyn ti SGSN. Bo hiu BSSGP v NS (dch v mng) s dng giao thc chuyn tip khung, lm nhim v bo hiu gia PCU v SGSN. PCU c kt ni vi SGSN thng qua mng chuyn tip khung hoc c th kt ni trc tip vi SGSN. 2.2.2.2. Chc nng thm ca cc phn t c trong mng. Khi a thm cc phn t mng GPRS vo khai thc, da trn nn tng sn c ca mng GSM hin ti th cc phn t ca mng GSM cng tr thnh phn t ca mng GPRS. Tc l cc phn t hot ng nhp nhng vi c hai mng. Trm iu khin gc BSC: ng vai tr l trung tm phn phi, nh tuyn d liu v thng tin bo hiu trong mng GPRS, ng thi n cung cp cc chc nng lin quan trong phn BSS. BSC cng c th thit lp, gim st v hy b cc

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cuc gi chuyn mch gi. Ngoi ra n cn thc hin cc chc nng chuyn vng, thit lp cc tham s ca cc t bo thuc phm vi qun l ca n trong mng GPRS. Trm thu pht gc BTS: Cung cp kh nng n nh cc knh vt l cho cc gi tin trong mng GPRS. Ngoi ra n cn kt hp vi khi PCU thc hin cc chc nng v giao din v tuyn trong mng GPRS. Trung tm chuyn mch di ng/B ng k tm tr (MSC/VLR): MSC/VLR c s dng cho vic ng k v lin lc vi thu bao nhng khng ng vai tr g trong vic nh tuyn d liu GPRS. Mt MSC c th c kt ni vi mt hoc nhiu SGSN tu thuc vo lu lng thng tin v cu hnh ca h thng. Trong h thng GPRS, MSC/VLR khng c dng cho th tc nhn thc thu bao nh trong h thng GSM m thay vo l HLR. Do SGSN s nhn b ba thng s dnh cho vic nhn thc t b ng k thng tr/trung tm nhn thc HLR/AuC. B ng k thng tr/trung tm nhn thc HLR/Auc. HLR lu tr tt c cc thng tin v thu bao ca mng GSM cng nh ca mng GPRS. Thng tin v thu bao GPRS c trao i gia HLR vi SGSN thng qua giao din Gc. HLR c s dng trc tip cho vic nhn thc thu bao thay cho MSC/VLR trong h thng GSM. Trung tm nhn thc AuC cung cp b ba thng s dnh cho vic nhn thc v thc hin m ho ng truyn. Th tc nhn thc trong GPRS v GSM l nh nhau, ch c qu trnh m ho ng truyn l thay i so vi h thng GSM. B ng k nhn dng thit b EIR: EIR lu gi tt c cc d liu lin quan n thit b u cui MS ca mng GSM/GPRS. EIR c ni n MSC qua ng bo hiu kim tra s c php ca thit b, nu thit b khng c php th s b cm. Thit b u cui GPRS (MT, TE): Thit b u cui TE (Terminal Equipment): V bn cht l mt my tnh, m thng qua n ngi s dng c th truy nhp v ly thng tin t mng. u cui di ng MT (Mobile Terminal): C nhim v kt ni TE vi h thng GPRS thng qua giao din v tuyn Um. MT l my in thoi GSM thng thng, tuy nhin n c trang b thm mt s chc nng cung cp dch v s liu gi. Thit b u cui GPRS c th hot ng c ba ch :

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- Ch m thit b u cui di ng c th ng nhp vo c hai dch v GSM v GPRS, v c th s dng c hai dch v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi ng thi. - Ch m my u cui di ng khng th s dng c hai dch v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi ng thi, nhng ti mi thi im ch s dng 1 dch v theo kiu lin tip nhau. - Ch cho php my u cui di ng s dng mt dch v chuyn mch knh hay chuyn mch gi ti mt thi im.

2.2.3. Mt phng truyn dn v mt phng bo hiu trong mng GPRS.

2.2.3.1. Mt phng truyn dn. Mt phng truyn dn bao gm cc cu trc giao thc phn lp, kt hp vi cc th tc iu khin phc v cho vic truyn ti d liu ca ngi s dng nh: iu khin lung, pht hin v sa li
ng dng IP/X25 S NDPC LLC RLC MAC GS M RF MS Um
Chuy n ti p Chuy n ti p IP SNDCP

IP/X25 GTP
UDP/TCP

GTP UDP/TCP IP L2 L1 Gn GGS N

LLC BSS GP
Chuy n ti p khung

RLC MAC GSM RF BS S

BSSGP

IP L2 L1

Chuy n ti p khung

L1 bis Gb

L1 bis S GS N

Hnh 2.2. M t Cu trc phn lp giao thc. Giao thc hi t ph thuc phn h mng SNDCP (SUB-Network Dependent Convergence Protocol): Thc hin chuyn i cc c tnh lp mng v cc c tnh di lp mng nh: - Ghp knh cc gi d liu t mt hay nhiu ng dng vo mt lin kt logic. - Nn thng tin iu khin v d liu ca ngi dng trc khi c chuyn t lp mng xung lp iu khin kt ni logic LLC. - Phn mnh v tp hp d liu: Thng tin sau khi c nn phn mnh cho ph hp vi kch c ca khung LLC.

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Giao thc to ng hm GPRS GTP (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol): Giao thc ny phc v cho vic truyn ti d liu gia cc nt SGSN v GGSN trong mng ng trc GPRS. Giao thc iu khin kt ni logic LLC (Logical Link Control): Cung cp lin kt d liu tin cy gia cc thit b u cui MS v SGSN ang phc v thit b u cui thng qua giao din Um v Gb. Giao thc LLC h tr cc th tc sau: - Phc v truyn ti cc khi d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit) ca LLC gia my u cui v SGSN ch xc nhn v ch khng xc nhn. - Pht hin v khi phc cc PDU ca LLC b tht lc hoc ngt qung. - iu khin lung v m ho cc PDU ca LLC gia my u cui v SGSN. Giao thc iu khin truyn dn/Giao thc gi d liu ngi s dng TCP/UDF (Transmission Control Protocol/User Dtgram Protocol): Giao thc TCP chuyn cc khi trong mng ng trc GPRS cho cc giao thc cn thit lin kt d liu tin cy. Cn giao thc UDP cung cp kh nng bo v chng li vic khi d liu gi PDU ca GTP b ngt qung v chuyn cc bn tin bo hiu gia cc GGSN. Giao thc BSSGP: Giao thc ny c nhim v vn chuyn cc thng tin v nh tuyn v cp phc v gia BSC v SGSN. Giao thc IP (Internet Protocol): c s dng trong mng ng trc GPRS, phc v cho vic bo hiu v nh tuyn d liu. Giao thc iu khin kt ni v tuyn/Giao thc iu khin truy nhp bt buc RLC/MAC (Radio Link Control/Mandatory Access Control): Giao thc RLC cung cp mt lin kt tin cy trn giao din v tuyn. Giao thc MAC iu khin v tuyn v th tc bo hiu truy nhp trn knh v tuyn, thc hin sp xp cc khung LLC v cc knh vt l. Giao thc chuyn tip: Trong BSC chc nng ny s chuyn tip cc PDU ca LLC gia giao din Um v Gb. Ti SGSN th n s chuyn tip cc PDU ca PDP gia cc giao din Gb v Gn. Giao thc tn s v tuyn GSM GSM RF: To lp nn khung TDMA.

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2.2.3.2. Mt phng bo hiu.

SMS-GMSC SMS-IWMSC Gd MSC/VLR A TE ME Um BTS A-bis BSS Gs Gb Gn Gp Gf SGSN D Gr Gn Ga C HLR Gc GGSN Ga CGF EIR GGSN PLMN KHC Gi PDN TE BS

SMS-C

MSC/VLR

Hnh 2.3. M t cc im chun v giao din trong h thng GPRS. Mt phng bo hiu bao gm cc giao din iu khin v h tr cho cc chc nng c thc hin mt phng truyn dn bao gm: - iu khin vic truy nhp mng GPRS nh: Nhp mng v ri mng. - iu khin thit lp cc kt ni trong mng nh khi hot mt a ch PDP. - iu khin vic nh tuyn trong mng, h tr kh nng di ng ca MS. - iu khin vic n nh ti nguyn - Cung cp cc di ng b sung. Ngoi cc giao din trong mng GSM sn c, h thng GPRS cn a thm ra cc giao din G mi cho mng GSM. Cc kt ni ca h thng GPRS ti cc phn t mng v chuyn mch NSC (Network & Switching Subsystem) ca h thng GSM c thc hin thng qua mng bo hiu s 7 CCSN7 gm: Gc, Gd, Gf, Gr, Gs. Cc im chun v cc giao din khc c thc hin thng qua mng backbone Intra-PLMN (Gn), Inter-PLMN (Gp) hoc cc mng ngoi (Gi). Cc giao din hin thi mng GSM sn c: - Giao din Um: L giao din v tuyn gia MS v BTS. - Giao din A: L giao din phc v gia BSC v MSC. - Giao din A-bis: L giao din gia BTS v BSC.

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- Giao din B: L giao din gia MSC v VLR lin quan. Giao din ny bn trong MSC/VLR v bo hiu trn giao din ny cha c chun ho. - Giao din C: L giao din gia MSC v HLR, MSC phi thm vn HLR v thu bao c yu cu c thng tin nh tuyn nhm chuyn mt cuc gi hoc tin nhn ti thu bao . Bo hiu trong giao din ny s dng giao thc MAP - Giao din D: L giao din gia HLR v VLR, c dng trao i thng tin lin quan ti v tr ca MS v qun l thu bao ny. Bo hiu trong giao din ny cng s dng giao thc MAP. - Giao din E: L giao din gia cc MSC, c dng trao i s liu phc v vic chuyn giao gia cc MSC. Giao din ny cng c dng chuyn tip cc tin nhn. Bo hiu trong giao din ny cng s dng giao thc MAP. - Giao din F: L giao din gia MSC v EIR. - Giao din G: L giao din gia cc VLR, khi MS khi to vic cp nht v tr bng cch s dng TMSI, VLR c th ly IMSI v b nhn dng t VLR trc. Bo hiu trong giao din ny cng dng MAP. Cc giao din mi m h thng GPRS a vo s dng: - Giao din Gb: L giao din gia mt SGSN v mt vi BTS/PCU, Gb mang bo hiu v lu lng gia mng GSM v GPRS. Frame Relay da trn cc dch v mng NS (Network Service) to ra kh nng iu khin lu lng cho giao din ny v thc hin cc chc nng sau: + Cho chc nng qun tr di ng nh: Nhp mng, ri mng, cp nht vng nh tuyn, cp nht vng nh v, khi to hay hy b PDP context + Cho php dng chung h tng mng nh: Lu lng ca d liu truyn trn giao din A v Gb c th cng i trn mt ng E. + Cho php kt hp cc lin kt nh: Kt hp nhiu giao din Gb trn nhiu ng E v mt ng E. + Cho php iu khin lung. - Giao din Gc: L giao din gia GGSN v HLR, GGSN c th yu cu thng tin v tr i vi NRCA (Network Requested Context Activation) thng qua giao din tu chn ny. Trong tiu chun cng xc nh vic s dng mt Proxy GSN, vi vai tr chuyn i giao thc GTP (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol) thnh giao thc MAP (Mobile Application Part), nh vy n trnh cho vic phi thc hin giao thc MAP trong GGSN.

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- Giao din Gd: L giao din gia SMS-GMSC v mt nt SGSN, v gia SMS-IWMSC vi SGSN. Giao din Gd cho php MS s dng dch v SMS hiu qu hn qua knh v tuyn GPRS. - Giao din Gf: L giao din gia mt nt SGSN v EIR, Gf cho php SGSN truy nhp ti cc thng tin v thit b. Trong EIR, cc trm di ng c phn loi theo ba danh sch: l black list (cho cc Mobile b mt trm), gray list (cho cc Mobile ang c theo di) v white list (cho cc Mobile khc). - Giao din Gn: L giao din gia hai GSN trong cng mng PLMN. Gn c cu hnh nh giao din IP, n to ra mt giao din bo hiu v s liu trong mng trc Intra-PLMN. Giao thc ng hm ca GPRS (GTP) c dng trong Gn (v trong Gp) thng qua mng trc IP c s. - Giao din Gp: L giao din gia hai GSN trong cc mng PLMN khc nhau. Gp cung cp cc chc nng ging nh vi giao din Gn. Nhng ngoi ra, cng vi BG v Firewall, n cn cung cp tt c cc chc nng cn thit khc cho vic u ni lin mng ca mng trc Inter-PLMN nh: Chc nng bo mt, nh tuyn... - Giao din Gr: L giao din gia SGSN v HLR, Gr cho php SGSN truy nhp ti cc thng tin v thu bao trong HLR. HLR c th c t trong mt mng PLMN khc so vi mng ca SGSN hin ti. - Giao din Gs: L giao din gia SGSN v MSC, SGSN c th gi s liu v tr ti MSC hoc nhn v cc yu cu nhn tin t MSC thng qua giao din tu chn ny. Gs s lm tng hiu qu s dng ti nguyn mng v ti nguyn v tuyn khi c s kt hp gia mng GSM v GPRS. Giao din ny s dng giao thc BSSAP. - Giao din Um: Um l giao din truy nhp cho MS ti mng GPRS. MS c mt giao din v tuyn vi BTS, v Um cng ging vi giao din ny ca GSM nhng ngoi ra n c mt s thay i cho ph hp vi mng GPRS. C hai im chun khc nhau trong mng GPRS l: im chun Gi dnh ring cho mng GPRS, v im chun R c dng chung cho c mng GPRS & GSM. - im chun Gi: L giao din gia GGSN vi mt mng bn ngoi. Mng GPRS c ni ti mng ngoi (mng s liu X.25 hay mng IP,..) thng qua giao din ny. H thng GPRS s h tr cho vic kt ni vi nhiu kiu mng s liu khc nhau v iu ny gii thch ti sao Gi khng phi l mt giao din chun ho m ch n thun l mt im chun.

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- im chun R: L giao din gia thit b u cui v u cui di ng. im chun ny c chc nng kt ni thit b u cui TE ti u cui di ng MT. im chun R tun theo cc chun ITU-T V.24/V.28 hoc PCMCIA PC-card.

2.3. CU TRC KNH LOGIC TRONG MNG GPRS.

Hnh 2.4. M t cu trc knh logic trong mng GPRS. Ch thch: Ch vit Ting Anh Ting Vit tt PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel Knh iu khin pht qung b gi PCCCHs Packet Common Control Channels Cc knh iu khin chung gi PPCH Packet Paging Channel Knh tm gi gi PRACH Packet Random Access Channel Knh truy nhp ngu nhin gi PAGCH Packet Access Grant Channel Knh cho php truy nhp gi PNCH Packet Notification Channel Knh thng bo gi PDCCHs Packet Discrate Control Channels Cc knh iu khin ring bit gi PACCH Packet Associate Control Channel Knh iu khin lin kt gi PTCCH Packet Timing Control Channel Knh iu khin nh thi gi PDTCH Packet Data Traffic Channel Knh lu lng d liu gi Mi mt sng mang GPRS l mt knh v tuyn, trong mi knh v tuyn li c nhiu knh vt l khc nhau v mi knh vt l li bao gm nhiu knh

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logic. Trong h thng GPRS th knh logic c chia lm hai loi l: Knh chung v knh ring bit. Trong mi knh li c chia ra lm hai loi, knh chung bao gm knh qung b v cc knh iu khin chung, cn knh ring bit gm cc knh iu khin ring bit v knh lu lng.

2.3.1. Knh iu khin pht qung b gi PBCCH.

Knh ny c nhim v pht qung b cc thng tin v h thng d liu gi GPRS trong mt t bo, v c s dng ng xung. Knh PBCCH c sp xp trn knh vt l tng t nh knh iu khin pht qung b BCCH trong mng GSM v s tn ti ca knh PBCCH trong h thng GPRS s c knh BCCH thng bo cho h thng bit.

2.3.2. Cc knh iu khin chung gi PCCCHs.

Chc nng ca cc knh PCCCHs tng t nh cc knh iu khin chung CCCH trong mng GSM v chc nng c th hin trong tng knh ring bit. Nu trong mt t bo m khng tn ti cc knh PCCCHs th vic truyn ti d liu do cc knh CCCH m nhim. Knh tm gi gi PPCH (Packet Paging Channel): Knh ny ch c s dng ng xung, dng nhn tm MS trc khi kt ni hoc ti d liu xung MS v n c th hot ng c hai ch chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Khi m ang trong ch nhn hoc gi d liu th c th nhn tm MS cho cc dch v chuyn mch thng qua knh iu khin kt hp kiu gi PACCH. Knh truy nhp ngu nhin gi PRACH (Packet Random Access Channel): Knh ny ch c s dng ng ln khi MS mun truy nhp mng thng bo cho mng bit n cn ti nguyn thc hin phin lin lc hoc tr li thng tin bo hiu nh: Tr li bn tin tm gi, Knh cho php truy nhp gi PAGCH (Packet Access Grant Channel): Knh ny c s dng ng xung, BTS s dng n gi bn tin n nh ti nguyn n mt MS sau khi MS gi bn tin truy nhp mng trn knh PAGCH, v n cng c th c gi ti MS trong trng hp MS ang thc hin vic truyn ti d liu. Knh thng bo gi PNCH (Packet Notification Channel): Knh ny c s dng ng xung, v BTS dng n gi bn tin n inh ti nguyn ti nhiu MS cng mt lc trong ch truyn ti d liu im - a im.

2.3.3. Cc knh iu khin ring bit gi PDCCHs.

Gm c knh iu khin lin kt gi v knh iu khin nh thi gi.

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Knh iu khin lin kt gi PACCH (Packet Associate Control Channel): Knh ny c s dng c ng ln xung, n c dng o cc kt qu hot ng ca MS v sau gi cho mng nh: Thng tin v iu khin cng sut, cc bn tin n nh li ti nguyn cho MSNgoi ra knh ny cn truyn ti cc bn tin tm gi MS ca mng cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh khi MS ang bn hay ang nhn hoc gi s liu. Ngoi ra y l mt knh hai chiu dng bo hiu trong khi cc gi d liu c truyn i v n khng c n nh mt ti nguyn c nh no. Knh iu khin nh thi gi PTCCH (Packet Timing Control Channel): Knh PTCCH c s dng ng xung, BTS dng n truyn cc thng tin v nh thi sm nh: Thi gian pht cho cc MS hay cc thng tin tnh ton khc.

2.3.4. Knh lu lng d liu gi PDTCH.

Knh PDTCH c s dng truyn ti d liu qua giao din v tuyn Um c ng ln xung. Knh ny c dnh ring tm thi cho mt hay vi MS trong t bo. Mt MS c th s dng mt hoc ti a 8 knh lu lng truyn ti d liu. Tm li: Chc nng ca cc knh logic trong mng GPRS cng tng t nh cc knh logic trong mng GSM. iu khc bit l cc knh lu lng PDTCH trong mng GPRS c kh nng s dng linh hot hn. iu ny ty thuc vo ti nguyn v tuyn ca mng, dch v hay trng thi hot ng ca mng.

2.4. CC BIN PHP K THUT CHNH S DNG TRONG MNG GPRS H TR MNG GSM.
Cc k thut chnh s dng trong mng GPRS th hu nh k tha cc k thut c s dng trong mng GSM. V mng GPRS xy dng trn nn tng ca mng GSM v hot ng ng thi vi nhau. c trng c bn nht ca mng GPRS so vi mng GSM l tc truyn dn d liu hay tc truyn thng tin trong mt khe thi gian trong mng GPRS ln hn rt nhiu so vi trong mng GSM, cht lng mng cao hn v hiu qu s dng ph cng tt hn. Do trong mng GPRS s phi thm vo cc bin php k thut lm tng tc truyn dn d liu, lm tng cht lng mng v hiu qu s dng ph. Cc k thut h tr lm tng tc truyn dn, h tr truyn ti gi. Cc k thut l: K thut m ha d liu, k thut chuyn mch gi v k thut xe ng truyn

2.4.1. K thut m ha d liu.

Cc phng php m ha d liu trong mng GPRS.

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Co 4 phng phap ma hoa d liu trong mang GPRS t CS1CS4 (CSCoding Schemme), cc phng php m ha c s dng tuy c khc nhau nhng u c chung mt mc ch l chng li xy ra trn ng truyn dn qua giao din v tuyn. Phng phap ma hoa 1 (CS-1): Phng phap nay s dung 3 bits c trang thai ng ln USF (Uplink State Flag) va 40 bits parity c s dung cho chui khim tra khi BCS (Block Check Sequence) tng cng s bao v, do tim li. Phn u va d liu la 181 bits va thm vao o 4 bits ui. Tng cng c 228 bits, sau o qua b ma hoa xon vi tc 1/2. Kt qua c 456 bits (228 bit x 2). Do o tc ma hoa d liu s dung phng phap CS-1 bng 181bits/20ms = 9,05Kbps (mi khi d liu c di l 20ms). Phng phap ma hoa 2 (CS-2): Vi phng phap nay thi c trang thai ng ln USF s dung 6 bits, dung tng chinh xac khi truyn d liu qua giao din v tuyn Um. Khi kim tra chui BCS s dung 16 bits, con khi phn u va d liu la 268 bits, sau o lai thm vao 4 bits ui c tng s bit la 294 bits trc khi a vao b ma hoa xon. Tng s bit sau khi qua b ma hoa xon vi tc 2/3, di rng buc k=5 la 588 bits (294bits x 2). Nhng cu truc cum cua mang GSM ch c 456 bits, do o cn phai nen lai giam s bit o xung bng cach cho khi d liu qua khi Punctured. Do o tc ma hoa d liu s dung phng phap CS-2 la 268bits/20ms, tng ng vi 13,4Kbps. Phng phap ma hoa 3 (CS-3): V c ban phng phap nay ging vi phng php m ha CS-2, chi khac ch la phn u va d liu khng phai la 268 bits ma la 312 bits v tc m ho xp x 3/4. Do o tc ma hoa d liu phng phap CS-3 la 312bits/20ms, tng ng vi 15,6 Kbps. Phng phap ma hoa 4 (CS-4): Phng phap nay khng gi cac bit sa li FEC nh cac phng phap trn, muc ich la cha nhiu thng tin cua ngi s dung hn. Phn USF s dung 12 bits vi co s dung b ma CRC, con khi kim tra chui BCS vn s dung 16 bits. Vi vy s dung phng phap nay co th mang 428 bits header and Data, tc m ho r=1, di rng buc k=5. Tc truyn d liu phng phap CS-4 bng 428bits/20ms, tng ng vi 21,4 kb/s. Sau y s trnh by c th v cc th tc m ha CS-4. Cc th tc m ha trong mng GPRS. Trnh by cc th tc m ha vi phng php CS-4: D liu a vo u vo b m ha c kch thc khi l 428 bits, vi di ca khi l 20 ms. Sau thm vo 12 bits c trng thi ng ln USF c 440

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bits, cng vi 16 bits chui kim tra chui, trong c s dng b m CRC. Ta c tng cng l 456 bits, khi d liu ny ti khi m ha xon vi r=1, k=5. Phng php ny khng s dng b m ha li trng thi ng ln, khng c bit ui c cng vo v do khi sau m ha xon c tng s bit ng bng cm Burst nn khng cn phi qua khi Puncturing nn khi d liu li. Phng php ny c tc m ha d liu 428bits/20ms, tng ng vi 21,4 kb/s.

D ata in 428bits

A dd U SF 12 bits

440bits

BC S 16 bits

456bits U SF Precoding 0bits 456bits

D ata out 456bits

456bits Puncturing 456bitsC onvolution C oding r= 1 k=5 0 bits

A dd tail bit 0 bits

Hnh 2.5. M t cc th tc m ho CS-4. Sau y l bng chi tit cc phng php m ha CS1-CS4: Cac phng phap ma hoa CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 S bit d liu 181 268 312 428 Kim tra chui (BCS) 40 16 16 16 C trang thai ng ln USF 3 6 6 12 Tng s bit thm vao 4 4 4 0 Tng s bit sau ma hoa 456 588 676 456

Tc ma 1/2 2/3 3/4 1

Tng s bit nen 0 132 220 0

Tc d liu (Kbps) 9,05 13,4 15,6 21,4

Bang 2.1. Bng cc phng php ma hoa GPRS.

2.4.2. K thut chuyn mch gi.

Khi qut chung. Mng GPRS t giao din v tuyn kiu gi ln trn giao din v tuyn Um chuyn mch knh hin thi trong mng GSM. iu ny cho php ngi s dng c rt nhiu la chn s dng dch v mi ca mng d liu gi. Vic b sung k thut chuyn mch gi vo cu trc chuyn mch knh trong mng GSM khng i hi qu ln v s thay i mng. Thc t cc nh khai thc dch v ch cn b sung

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mt s nt mi vo nng cp cc phn t hin c trong mng GSM. Ch yu l s thay i, nng cp v phn mm. K thut chuyn mch gi l mt loi k thut gi d liu t mt thit b u cui ngun n mt thit b u cui ch qua mng, thng qua mt loi giao thc (giao thc s dng ny ty thuc vo mng) v tha mn 3 iu kin sau: - D liu cn vn chuyn c chia thnh cc gi c kch thc v nh dng xc nh. Thng thng khi 456 bits chia thnh 4 gi pht trn 4 khe thi gian ring bit trong cng khung hay khc khung ti im thu. - Mi gi sau khi chia ra s c vn chuyn trn cc ng truyn ring r hoc trn cng mt ng truyn n ni nhn. Nh vy cc gi c th s dch chuyn trong cng mt thi im. - Khi ton b cc gi d liu n ni nhn tin th chng s c tp hp li v sp xp li, khi phc li cc gi tin mt hp thnh d liu ban u pht i. Mi gi d liu c kch thc c nh ngha t trc. i vi giao thc TCP/IP th kch thc ti a ca n l 1500 bytes (cn mt s giao thc khc c s dng th kch thc gi vo khong 1000 bytes) v thng gm c 3 phn sau: - Phn mo u (Header): Phn ny cha cc thng tin sau: a ch ngun, a ch ch, cc thng tin v loi giao thc s dng v s th t ca gi. - Phn ti d liu (Data hay Payload): Phn ny cha mt trong nhng on d liu gc c chia nh. - Phn ui (Trailer): Phn ny cha cc thng tin v kt thc gi v thng tin v sa li d liu. Cc c im ca k thut chuyn mch gi. Khng cn c mt ng dy truyn lin tc ni t my ngun gi n my ch. M thay vo l cc ng truyn d liu gia cc b chuyn mch. Cc b ny c thit lp mt cch tm thi tng cp mt lm trung gian vn chuyn cc gi t a ch ngun n a ch ch. Cc on mch ni trung chuyn khng cn phi thit lp t trc m ch n khi gi cn vn chuyn th mi c hnh thnh. Trong trng hp tc nghn hay xy ra s c trn ng truyn dn th cc gi tin c th trung chuyn bng cc con ng khc thng qua cc nt trung gian khc. D liu vn chuyn bng cc gi tin chia nh s tit kim thi gian hn v hiu qu hn l khi gi trn vn mt khi d liu khng l. V trong trng hp gi

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tin chia nh b tht lc hay li th thit b u cui ngun ch gi li gi tin b mt hoc li thay v phi gi li ton b d liu gc. Hn na trong mt s trng hp m gi tin bn nhn b tht lc hay li th nh vo m sa li hay quy lut m ha th c th khi phc li cc gi tin . Trong mng phc tp c nhiu nt trung chuyn th vic vn chuyn cc gi tin s khng th bit trc c cc gi tin s c chuyn theo con ng no (tr trong trng hp l bn gi c thng tin v ng i cho gi). iu ny cng khng cn thit lm v cc gi tin ch n v li a ch ch m thi. K thut chuyn mch gi ny cn cho php ni gn nh vi s lng thit b u cui bt k. Thc t n ch b gii hn bi kh nng cho php ca giao thc cng nh kh nng ni vo mng ca cc b chuyn mch vi cc thit b u cui. V cc gi tin c th c gi qua cc ng trung chuyn khc nhau nn thi gian vn chuyn ca mi gi ti a ch ch cng khc nhau v th t cc gi n c a ch ch cng c th khng theo th t nh khi gi i. Mt s giao thc c s dng trong k thut chuyn mch gi l: - Giao thc iu khin truyn d liu/giao thc mng Internet TCP/IP. - X.25. - Giao thc chuyn tip khung Frame Relay. - Giao thc IPX/SPX.

2.4.3. K thut xe ng truyn.

Trong mng GPRS th tc truyn dn d liu t ti a trong mt khe thi gian l 21,4 kb/s. Tuy y l tc truyn dn cao hn rt nhiu so vi tc truyn dn d liu trong mt khe thi gian ca mng GSM (9,6 kb/s). Nhng nhu cu ca ngi s dng trong mng GSM hay GPRS i hi ngy cng cao v tc truyn dn d liu cng nh cht lng mng. Do cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng GSM p dng k thut xe ng truyn trong mng ca mnh. Trong mng GSM th k thut xe ng truyn c p dng cho mng chuyn mch knh tc cao HSCSD. Vi mng ny th sng mang c truyn trong mt t bo mang theo cc khung thi gian. Trong mt khung thi gian th li c 8 khe thi gian cho php ngi s dng. Nu ngi s dng trong mt phin lin lc ch dng thoi th ta c th ch cn mt khe thi gian cho ngi l . Cn nu trong mt phin lin lc thu bao cn trao i d liu vi mng, th lc ty vo ng k s dng dch v ca thu bao v ti nguyn v tuyn trn mng, m ta xe ng truyn cho phin l 1 khe hay 4 khe thi gian. Nu s dng c 4 khe

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th tc truyn dn d liu t 4x9,6 kb/s=38,4 kb/s. Nhng thu bao s phi tr tin cao hn rt nhiu so vi s dng mt khe. Trong mng GPRS th k thut xe ng truyn khng ph thuc vo ng k dch v tc nhanh hay chm m l tt c mi ngi ng k dch v GPRS th u c tc truyn dn nh nhau. K thut xe ng truyn c th gii thch c nh sau: Khi mt thu bao mng GPRS mun ti d liu v my th ti thi im mng tnh ton xem l c bao nhiu khe thi gain s dng cho mng GSM, th s cn li s c dnh cho thu bao ti thi im . Him khi trong mng GPRS trong mt thi im li c 2 thu bao tr ln truy nhp mng cng mt thi im. V n ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh: Cch bm my ca hai ngi, i my Cho nn ti mt thi im th thu bao c th s dng 1 khe hoc ti 8 khe thi gian, iu ny ty thuc vo ti nguyn ca mng lc . Do tc truyn dn ti a m mt thu bao c th t c trong mng GPRS l 8x21,4 kb/s = 171,2 kb/s. Cc khe thi gian sau khi cp pht cho MS ti d liu th li c gii phng ngay cho ngi khc s dng. iu kh khn nht trong mng GPRS cng nh trong k thut xe ng truyn l khng bit chnh xc ti mt thi im th ti nguyn v tuyn cn li l bao nhiu. V mng GPRS c xy dng trn nn tng ca mng GSM m li hot ng ng thi na. Hn na s u tin ca ti nguyn v tuyn bao gi cng dnh cho mng GSM trc. Cho nn y cng l mt bi ton rt kh cho cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng. Thng thng mt thu bao GPRS c th truyn v nhn d liu vi tc khong 115 kb/s.

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2.5. GII PHP THIT B CA HAI NH CUNG CP LN TRN TH GII CHO MNG LI H THNG GPRS. 2.5.1. Thit b mng li GPRS ca Ericsson.
Chc nng ca nt SGSN : Nt SGSN cung cp cc gi tin ti mt vng dch v SGSN. N phc v tt c thu bao GPRS nm trong vng phc v ca SGSN v n thc hin cc chc nng sau: - nh tuyn: H tr vic nh tuyn IP ng hoc IP tnh. - Qun l di ng: Cho php mng kim sot cc thu bao ang di chuyn (SGSN thc hin cp nht vng nh tuyn RA). - Nhn thc: SGSN nhn thc thit b u cui di ng khi thit b khai bo lin kt mng. - Qun l phin. - Bo mt: GPRS mt m khng c kt thc trong BSC nh vi GSM nhng c hon thnh trong SGSN. - Chc nng tnh cc: SGSN a ra cc bn ghi chi tit dung lng truyn ti ca cuc gi lp ho n tnh cc. - Dch v nhn tin SMS: SGSN h tr giao din Gd hot ng cng vi mng GSM. Chc nng ca nt GGSN: Nt GGSN cung cp giao din vi cc mng khc cng nh giao din vi cc mng IP bn ngoi v n thc hin chc nng sau: - nh tuyn ti cc mng bn ngoi khi trong mng thu bao c yu cu. - Bc tng la: bo v khi s xm nhp tri php t cc thu bao bn ngoi trong khi tin hnh cuc gi. - Cng ngoi bin (Border Gateway): Cho php nh iu hnh kt ni an ton vi cc mng GPRS khc v vi cc mng IP bn ngoi. - Bo mt: tng cng s bo mt lu lng qun l. - Qun l di ng: m bo cc gi tin c truyn i theo giao thc ng hm n GGSN thch hp. - Qun l phin: H tr vic nh a ch IP ng v tnh. - Tnh cc: GGSN a ra chi tit cc cuc gi CDR (Call Detail Records) ging nh chc nng ny ti SGSN.

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Phn cng thit b mng li GPRS ca Ericsson: SGSN-25 v GGSN 25 c xy dng trn nn phn cng ca Ericsson, c tch hp cao m bo kh nng lm vic lin tc, c cu trc d phng. H thng c tin cy cao, vi cc chc nng cho php pht hin cc li ca phn mm. Dung lng ca thit b mng li GPRS c tnh theo s lng thu bao s dng ng thi, s lng PDP context v kh nng thng ti theo bng sau: S thu bao ti a S PDP Nng sut truyn truy nhp ng thi context ti a ti a gi/s SGSN-25 25000 25.000 10.000 GGSN-25 25.000 10.000 GSN-25 25000 25000 7.000 Hnh 2.2. Bng dung lng ca thit b mng li GPRS. Cc u im thit b mng li GPRS ca Ericsson: - Chi ph thp. - Cht lng mng cao. - Gim thiu thi gian cung cp dch v. - Tng doanh thu cho nh khai thc. - Gim thiu ri ro v tng tnh bo mt. Nng sut ti a Mb/s 24 24 17

2.5.2. Thit b mng li GPRS ca Alcatel.

V c bn, gii php GPRS ca Alcatel thm vo ba thnh phn mi so vi GSM l: Thit b PCU, SGSN v GGSN. Thit b iu khin gi PCU: PCU c t ti BSC trong h thng v c cc chc nng sau: - Tch v ti nhp gi. - Qun l v iu khin truy nhp knh v tuyn. - Pht hin li truyn dn v thc hin pht li theo phng thc ARQ. - iu khin cng sut. Chc nng ca nt SGSN: Nt SGSN trao i thng tin vi BSS qua giao din Gb v c cc chc nng sau: - Qun l di ng ca thu bao GPRS. - M ho. - Tnh cc. Chc nng ca nt GGSN: Nt GGSN trao i thng tin vi mng s liu bn ngoi nh: Internet/Intranet, X.25, mng PLMN khc... Nhng u th ca Alcatel trong h thng GPRS.

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- Cung cp dch v s liu gi t u cui n u cui. - S dng ti a ngun ti nguyn v tuyn. - Ch s dng ngun ti nguyn v tuyn khi d liu c truyn i, sau gii phng ngay. - Knh v tuyn ng ln v ng xung ring bit. - Tho thun quyn u tin dch v. - Tc d liu truyn ln n 171,2 Kbps/sng mang. - Kt ni lin tc cho vic gi v nhn thng tin. - Tnh cc. - Thi gian kt ni di 1s. - Khi lng d liu truyn ti ln. - Ph tr trc nh gi. H thng Ericsson Alcatel Cng ngh Dung lng Tnh cc Theo s lng byte, thi gian, linh hot Theo s lng byte, thi gian, linh hot

Chuyn mch gi 25 Mb/s Ethernet (da trn b nh tuyn tiu chun) 12Mb/s-150Mb/s

Bng 3.2 M t cng ngh, dung lng, tnh cc ca hng Ericsson v Alcatel

2.6. XU HNG PHT TRIN MNG GPRS.

Mc d mng GPRS c nhiu nhng u im so vi mng GSM nh: GPRS c kh nng kt ni khng i xng khi c yu cu. Do ti nguyn mng c th c s dng tt hn, cung cp kh nng IP di ng cho cc thit b di ng, hay m u cho bc pht trin cc dch v gi.... Nhng vn cn rt nhiu nhng hn ch nh: Dung lng t bo cn hn ch cho tt c mi ngi trong t bo s dng, tr chuyn tip cc gi tin vn cn xy ra hay tc truyn d liu thc t cn thp. t c tc truyn d liu ti a da trn l thuyt l 171,2 kb/s nh trnh by trn, th mt thu bao s dng phi chim ton b 8 khe thi gian cng vi iu kin khng c m sa li. Vic dnh tt c cc khe thi gian ch cho mt ngi s dng l rt kh chp nhn i vi nh cung cp dch v vin thng, v thc t rt kh xy ra nh vy. Cho nn thc t thu bao ch dnh c trung bnh t 4 n 6 khe thi gian. Do bng thng dnh cho thu bao GPRS s dng s rt hn hp.

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Khi kt ni chuyn mch gi c s dng th cht lng dch v c tnh quan trng hng u. Nhng lu lng GPRS lun lun mc u tin th hai trong mng GSM, v mng GPRS c xy dng trn nn tng ca mng cung cp dch v thoi, hn na l s thu bao s dng mng GPRS l rt t so vi thu bao s dng mng GSM. Cho nn ch c cc ti nguyn cha s dng giao din Um mi c dnh cho lu lng GPRS. R rng l khng ai c th m bo lun dnh mt rng bng nht nh cho lu lng GPRS v khng th bit trc c ti nguyn cha s dng ti giao din v tuyn Um. Do tc trung bnh m mt thu bao GPRS t c vo khong 115 kb/s. Thc t khi cc nh khai thc mng GSM a h thng GPRS vo hot ng p ng c nh cu ca khch hng trong thi gian u, v tc truyn d liu tng ln c ng k l 115 kb/s, so vi mng GSM l 9,6 kb/s. Hn na cht lng mng cng c tng ln v hiu qu s dng ph tng r rt khi dnh cc khe thi gian trng, xe cho thu bao khc trong phin lin lc. gii quyt bi ton ny th cc nh khai thc dch v mng khng ngng tm ti, nghin cu v p dng mt k thut iu ch mi ti giao din v tuyn Um l 8-PSK. Vi k thut iu ch 8-PSK th khi mt k t truyn i trn giao din v tuyn n s mang theo 3 bits thng tin, do tc truyn d liu s ci thin c ng k. Khi k thut iu ch 8-PSK kt hp vi cc k thut m ha knh phc tp th ta c th t c tc truyn d liu ti a trn mt khe thi gian l 59,2 kb/s so vi 9,6 kb/s cho mt knh GSM truyn thng (mi mt k t truyn i trn Um th mang theo mt bit), GPRS l 21,4 kb/s. K thut lm tng tc truyn trn c gi l EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution).

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Chng III. H THNG EDGE H TR MNG GSM.

3.1. GII THIU CHUNG V MNG EDGE.
EDGE l thut ng vi tn y ting Anh l: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution hay Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution, ngha l : Cc tc s liu tng cng cho nhnh tin ha GSM hay cc tc s liu tng cng pht trin ton cu. Trc y cng ngh EDGE c xut pht trin trc tip t IS-136 sau tin ti WC-136 (cng ngh TDMA bng rng). Tuy nhin gn y mt s nh khai thc mng IS-136 ln nht trn th gii quyt nh l trnh pht trin mng khng qua h thng EDGE, m b qua tin ti UMTS lun. Thc ra cc nh khai thc mng IS-136 ang trong qu trnh b sung v thay th mng hin ti l GSM/GPRS ln UMTS. Mc tiu chnh v k thut ca mng EDGE l tng cng cc kh nng cho qua s liu ti giao din v tuyn ca mng GSM/GPRS. Ni mt cch khc chnh l nn nhiu bit hn trong mt k t truyn i trong mt giy 8 khe thi gian trn sng mang. thc hin c iu ny th u tin cc nh khai thc mng s chuyn t s iu ch kha chuyn pha cc tiu Gau-x GMSK trong mng GSM/GPRS sang s iu ch kha chuyn pha 8 trng thi (8-PSK). Khi mng EDGE s h tr tc truyn s liu ln ti 473,6 kb/s (s dng ht 8 khe x 59,2 kb/s). Tc ny cao hn rt nhiu so vi mng GSM/GPRS l 9,6 kb/s/171,2 kb/s. Nhng mt thu bao EDGE trung bnh ch t c khong 384 kb/s, v bng vi tc truyn d liu ca mng 3G mi trng ngoi tri. Nhng li rt thp so vi tc truyn d liu trong nh ca mng 3G l 2 Mbps. Vic mng EDGE c c a vo khai thc v s dng rng ri trn nn tng ca mng GSM/GPRS hay khng cn ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh: Thi gian, nhu cu v cc dch v s liu tc cao ca ngi s dng, mc sn sng ca cc thit b u cui EDGE, gi thnhNhng c ba vn chnh m chng ta phi quan tm l thi gian, gi thnh v cc bin php k thut h tr. V mt thi gian: S pht trin ca mng EDGE v mng UMTS cng trong mt khung thi gian pht trin mng. Thc cht cc tiu chun ca mng EDGE c thc hin trong khun kh ca n i tc th h ba l 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project).

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V mt gi thnh: Vic trin khai mng EDGE khng i hi ph tn mi v khng i hi thay i hay nng cp mng qu ln. Chnh v th vic trin khai mng EDGE c th c thc hin c mt cch d dng. Hin nay cc nh khai thc mng GSM Vit Nam v ang trin khai mng EDGE v tin ti mng 3G l WCDMA. Ti thi im hin nay th hai nh khai thc mng GSM ln trong nc trin khai mng EDGE l mng Mobifone v Vinaphone, cn Viettel th ang trong qu trnh trin khai. Vn k thut h tr a vo s dng: y l vn cng khng km phn quan trng, v n s quyt nh n cht lng mng, hiu qu s dng ph, cng nh l quyt nh tc truyn dn d liu trong mng.

3.2. CU TRC MNG V CHC NNG CHNH CA CC PHN T TRONG MNG EDGE. Cu trc mng EDGE.
Mng EDGE c cu trc c bn ging mng GPRS nh: Cc phn t, cc giao thc, cc giao din v cc th tc rt ging nhauCh c mt s im khc nh: S tng cng giao din v tuyn BTS thm khi TRU, BSS i thnh ERAN.. v Soft ware thay i so vi mng GPRS
G ia od i n Um MT TE MS MT TE MS G ia od i n A-b is BTS/TRU BTS/TRU BTS/TRU BSC/PCU TRAU E-RAN MSC/VLR MT TE MS MT TE MS BTS/TRU BTS/TRU BTS/TRU BSC/PCU TRAU E-RAN HLR/ AuC/EIR NSS GMSC OMC/ ADC/NMC PSTN CSPDN PSPDN X.25 G ia od i nA

ISDN

Th a y i HW v S Wch oED G E

Gia od i nG b m ng l i ED GE INTERNET M ng dl i u kh c

SGSN

GGSN

Hnh 3.1. Cu trc mng EDGE.

Chc nng ca cc phn t chnh trong mng EDGE.

Nhn chung chc nng ca cc phn t trong mng EDGE khng thay i nhiu so vi mng GPRS. V hai mng u s dng cc khi , ch c iu

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khc l mng EDGE c thm khi TRU vo BTS trong h thng iu khin trm gc. Chc nng ca thit b TRU: Thit b ny c b tr trong BTS v c chc nng iu khin tng cng d liu trn giao din v tuyn cho thu bao mng EDGE.

Mt phng truyn dn v mt phng bo hiu EDGE.

Trong mng GPRS v mng EDGE u s dng chung cc mt phng truyn dn v mt phng bo hiu. Ch c khc l mng EDGE cc thit b trong ton h thng thm iu ch 8-PSK, cc phng php ho ti u MCS v Soft ware l thay i.

Cc knh lu lng trong mng EDGE.

Trong mng EDGE u s dng cc knh ging nh mng GPRS, ch c iu khc bit l khi thu bao ca mng EDGE s dng knh lu lng d liu gi PDTCH th trong mng EDGE c th s dng phng php iu ch GMSK hoc 8-PSK, cn nu knh PDTCH c s dng cho thu bao mng GPRS th nht thit phi s dng phng php iu ch GMSK.

3.3. CC K THUT CHNH S DNG TRONG MNG EDGE H TR MNG GSM.

Cc k thut s dng trong mng EDGE v GPRS l chung nhau nh: M ha ting ni, iu ch GMSK, m ha knh, ghp xen.Tuy nhin h thng EDGE c a thm mt s bin php k thut mi vo hot ng lm tng tc truyn dn d liu, tng hiu qu s dng ph nh: iu ch 8-PSK v cc phng php m ha v iu ch MCS1MCS9 c trnh by di y.

3.3.1. iu ch.
Trong mng EDGE cng s dng cc knh v tuyn c rng bng l 200 kHz v mt khung TDMA cng c 8 khe thi gian ging nh mng GSM/GPRS. Tuy nhin v mt k thut iu ch th mng GSM/GPRS s dng iu ch 0,3 GMSK cn mng EDGE th li s dng phng php iu ch 0,3 GMSK v 8PSK. iu ch 0,3 GMSK c ngha l b iu ch GMSK c b lc bng thng vi rng bng l 3 dB tng ng vi 81,25 kHz. Trong mng GSM th tc Symbol l 270,833 Kbps (Kilo Symbol trn giy), mi mt Symbol l mt k t c truyn i trn ng truyn dn mang theo mt bit, v th tc bit c truyn i cng bng 270,833 kb/s. V gi tr 81,25 bng 0,3 ca 270,833 nn iu

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ch ny c gi l 0,3 GMSK. Hiu sut s dng bng tn trong trng hp ny bng 270,833 Kbps/200kHz = 1,35 kb/s/Hz. Trong mng EDGE s dng phng php iu ch 8-PSK, vi phng php ny th mch iu ch cho tn hiu ra c 1 trong 8 pha ty thuc trng thi ca 3 bits u vo. Ta c s khi ca mch iu ch 8-PSK.

Hnh 3.2. S iu ch 8-PSK. Mch chia t hp 3 bits theo 3 knh khc nhau, cc bit a v b c truyn theo knh I v Q xc nh cc tnh ca tn hiu ra mch bin i t 2 n 4 mc, trong khi bit c xc nh bin ca in th mt chiu DC. C 2 bin c dng l 0,34V v 0,821V. Khi u ra vi bit a v b l cc bit 1 th mch bin i c tr dng v ngc li khi a v b l bt 0. Bin ca tn hiu ra t mch bin i lun lun khc nhau, bt c khi no mt mch nhn tn hiu c l 0 (hay 1) cho ra tn hiu c bin l 0,821 (0,34), th mch kia nhn c tn hiu o li v cho ra tn hiu c bin l 0,34 (0,821). V 3 bits abc l c lp nhau nn cc bin 0,821 v 0,34 lun lun l 4 gi tr c th c u ra cc mch bin i. knh I th mch iu ch trn sng mang ban u khng lm lch pha nn 4 gi tr u ra l 0,821cosct v 0,34cosct. Trong khi u ra knh Q l cc gi tr 0,821sinct v 0,34sinct. Mch tng hp s tng hp tn hiu ra ca 2 knh cho ra mt tn hiu duy nht. Ty theo cc tn hiu vo m cc tn hiu ra s c cc pha khc nhau nh trong hnh sau v gc A xc nh bi:

A = tan-1(0,34/0,821) = 22,50

(3.1)

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Hnh 3.3. Cc trng thi pha ca 8-PSK. Da vo hnh v ta thy cc trng thi pha u ra ca cc tribit truyn k tip nhau cch nhau 450. Vi 3 bits u vo cba l 101 th tn hiu ra sau cng l: 0,821cosct - 0,34sinct v gc pha ca tn hiu c xc nh bi du X trn hnh v v bng 2 ln gc A. Vi phng php ny th mi Symbol c truyn i mang theo 3 bits thng tin. Cc Symbol li c truyn mt trong 8 trng thi pha ca sng mang v n cho tn hiu ra l mt trong 8 trng thi pha, ty thuc vo t hp 3 bits u vo. Tc l 3 bits ng vi mt pha ca tn hiu nn vn tc baud bng 1/3 vn tc bit. Do tha iu kin ng truyn th ngi ta chn vn tc bit l 4800 bit/s, nn vn tc baud l 1600 baud/s v bng thng knh truyn l 1600 Hz (theo Shannon th vn tc baud bng bng thng knh truyn), hiu sut bng thng c tnh bng t s gia tc bit trn bng thng ca knh truyn. Do hiu sut bng thng yu cu l 4800b/s/1600Hz = 3 b/s/Hz. Ta thy hiu sut bng thng ca EDGE gp hn 2 ln hiu sut bng thng ca GSM (1,35 b/s/Hz). Ngi ta s dng hiu sut ca bng thng nh gi cht lng ca h thng, hiu sut cng cao th ta cng tn dng c bng thng. Vi fc = 1700Hz th bng thng chim mt khong t (fc 800) (fc + 800) tng ng vi 900Hz2500Hz, ph hp vi ng truyn ca knh thoi. Nh vy khi p dng phng php iu ch 8-PSK th mi mt Symbol truyn i mang theo 3 bits nn rng ca cc bit gim i 3 ln bng 3,69s/3 = 1,23 s, nn hiu qu ph tng ln r rt v tc truyn d liu cng tng ln v cht lng mng cng tng ln so vi mng GSM (gp hn 2 ln so vi GSM).

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3.3.2. Cc phng php m ho v iu ch.

Khi nh khai thc mng GSM a h thng EDGE vo hot ng th dn n s thay i cc s m ha knh mng GSM/GPRS. V thut ng EDGE vi cc dch v ca n c a vo hot ng trong mng GSM ln ta c th hiu v s dng thut ng E-GPRS (tng cng GPRS). Cc s m ha knh mi cho EGPRS c gi l cc s m ha v iu ch t MCS-1 MCS-9. V t MCS-1 MCS-4 ta s dng phng php iu ch GMSK, cn t MCS5MCS9 ta s dng phng php iu ch 8-PSK. Sau y l bng cc s m ha iu ch MSC v tc s liu c p dng cho tng s : S MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9 iu ch GMSK GMSK GMSK GMSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK Tc iu ch 0,53 0,66 0,8 1 0,37 0,49 0,76 0,92 1 S lng cc bit u vo (bit) 176 224 296 352 448 592 2x448 2x554 2x592 Tc s liu (Kbps) 8,8 11,2 14,8 17,6 22,4 29,6 44,8 54,4 59,2

Bng 3.1. M t cc phng php m ho v iu ch MCS. Trong tt c cc s m ho v iu ch trn th ch c MCS-4 v MCS-9 l khng s dng cc bit bo v chng li s liu cho ngi s dng. Phng php iu ch MCS-4 ging nh phng php iu ch CS-4 s dng cho h thng GPRS. im khc nhau c bn y l trong phng php m ha v iu ch EGPRS th phn u PDU ca cc cm truyn i c m ha khc so vi GPRS. Tc l ngoi cc bit c m ha cho PDU n cn s dng cc bit b sung cho sa li. Mc tiu ca m ha sa li u l gii m ng c phn PDU pha thu, iu ny gip cho MS v mng bit MS no mun truy nhp mng GPRS hay EGPRS. V th cc phng php m ha v iu ch t MCS1MCS4 c tc thp hn mt cht so vi cc phng php m ha CS1CS4 tng ng. Khi h thng EDGE s dng phng php m ha v iu ch MCS9 t c tc truyn d liu l 59,2 kb/s/1TS, ta c th gii thch c nh sau: Mt khi d liu u vo b m ha knh c tng s bit l 1194 bits, vi di khi l 20 ms nn tc truyn d liu t c trn mt khe thi gian l 1194 bits/20ms = 59,2 kb/s.

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Vic mng iu khin s dng phng php m ho v iu ch MCS cho thu bao s dng mng EDGE cng ging nh trong mng GPRS, tc l thng tin iu khin c thc hin c ng ln v ng xung. Qu trnh ny c thc hin bi cc bit b sung cc bn tin n nh ng ln gi v ng xung gi (Packet Uplink-Downlink Assignment). Bng sau y s hin th chi tit tc s liu ca thu bao s dng mng, tng ng vi tng s m ha iu ch v s lng khe s dng trong mt phin lin lc. TS/MCS MCS1 MCS2 MCS3 MCS4 MCS5 MCS6 MCS7 MCS8 MCS9 1TS 8,8 11,2 14,8 17,6 22,4 29,6 44,8 54,4 59,2 2TS 17,6 22,4 29,6 35,2 44,8 59,2 89,6 108,8 118,4 3TS 26,4 33,6 44,4 52,8 67,2 88,8 134,4 163,2 177,6 4TS 35,2 44,8 59,2 70,4 89,6 118,4 179,2 217,6 236,8 5TS 44 56 74 88 112 148 224 272 296 6TS 52,8 67,2 88,8 105,6 134,4 177,6 268,8 326,4 355,2 7TS 61,6 78,4 103,6 123,2 156,8 207,2 313,6 380,8 414,4 8TS 70,4 89,6 118,4 140,8 179,2 236,8 358,4 435,2 473,6

Bng 3.2. M t tc truyn d liu trn s khe s dng ng vi tng MCS

3.4. MT S GII PHP K THUT H TR CHO MNG EDGE CA NH CUNG CP THIT B NOKIA
EDGE c chun ha bi 3GPP, m bo vic tng thch mng li gia mng truy nhp v tuyn v mng li v gia cc mng v tuyn vi nhau, cng nh gia mng v thit b u cui. Cc hng cung cp thit b EDGE u phi pht trin sn phm tun th nhng tiu chun c 3GPP t ra. Tuy nhin ty vo chin lc pht trn, kh nng ti chnh cng nh ngun nhn lc. Mi nh cung cp u c mt l trnh ring thc hin tng bc nhng tiu chun 3GPP qua cc phin bn k tip nhau ca mnh. iu ny to ra mt khong cch v mt thi gian gia cc sn phm ca cc hng khc nhau cung cp thit b khc nhau. Bn cnh , cc nh cung cp thit b cng c nhng gii php ring bit thc hin nhng chc nng m tiu chun ra, em li nhng hiu qu khc nhau trn mng li. iu ny to ra mt khong cch" v cht lng gia cc nh cung cp.

3.4.1. Vng ph sng cho 8-PSK.

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EDGE s dng phng thc m ha v iu ch, c ch thch ng ung truyn mi t c tc truyn d liu ti a vi MCS-9 l 59,2 kb/s/1TS, gp 3 ln tc ti a ca GPRS vi CS-4 l 21,4 kb/s/1TS. Trong khi mng GSM/GPRS ch s dng phng php iu ch GMSK, th h thng EDGE li s dng thm iu ch 8-PSK cho m ha tc cao MCS-5 MCS-9, bn cnh GMSK cho m ha tc thp MCS-1 MCS-4. Do s thay i v phng thc iu ch ny nh hng mt cch cn bn n thit k ca mun thu pht v tuyn ca trm iu khin gc BTS, th cc nh cung cp c nhiu cch gii quyt khc nhau nh sau: - Cch th nht l: Thit k mt mun mi dnh ring cho EDGE. Nh vy c hai loi mun c cho GMSK v mi cho 8-PSK s tn ti song song. Do dn n vic phn chia phn cng gia dung lng mng EDGE v mng GSM. Vic thit lp li cu hnh trm gc cng nh vn hnh mng s phc tp hn. - Cch th hai l: Thit k mt mun thu pht chung cho c h thng EDGE v GSM, nhng gi nguyn thit k ca b phn khuych i cng sut trong mun ny. Cch ny c mt im bt li lin quan n cng sut pht 8-PSK, bt ngun t s khc bit c bn gia iu ch GMSK v 8-PSK. GMSK l phng thc iu ch c bin ng bao khng i (constant envelope), cho php b khuych i hot ng trong min khng tuyn tnh (non-linear, saturated region) vi hiu sut cao nht m vn khng nh hng ti tnh tuyn tnh ca tn hiu. Tri li, phng thc iu ch 8-PSK khng c c tnh nh vy, do vy cn hot ng trong min tuyn tnh ca b khuych i. Do b phn khuych i cng sut khng c thit k vi nhng yu cu c th cho iu ch 8-PSK ngay t u nn cng sut pht 8-PSK gim ng k, chnh lch gia cng sut pht ca h thng EDGE v GSM l kh ln. - Cch th ba l: S dng mt mun thu pht chung cho GMSK v 8-PSK. Tuy nhin b phn khuych i cng sut c thit k ngay t u vi yu cu c th ca c hai phng php iu ch GMSK v 8-PSK. Trong 3 gii php trn th nh cung cp thit b Nokia chn phng php th 3. Tc l thit k mt moun cho c phng thc iu ch GMSK v 8-PSK v b khuch i cng sut pht c thit k ng vi tng phng thc iu ch. Do trm thu pht gc BTS ca Nokia cho cng sut pht 8-PSK cao hn, ng thi chnh lch gia cng sut pht cho thu bao mng EDGE v GSM cng t hn (2dB thay bng 3-5dB) so vi gii php ca cc nh cung cp khc.

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3.4.2. H tr phng thc truyn lp tin tin IR cho ng xung v ung ln.
Trong khi GPRS ch s dng c ch thch ng ung truyn LA (Link Adaptation), th EDGE kt hp c c ch thch ng ung truyn LA, vi c ch truyn lp IR (Incremental Redundancy). C ch thch ng ng truyn LA la chn phng thc m ha ti u nht (tc truyn ti khng li cao nht) cho nhng iu kin truyn sng nht nh (da trn t l C/I). Khi t l li block tng hoc gim, LA s la chn m ha khc c t l bit bo v t hn hoc nhiu hn m ha ang s dng. Ni mt cch khc, mi phng thc m ha c mt vng ti u ring trn min C/I, m y phng thc m ha ny em li tc truyn ti h thng cao hn cc phng thc m ha khc. LA la chn m ha da trn nhng min ti u . C ch thch ng ng truyn LA c th hot ng c lp hoc kt hp vi c ch truyn lp IR. Khi kt hp nh vy, IR lm cho vng ti u ca cc m ha tc cao m rng hn, cc m ha tc cao s dng c vi ngng C/I thp hn. IR lm uc iu ny vi c ch sau: Cc gi tin c gi vi t l bit bo v tc m ho tng dn. V d gi tin u c th c gi vi tc m ho l 1/1. Nu xy ra li v bn thu khng th gi m c, gi tin ny s khng b loi b m c lu li trong b nh ca bn thu. Gi tin th hai (khng ging gi tin trc) c gi tip v bn thu s gii m li bng cch kt hp c hai gi tin. Nu thnh cng th bn tin c gi vi tc m ho 1/2. Nu khng thnh cng th gi tin th hai cng khng b loi b. Gi tin th ba (khng ging 2 gi tin trc) c gi tip v bn thu s gii m li bng cch kt hp c ba gi tin. Nu thnh cng th bn tin c gi vi tc m 1/3. Vi cch tng dn tc m nh vy cc phng thc m ha tc cao c th chu uc iu kin C/I thp hn. Nghin cu thc t cho thy li C/I m IR em li c th t ti 3 dB, cho php tng thng lng h thng (30% vi IR ung ln), v tng n nh ti ra t bo. Theo tiu chun ca 3GPP, IR l tnh nng ty chn, v th nhiu nh cung cp cho ti nay vn cha thc hin y tnh nng ny. Nokia l hng u tin c tnh nng IR cho c ng ln v ung xung. Nokia IR c a vo s dng t phin bn EDGE u tin.

3.4.3. Abis ng.

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Tnh nng Abis xut pht t yu cu tit kim truyn dn gia trm v tuyn BTS v trm gc BSC. S xut hin ca EDGE cng vi cc phng thc m ha tc cao, cng nh kh nng thay i m ha dn n vic lu lng truyn dn Abis cn thit cho mt knh khng gian tng ng k v thay i lin tc theo thi gian (t 8.8 kb/s 59.2 kb/s/1TS). Vic d tr tnh l c nh mt s khe thi gian Abis (16kbps slot) trn mt knh khng gian tr nn khng ph hp. Thay vo cn c cch phn phi ng dung lng Abis cho cc knh khng gian, c nh vy khi mt knh khng gian to ra t lu lng hn, dn n yu cu v dung lng Abis t i, s c nhiu dung lng Abis hn c phc v cho cc knh khc ca cng mt trm BTS. Ni cch khc cc knh khng gian ca mt trm v tuyn chia s mt ngun ti nguyn Abis chung. Tnh nng Abis ng c h tr bi nhiu kh khai thc. Tuy nhin nu i vo chi tit, chng ta s thy nhng thit k khc nhau em n s mm do v mc tit kim c th t c khc nhau. Trong gii php ca Nokia, vic tng tc thi gian thc gia mun qun l ti nguyn Abis v mun thch ng ng truyn cho php s dng thng tin v m ha iu ch MCS hin ti lm u vo trong thut ton phn phi ti nguyn Abis. Gii php ca mt s nh cung cp khc khng s dng thng tin ny. Do khng t c mc tit kim ti u. Nokia Abis c chia s mc 16 kb/s, trong khi cc nh cung cp khc lun n nh mc 64 kb/s tr ln, dn dn lng ph ti nguyn khng cn thit vi cc kt ni khng gian tc thp. Mt khc Nokia cn p dng 2 k thut nn l: Nn knh ri v nn khung thoi ri trong GSM. Tc l bt k khi no khng c lu lng truyn i qua giao din v tuyn (v d knh khng c n nh cho cuc gi no, cc khung lp 2 ang c thu, ...), th mt knh s c coi l ri. Trong trng hp , knh ri s c gn cho knh trn giao din Abis. c tnh nn knh ri l pht hin knh ri v loi b chng khi lung d liu c truyn i qua giao din Abis. Do c th tit kim ng k di thng, trong trng hp v iu kin l tng c th tit kim c 80% di thng. Cn nn khung thoi ri trong GSM tc l theo nguyn tc mt cuc gi thng thng th mt ngi ni 50% thi gian, trong khi 50% thi gian cn li l khong lng nghe ngi kia ni. Thng tin thoi c th c truyn i bng cc khung thoi FR, EFR hoc AMR. Nhng trong thi gian lng khng c thng tin no c truyn i th nhng khung thoi ngh s c to ra v truyn i thay v cc khung FR hoc EFR. Nhng khung thoi ngh khng

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mang thng tin hu ch vn chim mt di thng nh nhng khung thoi mang thng tin FR hay EFR. PSAX do cc khung thoi ngh v nn nhng khung ny li khi chng c truyn i trn trung k v khi phc li chng u kia ca mng trn giao din Abis. iu ny gp phn tit kim di thng truyn dn ng k. Da trn kt qu thc t gii php Dynamic Abis ca Nokia c th tit kim 60% dung lng Abis, do dung lng ny c thit k cho tc trung bnh thay bng tc nh ti a to bi cc giao din khng gian.

3.5. XU HNG PHT TRIN MNG EDGE.

Nh chng ta bit khi a mng EDGE vo hot ng th ph tn s dng khng cn phi l ph tn mi m c p dng ngay trn ph tn hin c ca mng GSM. iu ny r rng tit kim c s lng tin ng k khi khng phi b tin ra mua ph tn mi. Thm na l tc truyn d liu tng ln ng k 473,6 kb/s so vi tc truyn ti a trong mng GSM(9,6 kb/s) v GPRS (171,2 kb/s) s dng ht 8 khe thi gian. Tc ny tng ng vi tc truyn d liu ca mng 3G ngoi tri. Ngoi ra c s h tng v thit b u cui ph hp vi mng EDGE hon ton tng thch vi mng GSM/GPRS. Mt khc v cht lng mng cng tng ln ng k, hiu qu s dng ph tng ln r rt so vi mng GSM/GPRS. Tuy nhin tc t c ch l trn l thuyt, cn v thc tin th hon ton khng hn l th v tc truyn d liu ny kh t c cho ton b cc thu bao trn ton cell ph sng. Nu yu cu ny t ra phi gii quyt cho ton b thu bao trong mt vng s dng cng ngh EDGE th s lng cell chc chn phi tng ln ng k, v thu bao mng EDGE cng gn BTS th cng c s dng tc m ha knh cao hn. Thc t tc truyn d liu ti a i vi cc thu bao ng yn l 384 kb/s v 114 kb/s vi cc thu bao di chuyn chm. Mng EDGE c nh gi nh l mng th h 2,75G. Do cc nh khai thc mng GSM khng ngng tm ti, lm vic, nghin cu v kt qu cho ra i mng WCDMA (3G). Cc nh khai thc mng GSM c th nng cp mng ln t mng EDGE hoc trc tip t mng GPRS. WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) l mt cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn c pht trin mnh chu u. H thng ny hot ng ch FDD v da trn k thut tri ph chui trc tip, s dng tc chip 3,84 Mcps bn trong bng tn 5MHz. Bng tn rng hn v tc tri ph cao lm tng li x l v mt gii php thu a ng tt hn.

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WCDMA h tr trn vn c cc dch v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi tc cao v m bo s hot ng ng thi ca cc dch v hn hp vi ch gi hot ng mc hiu qu nht. Hn th, WCDMA h tr cc tc s liu ca ngi s dng c tnh thay i cao, da trn th tc iu chnh tc , trong t l dung lng s liu gia nhng ngi s dng c th thay i t khung ny qua khung khc Chun WCDMA hin thi s dng phng php iu ch QPSK, mt phng php iu ch tt hn 8-PSK nhiu, cung cp tc s liu nh l 2 Mb/s vi cht lng truyn tt trong vng ph rng. WCDMA l cng ngh truyn dn v tuyn mi vi mng truy nhp v tuyn mi, c gi l UTRAN, bao gm cc phn t mng mi nh RNC ( Radio Network Controller) v NodeB (tn gi trm gc mi trong UMTS). Mng WCDMA v cc bin th ca n mang tnh ton cu, tc l bt k mng 3G no cng c th chp nhn thu bao 3G. Ngoi tnh ton cu ra mng WCDMA cn c nghin cu rt k trong phng th nghim v thc t c p dng mt s nc, v chng t hiu qu s dng ph tt hn v ph hp hn cho vic truyn d liu so vi phng php truy nhp TDMA. Ngoi ra cc thu bao c th hot ng ng thi trn c hai mng GSM v mng WCDMA. Vn t ra by gi l chi ph cho vic nng cp mng, thay i truy nhp v tuyn nh th no MS hot ng c ng thi, cc phn no trong mng GSM gi li, thay th v nng cp.

KT LUN.

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Sau thi gian nghin cu ti tt nghip cng vi s gip tn tnh ca cc Thy trong t mn in T Vin Thng, cc bn trong lp, Anh Th.S Nguyn Nh Thng v c bit trc tip hng dn Em lm n l Thy Gio Th.S Bi nh Thnh, Em hon thnh bi lun vn ca mnh. Hin nay cc h thng GSM trong nc ang tin hnh nng cp ln h thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 (WCDMA). Vn m cc nh khai thc quan tm nht l kinh t v k thut h tr mng GSM, v cc nh khai thc mong mun gi li mng li ca mnh. Trn c s Em chn ti l: Cc bin php k thut h tr mng GSM theo chun 3G, Em a ra mt s gii php k thut da trn qu trnh nng cp mng GSM v cng l tiu chun ca cc mng nh sau: K thut chuyn mch knh tc cao HSCSD: y l gii php nh tuyn d liu i qua giao din Um nhiu hn bng cch s dng mt vi knh lu lng tc l MS s dng 4 khe thi gian thay cho mt khe thng thng cho mt phin lin lc. Do vy tc truyn d liu ca thu bao tng ln l: 4x9,6kb/s = 38,4 kb/s. H thng chuyn mch gi GPRS: Trong h thng GPRS Em a ra mt s bin php k thut h tr mng GSM l: K thut chuyn mch gi, k thut xe ng truyn v cc phng php m ho ti u. Do cht lng mng tng ln (hiu qu s dng bng tn), hiu qu s dng ph tng, tc truyn d liu trong mng GPRS tng ln 171,2 kb/s ( s dng ht 8 khe x 21,4 kb/s) H thng EDGE: Trong h thng EDGE Em cng a ra mt s bin php k thut h tr mng GSM l: Cc phng php m ho v iu ch ti u MCS, iu ch 8-PSK, cc gii php k thut h tr mng cho mng EDGE ca Nokia v xu hng pht trin ln mng WCDMA. Qu trnh lm lun vn gip Em c c hi tm hiu su v h thng GSM v cc bin php k thut h tr cn thit khi tin hnh nng cp mng. Mt khc Em cn c vn dng kin thc c cc Thy C Gio dy Em hn 4 nm qua v gip Em lm quen vi phng php t nghin cu mt vn . Mt ln na Em mun by t lng bit n chn thnh n cc Thy C Gio trong t mn in T Vin Thng v Thy Th.S Bi nh Thnh gip Em trong sut kha hc cng nh khi Em lm lun vn. Em xin chn thnh cm n!

TI LIU THAM KHO

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[1] Tng quan v thng tin di ng - h thng in thoi di ng GSM, Pts. Nguyn Quc Bnh. [2] Thng tin di ng GSM, PTS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Nh xut bn bu in H Ni-1999. [3] K thut truyn dn s, Nh xut bn qun i nhn dn H Ni-2001. [4] K thut thng tin di ng-bn dch PTS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut H Ni. [5] H thng vin thng Tp1 &2, PGS.TS Ph Hng Ngh & TS. Phm Minh Vit, Nh xut bn gio dc- 2001. [6] H thng thng tin di ng 3G v xu hng pht trin, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut-2004. [7] UMTS Networks Architecture Mobility and Services, John Wiley and Sons, LTD-2005. [8] GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance, John Wiley and Son, LTD-2005. [9] General Packet Radio Service GPRS: Architerture, Protocols and Air Interface, Christian Bettstetter.-1999. [10] Highspeed Mobile Network, Kenvin 2005. [11] EDGE Introduction of high-speed data in GSM/GPRS networks, Ericson-2003. [12] Transmission of Multimedia Services over GPRS using MPEG-4 Coded Video, Simon Fabri-1999. [13] http:// www.ebook.com [14] http://en.wikipedia.org [15] http://tudiencongnghe.com [16] www.edge.org ..

CC THUT NG VIT TT

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Ch vit tt A A-bis ADC AGCH AuC BCCH BSC BSS BSSAP BTS BTSM CM CSPDN EIR EDGE FCCH

Ting Anh A Interface A-bis Interface Administration Centre Access Grant Channel Authentication Centre Broadcast Control Channel Base Station Controller Base Station System Base Station System Application Part Base Transceiver Station BTS Management Connection Management Circuit Switched Packet Data Network Equipment Identity Register Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution Frequency Correction Channel

Ting Vit Giao din A gia BSS v MSC Giao din A-bis gia BTS v BSC Trung tm qun tr iu phi Knh trao quyn truy nhp Trung tm nhn thc thu bao Knh iu khin phat qung b Trm iu khin gc H thng trm gc Phn ng dng h thng trm gc Trm thu pht gc Qun l trm thu pht gc Qun l ni thng Mng d liu gi chuyn mch knh B ghi nhn dng thit b Cc tc d liu tng cng cho nhnh tin ha GSM Knh hiu chnh tn s Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh Cng trung tm chuyn mch di ng Kha dch pha cc tiu Gau-x H thng ton cu cho thng tin di ng GSM B ghi nh v thng tr Phn cng Nhn dng thit b di ng quc t Nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t Mng s lin kt a dch v Xuyn nhiu gia cc du Phn ngi s dng ISDN Cc th tc truy nhp ng truyn trn knh D Cc th tc thm nhp ng truyn

FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel Gateway Mobile Switching GMSC Centre Gaussian Minimum Shift GMSK Keying Global System for Mobile GSM Communication HLR Home Location Register HW Hard Ware Inernational Mobile Equipment IMEI Identity International Mobile Subscriber IMSI Identity Intergrated Services Digital ISDN Network ISI InterSymbol Interference ISUP ISDN User Part Link Access Procedures on DLAPD Channel LAPDm Link Access Produres on Dm

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MAP MM MS MSC MT MTP NMC OMC PCM PCH PLMN PLMN PSPDN PSTN RACH RPELPC RR SACCH

Channel Mobile Application Part Mobility Management Mobile Station Mobile Switching Centre Mobile Terminal Message Transfer Part Network Management Centre Operations and Maintenance Centre Pulse Coded Modulation Paging Channel Groupe Speciale Mobile Public Land Mobile Network Packet Switched Packet Data Network Public Switched Telephone Network Radom Access Channel Regular Pulse Excitation-Linear Pridictive Coding Radio Resource Management Slow Associated Control Channel Signalling Connection Control Part Synchronization Channel Standalone Dedicated Control Channel Short Message Service Soft Ware Transaction Capabilities Application Part Traffic Channel/Full Rate Traffic Channel/Half Rate Time Division Multiplexi Access Terminal Equipment Time Slot Telephone User Part Transcoder Rate Adapter Unit

knh Dm Phn ng dng di ng Qun l di ng Trm di ng Trung tm chuyn mch di ng u cui di ng Phn chuyn thng bo Trung tm qun l mng Trung tm khai thc v bo dng iu ch xung m Knh tm gi Nhm chuyn mn di ng Mng di ng mt t cng cng Mng d liu gi chuyn mch gi Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng Knh truy nhp ngu nhin M ha d on tuyn tnh- gii php kch xung u Qun l tim nng v tuyn Knh iu khin lin kt chm

SCCP SCH SDCCH SMS SW TCAP TCH/F TCH/H TDMA TE TS TUP TRAU

Phn iu khin ni thng bo hiu Knh ng b Knh iu khin dnh ring ng ring mt mnh Dch v bn tin ngn Phn mm Phn ng dng kh nng trao i Knh lu lng ton tc Knh lu lng bn tc Truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian Thit b u cui Khe thi gian Phn ngi s dng in thoi Khi thch ng tc chuyn i

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TRU Um VLR WCDM A

Tranceiver Radio Unit Um Air Interfacee Visitor Location Register Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

m Khi v tuyn thu pht Giao din v tuyn gia MS v BTS B ghi nh v tm tr a truy nhp phn chia theo m bng rng

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