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iu ch cc hp cht v c

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3
5
4
Kim loi + oxi
Phi kim + oxi
Hp cht + oxi
oxit
Nhit phn mui
Nhit phn baz
khng tan
Baz
Phi kim + hidro
Oxit axit + nc
Axit mnh + mui
Kim + dd mui
Oxit baz + nc
in phn dd mui
(c mng ngn)
Axit
1. 3Fe + 2O
2

0
t

Fe
3
O
4
2. 4P + 5O
2

0
t

2P
2
O
5
3. CH
4
+ O
2

0
t

CO
2
+
2H
2
O
4. CaCO
3

0
t

CaO + CO
2
5. Cu(OH)
2

0
t

CuO +
H
2
O
6. Cl
2
+ H
2

askt
2HCl
7. SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
8. BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4

+ 2HCl
9. Ca(OH)
2
+ Na
2
CO
3

CaCO
3
+ 2NaOH
10. CaO + H
2
O
Axit + baz
Oxit baz + dd axit
Oxit axit + dd kim
Oxit axit
+ oxit baz
Dd mui + dd mui
Dd mui + dd kim
Mui + dd axit
Mui
Kim loi + phi kim
Kim loi + dd axit
Kim loi + dd mui
12. Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+
2H
2
O
13. CuO + 2HCl CuCl
2
+ H
2
O
14. SO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
15. CaO + CO
2
CaCO
3
16. BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+
2NaCl
17. CuSO
4
+ 2NaOH Cu(OH)
2
+
Na
2
SO
4
18. CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2

+ H
2
O
Tnh cht ho hc ca kim loi
Dy hot ng ho hc ca kim loi.
K, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, (H), Cu, Ag, Au
(Khi No May A Zp St Phi Hi Cc Bc Vng)
ngha:
K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
+ O
2
: nhit thng nhit cao Kh
phn ng

K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
Tc dng vi nc Khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng
K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
Tc dng vi cc axit thng thng gii phng Hidro Khng tc
dng.
K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra khi
mui
K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
H2, CO khng kh c oxit kh c oxit cc kim loi ny
nhit cao
+ Axit
+ O
2
+ Phi kim
+ DD Mui
Kim
loi
oxit
Mui
Mui + H
2
Mui + kl
1. 3Fe + 2O
2

0
t

Fe
3
O
4
2. 2Fe + 3Cl
2

0
t


2FeCl
3
3. Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+
H
2

4. Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4

+ Cu
Ch :
- Cc kim loi ng trc Mg phn ng vi nc nhit thng to
thnh dd Kim v gii phng kh Hidro.
- Tr Au v Pt, cc kim loi khc u c th tc dng vi HNO
3
v
H
2
SO
4
c nhng khng gii phng Hidro.
So snh tnh cht ho hc ca nhm v st
* Ging:
- u c cc tnh cht chung ca kim loi.
- u khng tc dng vi HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c ngui
* Khc:
Tnh cht Al (NTK = 27) Fe (NTK = 56)
Tnh cht
vt l
- Kim loi mu trng, c
nh kim, nh, dn in
nhit tt.
- t
0
nc
= 660
0
C
- L kim loi nh, d dt
mng, do.
- Kim loi mu trng xm,
c nh kim, dn in nhit
km hn Nhm.
- t
0
nc
= 1539
0
C
- L kim loi nng, do nn
d rn.
Tc dng
vi
phi kim
2Al + 3Cl
2

0
t

2AlCl
3
2Al + 3S
0
t

Al
2
S
3
2Fe + 3Cl
2

0
t

2FeCl
3
Fe + S
0
t

FeS
Tc dng
vi
axit
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
Tc dng
vi
dd mui
2Al + 3FeSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+
3Fe
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+
2Ag
Tc dng
vi
dd Kim
2Al + 2NaOH + H
2
O
2NaAlO
2
+
3H
2
Khng phn ng
Hp cht - Al
2
O
3
c tnh lng tnh
Al
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+
3H
2
O
Al
2
O
3
+ 2NaOH2NaAlO
2
+
H2O
- Al(OH)
3
kt ta dng keo,
l hp cht lng tnh
- FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
u
l cc oxit baz
- Fe(OH)
2
mu trng
xanh
- Fe(OH)
3
mu nu
Kt lun - Nhm l kim loi lng tnh,
c th tc dng vi c dd
Axit v dd Kim. Trong cc
phn ng ho hc, Nhm
th hin ho tr III
- St th hin 2 ho tr: II,
III
+ Tc dng vi axit thng
thng, vi phi kim yu, vi
dd mui: II
+ Tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c
nng, dd HNO
3
, vi phi kim
mnh: III
Gang v thp
Gang Thp
/N - Gang l hp kim ca St
vi Cacbon v 1 s nguyn
t khc nh Mn, Si, S
(%C=25%)
- Thp l hp kim ca St
vi Cacbon v 1 s nguyn
t khc (%C<2%)
Sn xut C + O2
0
t

CO
2
CO
2
+ C
0
t

2CO
3CO + Fe
2
O
3

0
t

2Fe +
3CO
2
4CO + Fe
3
O
4

0
t

3Fe +
4CO
2
CaO + SiO
2

0
t

CaSiO
3
2Fe + O2
0
t

2FeO
FeO + C
0
t

Fe + CO
FeO + Mn
0
t

Fe + MnO
2FeO + Si
0
t

2Fe + SiO
2
Tnh cht Cng, gin Cng, n hi
tnh cht ho hc ca phi kim.
+ Oxit KL + O
2
Ba dng th hnh ca Cacbon
+ NaOH
+ KOH, t
0
+ NaOH
+ H
2
O
+ Kim loi
+ Hidro
+ Hidro
+ O
2
+ Kim loi
Phi
Kim
Oxit axit
Mui clorua
sn phm kh
Clo
HCl
Oxit kim loi hoc mui
HCl + HClO NaCl +
NaClO
Nc Gia-ven
KCl + KClO
3
cacbon
Kim cng: L cht
rn trong sut, cng,
khng dn in
Lm trang sc,
mi khoan, dao ct
knh
Than ch: L cht
rn, mm, c kh
nng dn in
Lm in cc, cht
bi trn, rut bt
ch
Cacbon v nh
hnh: L cht rn,
xp, khng c kh
nng dn in, c
nh hp ph.
Lm nhin liu, ch
to mt n phng
CO
2
Kim loi + CO
2
Cc phng trnh ho hc ng nh
1. 2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
2. Fe + S
0
t

FeS
3. H
2
O + Cl
2
HCl + HClO
4. 2NaOH + Cl
2
NaCl + NaClO +
H
2
O
5. 4HCl + MnO
2

0
t

MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+
6. NaCl + 2H
2
O
dpdd
mnx

2NaOH +
Cl
2
+ H
2
6. C + 2CuO
0
t

2Cu + CO
2
7. 3CO + Fe
2
O
3

0
t

2Fe +
3CO
2
8. NaOH + CO
2
NaHCO
3
9. 2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+
Hp cht hu c Hidro cacbon Dn xut ca RH
Hidrocab
on no
Ankan
CTTQ
C
n
H
2n+2
VD: CH
4
(Metan)
Hidrocacbo
n khng no
Anken
CTTQ:
C
n
H
2n
VD: C
2
H
4
(Etilen)
Hidrocacb
on khng
no
Ankin
CTTQ:
C
n
H
2n-2
VD: C
2
H
4
Hidrocacb
on thm
Aren
CTTQ
C
n
H
2n-6
VD: C
6
H
6
(Benzen)
Dn
xut
cha
Halogen
VD:
C2H5Cl
C6H5Br
Dn
xut
cha
Oxi
VD:
C2H5OH
CH
3
COO
Dn
xut
cha
Nit
VD:
Protein
Phn loi hp cht hu c
Hp
cht
Metan Etilen Axetilen Benzen
CTPT.
PTK
CH4 = 16 C2H4 = 28 C2H2 = 26 C6H6 = 78
Cng
thc
cu to
C
H
H
H
H
Lin kt n
C
H H
H
C
H
Lin kt i gm 1 lin
kt bn v 1 lin kt
km bn
C H
H C
Lin kt ba gm 1
lin kt bn v 2 lin
kt km bn
3lk i v 3lk n
xen k trong vng 6
cnh u
Trng
thi
Kh Lng
Tnh
cht
vt l
Khng mu, khng mi, t tan trong nc, nh hn khng kh. Khng mu, khng
tan trong nc, nh
hn nc, ho tan
nhiu cht, c
Tnh
cht
ho hc
- Ging
nhau
C phn ng chy sinh ra CO
2
v H
2
O
CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
C
2
H
4
+ 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2C
2
H
2
+ 5O
2
4CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2C
6
H
6
+ 15O
2
12CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
- Khc
nhau
Ch tham gia phn
ng th
CH
4
+ Cl
2

anhsang

CH
3
Cl + HCl
C phn ng cng
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
C
2
H
4
Br
2
C
2
H
4
+ H
2

0
, , Ni t P

C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O C
2
H
5
OH
C phn ng cng
C
2
H
2
+ Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
2
C
2
H
2
+ Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4
Va c phn ng th
v phn ng cng
(kh)
C
6
H
6
+ Br
2

0
, Fe t

C
6
H
5
Br + HBr
C
6
H
6
+ Cl
2

asMT

ng
dng
Lm nhin liu,
nguyn liu trong
i sng v trong
Lm nguyn liu iu
ch nha PE, ru Etylic,
Axit Axetic, kch thch
Lm nhin liu hn
x, thp sng, l
nguyn liu sn xut
Lm dung mi, diu
ch thuc nhum, d-
c phm, thuc
cng nghip qu chn. PVC, cao su BVTV
iu
ch
C trong kh thin
nhin, kh ng
hnh, kh bn ao.
Sp ch ho du m,
sinh ra khi qu chn
C
2
H
5
OH
0
2 4
, H SO d t


C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O
Cho t n + nc,
sp ch ho du m
CaC
2
+ H
2
O
C
2
H
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Sn phm chng nha
than .
Nhn
bit
Khg lm mt mu
dd Br
2
Lm mt mu Clo
ngoi as
Lm mt mu dung
dch Brom
Lm mt mu dung
dch Brom nhiu
hn Etilen
Ko lm mt mu dd
Brom
Ko tan trong nc
ru Etylic Axit Axetic
Cng thc
CTPT: C
2
H
6
O
CTCT: CH
3
CH
2
OH
c
h
o c h
h
h
h
h
CTPT: C
2
H
4
O
2
CTCT: CH
3
CH
2
COOH
c
h
o c h
h
h o
Tnh cht
vt l
L cht lng, khng mu, d tan v tan nhiu trong nc.
Si 78,3
0
C, nh hn nc, ho tan c
nhiu cht nh Iot, Benzen
Si 118
0
C, c v chua (dd Ace 2-5% lm
gim n)
Tnh cht
ho hc.
- Phn ng vi Na:
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa + H
2
2CH
3
COOH + 2Na
2CH
3
COONa + H
2
- Ru Etylic tc dng vi axit axetic to thnh este Etyl Axetat
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
0
2 4
, H SO d t


CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
- Chy vi ngn la mu xanh, to
nhiu nhit
C
2
H
6
O + 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
- B OXH trong kk c men xc tc
C
2
H
5
OH + O
2

mengiam
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O
- Mang tnh cht ca axit: Lm qu
tm, tc dng vi kim loi trc H, vi baz,
oxit baz, dd mui
2CH
3
COOH + Mg (CH
3
COO)
2
Mg + H
2
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
ng dng
Dng lm nhin liu, dung mi pha sn,
ch ru bia, dc phm, iu ch axit
axetic v cao su
Dng pha gim n, sn xut cht do,
thuc nhum, dc phm, t
iu ch
Bng phng php ln men tinh bt hoc
ng
C
6
H
12
O
6

0
30 32
Men
C
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
Hoc cho Etilen hp nc
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O

ddaxit
C
2
H
5
OH
- Ln men dd ru nht
C
2
H
5
OH + O
2

mengiam
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O
- Trong PTN:
2CH
3
COONa + H
2
SO
4
2CH
3
COOH +
Na
2
SO
4
glucoz saccaroz tinh bt v xenluloz
Cng
thc
phn
t
C
6
H
12
O
6
C
12
H
22
O
11 (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
Tinh bt: n 1200
6000
Xenluloz: n 10000
14000
Trng
thi
Tnh
cht
vt l
Cht kt tinh, khng mu,
v ngt, d tan trong nc
Cht kt tinh, khng mu,
v ngt sc, d tan trong
nc, tan nhiu trong nc
nng
L cht rn trng. Tinh bt tan -
c trong nc nng h tinh bt.
Xenluloz khng tan trong nc k
c un nng
Tnh
cht
ho hc
quan
trng
Phn ng trng gng
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ Ag2O
C
6
H
12
O
7
+ 2Ag
Thu phn khi un nng
trong dd axit long
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O

,
o
ddaxit t
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6
glucoz fructoz
Thu phn khi un nng trong dd
axit long
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ nH
2
O

,
o
ddaxit t

nC
6
H
12
O
6

H tinh bt lm dd Iot chuyn mu
xanh
ng
dng
Thc n, dc phm Thc n, lm bnh ko
Pha ch dc phm
Tinh bt l thc n cho ngi v
ng vt, l nguyn liu sn
xut ng Glucoz, ru Etylic.
Xenluloz dng sn xut giy,
vi, g v vt liu xy dng.
iu
ch
C trong qu chn (nho),
ht ny mm; iu ch
t tinh bt.
C trong ma, c ci ng Tinh bt c nhiu trong c, qu,
ht. Xenluloz c trong v ay,
gai, si bng, g
Nhn
bit
Phn ng trng gng C phn ng trng gng
khi un nng trong dd axit
Nhn ra tinh bt bng dd Iot: c
mu xanh c trng
PHN B:
CC CHUY N C BN
BI DNG HSG
MN HO THCS
Chuyn 1:
C CH V CN BNG PHng trnh ho hc
Mt s phn ng ho hc thng gp.
Cn nm vng iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i trong dung dch.
Gm cc phn ng:
1/ Axit + Baz Mui + H
2
O
2/ Axit + Mui Mui mi + Axt mi
3/ Dung dch Mui + Dung dch Baz Mui mi + Baz mi
4/ 2 Dung dch Mui tc dng vi nhau 2 Mui mi
iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i l: Sn phm thu c phi c t nht mt cht khng tan hoc
mt cht kh hoc phi c H
2
O v cc cht tham gia phi theo yu cu ca tng phn ng.

Tnh tan ca mt s mui v baz.
- Hu ht cc mui clo rua u tan ( tr mui AgCl , PbCl
2
)
- Tt c cc mui nit rat u tan.
- Tt c cc mui ca kim loi kim u tan.
- Hu ht cc baz khng tan ( tr cc baz ca kim loi kim, Ba(OH)
2
v Ca(OH)
2
tan t.
* Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
( K
2
CO
3
, KHCO
3
) v cc mui cacbonat ca Ca, Mg, Ba u tc dng c vi a xt.
NaHCO
3
+ NaHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Na
2
CO
3
+ NaHSO
4
Khng xy ra
NaHCO
3
+ NaOH

Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+ NaOH Khng xy ra
2NaHCO
3


Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
NaHCO
3
+ Ba(OH)
2


BaCO
3
+ NaOH + H
2
O
2NaHCO
3
+ 2KOH

Na
2
CO
3
+ K
2
CO
3
+ 2H
2
O

Na
2
CO
3
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ 2NaOH
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
2BaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ CaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O
NaHCO
3
+ BaCl
2


khng xy ra
Na
2
CO
3
+ BaCl
2
BaCO
3
+ 2NaCl
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ BaCl
2
khng xy ra
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ CaCl
2
khng xy ra
NaHSO
3
+ NaHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + SO
2

Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + SO
2
2NaHSO
3
+ H
2
SO
4


Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O + 2SO
2

Na
2
SO
3
+ 2NaHSO
4
2Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + SO
2

2KOH + 2NaHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 2NaHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
Cu + Fe SO
4
khng xy ra
Cu + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
2FeSO
4
+ CuSO
4

Fe + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
3FeSO
4

Mt s PTHH cn lu :
V d: Ho tan m( gam ) M
x
O
y
vo dung dch axit (HCl, H
2
SO
4
,
HNO
3
)
Ta c PTHH cn bng nh sau: lu 2y/x l ho tr ca kim loi M
M
x
O
y
+ 2yHCl xMCl
2y/x
+ yH
2
O
2M
x
O
y
+ 2yH
2
SO
4
xM
2
(SO
4
)
2y/x
+ 2yH
2
O
M
x
O
y
+ 2yHNO
3
xM(NO
3
)
2y/x
+ yH
2
O
VD: Ho tan m( gam ) kim loi M vo dung dch a xit (HCl, H
2
SO
4
)
Ta c PTHH cn bng nh sau: lu x l ho tr ca kim loi M
2M + 2xHCl 2MCl
x
+ xH
2

p dng:
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2

2Al + 2*3 HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2

6
2M + xH
2
SO
4
M
2
(SO
4
)
x
+ xH
2
p dng:
Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
2Al + 3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
Cc phn ng iu ch mt s kim loi:
i vi mt s kim loi nh Na, K, Ca, Mg th dng phng php
in phn nng chy cc mui Clorua.
PTHH chung: 2MCl
x

(r )

dpnc
2M
(r )
+ Cl
2( k )
(i vi cc kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
i vi nhm th dng phng php in phn nng chy
Al
2
O
3
, khi c cht xc tc Criolit(3NaF.AlF
3
) , PTHH: 2Al
2
O
3 (r )

dpnc
4Al
( r )
+ 3 O
2 (k )

i vi cc kim loi nh Fe , Pb , Cu th c th dng cc phng
php sau:
- Dng H
2
: Fe
x
O
y
+ yH
2

0
t
xFe + yH
2
O
(
h )
- Dng C: 2Fe
x
O
y
+ yC
(r )

0
t
2xFe +
yCO
2 ( k )

- Dng CO: Fe
x
O
y
+ yCO
(k )

0
t
xFe +
yCO
2 ( k )
- Dng Al( nhit nhm ): 3Fe
x
O
y
+ 2yAl
(r )

0
t
3xFe +
yAl
2
O
3 ( k )
- PTP nhit phn st hir xit:
4xFe(OH)
2y/x
+ (3x 2y) O
2

0
t
2xFe
2
O
3
+ 4y H
2
O
Mt s phn ng nhit phn ca mt s mui
1/ Mui nitrat
Nu M l kim loi ng trc Mg (Theo dy hot ng ho hc)
2M(NO
3
)
x
2M(NO
2
)
x
+ xO
2
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s )
Nu M l kim loi k t Mg n Cu (Theo dy hot ng ho
hc)
4M(NO
3
)
x

0
t
2M
2
O
x
+ 4xNO
2
+ xO
2

(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s )
Nu M l kim loi ng sau Cu (Theo dy hot ng ho hc)
2M(NO
3
)
x

0
t
2M + 2NO
2
+ xO
2
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
2/ Mui cacbonat
- Mui trung ho: M
2
(CO
3
)
x (r)

0
t
M
2
O
x (r)
+ xCO
2(k)
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
- Mui cacbonat axit: 2M(HCO
3
)
x(r)

0
t
M
2
(CO
3
)
x(r)
+ xH
2
O
( h )
+
xCO
2(k)
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
3/ Mui amoni
NH
4
Cl
0
t
NH
3 (k)
+ HCl
( k )
NH
4
HCO
3

0
t
NH
3 (k)
+ H
2
O
( h )
+ CO
2(k)
NH
4
NO
3

0
t
N
2
O
(k)
+ H
2
O
( h )
NH
4
NO
2

0
t
N
2 (k)
+ 2H
2
O
( h )
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3

0
t
2NH
3 (k)
+ H
2
O
( h )
+ CO
2(k)
2(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

0
t
4NH
3 (k)
+ 2H
2
O
( h )
+ 2SO
2 ( k )
+ O
2(k)

Mt s phng php
gii ton ho hc thng dng.
2. Phng php i s
Trong cc phng php gii cc bi ton Ho hc phng php
i s cng thng c s dng. Phng php ny c u im tit
kim c thi gian, khi gii cc bi ton tng hp, tng i kh
gii bng cc phng php khc. Phng php i s c dng
gii cc bi ton Ho hc sau:
a. Gii bi ton lp CTHH bng phng php i s.
Th d: t chy mt hn hp 300ml hirocacbon v amoniac
trong oxi c d. Sau khi chy hon ton, th tch kh thu c l
1250ml. Sau khi lm ngng t hi nc, th tch gim cn 550ml. Sau
khi cho tc dng vi dung dch kim cn 250ml trong c 100ml
nit. Th tch ca tt c cc kh o trong iu kin nh nhau. Lp
cng thc ca hirocacbon
b. Gii bi ton tm thnh phn ca hn hp bng phng
php i s.
Th d: Ho tan trong nc 0,325g mt hn hp gm 2 mui
Natriclorua v Kaliclorua. Thm vo dung dch ny mt dung dch
bc Nitrat ly d - Kt ta bc clorua thu c c khi lng l 0,717g.
Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca mi cht trong hn hp.
Bi gii
Gi M
NaCl
l x v m
Kcl
l y ta c phng trnh i s:
x + y = 0,35 (1)
PTHH: NaCl + AgNO
3
-> AgCl + NaNO
3
KCl + AgNO
3
-> AgCl + KNO
3

Da vo 2 PTHH ta tm c khi lng ca AgCl trong mi phn ng:
m
AgCl
= x .
NaCl
AgCl
M
M
= x .
5 , 58
143
= x . 2,444
m
AgCl
= y .
kcl
AgCl
M
M
= y .
5 , 74
143
= y . 1,919
=> m
AgCl
= 2,444x + 1,919y = 0,717 (2)
T (1) v (2) => h phng trnh

'

+
+
717 , 0 919 , 1 444 , 2
325 , 0
y x
y x
Gii h phng trnh ta c: x = 0,178
y = 0,147
=> % NaCl =
325 , 0
178 , 0
.100% = 54,76%
% KCl = 100% - % NaCl = 100% - 54,76% = 45,24%.
Vy trong hn hp: NaCl chim 54,76%, KCl chim 45,24%
3. Phng php p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t v
khi lng.
a/ Nguyn tc:
Trong phn ng ho hc, cc nguyn t v khi lng ca chng -
c bo ton.
T suy ra:
+ Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng
cc cht to thnh.
+ Tng khi lng cc cht trc phn ng bng tng khi lng cc
cht sau phn ng.
b/ Phm vi p dng:
Trong cc bi ton xy ra nhiu phn ng, lc ny i khi khng
cn thit phi vit cc phng trnh phn ng v ch cn lp s
phn ng thy mi quan h t l mol gia cc cht cn
xc nh v nhng cht m cho.
Bi 1. Cho mt lung kh clo d tc dng vi 9,2g kim loi sinh ra
23,4g mui kim loi ho tr I. Hy xc nh kim loi ho tr I v mui
kim loi .
Hng dn gii:
t M l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr I.
PTHH: 2M + Cl
2
2MCl
2M(g) (2M + 71)g
9,2g 23,4g
ta c: 23,4 x 2M = 9,2(2M + 71)
suy ra: M = 23.
Kim loi c khi lng nguyn t bng 23 l Na.
Vy mui thu c l: NaCl
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 3,22g hn hp X gm Fe, Mg v Zn bng
mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, thu c 1,344 lit hiro (
ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui. Tnh m?
Hng dn gii:
PTHH chung: M + H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ H
2
n
H
2
SO
4
= n
H
2
=
4 , 22
344 , 1
= 0,06 mol
p dng nh lut BTKL ta c:
m
Mui
= m
X
+ m
H
2
SO
4
- m
H
2
= 3,22 + 98 * 0,06 - 2 * 0,06 = 8,98g
Bi 3: C 2 l st khi lng bng nhau v bng 11,2g. Mt l cho tc
dng ht vi kh clo, mt l ngm trong dung dch HCl d. Tnh
khi lng st clorua thu c.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH:
2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
(1)
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(2)
Theo phng trnh (1,2) ta c:
n
FeCl
3
= nFe

=
56
2 , 11
= 0,2mol n
FeCl
2
= nFe

=
56
2 , 11
=
0,2mol
S mol mui thu c hai phn ng trn bng nhau nhng khi l-
ng mol phn t ca FeCl
3
ln hn nn khi lng ln hn.
m
FeCl
2
= 127 * 0,2 = 25,4g m
FeCl
3
= 162,5 * 0,2 = 32,5g
Bi 4: Ho tan hn hp 2 mui Cacbonnat kim loi ho tr 2 v 3
bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh (ktc).
Hi c cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khc nhau?
Bi gii:
Bi 1: Gi 2 kim loi ho tr II v III ln lt l X v Y ta c phng
trnh phn ng:
XCO
3
+ 2HCl -> XCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 6HCl -> 2YCl
3
+ 3CO
2
+ 3H
2
O (2).
S mol CO
2
thot ra (ktc) phng trnh 1 v 2 l:
mol n
CO
03 , 0
4 , 22
672 , 0
2

Theo phng trnh phn ng 1 v 2 ta thy s mol CO
2
bng s
mol H
2
O.
mol n n
CO O H
03 , 0
2 2

v
mol n
HCl
006 , 0 2 . 03 , 0
Nh vy khi lng HCl phn ng l:
m
HCl
= 0,06 . 36,5 = 2,19 gam
Gi x l khi lng mui khan (
3 2
YCl XCl
m m
+
)
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
10 + 2,19 = x + 44 . 0,03 + 18. 0,03
=> x = 10,33 gam
Bi ton 2: Cho 7,8 gam hn hp kim loi Al v Mg tc dng vi
HCl thu c 8,96 lt H
2
( ktc). Hi khi c cn dung dch thu c
bao nhiu gam mui khan.
Bi gii: Ta c phng trnh phn ng nh sau:
Mg + 2HCl -> MgCl
2
+ H
2

2Al + 6HCl -> 2AlCl


3
+ 3H
2

S mol H
2
thu c l:
mol n
H
4 , 0
4 , 22
96 , 8
2

Theo (1, 2) ta thy s mol HCL gp 2 ln s mol H
2
Nn: S mol tham gia phn ng l:
n
HCl = 2 . 0,4 = 0,8 mol
S mol (s mol nguyn t) to ra mui cng chnh bng s mol
HCl bng 0,8 mol. Vy khi lng Clo tham gia phn ng:
m
Cl
= 35,5 . 0,8 = 28,4 gam
Vy khi lng mui khan thu c l:
7,8 + 28,4 = 36,2 gam
4. Phng php tng, gim khi lng.
a/ Nguyn tc:
So snh khi lng ca cht cn xc nh vi cht m gi thit
cho bit lng ca n, t khi lng tng hay gim ny, kt hp vi
quan h t l mol gia 2 cht ny m gii quyt yu cu t ra.
b/ Phm v s dng:
i vi cc bi ton phn ng xy ra thuc phn ng phn hu,
phn ng gia kim loi mnh, khng tan trong nc y kim loi yu
ra khi dung sch mui phn ng, ...c bit khi cha bit r phn
ng xy ra l hon ton hay khng th vic s dng phng php
ny cng n gin ho cc bi ton hn.
Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh st v mt thanh km vo cng mt cc
cha 500 ml dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau mt thi gian ly hai thanh kim
loi ra khi cc th mi thanh c thm Cu bm vo, khi l ng dung
dch trong cc b gim mt 0,22g. Trong dung dch sau phn ng,
nng mol ca ZnSO
4
gp 2,5 ln nng mol ca FeSO
4
. Thm
dung dch NaOH d vo cc, lc ly kt ta ri nung ngoi khng
kh n khi lng khng i , thu c 14,5g cht rn. S gam Cu
bm trn mi thanh kim loi v nng mol ca dung dch CuSO
4

ban u l bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
PTHH
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
( 1 )
Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu
( 2 )
Gi a l s mol ca FeSO
4

V th tch dung dch xem nh khng thay i. Do t l v
nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch cng chnh l t l v
s mol.
Theo bi ra: C
M ZnSO
4
= 2,5 C
M FeSO
4
Nn ta c: n
ZnSO
4
= 2,5 n
FeSO
4
Khi lng thanh st tng: (64 - 56)a = 8a (g)
Khi lng thanh km gim: (65 - 64)2,5a = 2,5a (g)
Khi lng ca hai thanh kim loi tng: 8a - 2,5a = 5,5a (g)
M thc t bi cho l: 0,22g
Ta c: 5,5a = 0,22

a = 0,04 (mol)
Vy khi lng Cu bm trn thanh st l: 64 * 0,04 = 2,56 (g)
v khi lng Cu bm trn thanh km l: 64 * 2,5 * 0,04 = 6,4 (g)
Dung dch sau phn ng 1 v 2 c: FeSO
4
, ZnSO
4
v CuSO
4
(nu
c)
Ta c s phn ng:
NaOH d t
0
, kk
FeSO
4
Fe(OH)
2

2
1
Fe
2
O
3
a a
2
a
(mol)
m
Fe
2
O
3

= 160 x 0,04 x
2
a
= 3,2 (g)
NaOH d t
0
CuSO
4
Cu(OH)
2
CuO
b b b (mol)
m
CuO
= 80b = 14,5 - 3,2 = 11,3 (g)

b = 0,14125 (mol)
Vy

n
CuSO
4
ban u
= a + 2,5a + b = 0,28125 (mol)

C
M CuSO
4

=
5 , 0
28125 , 0
= 0,5625 M
Bi 2: Nhng mt thanh st nng 8 gam vo 500 ml dung dch
CuSO
4
2M. Sau mt thi gian ly l st ra cn li thy nng 8,8
gam. Xem th tch dung dch khng thay i th nng mol/lit
ca CuSO
4
trong dung dch sau phn ng l bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
S mol CuSO
4
ban u l: 0,5 x 2 = 1 (mol)
PTHH
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
( 1 )
1 mol 1 mol
56g 64g lm thanh st tng thm 64
- 56 = 8 gam
M theo bi cho, ta thy khi lng thanh st tng l: 8,8 -
8 = 0,8 gam
Vy c
8
8 , 0
= 0,1 mol Fe tham gia phn ng, th cng c 0,1 mol
CuSO
4
tham gia phn ng.

S mol CuSO
4
cn d : 1 - 0,1 = 0,9 mol
Ta c C
M CuSO
4
=
5 , 0
9 , 0
= 1,8 M
Bi 3: Dn V lit CO
2
(ktc) vo dung dch cha 3,7 gam Ca(OH)
2
.
Sau phn ng thu c 4 gam kt ta. Tnh V?
Hng dn gii:
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol ca Ca(OH)
2
=
74
7 , 3
= 0,05 mol
S mol ca CaCO
3
=
100
4
= 0,04 mol
PTHH
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
- Nu CO
2
khng d:
Ta c s mol CO
2
= s mol CaCO
3
= 0,04 mol
Vy V
(ktc)
= 0,04 * 22,4 = 0,896 lt
- Nu CO
2
d:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,05 0,05 mol 0,05
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
0,01 (0,05 - 0,04) mol
Vy tng s mol CO
2
tham gia phn ng l: 0,05 + 0,01 = 0,06
mol

V
(ktc)
= 22,4 * 0,06 = 1,344 lt
Bi 4: Ho tan 20gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi ho tr 1
v 2 bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch X v 4,48 lt kh (
ktc) tnh khi lng mui khan thu c dung dch X.
Bi gii: Gi kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 ln lt l A v B ta c ph-
ng trnh phn ng sau:
A
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl -> 2ACl + CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
BCO
3
+ 2HCl -> BCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
S mol kh CO
2
( ktc) thu c 1 v 2 l:
mol n
CO
2 , 0
4 , 22
48 , 4
2

Theo (1) v (2) ta nhn thy c 1 mol CO
2
bay ra tc l c 1 mol
mui cacbonnat chuyn thnh mui Clorua v khi lng tng thm
11 gam (gc CO
3
l 60g chuyn thnh gc Cl
2
c khi lng 71 gam).
Vy c 0,2 mol kh bay ra th khi lng mui tng l:
0,2 . 11 = 2,2 gam
Vy tng khi lng mui Clorua khan thu c l:
M
(Mui khan)
= 20 + 2,2 = 22,2 (gam)
Bi 5: Ho tan 10gam hn hp 2 mui Cacbonnat kim loi ho tr 2
v 3 bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh
(ktc).
Hi c cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khc nhau?
Bi gii
Mt bi ton ho hc thng l phi c phn ng ho hc xy ra
m c phn ng ho hc th phi vit phng trnh ho hc l
iu khng th thiu.
Vy ta gi hai kim loi c ho tr 2 v 3 ln lt l X v Y, ta c
phn ng:
XCO
3
+ 2HCl -> XCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 6HCl -> 2YCl
3
+ 3CO
2
+ 3H
2
O (2).
S mol cht kh to ra chng trnh (1) v (2) l:
4 , 22
672 , 0
2

CO
n
= 0,03 mol
Theo phn ng (1, 2) ta thy c 1 mol CO
2
bay ra tc l c 1
mol mui Cacbonnat chuyn thnh mui clorua v khi lng tng 71
- 60 = 11 (gam) (
; 60
3
g m
CO


g m
Cl
71
).
S mol kh CO
2
bay ra l 0,03 mol do khi lng mui khan
tng ln:
11 . 0,03 = 0,33 (gam).
Vy khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi c cn dung dch.
m
(mui khan)
= 10 + 0,33 = 10,33 (gam).
Bi 6: Ho tan 20gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi ho tr 1
v 2 bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch X v 4,48 lt kh (
ktc) tnh khi lng mui khan thu c dung dch X.
Bi gii: Gi kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 ln lt l A v B ta c ph-
ng trnh phn ng sau:
A
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl -> 2ACl + CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
BCO
3
+ 2HCl -> BCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
S mol kh CO
2
( ktc) thu c 1 v 2 l:
mol n
CO
2 , 0
4 , 22
48 , 4
2

Theo (1) v (2) ta nhn thy c 1 mol CO
2
bay ra tc l c 1 mol
mui cacbonnat chuyn thnh mui Clorua v khi lng tng thm
11 gam (gc CO
3
l 60g chuyn thnh gc Cl
2
c khi lng 71 gam).
Vy c 0,2 mol kh bay ra th khi lng mui tng l:
0,2 . 11 = 2,2 gam
Vy tng khi lng mui Clorua khan thu c l:
M
(Mui khan)
= 20 + 2,2 = 22,2 (gam)
Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II vo 0,5 lit dd CuSO
4

0,2M. Sau mt thi gian phn ng, khi lng thanh M tng ln 0,40g
trong khi nng CuSO
4
cn li l 0,1M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Ly m(g) kim loi M cho vo 1 lit dd cha AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
,
nng mi mui l 0,1M. Sau phn ng ta thu c cht rn A
khi lng 15,28g v dd B. Tnh m(g)?
Hng dn gii:
a/ theo bi ra ta c PTHH .
M + CuSO
4
MSO
4
+ Cu (1)
S mol CuSO
4
tham gia phn ng (1) l: 0,5 ( 0,2 0,1 ) = 0,05 mol
tng khi lng ca M l:
m
tng
= m
kl gp
- m
kl tan
= 0,05 (64 M) = 0,40
gii ra: M = 56 , vy M l Fe
b/ ta ch bit s mol ca AgNO
3
v s mol ca Cu(NO
3
)
2
. Nhng
khng bit s mol ca Fe
(cht kh Fe Cu
2+
Ag
+
(cht oxh mnh)
0,1 0,1 ( mol )
Ag
+
C Tnh oxi ho mnh hn Cu
2+
nn mui AgNO
3
tham gia phn
ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH:
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag (1)
Fe + Cu(NO
3
)
2
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu (2)
Ta c 2 mc so snh:
- Nu va xong phn ng (1): Ag kt ta ht, Fe tan ht, Cu(NO
3
)
2

cha phn ng.
Cht rn A l Ag th ta c: m
A
= 0,1 x 108 = 10,8 g
- Nu va xong c phn ng (1) v (2) th khi cht rn A gm:
0,1 mol Ag v 0,1 mol Cu
m
A
= 0,1 ( 108 + 64 ) = 17,2 g
theo cho m
A
= 15,28 g ta c: 10,8 < 15,28 < 17,2
vy AgNO
3
phn ng ht, Cu(NO
3
)
2
phn ng mt phn v Fe tan
ht.
m
Cu
to ra = m
A
m
Ag
= 15,28 10,80 = 4,48 g. Vy s mol ca Cu
= 0,07 mol.
Tng s mol Fe tham gia c 2 phn ng l: 0,05
( p 1 )
+ 0,07
( p 2 )
= 0,12 mol
Khi lng Fe ban u l: 6,72g
5. Phng php lm gim n s.
Bi ton 1: (Xt li bi ton nu phng php th nht)
Ho tan hn hp 20 gam hai mui cacbonnat kim loi ho tr I v
II bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch M v 4,48 lt CO
2
(
ktc) tnh khi lng mun to thnh trong dung dch M.
Bi gii
Gi A v B ln lt l kim loi ho tr I v II. Ta c phng trnh
phn ng sau:
A
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl -> 2ACl + H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
BCO
3
+ 2HCl -> BCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
S mol kh thu c phn ng (1) v (2) l:
mol n
CO
2 , 0
4 , 22
48 , 4
3

Gi a v b ln lt l s mol ca A
2
CO
3
v BCO
3
ta c phng
trnh i s sau:
(2A + 60)a + (B + 60)b = 20 (3)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (1) s mol ACl thu c 2a (mol)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (2) s mol BCl
2
thu c l b (mol)
Nu gi s mui khan thu c l x ta c phng trnh:
(A + 35.5) 2a + (B + 71)b = x (4)
Cng theo phn ng (1, 2) ta c:
a + b =
) ( 2 , 0
2
mol n
CO

(5)
T phng trnh (3, 4) (Ly phng trnh (4) tr (5)) ta c:
11 (a + b) = x - 20 (6)
Thay a + b t (5) vo (6) ta c:
11 . 0,2 = x - 20
=> x = 22,2 gam
Bi ton 2: Ho tan hon ton 5 gam hn hp 2 kim loi bng
dung dch HCl thu c dung dch A v kh B, c cn dung dch A
thu c 5,71 gam mui khan tnh th tch kh B ktc.
Bi gii: Gi X, Y l cc kim loi; m, n l ho tr, x, y l s mol
tng ng, s nguyn t khi l P, Q ta c:
2X + 2n HCl => 2XCln = nH
2
(I)
2Y + 2m HCl -> 2YClm + mH
2
(II).
Ta c: xP + y Q = 5 (1)
x(P + 35,5n) + y(Q + 35,5m) = 5,71 (2)
Ly phng trnh (2) tr phng trnh (1) ta c:
x(P + 35,5n) + y(Q + 35,5m)- xP - yQ = 0,71
=> 35,5 (nx + my) = 0,71
Theo I v II:
) (
2
1
2
my xn n
H
+
=> th tch: V = nx + my =
224 , 0 4 , 22 .
2 . 355
71 , 0

(lt)
6. Phng php dng bi ton cht tng ng.
a/ Nguyn tc:
Khi trong bi ton xy ra nhiu phn ng nhng cc phn ng cng
loi v cng hiu sut th ta thay hn hp nhiu cht thnh 1 cht t-
ng ng. Lc lng (s mol, khi lng hay th tch) ca cht t-
ng ng bng lng ca hn hp.
b/ Phm vi s dng:
Trong v c, phng php ny p dng khi hn hp nhiu kim loi
hot ng hay nhiu oxit kim loi, hn hp mui cacbonat, ... hoc
khi hn hp kim loi phn ng vi nc.
Bi 1: Mt hn hp 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau
trong bng h thng tun hon c khi lng l 8,5 gam. Hn hp ny
tan ht trong nc d cho ra 3,36 lit kh H
2
(ktc). Tm hai kim loi A,
B v khi lng ca mi kim loi.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH
2A + 2H
2
O 2AOH + H
2
(1)
2B + 2H
2
O 2BOH + H
2
(2)
t a = n
A
, b = n
B

ta c: a + b = 2
4 , 22
36 , 3
= 0,3 (mol) (I)
M trung bnh: M =
3 , 0
5 , 8
= 28,33
Ta thy 23 < M = 28,33 < 39
Gi s M
A
< M
B
th A l Na, B l K hoc ngc li.
m
A
+ m
B
= 23a + 39b = 8,5 (II)
T (I, II) ta tnh c: a = 0,2 mol, b = 0,1 mol.
Vy m
Na
= 0,2 * 23 = 4,6 g, m
K
= 0,1 * 39 = 3,9 g.
Bi 2: Ho tan 115,3 g hn hp gm MgCO
3
v RCO
3
bng 500ml
dung dch H
2
SO
4
long ta thu c dung dch A, cht rn B v 4,48
lt CO
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch A th thu c 12g mui khan.
Mt khc em nung cht rn B ti khi lng khng i th thu -
c 11,2 lt CO
2
(ktc) v cht rn B
1
. Tnh nng mol/lit ca
dung dch H
2
SO
4
long dng, khi lng ca B, B
1
v khi lng
nguyn t ca R. Bit trong hn hp u s mol ca RCO
3
gp 2,5
ln s mol ca MgCO
3
.
Hng dn gii:
Thay hn hp MgCO
3
v RCO
3
bng cht tng ng M CO
3
PTHH
M CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
M SO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
S mol CO
2
thu c l: n
CO
2
=
4 , 22
48 , 4
= 0,2 (mol)
Vy n
H
2
SO
4

= n
CO
2
= 0,2 (mol)

C
M

H
2
SO
4

=
5 , 0
2 , 0
= 0,4 M
Rn B l M CO
3
d:
M CO
3
M O + CO
2
(2)
0,5 0,5 0,5
Theo phn ng (1): t 1 mol M CO
3
to ra 1 mol M SO
4
khi lng tng
36 gam.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
115,3 = m
B
+ m
mui tan
- 7,2
Vy m
B
= 110,5 g
Theo phn ng (2): t B chuyn thnh B
1
, khi lng gim l:
m
CO
2
= 0,5 * 44 = 22 g.
Vy m
B
1
= m
B
- m
CO
2
= 110,5 - 22 = 88,5 g
Tng s mol M CO
3
l: 0,2 + 0,5 = 0,7 mol
Ta c M + 60 =
7 , 0
3 , 115
164,71

M = 104,71
V trong hn hp u s mol ca RCO
3
gp 2,5 ln s mol ca
MgCO
3
.
Nn 104,71 =
5 , 3
5 , 2 * 1 * 24 R +

R = 137
Vy R l Ba.
Bi 3: ho tan hon ton 28,4 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca
2 kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II cn dng 300ml dung
dch HCl aM v to ra 6,72 lit kh (ktc). Sau phn ng, c cn
dung dch thu c m(g) mui khan. Tnh gi tr a, m v xc nh
2 kim loi trn.
Hng dn gii:
n
CO
2
=
4 , 22
72 , 6
= 0,3 (mol)
Thay hn hp bng M CO
3
M CO
3
+ 2HCl M Cl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
0,3 0,6 0,3 0,3
Theo t l phn ng ta c:
n
HCl
= 2 n
CO
2
= 2 * 0,3 = 0,6 mol
C
M HCl
=
3 , 0
6 , 0
= 2M
S mol ca
M
CO
3
= n
CO
2
= 0,3 (mol)
Nn M + 60 =
3 , 0
4 , 28
= 94,67

M = 34,67
Gi A, B l KHHH ca 2 kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II,
M
A
< M
B

ta c: M
A
< M = 34,67 < M
B
tho mn ta thy 24 < M =
34,67 < 40.
Vy hai kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II l: Mg v Ca.
Khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi c cn l: m = (34,67 + 71)*
0,3 = 31,7 gam.
7/ Phng php bo ton s mol nguyn t.
a/ Nguyn tc p dng:
Trong mi qu trnh bin i ho hc: S mol mi nguyn t trong
cc cht c bo ton.
b/ V d: Cho 10,4g hn hp bt Fe v Mg (c t l s mol 1:2) ho
tan va ht trong 600ml dung dch HNO
3
x(M), thu c 3,36 lit hn
hp 2 kh N
2
O v NO. Bit hn hp kh c t khi d = 1,195. Xc
nh tr s x?
Hng dn gii:
Theo bi ra ta c:
n
Fe
: n
Mg
= 1 : 2 (I) v 56n
Fe
+ 24n
Mg
= 10,4 (II)
Gii phng trnh ta c: n
Fe
= 0,1 v n
Mg
= 0,2
S phn ng.
Fe, Mg + HNO
3
------> Fe(NO
3
)
3
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ N
2
O, NO + H
2
O
0,1 v 0,2 x 0,1 0,2 a v b
(mol)
Ta c:
a + b =
4 , 22
36 , 3
= 0,15 v
29 ) (
30 44
b a
b a
+
+
= 1,195 ---> a = 0,05 mol v b
= 0,1 mol
S mol HNO
3
phn ng bng:
n
HNO
3
= n
N
= 3n
Fe(NO
3
)
3

+ 2n
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2n
N
2
O
+ n
NO

= 3.0,1 + 2.0,2 + 2.0,05 + 0,1 = 0,9 mol
Nng mol/lit ca dung dch HNO
3
:
x(M) =
600
9 , 0
.1000 = 1,5M
8/ Phng php lp lun kh nng.
a/ Nguyn tc p dng:
Khi gii cc bi ton ho hc theo phng php i s, nu s
phng trnh ton hc thit lp c t hn s n s cha bit cn
tm th phi bin lun ---> Bng cch: Chn 1 n s lm chun ri
tch cc n s cn li. Nn a v phng trnh ton hc 2 n, trong
c 1 n c gii hn (tt nhin nu c 2 n c gii hn th cng
tt). Sau c th thit lp bng bin thin hay d vo cc iu
kin khc chn cc gi tr hp l.
b/ V d:
Bi 1: Ho tan 3,06g oxit M
x
O
y
bng dung dich HNO
3
d sau c
cn th thu c 5,22g mui khan. Hy xc nh kim loi M bit n
ch c mt ho tr duy nht.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH: M
x
O
y
+ 2yHNO
3
-----> xM(NO
3
)
2y/x
+ yH
2
O
T PTP ta c t l:
y M
x
16
06 , 3
+
=
y M
x
124
22 , 5
+
---> M = 68,5.2y/x
Trong : t 2y/x = n l ho tr ca kim loi. Vy M = 68,5.n (*)
Cho n cc gi tr 1, 2, 3, 4. T (*) ---> M = 137 v n =2 l ph hp.
Do M l Ba, ho tr II.
Bi 2: A, B l 2 cht kh iu kin thng, A l hp cht ca
nguyn t X vi oxi (trong oxi chim 50% khi lng), cn B l hp
cht ca nguyn t Y vi hir (trong hiro chim 25% khi l-
ng). T khi ca A so vi B bng 4. Xc nh cng thc phn t A,
B. Bit trong 1 phn t A ch c mt nguyn t X, 1 phn t B ch
c mt nguyn t Y.
Hng dn gii:
t CTPT A l XO
n
, M
A
= X + 16n

= 16n + 16n = 32n.
t CTPT A l YO
m
, M
B
= Y + m = 3m + m = 4m.
d =
B
A
M
M
=
m
n
4
32
= 4 ---> m = 2n.
iu kin tho mn: 0 < n, m < 4, u nguyn v m phi l s
chn.
Vy m ch c th l 2 hay 4.
Nu m = 2 th Y = 6 (loi, khng c nguyn t no tho)
Nu m = 4 th Y = 12 (l cacbon) ---> B l CH
4
v n = 2 th X = 32 (l lu hunh) ---> A l SO
2
9/ Phng php gii hn mt i lng.
a/ Nguyn tc p dng:
Da vo cc i lng c gii hn, chng hn:
KLPTTB ( M ), ho tr trung bnh, s nguyn t trung bnh, ....
Hiu sut: 0(%) < H < 100(%)
S mol cht tham gia: 0 < n(mol) < S mol cht ban u,...
suy ra quan h vi i lng cn tm. Bng cch:
- Tm s thay i gi tr min v max ca 1 i lng no
dn n gii hn cn tm.
- Gi s thnh phn hn hp (X,Y) ch cha X hay Y suy ra
gi tr min v max ca i lng cn tm.
b/ V d:
Bi 1: Cho 6,2g hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip
trong bng tun hon phn ng vi H
2
O d, thu c 2,24 lit kh
(ktc) v dung dch A.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp ban
u.
Hng dn:
a/ t R l KHHH chung cho 2 kim loi kim cho
M
R
l khi lng trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim A v B, gi s M
A
<
M
B

---.> M
A
< M
R
< M
B
.
Vit PTHH xy ra:
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
n
R
= 2n
H
2
= 0,2 mol. ----> M
R
= 6,2 : 0,2 = 31
Theo ra: 2 kim loi ny thuc 2 chu k lin tip, nn 2 kim loi
l:
A l Na(23) v B l K(39)
Bi 2:
a/ Cho 13,8 gam (A) l mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim vo 110ml
dung dch HCl 2M. Sau phn ng thy cn axit trong dung dch thu
c v th tch kh thot ra V
1
vt qu 2016ml. Vit phng trnh
phn ng, tm (A) v tnh V
1
(ktc).
b/ Ho tan 13,8g (A) trn vo nc. Va khuy va thm tng git
dung dch HCl 1M cho ti 180ml dung dch axit, thu c V
2
lit
kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh V
2
(ktc).
Hng dn:
a/ M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl ---> 2MCl + H
2
O + CO
2

Theo PTHH ta c:
S mol M
2
CO
3
= s mol CO
2
> 2,016 : 22,4 = 0,09 mol
---> Khi lng mol M
2
CO
3
< 13,8 : 0,09 = 153,33 (I)
Mt khc: S mol M
2
CO
3 phn ng
= 1/2 s mol HCl < 1/2. 0,11.2 =
0,11 mol
---> Khi lng mol M
2
CO
3
= 13,8 : 0,11 = 125,45 (II)
T (I, II) --> 125,45 < M
2
CO
3
< 153,33 ---> 32,5 < M < 46,5 v M l
kim loi kim
---> M l Kali (K)
Vy s mol CO
2
= s mol K
2
CO
3
= 13,8 : 138 = 0,1 mol ---> V
CO
2
=
2,24 (lit)
b/ Gii tng t: ---> V
2
= 1,792 (lit)
Bi 3: Cho 28,1g qung lmt gm MgCO
3
; BaCO
3
(%MgCO
3
= a
%) vo dung dch HCl d thu c V (lt) CO
2
( ktc).
a/ Xc nh V (lt).
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c PTHH:
MgCO
3
+ 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
x(mol) x(mol)
BaCO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
y(mol) y(mol)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (3)
0,2(mol) 0,2(mol) 0,2(mol)
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(4)
Gi s hn hp ch c MgCO
3
.Vy
m
BaCO
3
= 0
S mol:
n
MgCO
3
=
84
1 , 28
= 0,3345 (mol)
Nu hn hp ch ton l BaCO
3
th
m
MgCO
3
= 0
S mol:
n
BaCO
3
=
197
1 , 28
= 0,143 (mol)
Theo PT (1) v (2) ta c s mol CO
2
gii phng l:
0,143 (mol)
n
CO
2
0,3345 (mol)
Vy th tch kh CO
2
thu c ktc l: 3,2 (lt)

V
CO
2

7,49
(lt)
Chuyn 2:
tan - nng dung dch
Mt s cng thc tnh cn nh:
Cng thc tnh tan: S
t
C 0
cht
=
dm
ct
m
m
. 100
Cng thc tnh nng %: C% =
dd
ct
m
m
. 100%
m
dd
= m
dm
+ m
ct
Hoc m
dd
= V
dd (ml)
. D
(g/ml)
* Mi lin h gia tan ca mt cht v nng phn trm
dung dch bo ho ca cht mt nhit xc nh.
C 100g dm ho tan c Sg cht tan to thnh (100+S)g dung
dch bo ho.
Vy: x(g) // y(g) // 100g //
Cng thc lin h: C% =
S
S
+ 100
100
Hoc S =
% 100
% . 100
C
C

Cng thc tnh nng mol/lit: C


M
=
) (
) (
lit V
mol n
=
) (
) ( . 1000
ml V
mol n
* Mi lin h gia nng % v nng mol/lit.
Cng thc lin h: C% =
D
M C
M
10
.
Hoc C
M
=
M
C D % . 10
Trong :
- m
ct
l khi lng cht tan( n v: gam)
- m
dm
l khi lng dung mi( n v: gam)
- m
dd
l khi lng dung dch( n v: gam)
- V l th tch dung dch( n v: lit hoc mililit)
- D l khi lng ring ca dung dch( n v: gam/mililit)
- M l khi lng mol ca cht( n v: gam)
- S l tan ca 1 cht mt nhit xc nh( n
v: gam)
- C% l nng % ca 1 cht trong dung dch( n v:
%)
- C
M
l nng mol/lit ca 1 cht trong dung dch( n
v: mol/lit hay M)
Dng 1: Ton tan
Phn dng 1: Bi ton lin quan gia tan ca mt
cht v nng phn trm dung dch bo ho ca cht .
Bi 1: 40
0
C, tan ca K
2
SO
4
l 15. Hy tnh nng phn trm
ca dung dch K
2
SO
4
bo ho nhit ny?
p s: C% = 13,04%
Bi 2: Tnh tan ca Na
2
SO
4
10
0
C v nng phn trm ca
dung dch bo ho Na
2
SO
4
nhit ny. Bit rng 10
0
C khi ho
tan 7,2g Na
2
SO
4
vo 80g H
2
O th c dung dch bo ho Na
2
SO
4
.
p s: S = 9g v C% = 8,257%
Phn dng 2: Bi ton tnh lng tinh th ngm nc cn
cho thm vo dung dch cho sn.
Cch lm:
Dng nh lut bo ton khi lng tnh:
* Khi lng dung dch to thnh = khi lng tinh th + khi lng dung
dch ban u.
* Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch to thnh = khi lng cht tan
trong tinh th + khi lng cht tan trong dung dch ban u.
* Cc bi ton loi ny thng cho tinh th cn ly v dung dch cho
sn c cha cng loi cht tan.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Tnh lng tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O cn dng iu ch 500ml
dung dch CuSO
4
8%(D = 1,1g/ml).
p s: Khi lng tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O cn ly l: 68,75g
Bi 2: iu ch 560g dung dch CuSO
4
16% cn phi ly bao
nhiu gam dung dch CuSO
4
8% v bao nhiu gam tinh th
CuSO
4
.5H
2
O.
Hng dn
* Cch 1:
Trong 560g dung dch CuSO
4
16% c cha.
m
ct CuSO
4
(c trong dd CuSO
4
16%) =
100
16 . 560
=
25
2240
= 89,6(g)
t
m
CuSO
4
.5H
2
O = x(g)
1mol(hay 250g) CuSO
4
.5H
2
O cha 160g CuSO
4

Vy x(g) // cha
250
160x
=
25
16x
(g)
m
dd CuSO
4
8% c trong dung dch CuSO
4
16% l (560 x) g
m
ct CuSO
4
(c trong dd CuSO
4
8%) l
100
8 ). 560 ( x
=
25
2 ). 560 ( x
(g)
Ta c phng trnh:
25
2 ). 560 ( x
+
25
16x
= 89,6
Gii phng trnh c: x = 80.
Vy cn ly 80g tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O v 480g dd CuSO
4
8%
pha ch thnh 560g dd CuSO
4
16%.
* Cch 2: Gii h phng trnh bc nht 2 n.
* Cch 3: Tnh ton theo s ng cho.
Lu : Lng CuSO
4
c th coi nh dd CuSO
4
64%(v c 250g
CuSO
4
.5H
2
O th c cha 160g CuSO
4
). Vy C%(CuSO
4
) =
250
160
.100%
= 64%.
Phn dng 3: bi ton tnh lng cht tan tch ra hay
thm vo khi thay i nhit mt dung dch bo ho cho
sn.
Cch lm:
- Bc 1: Tnh khi lng cht tan v khi lng dung mi c
trong dung dch bo ho t
1
(
0
c)
- Bc 2: t a(g) l khi lng cht tan A cn thm hay
tch ra khi dung dch ban u, sau khi thay i nhit
t t
1
(
0
c) sang t
2
(
0
c) vi t
1
(
0
c) khc t
2
(
0
c).
- Bc 3: Tnh khi lng cht tan v khi lng dung mi c
trong dung dch bo ho t
2
(
0
c).
- Bc 4: p dng cng thc tnh tan hay nng %
dung dch bo ho(C% ddbh) tm a.
L u : Nu yu cu tnh lng tinh th ngm nc tch ra hay cn
thm vo do thay i nhit dung dch bo ho cho sn, bc
2 ta phi t n s l s mol(n)
Bi 1: 12
0
C c 1335g dung dch CuSO
4
bo ho. un nng dung
dch ln n 90
0
C. Hi phi thm vo dung dch bao nhiu gam
CuSO
4
c dung dch bo ho nhit ny.
Bit 12
0
C, tan ca CuSO
4
l 33,5 v 90
0
C l 80.
p s: Khi lng CuSO
4
cn thm vo dung dch l 465g.
Bi 2: 85
0
C c 1877g dung dch bo ho CuSO
4
. Lm lnh dung
dch xung cn 25
0
C. Hi c bao nhiu gam CuSO
4
.5H
2
O tch khi
dung dch. Bit tan ca CuSO
4
85
0
C l 87,7 v 25
0
C l 40.
p s: Lng CuSO
4
.5H
2
O tch khi dung dch l: 961,75g
Bi 3: Cho 0,2 mol CuO tan trong H
2
SO
4
20% un nng, sau lm
ngui dung dch n 10
0
C. Tnh khi lng tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O
tch khi dung dch, bit rng tan ca CuSO
4
10
0
C l
17,4g/100g H
2
O.
p s: Lng CuSO
4
.5H
2
O tch khi dung dch l: 30,7g
Dng 2: Ton nng dung dch
Bi 1: Cho 50ml dung dch HNO
3
40% c khi lng ring l
1,25g/ml. Hy:
a/ Tm khi lng dung dch HNO
3
40%?
b/ Tm khi lng HNO
3
?
c/ Tm nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO
3
40%?
p s:
a/ m
dd
= 62,5g
b/ m
HNO
3
= 25g
c/ C
M(HNO
3
)
= 7,94M
Bi 2: Hy tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch thu c trong
mi trng hp sau:
a/ Ho tan 20g NaOH vo 250g nc. Cho bit D
H
2
O
= 1g/ml, coi nh
th tch dung dch khng i.
b/ Ho tan 26,88 lt kh hiro clorua HCl (ktc) vo 500ml nc
thnh dung dch axit HCl. Coi nh th dung dch khng i.
c/ Ho tan 28,6g Na
2
CO
3
.10H
2
O vo mt lng nc va thnh
200ml dung dch Na
2
CO
3
.
p s:
a/ C
M( NaOH )
= 2M
b/ C
M( HCl )
= 2,4M
c/ C
M
(Na
2
CO
3
) = 0,5M
Bi 3: Cho 2,3g Na tan ht trong 47,8ml nc thu c dung
dch NaOH v c kh H
2
thot ra . Tnh nng % ca dung dch
NaOH?
p s: C%
(NaOH)
= 8%
chuyn 3:
pha trn dung dch
Loi 1: Bi ton pha long hay c dc mt dung dch.
a) c im ca bi ton:
- Khi pha long, nng dung dch gim. Cn c dc,
nng dung dch tng.
- D pha long hay c c, khi lng cht tan lun lun
khng thay i.
b)Cch lm:
C th p dng cng thc pha long hay c c
TH
1
: V khi lng cht tan khng i d pha long hay c c
nn.
m
dd(1)
.C%
(1)
= m
dd(2)
.C%
(2)
TH
2
: V s mol cht tan khng i d pha long hay c dc nn.
V
dd(1)
. C
M (1)
= V
dd(2)
. C
M (2)

Nu gp bi ton bi ton: Cho thm H
2
O hay cht tan nguyn
cht (A) vo 1 dung dch (A) c nng % cho trc, c th p
dng quy tc ng cho gii. Khi c th xem:
- H
2
O l dung dch c nng O%
- Cht tan (A) nguyn cht cho thm l dung dch nng 100%
+ TH
1
: Thm H
2
O
Dung dch u C
1
(%) C
2
(%) - O
C
2
(%)
=
O H
dau dd
m
m
2
.
H
2
O O(%) C
1
(%) C
2
(%)
+ TH
1
: Thm cht tan (A) nguyn cht
Dung dch u C
1
(%) 100 - C
2
(%)
C
2
(%)
=
ctA
dau dd
m
m
.
Cht tan (A) 100(%) C
1
(%)
C
2
(%)
Lu : T l hiu s nng nhn c ng bng s phn khi
lng dung dch u( hay H
2
O, hoc cht tan A nguyn cht) cn
ly t cng hng ngang.
Bi ton p dng:
Bi 1: Phi thm bao nhiu gam H
2
O vo 200g dung dch KOH 20%
c dung dch KOH 16%.
p s:
m
H
2
O(cn thm) = 50g
Bi 2: C 30g dung dch NaCl 20%. Tnh nng % dung dch thu
c khi:
- Pha thm 20g H
2
O
- C c dung dch ch cn 25g.
p s: 12% v 24%
Bi 3: Tnh s ml H
2
O cn thm vo 2 lit dung dch NaOH 1M
thu c dung dch mi c nng 0,1M.
p s: 18 lit
Bi 4: Tnh s ml H
2
O cn thm vo 250ml dung dch NaOH1,25M
to thnh dung dch 0,5M. Gi s s ho tan khng lm thay
i ng k th tch dung dch.
p s: 375ml
Bi 5: Tnh s ml dung dch NaOH 2,5%(D = 1,03g/ml) iu ch
c t 80ml dung dch NaOH 35%(D = 1,38g/ml).
p s: 1500ml
Bi 6: Lm bay hi 500ml dung dch HNO
3
20%(D = 1,20g/ml)
ch cn 300g dung dch. Tnh nng % ca dung dch ny.
p s: C% = 40%
Loi 2:Bi ton ho tan mt ho cht vo nc hay vo mt
dung dch cho sn.
a/ c im bi ton:
- Ho cht em ho tan c th l cht kh, cht lng hay
cht rn.
- S ho tan c th gy ra hay khng gy ra phn ng
ho hc gia cht em ho tan vi H
2
O hoc cht tan
trong dung dch cho sn.
b/ Cch lm:
- Bc 1: Xc nh dung dch sau cng (sau khi ho tan ho
cht) c cha cht no:
Cn lu xem c phn ng gia cht em ho tan vi H
2
O
hay cht tan trong dung dch cho sn khng? Sn phm
phn ng(nu c) gm nhng cht tan no? Nh rng: c
bao nhiu loi cht tan trong dung dch th c by nhiu
nng .
. Nu cht tan c phn ng ho hc vi dung mi, ta phi
tnh nng ca sn phm phn ng ch khng c tnh
nng ca cht tan .
- Bc 2: Xc nh lng cht tan(khi lng hay s mol) c
cha trong dung dch sau cng.
. Lng cht tan(sau phn ng nu c) gm: sn phm phn
ng v cc cht tc dng cn d.
. Lng sn phm phn ng(nu c) tnh theo ptt phi da
vo cht tc dng ht(lng cho ), tuyt i khng c
da vo lng cht tc dng cho d (cn tha sau phn ng)
- Bc 3: Xc nh lng dung dch mi (khi lng hay th
tch)
. tnh th tch dung dch mi c 2 trng hp (tu theo
bi)
Nu khng cho bit khi l ng ring dung dch
mi(D
ddm
)
+ Khi ho tan 1 cht kh hay 1 cht rn vo 1 cht lng c
th coi:
Th tch dung dch mi = Th tch cht lng
+ Khi ho tan 1 cht lng vo 1 cht lng khc, phi gi s
s pha trn khng lm thy i ng k th tch cht
lng, tnh:
Th tch dung dch mi = Tng th tch cc cht lng ban
u.
Nu cho bit khi l ng ring dung dch
mi(D
ddm
)
Th tch dung dch mi: V
ddm
=
ddm
ddm
D
m
m
ddm
: l khi lng dung dch mi
+ tnh khi lng dung dch mi
m
ddm
= Tng khi lng(trc phn ng) khi lng kt
ta(hoc kh bay ln) nu c.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cho 14,84g tinh th Na
2
CO
3
vo bnh cha 500ml dung dch
HCl 0,4M c dung dch B. Tnh nng mol/lit cc cht trong
dung dch B.
p s: Nng ca NaCl l: C
M
= 0,4M
Nng ca Na
2
CO
3
cn d l: C
M
= 0,08M
Bi 2: Ho tan 5,6lit kh HCl ( ktc) vo 0,1lit H
2
O to thnh
dung dch HCl. Tnh nng mol/lit v nng % ca dung dch
thu c.
p s:
- C
M
= 2,5M
- C% = 8,36%
Bi 3: Cho 200g SO
3
vo 1 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
17%(D = 1,12g/ml)
c dung dch A. Tnh nng % dung dch A.
p s: C% = 32,985%
Bi 4: xc nh lng SO
3
v lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% cn ly
pha thnh 450g dung dch H
2
SO
4
83,3%.
p s:
Khi lng SO
3
cn ly l: 210g
Khi lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% cn ly l 240g
Bi 5: Xc nh khi lng dung dch KOH 7,93% cn ly khi
ho tan vo 47g K
2
O th thu c dung dch 21%.
p s: Khi lng dung dch KOH 7,93% cn ly l 352,94g
Bi 6: Cho 6,9g Na v 9,3g Na
2
O vo nc, c dung dch A(NaOH
8%). Hi phi ly thm bao nhiu gam NaOH c tinh khit 80%
(tan hon ton) cho vo c dung dch 15%?
p s: - Khi lng NaOH c tinh khit 80% cn ly l 32,3g
Loi 3: Bi ton pha trn hai hay nhiu dung dch.
a/ c im bi ton.
Khi pha trn 2 hay nhiu dung dch vi nhau c th xy ra hay
khng xy ra phn ng ho hc gia cht tan ca cc dung dch
ban u.
b/ Cch lm:
TH
1
: Khi trn khng xy ra phn ng ho hc(thng gp bi
ton pha trn cc dung dch cha cng loi ho cht)
Nguyn tc chung gii l theo phng php i s, lp h 2
phng trnh ton hc (1 theo cht tan v 1 theo dung dch)
Cc bc gii:
- Bc 1: Xc nh dung dch sau trn c cha cht tan
no.
- Bc 2: Xc nh lng cht tan(m
ct
) c trong dung dch
mi(ddm)
- Bc 3: Xc nh khi lng(m
ddm
) hay th tch(V
ddm
) dung
dch mi.
m
ddm
= Tng khi lng( cc dung dch em trn )
+ Nu bit khi lng ring dung dch mi(D
ddm
)
V
ddm
=
ddm
ddm
D
m

+ Nu khng bit khi lng ring dung dch mi: Phi gi s
s hao ht th tch do s pha trn dung dch l khng
ng k, c.
V
ddm
= Tng th tch cc cht lng ban u em trn
+ Nu pha trn cc dung dch cng loi cht tan, cng loi
nng , c th gii bng quy tc ng cho.
m
1
(g) dd C
1
(%) C
2
C
3


C
3
(%)
m
2
(g) dd C
2
(%) C
3
C
1

( Gi s: C
1
< C
3
< C
2
) v s hao ht th tch do s pha trn cc
dd l khng ng k.
2
1
m
m
=
1 3
3 2
C C
C C


+ Nu khng bit nng % m li bit nng mol/lit (C
M
)
th p dng s :
V
1
(l) dd C
1
(M) C
2
C
3


C
3
(M)
V
2
(g) dd C
2
(M) C
3
C
1

( Gi s: C
1
< C
3
< C
2
)
2
1
V
V
=
1 3
3 2
C C
C C


+ Nu khng bit nng % v nng mol/lit m li bit khi
lng ring (D) th p dng s :
V
1
(l) dd D
1
(g/ml) D
2
D
3


D
3
(g/ml)
V
2
(l) dd D
2
(g/ml) D
3
D
1

(Gi s: D
1
< D
3
< D
2
) v s hao ht th tch do s pha trn cc
dd l khng ng k.
2
1
V
V
=
1 3
3 2
D D
D D

TH
2
: Khi trn c xy ra phn ng ho hc cng gii qua 3 bc t-
ng t bi ton loi 2 (Ho tan mt cht vo mt dung dch
cho sn). Tuy nhin, cn lu .
- bc 1: Phi xc nh cng thc cht tan mi, s lng
cht tan mi. Cn ch kh nng c cht d(do cht tan
ban u khng tc dng ht) khi tnh ton.
- bc 3: Khi xc nh lng dung dch mi (m
ddm
hay V
ddm
)
Tac: m
ddm
= Tng khi lng cc cht em trng khi lng
cht kt ta hoc cht kh xut hin trong phn ng.
- Th tch dung dch mi tnh nh trng hp 1 loi bi ton
ny.
Th d: p dng phng php ng cho.
Mt bi ton thng c nhiu cch gii nhng nu bi ton no c
th s dng c phng php ng cho gii th s lm bi
ton n gin hn rt nhiu.
Bi ton 1: Cn bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO
4
. 5H
2
O ho vo
bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO
4
4% iu ch c 500 gam
dung dch CuSO
4
8%.
Bi gii: Gii Bng phng php thng thng:
Khi lng CuSO
4
c trong 500g dung dch bng:
gam m
CuO
40
100
8 . 500
4

(1)
Gi x l khi lng tinh th CuSO
4
. 5 H
2
O cn ly th: (500 - x) l
khi lng dung dch CuSO
4
4% cn ly:
Khi lng CuSO
4
c trong tinh th CuSO
4
. 5H
2
O bng:
250
160 .
4
x
m
CuSO

(2)
Khi lng CuSO
4
c trong tinh th CuSO
4
4% l:
100
4 ). 500 (
4
x
m
CuSO

(3)
T (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
40
100
4 ). 500 (
250
) 160 . (

+
x x
=> 0,64x + 20 - 0,04x = 40.
Gii ra ta c:
X = 33,33g tinh th
Vy khi lng dung dch CuSO
4
4% cn ly l:
500 - 33,33 gam = 466,67 gam.
+ Gii theo phng php ng cho
Gi x l s gam tinh th CuSO
4
. 5 H
2
O cn ly v (500 - x) l s
gam dung dch cn ly ta c s ng cho nh sau:
x
x
500
=>
14
1
56
4
500

x
x
Gii ra ta tm c: x = 33,33 gam.
Bi ton 2: Trn 500gam dung dch NaOH 3% vi 300 gam
dung dch NaOH 10% th thu c dung dch c nng bao nhiu
%.
69
4 - 8
4
8
64 - 8
Bi gii: Ta c s ng cho:
=>
3
10
300
500

C
C
Gii ra ta c: C = 5,625%
Vy dung dch thu c c nng 5,625%.
Bi ton 3: Cn trn 2 dung dch NaOH 3% v dung dch
NaOH 10% theo t l khi lng bao nhiu thu c dung dch
NaOH 8%.
Bi gii:
Gi m
1
; m
2
ln lt l khi lng ca cc dung dch cn ly. Ta c
s ng cho sau:
=>
3 8
8 10
2
1

m
m
Vy t l khi lng cn ly l:

5
2
2
1

m
m
Bi ton p dng:
Bi 1: Cn pha ch theo t l no v khi lng gia 2 dung dch
KNO
3
c nng % tng ng l 45% v 15% c mt dung
dch KNO
3
c nng 20%.
p s: Phi ly 1 phn khi lng dung dch c nng d 45% v 5
phn khi lng dung dch c nng 15% trn vi nhau.
Bi 2: Trn V
1
(l) dung dch A(cha 9,125g HCl) vi V
2
(l) dung dch
B(cha 5,475g HCl) c 2(l) dung dch D.
Coi th tch dung dch D = Tng th tch dung dch A v dung
dch B.
a) Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch D.
b) Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch A, dung dch B (Bit
hiu nng mol/lit ca dung dch A tr nng mol/lit
dung dch B l 0,4mol/l)
p s:
a) C
M(dd D)
= 0,2M
b) t nng mol/l ca dung dch A l x, dung dch B l y ta
c:
x y = 0,4 (I)
V th tch: V
dd D
= V
dd A
+ V
dd B
=
x
25 , 0
+
y
15 , 0
= 2 (II)
Gii h phng trnh ta c: x = 0,5M, y = 0,1M
Vy nng mol/l ca dung dch A l 0,5M v ca dung dch B
l 0,1M.
3
10 - C%
10
C%
C% - 3%

500
:
300
:
3
10 - 8
10
8
8 - 3
m
1
m
2
Bi 3: Hi phi ly 2 dung dch NaOH 15% v 27,5% mi dung dch
bao nhiu gam trn vo nhau c 500ml dung dch NaOH
21,5%, D = 1,23g/ml?
p s: Dung dch NaOH 27,5% cn ly l 319,8g v dung dch
NaOH 15% cn ly l 295,2g
Bi 4: Trn ln 150ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
2M vo 200g dung dch
H
2
SO
4
5M( D = 1,29g/ml ). Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch
H
2
SO
4
nhn c.
p s: Nng H
2
SO
4
sau khi trn l 3,5M
Bi 5: Trn 1/3 (l) dung dch HCl (dd A) vi 2/3 (l) dung dch HCl (dd
B) c 1(l) dung dch HCl mi (dd C). Ly 1/10 (l) dd C tc dng vi
dung dch AgNO
3
d th thu c 8,61g kt ta.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dd C.
b) Tnh nng mol/l ca dd A v dd B. Bit nng mol/l dd A
= 4 nng d mol/l dd B.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd B l 0,3M v ca dd A l 1,2M.
Bi 6: Trn 200ml dung dch HNO
3
(dd X) vi 300ml dung dch HNO
3
(dd Y) c dung dch (Z). Bit rng dung dch (Z) tc dng va
vi 7g CaCO
3
.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch (Z).
b) Ngi ta c th iu ch dung dch (X) t dung dch (Y) bng
cch thm H
2
O vo dung dch (Y) theo t l th tch: V
H
2
O
:
V
dd(Y)
= 3:1.
Tnh nng mol/l dung dch (X) v dung dch (Y)? Bit s pha
trn khng lm thay i ng k th tch dung dch.
p s:
a) C
Mdd(Z)
= 0,28M
b) Nng mol/l ca dung dch (X) l 0,1M v ca dung dch (Y)
l 0,4M.
Bi 7: trung ho 50ml dung dch NaOH 1,2M cn V(ml) dung
dch H
2
SO
4
30% (D = 1,222g/ml). Tnh V?
p s: Th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
30% cn ly l 8,02 ml.
Bi 8: Cho 25g dung dch NaOH 4% tc dng vi 51g dung dch
H
2
SO
4
0,2M, c khi lng ring D = 1,02 g/ml. Tnh nng % cc
cht sau phn ng.
p s:
- Nng % ca dung dch Na
2
SO
4
l 1,87%
- Nng % ca dung dch NaOH (d) l 0,26%
Bi 9:Trn ln 100ml dung dch NaHSO
4
1M vi 100ml dung dch
NaOH 2M c dung dch A.
a) Vit phng trnh ho hc xy ra.
b) C cn dung dch A th thu c hn hp nhng cht no?
Tnh khi lng ca mi cht.
p s: b) Khi lng cc cht sau khi c cn.
- Khi lng mui Na
2
SO
4
l 14,2g
- Khi lng NaOH(cn d) l 4 g
Bi 10: Khi trung ho 100ml dung dch ca 2 axit H
2
SO
4
v HCl
bng dung dch NaOH, ri c cn th thu c 13,2g mui khan.
Bit rng c trung ho 10 ml dung dch 2 axit ny th cn va
40ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axit trong
dung dch ban u.
p s: Nng mol/l ca axit H
2
SO
4
l 0,6M v ca axit HCl l
0,8M
Bi 11: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
v dung dch
NaOH bit rng:
C 30ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung
dch NaOH v 10ml dung dch KOH 2M.
Ngc li: 30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 20ml
dung dch H
2
SO
4
v 5ml dung dch HCl 1M.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd H
2
SO
4
l 0,7M v ca dd NaOH l
1,1M.
Hng dn gii bi ton nng bng phng php i s:
Th d: Tnh nng ban u ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
v
dung dch NaOH bit rng:
- Nu 3 lt dung dch NaOH vo 2 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
th sau phn ng dung dch c tnh kim vi nng 0,1M.
- Nu 2 lt dung dch NaOH vo 3 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
th sau phn ng dung dch c tnh axit vi nng 0,2M.
Bi gii
PTHH: 2NaOH + H
2
SO
4
-> Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Gi nng dung dch xt l x v nng dung dch axit l
y th:
* Trong trng hp th nht lng kim cn li trong dung dch l
0,1 . 5 = 0,5mol.
Lng kim tham gia phn ng l: 3x - 0,5 (mol)
Lng axt b trung ho l: 2y (mol)
Theo PTP s mol xt ln hn 2 ln H
2
SO
4
Vy 3x - 0,5 = 2y.2 = 4y hay 3x - 4y = 0,5 (1)
* Trong trng hp th 2 th lng a xt d l 0,2.5 = 1mol
Lng a xt b trung ho l 3y - 1 (mol)
Lng xt tham gia phn ng l 2x (mol). Cng lp lun nh trn ta -
c:
3y - 1 =
2
1
. 2x = x hay 3y - x = 1 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c h phng trnh bc nht:

'



1 3
5 , 0 4 3
x y
y x
Gii h phng trnh ny ta c x = 1,1 v y = 0,7.
Vy, nng ban u ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
l 0,7M ca dung
dch NaOH l 1,1M.
Bi 12: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch NaOH v dung dch
H
2
SO
4
. Bit nu ly 60ml dung dch NaOH th trung ho hon ton
20ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
. Nu ly 20ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
tc dng vi
2,5g CaCO
3
th mun trung ho lng axit cn d phi dng ht 10ml
dung dch NaOH trn.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd H
2
SO
4
l 1,5M v ca dd NaOH l
1,0M.
Bi 13: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO
3
v dung dch
KOH. Bit
- 20ml dung dch HNO
3
c trung ho ht bi 60ml dung
dch KOH.
- 20ml dung dch HNO
3
sau khi tc dng ht vi 2g CuO
th c trung ho ht bi 10ml dung dch KOH.
p s: Nng ca dung dch HNO
3
l 3M v ca dung dch KOH
l 1M.
Bi 14: C 2 dung dch H
2
SO
4
l A v B.
a) Nu 2 dung dch A v B c trn ln theo t l khi lng 7:3
th thu c dung dch C c nng 29%. Tnh nng %
ca dd A v dd B. Bit nng dd B bng 2,5 ln nng dd
A.
b) Ly 50ml dd C (D = 1,27g/ml) cho phn ng vi 200ml dd BaCl
2
1M. Tnh khi lng kt ta v nng mol/l ca dd E cn li
sau khi tch ht kt ta, gi s th tch dd thay i
khng ng k.
Hng dn:
a/ Gi s c 100g dd C. c 100g dd C ny cn em trn 70g dd
A nng x% v 30g dd B nng y%. V nng % dd C l
29% nn ta c phng trnh:
m
H
2
SO
4(trong dd C)
=
100
70x
+
100
30y
= 29 (I)
Theo bi ra th: y = 2,5x (II)
Gii h (I, II) c: x% = 20% v y% = 50%
b/
n
H
2
SO
4( trong 50ml dd C )
=
M
m C
dd
100
%.
=
98 . 100
) 27 , 1 . 50 ( 29
= 0,1879 mol
n
BaCl
2
= 0,2 mol >
n
H
2
SO
4
. Vy axit phn ng ht
m
BaSO
4
= 0,1879 . 233 = 43,78g
Dung dch cn li sau khi tch ht kt ta c cha 0,3758 mol HCl
v 0,2 0,1879 = 0,0121 mol BaCl
2
cn d.
Vy nng ca dd HCl l 1,5M v ca dd BaCl
2
l 0,0484M
Bi 15: Trn dd A cha NaOH v dd B cha Ba(OH)
2
theo th tch
bng nhau c dd C. Trung ho 100ml dd C cn ht 35ml dd H
2
SO
4
2M v thu c 9,32g kt ta. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc dd A v
B. Cn trn bao nhiu ml dd B vi 20ml dd A ho tan va ht
1,08g bt Al.
p s:
n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,07 mol;
n
NaOH = 0,06 mol;
n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,04 mol.
C
M(NaOH)
= 1,2M; C
M(Ba(OH)
2
)
= 0,8M.
Cn trn 20ml dd NaOH v 10ml dd Ba(OH)
2
ho tan ht 1,08g
bt nhm.
Chuyn 4:
Xc nh cng thc ho hc
Phng php 1: Xc nh cng thc ho hc da trn biu
thc i s.
* Cch gii:
- Bc 1: t cng thc tng qut.
- Bc 2: Lp phng trnh(T biu thc i s)
- Bc 3: Gii phng trnh -> Kt lun
Cc biu thc i s thng gp.
- Cho bit % ca mt nguyn t.
- Cho bit t l khi lng hoc t l %(theo khi lng cc
nguyn t).
Cc cng thc bin i.
- Cng thc tnh % ca nguyn t trong hp cht.
CTTQ A
x
B
y
A
x
B
y
%A =
AxBy
A
M
x M .
.100% -->
B
A
%
%
=
y M
x M
B
A
.
.
- Cng thc tnh khi lng ca nguyn t trong hp cht.
CTTQ A
x
B
y
A
x
B
y
m
A
= n
A
x
B
y
.M
A
.x -->
B
A
m
m
=
y M
x M
B
A
.
.
Lu :
- xc nh nguyn t kim loi hoc phi kim trong hp
cht c th phi lp bng xt ho tr ng vi nguyn t
khi ca kim loi hoc phi kim .
- Ho tr ca kim loi (n): 1 n 4, vi n nguyn. Ring
kim loi Fe phi xt thm ho tr 8/3.
- Ho tr ca phi kim (n): 1 n 7, vi n nguyn.
- Trong oxit ca phi kim th s nguyn t phi kim trong
oxit khng qu 2 nguyn t.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Mt oxit nit(A) c cng thc NO
x
v c %N = 30,43%. Tm
cng thc ca (A).
p s: NO
2
Bi 2: Mt oxit st c %Fe = 72,41%. Tm cng thc ca oxit.
p s: Fe
3
O
4

Bi 3: Mt oxit ca kim loi M c %M = 63,218. Tm cng thc oxit.
p s: MnO
2
Bi 4: Mt qung st c cha 46,67% Fe, cn li l S.
a) Tm cng thc qung.
b) T qung trn hy iu ch 2 kh c tnh kh.
p s:
a) FeS
2
b) H
2
S v SO
2
.
Bi 5: Oxit ng c cng thc Cu
x
O
y
v c m
Cu
: m
O
= 4 : 1. Tm
cng thc oxit.
p s: CuO
Bi 6: Oxit ca kim loi M. Tm cng thc ca oxit trong 2 trng hp
sau:
a) m
M
: m
O
= 9 : 8
b) %M : %O = 7 : 3
p s:
a) Al
2
O
3

b) Fe
2
O
3

Bi 7: Mt oxit (A) ca nit c t khi hi ca A so vi khng kh l
1,59. Tm cng thc oxit A.
p s: NO
2
Bi 8: Mt oxit ca phi kim (X) c t khi hi ca (X) so vi hiro
bng 22. Tm cng thc (X).
p s:
TH
1
: CO
2
TH
2
: N
2
O
Phng php 2: Xc nh cng thc da trn phn ng.
Cch gii:
- Bc 1: t CTTQ
- Bc 2: Vit PTHH.
- Bc 3: Lp phng trnh ton hc da vo cc n s theo
cch t.
- Bc 4: Gii phng trnh ton hc.
Mt s gi :
- Vi cc bi ton c mt phn ng, khi lp phng trnh ta
nn p dng nh lut t l.
- Tng qut:
C PTHH: aA + bB -------> qC + pD (1)
Chun b: a b.M
B
q.22,4
cho: n
A p
n
B p
V
C (l )
ktc
Theo(1) ta c:
pu A
n
a
.
=
pu B
B
m
M b
.
.
=
C
V
q 4 , 22 .
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: t chy hon ton 1gam nguyn t R. Cn 0,7 lit oxi(ktc),
thu c hp cht X. Tm cng thc R, X.
p s: R l S v X l SO
2

Bi 2: Kh ht 3,48 gam mt oxit ca kim loi R cn 1,344 lit H
2
(ktc). Tm cng thc oxit.
- y l phn ng nhit luyn.
- Tng qut:
Oxit kim loi A + (H
2
, CO, Al, C) ---> Kim loi A + (H
2
O, CO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, CO
hoc

CO
2
)
- iu kin: Kim loi A l kim loi ng sau nhm.
p s: Fe
3
O
4
Bi 3: Nung ht 9,4 gam M(NO
3
)
n
thu c 4 gam M
2
O
n
. Tm cng
thc mui nitrat
Hng dn:
- Phn ng nhit phn mui nitrat.
- Cng thc chung:
-----
M: ng trc Mg
---> M(NO
2
)
n (r)
+ O
2(k)
M(NO
3
)
3(r)
-----
t
0
------ -----
M: ( t Mg --> Cu)
---> M
2
O
n (r)
+ O
2(k)
+ NO
2(k)

-----
M: ng sau Cu
------> M
(r)
+ O
2(k)
+ NO
2(k)

p s: Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
Bi 4: Nung ht 3,6 gam M(NO
3
)
n
thu c 1,6 gam cht rn khng
tan trong nc. Tm cng thc mui nitrat em nung.
Hng dn: Theo ra, cht rn c th l kim loi hoc oxit kim
loi. Gii bi ton theo 2 trng hp.
Ch :
TH: Rn l oxit kim loi.
Phn ng: 2M(NO
3
)
n (r)
----
t
----> M
2
O
m (r)
+ 2nO
2(k)
+
2
2 m n
O
2(k)

Hoc 4M(NO
3
)
n (r)
----
t
----> 2M
2
O
m (r)
+ 4nO
2(k)
+ (2n m)O
2(k)
iu kin: 1 n m 3, vi n, m nguyn dng.(n, m l ho tr
ca M )
p s: Fe(NO
3
)
2
Bi 5: t chy hon ton 6,8 gam mt hp cht v c A ch thu -
c 4,48 lt SO
2
(ktc) v 3,6 gam H
2
O. Tm cng thc ca cht A.
p s: H
2
S
Bi 6: Ho tan hon ton 7,2g mt kim loi (A) ho tr II bng dung
dch HCl, thu c 6,72 lit H
2
(ktc). Tm kim loi A.
p s: A l Mg
Bi 7: Cho 12,8g mt kim loi R ho tr II tc dng vi clo va
th thu c 27g mui clorua. Tm kim loi R.
p s: R l Cu
Bi 8: Cho 10g st clorua(cha bit ho tr ca st ) tc dng vi
dung dch AgNO
3
th thu c 22,6g AgCl
(r)
(khng tan). Hy xc
nh cng thc ca mui st clorua.
p s: FeCl
2
Bi 9: Ho tan hon ton 7,56g mt kim loi R cha r ho tr vo
dung dch axit HCl, th thu c 9,408 lit H
2
(ktc). Tm kim loi R.
p s: R l Al
Bi 10: Ho tan hon ton 8,9g hn hp 2 kim loi A v B c cng ho
tr II v c t l mol l 1 : 1 bng dung dch HCl dng d thu c
4,48 lit H
2
(ktc). Hi A, B l cc kim loi no trong s cc kim loi
sau y: ( Mg, Ca, Ba, Fe, Zn, Be )
p s:A v B l Mg v Zn.
Bi 11: Ho tan hon ton 5,6g mt kim loi ho tr II bng dd HCl
thu c 2,24 lit H
2
(ktc). Tm kim loi trn.
p s: Fe
Bi 12: Cho 4,48g mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr tc dng ht 7,84g
axit H
2
SO
4
. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s: CaO
Bi 13: ho tan 9,6g mt hn hp ng mol (cng s mol) ca 2
oxit kim loi c ho tr II cn 14,6g axit HCl. Xc nh cng thc
ca 2 oxit trn. Bit kim loi ho tr II c th l Be, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn,
Ba.
p s: MgO v CaO
Bi 14: Ho tan hon ton 6,5g mt kim loi A cha r ho tr vo
dung dch HCl th thu c 2,24 lit H
2
(ktc). Tm kim loi A.
p s: A l Zn
Bi 15: C mt oxit st cha r cng thc, chia oxit ny lm 2 phn
bng nhau.
a/ ho tan ht phn 1 cn dng 150ml dung dch HCl 1,5M.
b/ Cho lung kh H
2
d i qua phn 2 nung nng, phn ng xong thu
c 4,2g st.
Tm cng thc ca oxit st ni trn.
p s: Fe
2
O
3

Bi 16: Kh hon ton 4,06g mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit
cao thnh kim loi. Dn ton b kh sinh ra vo bnh ng nc vi
trong d, thy to thnh 7g kt ta. Nu ly lng kim loi sinh ra ho
tan ht vo dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,176 lit kh H
2
(ktc).
Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi.
Hng dn:
Gi cng thc oxit l M
x
O
y
= amol. Ta c a(Mx +16y) = 4,06
M
x
O
y
+ yCO -----> xM + yCO
2
a ay ax ay (mol)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
----> CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
ay ay ay (mol)
Ta c ay = s mol CaCO
3
= 0,07 mol.---> Khi lng kim loi = M.ax =
2,94g.
2M + 2nHCl ----> 2MCl
n
+ nH
2
ax
0,5nax (molTa c: 0,5nax = 1,176 :
22,4=0,0525molhaynax=0,105Lptl:
nax
Max
0525 , 0
94 , 2
=28.Vy M =
28n ---> Ch c gi tr n = 2 v M = 56 l ph hp. Vy M l Fe.
Thay n = 2 ---> ax = 0,0525.
Ta c:
ay
ax
=
07 , 0
0525 , 0
=
4
3
=
y
x
----> x = 3 v y = 4. Vy cng thc oxit
l Fe
3
O
4
.
Chuyn 5:
Bi ton v oxit v hn hp oxit

Tnh cht:
- Oxit baz tc dng vi dung dch axit.
- Oxit axit tc dng vi dung dch baz.
- Oxit lng tnh va tc dng vi dung dch axit, va tc
dng dung dch baz.
- Oxit trung tnh: Khng tc dng c vi dung dch axit v
dung dch baz.
Cch lm:
- Bc 1: t CTTQ
- Bc 2: Vit PTHH.
- Bc 3: Lp phng trnh ton hc da vo cc n s theo
cch t.
- Bc 4: Gii phng trnh ton hc.
- Bc 5: Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
-
A - Ton oxit baz
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cho 4,48g mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr tc dng ht 7,84g
axit H
2
SO
4
. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s: CaO
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 1 gam oxit ca kim loi R cn dng 25ml
dung dch hn hp gm axit H
2
SO
4
0,25M v axit HCl 1M. Tm cng
thc ca oxit trn.
p s: Fe
2
O
3
Bi 3: C mt oxit st cha r cng thc, chia oxit ny lm 2 phn
bng nhau.
a/ ho tan ht phn 1 cn dng150ml dung dch HCl 1,5M.
b/ Cho lung kh H
2
d i qua phn 2 nung nng, phn ng xong thu
c 4,2g st.
Tm cng thc ca oxit st ni trn.
p s: Fe
2
O
3
Bi 4: Ho tan hon ton 20,4g oxit kim loi A, ho tr III trong
300ml dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
th thu c 68,4g mui khan. Tm
cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s:
Bi 5: ho tan hon ton 64g oxit ca kim loi ho tr III cn va
800ml dung dch axit HNO
3
3M. Tm cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s:
Bi 6: Khi ho tan mt lng ca mt oxit kim loi ho tr II vo mt l-
ng va dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
4,9%, ngi ta thu c mt dung
dch mui c nng 5,78%. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit trn.
Hng dn:
t cng thc ca oxit l RO
PTHH: RO + H
2
SO
4
----> RSO
4
+ H
2
O
(M
R
+ 16) 98g (M
R
+ 96)g
Gi s ho tan 1 mol (hay M
R
+ 16)g RO
Khi lng dd RSO
4
(5,87%) = (M
R
+ 16) + (98 : 4,9).100 = M
R
+ 2016
C% =
2016
96
+
+
R
R
M
M
.100% = 5,87%
Gii phng trnh ta c: M
R
= 24, kim loi ho tr II l Mg.
p s: MgO
Bi 7: Ho tan hon ton mt oxit kim loi ho tr II bng dung dch
H
2
SO
4
14% va th thu c mt dung dch mui c nng
16,2%. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s: MgO
B - bi ton v oxit axit
Bi tp 1: Cho t t kh CO
2
(SO
2
) vo dung dch NaOH(hoc
KOH) th c cc PTHH xy ra:
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
( 1 )
Sau khi s mol

CO
2
= s mol NaOH th c phn ng.
CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3

( 2 )

H ng gii : xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra.
t T =
2
CO
NaOH
n
n

- Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng ( 2 ) v c th d CO
2
.
- Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng ( 1 ) v c th d NaOH.
- Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng ( 1 ) v ( 2 ) trn
hoc c th vit nh sau:
CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3

( 1 ) /
tnh theo s mol ca CO
2
.
V sau : NaOH
d
+ NaHCO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
( 2 ) /
Hoc da vo s mol CO
2
v s mol NaOH hoc s mol Na
2
CO
3
v
NaHCO
3
to thnh sau phn ng lp cc phng trnh ton hc
v gii.
t n x,y ln lt l s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
to thnh sau
phn ng.
Bi tp p dng:
1/ Cho 1,68 lit CO
2
(ktc) sc vo bnh ng dd KOH d. Tnh nng
mol/lit ca mui thu c sau phn ng. Bit rng th tch dd l
250 ml.
2/ Cho 11,2 lit CO
2
vo 500ml dd NaOH 25% (d = 1,3g/ml). Tnh
nng mol/lit ca dd mui to thnh.
3/ Dn 448 ml CO
2
(ktc) sc vo bnh cha 100ml dd KOH 0,25M.
Tnh khi lng mui to thnh.
Bi tp 2: Cho t t kh CO
2
(SO
2
) vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
(hoc
Ba(OH)
2
) th c cc phn ng xy ra:
Phn ng u tin to ra mui trung ho trc.
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
( 1 )
Sau khi s mol CO
2
= 2 ln s mol ca Ca(OH)
2
th c phn ng
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

( 2 )
H ng gii : xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra:
t T =
2
2
) (OH Ca
CO
n
n

- Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng ( 1 ) v c th d Ca(OH)
2
.
- Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng ( 2 ) v c th d CO
2
.
- Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn hoc
c th vit nh sau:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
( 1 )
tnh theo s mol ca Ca(OH)
2
.
CO
2 d
+ H
2
O + CaCO
3
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

( 2 ) !
Hoc da vo s mol CO
2
v s mol Ca(OH)
2
hoc s mol CaCO
3
to thnh sau phn ng lp cc phng trnh ton hc v gii.
t n x, y ln lt l s mol ca CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
to thnh sau
phn ng.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan 2,8g CaO vo nc ta c dung dch A.
a/ Cho 1,68 lit kh CO
2
hp th hon ton vo dung dch A. Hi c
bao nhiu gam kt ta to thnh.
b/ Nu cho kh CO
2
sc qua dung dch A v sau khi kt thc th
nghim thy c 1g kt ta th c bao nhiu lt CO
2
tham gia
phn ng. ( cc th tch kh o ktc )
p s:
a/
m
CaCO
3
= 2,5g
b/ TH
1
: CO
2
ht v Ca(OH)
2
d. ---> V
CO
2
= 0,224 lit
TH
2
: CO
2
d v Ca(OH)
2
ht ----> V
CO
2
= 2,016 lit
Bi 2:Dn 10 lt hn hp kh gm N
2
v CO
2
(ktc) sc vo 2 lit
dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,02M, thu c 1g kt ta. Hy xc nh % theo
th tch ca kh CO
2
trong hn hp.
p s:
TH
1
: CO
2
ht v Ca(OH)
2
d. ---> V
CO
2
= 0,224 lit v % V
CO
2
= 2,24%
TH
2
: CO
2
d v Ca(OH)
2
ht ----> V
CO
2
= 1,568 lit v % V
CO
2
=
15,68%
Bi 3: Dn V lit CO
2
(ktc) vo 200ml dung dch Ca(OH)
2
1M, thu -
c 10g kt ta. Tnh v.
p s:
TH
1
: CO
2
ht v Ca(OH)
2
d. ---> V
CO
2
= 2,24 lit.
TH
2
: CO
2
d v Ca(OH)
2
ht ----> V
CO
2
= 6,72 lit.
Bi 4: Cho m(g) kh CO
2
sc vo 100ml dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,05M,
thu c 0,1g cht khng tan. Tnh m.
p s:
TH
1
: CO
2
ht v Ca(OH)
2
d. --->
m
CO
2
= 0,044g
TH
2
: CO
2
d v Ca(OH)
2
ht ---->
m
CO
2
= 0,396g
Bi 5: Phi t bao nhiu gam cacbon khi cho kh CO
2
to ra
trong phn ng trn tc dng vi 3,4 lit dung dch NaOH 0,5M ta c
2 mui vi mui hiro cacbonat c nng mol bng 1,4 ln nng
mol ca mui trung ho.
p s:
V th tch dung dch khng thay i nn t l v nng
cng chnh l t l v s mol. ---> m
C
= 14,4g.
Bi 6: Cho 4,48 lit CO
2
(ktc) i qua 190,48ml dung dch NaOH
0,02% c khi lng ring l 1,05g/ml. Hy cho bit mui no c to
thnh v khi lng lf bao nhiu gam.
p s: Khi lng NaHCO
3
to thnh l: 0,001.84 = 0,084g
Bi 7: Thi 2,464 lit kh CO
2
vo mt dung dch NaOH th c
9,46g hn hp 2 mui Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
. Hy xc nh thnh phn
khi lng ca hn hp 2 mui . Nu mun ch thu c mui
NaHCO
3
th cn thm bao nhiu lt kh cacbonic na.
p s: 8,4g NaHCO
3
v 1,06g Na
2
CO
3
. Cn thm 0,224 lit CO
2
.
Bi 8: t chy 12g C v cho ton b kh CO
2
to ra tc dng vi mt
dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Vi th tch no ca dung dch NaOH 0,5M
th xy ra cc trng hp sau:
a/ Ch thu c mui NaHCO
3
(khng d CO
2
)?
b/ Ch thu c mui Na
2
CO
3
(khng d NaOH)?
c/ Thu c c 2 mui vi nng mol ca NaHCO
3
bng 1,5 ln
nng mol ca Na
2
CO
3
?
Trong trng hp ny phi tip tc thm bao nhiu lit dung dch
NaOH 0,5M na c 2 mui c cng nng mol.
p s:
a/
n
NaOH =
n
CO
2
= 1mol ---> V
dd NaOH 0,5M
= 2 lit.
b/ n
NaOH
= 2n
CO
2
= 2mol ---> V
dd NaOH 0,5M
= 4 lit.
c/
t a, b ln lt l s mol ca mui NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
.
Theo PTHH ta c:
n
CO
2
= a + b = 1mol (I)
V nng mol NaHCO
3
bng 1,5 ln nng mol Na
2
CO
3
nn.
V
a
= 1,5
V
b
---> a = 1,5b (II)
Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ta c: a = 0,6 mol, b = 0,4 mol
n
NaOH
= a + 2b = 0,6 + 2 x 0,4 = 1,4 mol ---> V
dd NaOH 0,5M
= 2,8 lit.
Gi x l s mol NaOH cn thm v khi ch xy ra phn ng.
NaHCO
3
+ NaOH ---> Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
x(mol) x(mol) x(mol)
n
NaHCO
3
(cn li) = (0,6 x) mol
n
Na
2
CO
3
(sau cng) = (0,4 + x) mol
V bi cho nng mol 2 mui bng nhau nn s mol 2 mui phi
bng nhau.
(0,6 x) = (0,4 + x) ---> x = 0,1 mol NaOH
Vy s lit dung dch NaOH cn thm l: V
dd NaOH 0,5M
= 0,2 lit.
Bi 9: Sc x(lit) CO
2
(ktc) vo 400ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,5M th
thu c 4,925g kt ta. Tnh x.
p s:
TH
1
: CO
2
ht v Ca(OH)
2
d. ---> V
CO
2
= 0,56 lit.
TH
2
: CO
2
d v Ca(OH)
2
ht ----> V
CO
2
= 8,4 lit.
C - Ton hn hp oxit.
Cc bi ton vn dng s mol trung bnh v xc nh
khong s mol ca cht.
1/ i vi cht kh. (hn hp gm c 2 kh)
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 lit hn hp kh ktc:
M
TB
=
V
V M V M
4 , 22
2 1 2 1
+
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 mol hn hp kh ktc:
M
TB
=
V
V M V M
2 2 1 1
+
Hoc: M
TB
=
n
n n M n M ) (
1 2 1 1
+
(n l tng s mol kh trong hn
hp)
Hoc: M
TB
=
1
) 1 (
1 2 1 1
x M x M +
(x
1
l % ca kh th nht)
Hoc: M
TB
= d
hh/kh x
. M
x
2/ i vi cht rn, lng. M
TB ca hh
=
hh
hh
n
m
Tnh cht 1:
M
TB ca hh
c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht
thnh phn trong hn hp.
Tnh cht 2:
M
TB ca hh
lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cc
cht thnh phn nh nht v ln nht.
M
min
< n
hh
< M
max
Tnh cht 3:
Hn hp 2 cht A, B c M
A
< M
B
v c thnh phn % theo s mol
l a(%) v b(%)
Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.
B
B
M
m
< n
hh
<
A
A
M
m
Gi s A hoc B c % = 100% v cht kia c % = 0 hoc ngc li.
L u :
- Vi bi ton hn hp 2 cht A, B (cha bit s mol) cng tc dng vi 1
hoc c 2 cht X, Y ( bit s mol). bit sau phn ng ht
A, B hay X, Y cha. C th gi thit hn hp A, B ch cha 1 cht A
hoc B
- Vi M
A
< M
B
nu hn hp ch cha A th:
n
A
=
A
hh
M
m
> n
hh
=
hh
hh
M
m
Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc
dng ht vi hn hp A, B
- Vi M
A
< M
B
, nu hn hp ch cha B th:
n
B
=
B
hh
M
m
< n
hh
=
hh
hh
M
m
Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng cha vi B th cng khng tc
dng ht vi hn hp A, B.
Ngha l sau phn ng X, Y ht, cn A, B d.
3/ Khi lng mol trung bnh ca mt hn hp ( M )
Khi lng mol trung bnh (KLMTB) ca mt hn hp l khi lng ca 1
mol hn hp .
M =
hh
hh
n
m
=
i
i i
n n n
n M n M n M
...
. ... . .
2 1
2 2 1 1
+ +
+ +
(*)
Trong :
- m
hh
l tng s gam ca hn hp.
- n
hh
l tng s mol ca hn hp.
- M
1
, M
2
, ..., M
i
l khi lng mol ca cc cht trong hn hp.
- n
1
, n
2
, ..., n
i
l s mol tng ng ca cc cht.
Tnh cht: M
min
< M < M
max
i vi cht kh v th tch t l vi s mol nn (*) c vit li nh
sau:
M =
i
i i
V V V
V M V M V M
...
...
2 1
2 2 1 1
+ +
+ +
(**)
T (*) v (**) d dng suy ra:
M = M
1
x
1
+ M
2
x
2
+ ... + M
i
x
i
(***)
Trong : x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
i
l thnh phn phn trm (%) s mol hoc
th tch (nu hn hp kh) tng ng ca cc cht v c ly theo
s thp phn, ngha l: 100% ng vi x = 1.
50% ng vi x = 0,5.
Ch : Nu hn hp ch gm c hai cht c khi lng mol tng ng
M
1
v M
2
th cc cng thc (*), (**) v (***) c vit di dng:
(*)

M =
n
n n M n M ) .( .
1 2 1 1
+
(*)
/
(**)

M =
V
V V M V M ) .( .
1 2 1 1
+
(**)
/
(***)

M = M
1
x + M
2
(1 - x) (***)
/
Trong : n
1
, V
1
, x l s mol, th tch, thnh phn % v s mol
hoc th tch (hn hp kh) ca cht th nht M
1
. n gin
trong tnh ton thng thng ngi ta chn M
1
> M
2
.
Nhn xt: Nu s mol (hoc th tch) hai cht bng nhau th M
=
2
2 1
M M +
v ngc li.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan 4,88g hn hp A gm MgO v FeO trong 200ml dung
dch H
2
SO
4
0,45M(long) th phn ng va , thu c dung dch
B.
a/ Tnh khi lng mi oxit c trong hn hp A.
b/ tc dng va vi 2 mui trong dung dch B cn dng V(lit)
dung dch NaOH 0,2M, thu c kt ta gm 2 hirxit kim loi. Lc
ly kt ta, em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i
thu c m gam cht rn khan(phn ng hon ton). Tnh V v m.
p s:
a/ m
MgO
= 2g v m
FeO
= 2,88g
b/ V
dd NaOH 0,2M
= 0,9 lit v m
rn
= 5,2g.
Bi 2: ho tan 9,6g mt hn hp ng mol (cng s mol) ca 2
oxit kim loi c ho tr II cn 14,6g axit HCl. Xc nh cng thc
ca 2 oxit trn. Bit kim loi ho tr II c th l Be, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn,
Ba.
p s: MgO v CaO
Bi 3: Kh 9,6g mt hn hp gm Fe
2
O
3
v FeO bng H
2
nhit
cao, ngi ta thu c Fe v 2,88g H
2
O.
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
b/ Xc nh thnh phn % ca 2 oxit trong hn hp.
c/ Tnh th tch H
2
(ktc) cn dng kh ht lng oxit trn.
p s:
b/ % Fe
2
O
3
= 57,14% v % FeO = 42,86%
c/ V
H
2
= 3,584 lit
Bi 4: Cho X v Y l 2 oxit ca cng mt kim loi M. Bit khi ho tan
cng mt lng oxit X nh nhau n hon ton trong HNO
3
v HCl ri
c cn dung dch th thu c nhng lng mui nitrat v clorua ca
kim loi M c cng ho tr. Ngoi ra, khi lng mui nitrat khan ln
hn khi lng mui clorua khan mt lng bng 99,38% khi lng oxit
em ho tan trong mi axit. Phn t khi ca oxit Y bng 45%
phn t khi ca oxit X. Xc nh cc oxit X, Y.
p s:
Bi 5: Kh 2,4g hn hp gm CuO v Fe
2
O
3
bng H
2
nhit cao
th thu c 1,76g hn hp 2 kim loi. em hn hp 2 kim loi ho tan
bng dd axit HCl th thu c V(lit) kh H
2
.
a/ Xc nh % v khi lng ca mi oxit trong hn hp.
b/ Tnh V ( ktc).
p s:
a/ % CuO = 33,33% ; % Fe
2
O
3
= 66,67%
b/ V
H
2
= 0,896 lit.
Bi 6: Ho tan 26,2g hn hp Al
2
O
3
v CuO th cn phi dng va
250ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
2M. Xc nh % khi lng mi cht
trong hn hp.
p s: % Al
2
O
3
= 38,93% v % CuO = 61,07%.
Bi 7: Cho hn hp A gm 16g Fe
2
O
3
v 6,4g CuO vo 160ml dung
dch H
2
SO
4
2M. Sau phn ng thy cn m gam rn khng tan.
a/ Tnh m.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch hn hp gm axit HCl 1M v axit H
2
SO
4
0,5M cn dng phn ng ht hn hp A.
p s:
a/ 3,2 < m < 4,8
b/ V
dd hh axit
= 0,06 lit.
Chuyn 6:
Axit tc dng vi kim loi
Cch lm:
1/ Phn loi axit:
Axit loi 1: Tt c cc axit trn( HCl, H
2
SO
4
long, HBr,...), tr HNO
3
v
H
2
SO
4
c.
Axit loi 2: HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c.
2/ Cng thc phn ng: gm 2 cng thc.
Cng thc 1: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 1.
Kim loi + Axit loi 1 ----> Mui + H
2
iu kin:
- Kim loi l kim loi ng trc H trong dy hot ng ho hc
Bktp.
- Dy hot ng ho hc Bktp.
K, Na, Ba, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt,
Au.
c im:
- Mui thu c c ho tr thp(i vi kim loi c nhiu ho tr)
Th d: Fe + 2HCl ----> FeCl
2
+ H
2
Cu + HCl ----> Khng phn ng.
Cng thc 2: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 2:
Kim loi + Axit loi 2 -----> Mui + H
2
O + Sn phm kh.
c im:
- Phn ng xy ra vi tt c cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt).
- Mui c ho tr cao nht(i vi kim loi a ho tr)
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan ht 25,2g kim loi R trong dung dch axit HCl, sau
phn ng thu c 1,008 lit H
2
(ktc). Xc nh kim loi R.
p s:
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 6,5g mt kim loi A cha r ho tr vo
dung dch axit HCl, th thu c 2,24 lit H
2
(ktc). Xc nh kim
loi A.
p s: A l Zn.
Bi 3: Cho 10g mt hn hp gm Fe v Cu tc dng vi dung dch
axit HCl, th thu c 3,36 lit kh H
2
(ktc). Xc nh thnh phn
% v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
p s: % Fe = 84%, % Cu = 16%.
Bi 4: Cho 1 hn hp gm Al v Ag phn ng vi dung dch axit
H
2
SO
4
thu c 5,6 lt H
2
(ktc). Sau phn ng th cn 3g mt cht
rn khng tan. Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi lng cu mi kim
loi trong hn hp ban u.
p s: % Al = 60% v % Ag = 40%.
Bi 5: Cho 5,6g Fe tc dng vi 500ml dung dch HNO
3
0,8M. Sau
phn ng thu c V(lit) hn hp kh A gm N
2
O v NO
2
c t khi so
vi H
2
l 22,25 v dd B.
a/ Tnh V (ktc)?
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cc cht c trong dung dch B.
Hng dn:
Theo bi ra ta c:
n
Fe
= 5,6 : 56 = 0,1 mol
n
HNO
3
= 0,5 . 0,8 = 0,4 mol
M
hh kh
= 22,25 . 2 = 44,5
t x, y ln lt l s mol ca kh N
2
O v NO
2
.
PTHH xy ra:
8Fe + 30HNO
3
----> 8Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3N
2
O + 15H
2
O
(1)

8mol 3mol
8x/3 x
Fe + 6HNO
3
-----> Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
(2)

1mol 3mol
y/3 y
T l th tch cc kh trn l:
Gi a l thnh phn % theo th tch ca kh N
2
O.
Vy (1 a) l thnh phn % ca kh NO
2
.
Ta c: 44a + 46(1 a) = 44,5
a = 0,75 hay % ca kh N
2
O l 75% v ca kh NO
2
l
25%
T phng trnh phn ng kt hp vi t l th tch ta c:
x = 3y
(I)
---> y = 0,012 v x = 0,036
8x/3 + y/3 = 0,1
(II)


Vy th tch ca cc kh thu c ktc l:
V
N
2
O
= 0,81(lit) v V
NO
2
= 0,27(lit)
Theo phng trnh th:
S mol HNO
3 (phn ng)
= 10n
N
2
O
+ 2n
NO
2
= 10.0,036 + 2.0,012 =
0,384 mol
S mol HNO
3 (cn d)
= 0,4 0,384 = 0,016 mol
S mol Fe(NO
3
)
3
= n
Fe
= 0,1 mol
Vy nng cc cht trong dung dch l:
C
M
(Fe(NO
3
)
3
) = 0,2M
C
M
(HNO
3
)d = 0,032M
Bi 6: ho tan 4,48g Fe phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn
hp HCl 0,5M v H
2
SO
4
0,75M.
Hng dn: Gi s phi dng V(lit) dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,5M
v H
2
SO
4
0,75M
S mol HCl = 0,5V (mol)
S mol H
2
SO
4
= 0,75V (mol)
S mol Fe = 0,08 mol
PTHH xy ra:
Fe + 2HCl ---> FeCl
2
+ H
2
Fe + H
2
SO
4
---> FeSO
4
+ H
2
Theo phng trnh ta c: 0,25V + 0,75V = 0,08
---> V = 0,08 : 1 = 0,08 (lit)
Bi 7: ho tan 4,8g Mg phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp
HCl 1,5M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M.
a/ Tnh th tch dung dch hn hp axit trn cn dng.
b/ Tnh th tch H
2
thu c sau phn ng ktc.
p s:
a/ V
hh dd axit
= 160ml.
b/ Th tch kh H
2
l 4,48 lit.
Bi 8: Ho tan 2,8g mt kim loi ho tr (II) bng mt hn hp gm
80ml dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
0,5M v 200ml dung dch axit HCl 0,2M.
Dung dch thu c c tnh axit v mun trung ho phi dng 1ml
dung dch NaOH 0,2M. Xc nh kim loi ho tr II em phn ng.
Hng dn:
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol ca H
2
SO
4
l 0,04 mol
S mol ca HCl l 0,04 mol
S mol ca NaOH l 0,02 mol
t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II
a, b l s mol ca kim loi R tc dng vi axit H
2
SO
4
v HCl.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Sau khi kim loi tc dng vi kim loi R. S mol ca cc axit cn li l:
S mol ca H
2
SO
4
= 0,04 a (mol)
S mol ca HCl = 0,04 2b (mol)
Vit cc PTHH trung ho:
T PTP ta c:
S mol NaOH phn ng l: (0,04 2b) + 2(0,04 a) = 0,02
---> (a + b) = 0,1 : 2 = 0,05
Vy s mol kim loi R = (a + b) = 0,05 mol
---> M
R
= 2,8 : 0,05 = 56 v R c ho tr II ---> R l Fe.
Bi 9: Chia 7,22g hn hp A gm Fe v R (R l kim loi c ho tr
khng i) thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Phn ng vi dung dch HCl d, thu c 2,128 lit H
2
(ktc)
- Phn 2: Phn ng vi HNO
3
, thu c 1,972 lit NO(ktc)
a/ Xc nh kim loi R.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
a/ Gi 2x, 2y (mol) l s mol Fe, R c trong hn hp A --> S mol Fe,
R trong 1/2 hn hp A l x, y.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra:
Lp cc phng trnh ton hc;
m
hh A
= 56.2x + 2y.M
R
(I)
n
H
2
= x + ny/2 = 0,095 (II)
n
NO
= x + ny/3 = 0,08 (III)
Gii h phng trnh ta c: M
R
= 9n (vi n l ho tr ca R)
Lp bng: Vi n = 3 th M
R
= 27 l ph hp. Vy R l nhm(Al)
b/ %Fe = 46,54% v %Al = 53,46%.
Chuyn 7:
axit tc dng vi baz
(Bi ton hn hp axit tc dng vi hn hp baz)
* Axit n: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO
3
. Ta c n
H
+
= n
A xit

* Axit a: H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4
, H
2
SO
3
. Ta c n
H
+
= 2n
A xit
hoc n
H
+
=
3n
A xit
* Baz n: KOH, NaOH, LiOH. Ta c n
OH


= 2n
BaZ

* Baz a: Ba(OH)
2
, Ca(OH)
2
. Ta c n
OH


= 2n
BaZ

PTHH ca phn ng trung ho: H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
*L u : trong mt hn hp m c nhiu phn ng xy ra th phn
ng trung ho c u tin xy ra trc.
Cch lm:
- Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
- t n s nu bi ton l hn hp.
- Lp phng trnh ton hc
- Gii phng trnh ton hc, tm n.
- Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
Lu :
- Khi gp dung dch hn hp cc axit tc dng vi hn hp cc
baz th dng phng php t cng thc tng ng cho axit
v baz.
- t th tch dung dch cn tm l V(lit)
- Tm V cn nh: n
HX
= n
MOH
.
Bi tp:
Cho t t dung dch H
2
SO
4
vo dung dch NaOH th c cc phn
ng xy ra:
Phn ng u tin to ra mui trung ho trc.
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
( 1 )
Sau khi s mol

H
2
SO
4
= s mol NaOH th c phn ng
H
2
SO
4
+ NaOH NaHSO
4
+ H
2
O
( 2 )

H ng gii : xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra.
t T =
4 2
SO H
NaOH
n
n

- Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng (2) v c th d H
2
SO
4
.
- Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng (1) v c th d NaOH.
- Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn.
Ngc li:
Cho t t dung dch NaOH vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
th c cc phn
ng xy ra:
Phn ng u tin to ra mui axit trc.
H
2
SO
4
+ NaOH NaHSO
4
+ H
2
O
( 1 ) !
V sau NaOH
d
+ NaHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
( 2 ) !
Hoc da vo s mol H
2
SO
4
v s mol NaOH hoc s mol Na
2
SO
4
v NaHSO
4
to thnh sau phn ng lp cc phng trnh ton
hc v gii.
t n x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na
2
SO
4
v NaHSO
4
to thnh sau
phn ng.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch KOH 1,5M trung ho
300ml dung dch A cha H
2
SO
4
0,75M v HCl 1,5M.
p s: V
dd KOH 1,5M
= 0,6(lit)
Bi 2: trung ho 10ml dung dch hn hp axit gm H
2
SO
4
v HCl
cn dng 40ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Mt khc ly 100ml dung
dch axit em trung ho mt lng xt va ri c cn th thu -
c 13,2g mui khan. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axt trong dung
dch ban u.
Hng dn:
t x, y ln lt l nng mol/lit ca axit H
2
SO
4
v axit HCl
Vit PTHH.
Lp h phng trnh:
2x + y = 0,02 (I)
142x + 58,5y = 1,32 (II)
Gii phng trnh ta c:
Nng ca axit HCl l 0,8M v nng ca axit H
2
SO
4
l 0,6M.
Bi 3: Cn bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 0,75M trung ho
400ml hn hp dung dch axit gm H
2
SO
4
0,5M v HCl 1M.
p s: V
NaOH
= 1,07 lit
Bi 4: trung ho 50ml dung dch hn hp axit gm H
2
SO
4
v HCl
cn dng 200ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc ly 100ml dung
dch hn hp axit trn em trung ho vi mt lng dung dch NaOH
va ri c cn th thu c 24,65g mui khan. Tnh nng
mol/l ca mi axit trong dung dch ban u.
p s: Nng ca axit HCl l 3M v nng ca axit H
2
SO
4
l
0,5M
Bi 5: Mt dung dch A cha HCl v H
2
SO
4
theo t l s mol 3:1,
bit 100ml dung dch A c trung ho bi 50ml dung dch NaOH
c cha 20g NaOH/lit.
a/ Tnh nng mol ca mi axit trong A.
b/ 200ml dung dch A phn ng va vi bao nhiu ml dung dch
baz B cha NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)
2
0,1M.
c/ Tnh tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng gia 2 dung
dch A v B.
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c:
n
HCl :
n
H
2
SO
4
= 3:1
t x l s mol ca H
2
SO
4
(A
1
), th 3x l s mol ca HCl (A
2
)
S mol NaOH c trong 1 lt dung dch l:
n
NaOH = 20 : 40 = 0,5 ( mol )
Nng mol/lit ca dung dch NaOH l:
C
M ( NaOH )
= 0,5 : 1 = 0,5M
S mol NaOH dung trong phn ng trung ho l:
n
NaOH = 0,05 * 0,5 = 0,025 mol
PTHH xy ra :
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O (1)
3x 3x
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O (2)
x 2x
T PTHH 1 v 2 ta c : 3x + 2x = 0,025 <--> 5x = 0,025

x = 0,005
Vy
n
H
2
SO
4
= x = 0,005 mol

n
HCl = 3x = 3*0,005 = 0,015 mol
Nng ca cc cht c dung dch A l:
C
M ( A1 )
= 0,005 : 0,1 = 0,05M v C
M ( A2 )
= 0,015 :
0,1 = 0,15M
b/ t HA l axit i din cho 2 axit cho. Trong 200 ml dung
dch A c:
n
HA =
n
HCl +
2n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,015*0,2 + 0,05*0,2*2 = 0,05 mol
t MOH l baz i din v V(lit) l th tch ca dung dch B
cha 2 baz cho:
n
MOH =
n
NaOH +
2n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,2 V + 2 * 0,1 V = 0,4 V
PTP trung ho: HA + MOH MA + H
2
O (3)
Theo PTP ta c
n
MOH =
n
HA = 0,05 mol
Vy: 0,4V = 0,05

V = 0,125 lit = 125 ml


c/ Theo kt qu ca cu b ta c:
n
NaOH = 0,125 * 0,2 = 0,025 mol v
n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,125 * 0,1 =
0,0125 mol
n
HCl = 0,2 * 0,015 = 0,03 mol v
n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,2 * 0,05 = 0,01
mol
V P trn l phn ng trung ho nn cc cht tham gia phn ng
u tc dng ht nn d phn ng no xy ra trc th khi lng
mui thu c sau cng vn khng thay i hay n c bo ton.
m
hh mui
= m
SO
4
+ m
Na
+ m
Ba
+ m
Cl

= 0,01*96 + 0,025*23 + 0,0125*137 + 0,03*35,5
= 0,96 + 1,065 + 0,575 + 1,7125 = 4,3125 gam
Hoc t:
n
NaOH = 0,125 * 0,2 = 0,025 mol

m
NaOH
= 0,025 * 40 = 1g
n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,125 * 0,1 = 0,0125 mol

m
Ba (OH)
2
= 0,0125 * 171 =
2,1375g
n
HCl = 0,2 * 0,015 = 0,03 mol

m
HCl
= 0,03 * 36,5 = 1,095g
n


H
2
SO
4
= 0,2 * 0,05 = 0,01 mol

m
H
2
SO
4
= 0,01 * 98 = 0,98g
p dng l BTKL ta c: m
hh mui
= m
NaOH
+ m
Ba (OH)
2
+ m
HCl
+ m
H
2
SO
4
- m
H
2
O
V s mol:
n
H
2
O =
n
MOH =
n
HA = 0,05 mol.

m
H
2
O
= 0,05 *18 =
0,9g
Vy ta c: m
hh mui
= 1 + 2,1375 + 1,095 + 0,98 0,9 = 4,3125
gam.
Bi 6: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
v NaOH bit rng:
- 30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 200ml dung dch
NaOH v 10ml dung dch KOH 2M.
- 30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung dch
H
2
SO
4
v 5ml dung dch HCl 1M.
p s: Nng ca axit H
2
SO
4
l 0,7M v nng ca dung dch
NaOH l 1,1M.
Bi 7: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO
3
v dung dch KOH
bit:
- 20ml dung dch HNO
3
c trung ho ht bi 60ml dung dch
KOH.
- 20ml dung dch HNO
3
sau khi tc dng ht vi 2g CuO th c
trung ho ht bi 10ml dung dch KOH.
p s: Nng dung dch HNO
3
l 3M v nng dung dch KOH
l 1M.
Bi 8: Mt dd A cha HNO
3
v HCl theo t l 2 : 1 (mol).
a/ Bit rng khi cho 200ml dd A tc dng vi 100ml dd NaOH 1M,
th lng axit d trong A tc dng va vi 50ml Ba(OH)
2
0,2M.
Tnh nng mol/lit ca mi axit trong dd A.
b/ Nu trn 500ml dd A vi 100ml dd B cha NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)
2

0,5M. Hi dd thu c c tnh axit hay baz ?
c/ Phi thm vo dd C bao nhiu lit dd A hoc B c c dd D
trung ho.
/S: a/ C
M [ HCl ]
= 0,2M ; C
M [ H
2
SO
4
]
= 0,4M
b/ dd C c tnh axit, s mol axit d l 0,1 mol.
c/ Phi thm vo dd C vi th tch l 50 ml dd B.
Bi 9: Ho tan 8g hn hp 2 hiroxit kim loi kim nguyn cht
thnh 100ml dung dch X.
a/ 100ml dung dch X c trung ho va bi 800ml dung dch
axit axtic CH
3
COOH, cho 14,72g hn hp mui. Tm tng s mol
hai hiroxit kim loi kim c trong 8g hn hp. Tm nng mol/l
ca dung dch CH
3
COOH.
b/ Xc nh tn hai kim loi kim bit chng thuc 2 chu k k
tip trong bng tun hon. Tm khi lng tng hiroxit trong 8g
hn hp.
Hng dn:
Gi A, B l k hiu ca 2 kim loi kim ( cng chnh l k hiu
KLNT ).
Gi s M
A
< M
B
v R l k hiu chung ca 2 kim loi ---> M
A
< M
R
<
M
B

Trong 8g hn hp c a mol ROH.
a/ Nng mol/l ca CH
3
COOH = 0,16 : 0,8 = 0,2M
b/ M
R
= 33 ---> M
A
= 23(Na) v M
B
= 39(K)
m
NaOH
= 2,4g v m
KOH
= 5,6g.
Chuyn 8:
axit tc dng vi mui
1/ Phn loi axit
Gm 3 loi axit tc dng vi mui.
a/ Axit loi 1:
- Thng gp l HCl, H
2
SO
4
long, HBr,..
- Phn ng xy ra theo c ch trao i.
b/ Axit loi 2:
- L cc axit c tnh oxi ho mnh: HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c.
- Phn ng xy ra theo c ch phn ng oxi ho kh.
c/ Axit loi 3:
- L cc axit c tnh kh.
- Thng gp l HCl, HI, H
2
S.
- Phn ng xy ra theo c ch phn ng oxi ho kh.
2/ Cng thc phn ng.
a/ Cng thc 1:
Mui + Axit ---> Mui mi + Axit mi.
iu kin: Sn phm phi c:
- Kt ta.
- Hoc c cht bay hi(kh).
- Hoc cht in li yu hn.
c bit: Cc mui sunfua ca kim loi k t Pb tr v sau khng
phn ng vi axit loi 1.
V d: Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2 (k)

BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
---> BaSO
4(r)
+ 2HCl
b/ Cng thc 2:
Mui + Axit loi 2 ---> Mui + H
2
O + sn phm kh.
iu kin:
- Mui phi c tnh kh.
- Mui sinh ra sau phn ng th nguyn t kim loi trong mui
phi c ho tr cao nht.
Ch : C 2 nhm mui em phn ng.
- Vi cc mui: CO
3
2-
, NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
, Cl
-
.
+ iu kin: Kim loi trong mui phi l kim loi a ho tr v ho
tr ca kim loi trong mui trc phi ng khng cao nht.
- Vi cc mui: SO
3
2-
, S
2-
, S
2
-
.
+ Phn ng lun xy ra theo cng thc trn vi tt c cc kim loi.
c/ Cng thc 3:
Thng gp vi cc mui st(III). Phn ng xy ra theo quy tc 2.(l
phn ng oxi ho kh)
2FeCl
3
+ H
2
S ---> 2FeCl
2
+ S
(r)
+ 2HCl.
Ch :
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo Na
2
CO
3
(hoc K
2
CO
3
) th c
cc PTHH sau:
Giai on 1 Ch c phn ng.
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
( 1 )
x (mol) x mol x mol
Giai on 2 Ch c phn ng
NaHCO
3
+ HCl
d
NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 2 )
x x
x mol
Hoc ch c mt phn ng khi s mol HCl = 2 ln s mol Na
2
CO
3
.
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 3 )
i vi K
2
CO
3
cng tng t.
H ng gii : xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra
t T =
3 2
CO Na
HCl
n
n

- Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng (1) v c th d Na
2
CO
3
.
- Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng (3) v c th d HCl.
- Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn hoc
c th vit nh sau.
t x l s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
(hoc HCl) tham gia phn ng ( 1 )
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
( 1 )
x (mol) x mol x mol
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 2 ) !
Tnh s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
(hoc HCl) tham gia phn ng(2!)da vo
bi ra v qua phn ng(1).

Th d: Cho t t dung dch cha x(mol) HCl vo y (mol) Na
2
CO
3
(hoc K
2
CO
3
). Hy bin lun v cho bit cc trng hp c th xy ra
vit PTHH , cho bit cht to thnh, cht cn d sau phn ng:
TH 1: x < y
C PTHH: Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
x x x x mol
- Dung dch sau phn ng thu c l: s mol NaHCO
3
= NaCl =
x (mol)
- Cht cn d l Na
2
CO
3
(y x) mol
TH 2: x = y
C PTHH : Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
x x x x mol
- Dung dch sau phn ng thu c l: NaHCO
3
; NaCl
- C 2 cht tham gia phn ng u ht.
TH 3: y < x < 2y
C 2 PTHH: Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
y y y y
mol
sau phn ng (1) dung dch HCl cn d (x y) mol nn tip tc c
phn ng
NaHCO
3
+ HCl NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2
(x y) (x y) (x y)
(x y)
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c x(mol) NaCl v (2y
x)mol NaHCO
3
cn d
TH 4: x = 2y
C PTHH: Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2
y 2y 2y
y mol
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol) NaCl, c 2 cht
tham gia phn ng u ht.
TH 5: x > 2y
C PTHH: Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2
y 2y 2y
y mol
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol) NaCl v cn d (x
2y) mol HCl.
Bi tp 5: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo hn hp mui gm NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
(hoc KHCO
3
v K
2
CO
3
) th c cc PTHH sau:
t x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
.
Giai on 1: Ch c Mui trung ho tham gia phn ng.
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
( 1 )
x (mol) x mol x mol
Giai on 2: Ch c phn ng
NaHCO
3
+ HCl
d
NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 2 )
(x + y) (x + y) (x + y)
mol
i vi K
2
CO
3
v KHCO
3
cng tng t.
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo hn hp mui gm Na
2
CO
3
;
K
2
CO
3
; NaHCO
3
th c cc PTHH sau:
t x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
; NaHCO
3
v K
2
CO
3
.
Giai on 1: Ch c Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
phn ng.
Na
2
CO
3
+ HCl NaHCO
3
+ NaCl
( 1 )
x (mol) x x x
K
2
CO
3
+ HCl KHCO
3
+ KCl
( 2 )
z (mol) z z z
Giai on 2: c cc phn ng
NaHCO
3
+ HCl
d
NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2
( 3 )
(x + y) (x + y)
(x + y) mol
KHCO
3
+ HCl
d
KCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 4 )
z (mol) z z mol
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch NaAlO
2
th c cc
PTHH sau.
NaAlO
2
+ HCl + H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ NaCl
( 1 )
Al(OH)
3
+ 3HCl
d
AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
( 2 )
NaAlO
2
+ 4HCl AlCl
3
+ NaCl + 2H
2
O
( 3 )
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan Na
2
CO
3
vo V(ml) hn hp dung dch axit HCl 0,5M v
H
2
SO
4
1,5M th thu c mt dung dch A v 7,84 lit kh B (ktc).
C cn dung dch A thu c 48,45g mui khan.
a/ Tnh V(ml) hn hp dung dch axit dng?
b/ Tnh khi lng Na
2
CO
3
b ho tan.
Hng dn:
Gi s phi dng V(lit) dung dch gm HCl 0,5M v H
2
SO
4
1,5M.
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2
0,25V 0,5V 0,5V 0,25V (mol)
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
---> Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2

1,5V 1,5V 1,5V 1,5V (mol)
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol CO
2
= 0,25V + 1,5V = 7,84 : 22,4 = 0,35 (mol) (I)
Khi lng mui thu c: 58,5.0,5V + 142.1,5V = 48,45 (g) (II)
V = 0,2 (l) = 200ml.
S mol Na
2
CO
3
= s mol CO
2
= 0,35 mol
Vy khi lng Na
2
CO
3
b ho tan:
m
Na
2
CO
3
= 0,35 . 106 = 37,1g.
Bi 2:
a/ Cho 13,8 gam (A) l mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim vo 110ml
dung dch HCl 2M. Sau phn ng thy cn axit trong dung dch thu
c v th tch kh thot ra V
1
vt qu 2016ml. Vit phng trnh
phn ng, tm (A) v tnh V
1
(ktc).
b/ Ho tan 13,8g (A) trn vo nc. Va khuy va thm tng git
dung dch HCl 1M cho ti 180ml dung dch axit, thu c V
2
lit
kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh V
2
(ktc).
Hng dn:
a/ M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl ---> 2MCl + H
2
O + CO
2

Theo PTHH ta c:
S mol M
2
CO
3
= s mol CO
2
> 2,016 : 22,4 = 0,09 mol
---> Khi lng mol M
2
CO
3
< 13,8 : 0,09 = 153,33 (I)
Mt khc: S mol M
2
CO
3 phn ng
= 1/2 s mol HCl < 1/2. 0,11.2 =
0,11 mol
---> Khi lng mol M
2
CO
3
= 13,8 : 0,11 = 125,45 (II)
T (I, II) --> 125,45 < M
2
CO
3
< 153,33 ---> 32,5 < M < 46,5 v M l
kim loi kim
---> M l Kali (K)
Vy s mol CO
2
= s mol K
2
CO
3
= 13,8 : 138 = 0,1 mol ---> V
CO
2
=
2,24 (lit)
b/ Gii tng t: ---> V
2
= 1,792 (lit)
Bi 3: Ho tan CaCO
3
vo 100ml hn hp dung dch gm axit HCl v
axit H
2
SO
4
th thu c dung dch A v 5,6 lit kh B (ktc), c cn
dung dch A th thu c 32,7g mui khan.
a/ Tnh nng mol/l mi axit trong hn hp dung dch ban u.
b/ Tnh khi lng CaCO
3
dng.
Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo
dung dch HCl d, th c kh thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th
vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,46M thu c 8,274g kt ta. Tm
cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II.
p s:
- TH
1
khi Ba(OH)
2
d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO
3
v kim loi
ho tr II l Ca.
- TH
2
khi Ba(OH)
2
thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO
3
v kim
loi ho tr II l Mg.
Bi 5: Cho 1,16g mui cacbonat ca kim loi R tc dng ht vi
HNO
3
, thu c 0,448 lit hn hp G gm 2 kh c t khi hi so vi
hiro bng 22,5. Xc nh cng thc mui (bit th tch cc kh
o ktc).
Hng dn:
Hn hp G gm c kh CO
2
v kh cn li l kh X.
C d
hh G/ H
2
= 22,5 --> M
TB ca hh G
= 22,5 . 2 = 45
M M
CO
2
= 44 < 45 ---> M
kh X
> 45. nhn thy trong cc kh ch c
NO
2
v SO
2
c khi lng phn t ln hn 45. Trong trng hp ny
kh X ch c th l NO
2
.
t a, b ln lt l s mol ca CO
2
v NO
2
.
Ta c h n
hh G
= a + b = 0,02 a = 0,01
M
TB hh G
=
b a
b a
+
+46 44
= 45 b = 0,01
PTHH:
R
2
(CO
3
)
n
+ (4m 2n)HNO
3
---> 2R(NO
3
)
m
+ (2m 2n)NO
2
+ nCO
2
+
(2m
n)H
2
O.
2M
R
+ 60n 2m 2n
1,16g 0,01 mol
Theo PTHH ta c:
16 , 1
60 2 n M
R
+
=
01 , 0
2 2 n m
----> M
R
= 116m 146n
Lp bng: iu kin 1 n m 4
n 1 2 2 3 3
m 3 2 3 3 4
M
R
56
Ch c cp nghim n = 2, m = 3 --> M
R
= 56 l ph hp. Vy R l
Fe
CTHH: FeCO
3
Bi 6: Cho 5,25g mui cacbonat ca kim loi M tc dng ht vi
HNO
3
, thu c 0,336 lit kh NO v V lit CO
2
. Xc nh cng thc
mui v tnh V. (bit th tch cc kh c o ktc)
p s: Gii tng t bi 3 ---> CTHH l FeCO
3

Bi 7: Ho tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v MgCO
3
bng dung
dch HCl d thu c 0,672 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Tnh thnh phn % s
mol mi mui trong hn hp.
Bi gii
Cc PTHH xy ra:
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
(1)
MgCO
3
+ 2HCl MgCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
(2)
T (1) v (2)

n
hh
= n
CO
2
=
4 , 22
672 , 0
= 0,03 (mol)
Gi x l thnh phn % s mol ca CaCO
3
trong hn hp th (1 - x) l
thnh phn % s mol ca MgCO
3
.
Ta c M
2 mui
= 100x + 84(1 - x) =
03 , 0
84 , 2

x = 0,67

% s mol CaCO
3
= 67% ; % s mol MgCO
3
= 100 - 67 = 33%.
Bi 8: Ho tan 174 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca
cng mt kim loi kim vo dung dch HCl d. Ton b kh thot ra
c hp th ti thiu bi 500 ml dung dch KOH 3M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi kim.
b/ Xc nh % s mol mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
Bi gii
cc PTHH xy ra:
M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2MCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
(1)
M
2
SO
3
+ 2HCl 2MCl + SO
2
+ H
2
O
(2)
Ton b kh CO
2
v SO
2
hp th mt lng ti thiu KOH

sn
phm l mui axit.
CO
2
+ KOH KHCO
3

(3)
SO
2
+ KOH KHSO
3

(4)
T (1), (2), (3) v (4)
suy ra: n
2 mui
= n
2 kh
= n
KOH
=
1000
3 . 500
= 1,5 (mol)

M
2 mui
=
5 , 1
174
= 116 (g/mol)

2M + 60 < M < 2M + 80

18 < M < 28, v M l kim loi kim, vy M = 23 l Na.


b/ Nhn thy M
2 mui
=
2
126 106 +
= 116 (g/mol).

% n
Na
2
CO
3
=
n
Na
2
SO
3
= 50%.
Chuyn 9:
Dung dch baz tc dng vi
mui.
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)
2

(hoc Ca(OH)
2
) vo dung dch AlCl
3
th c cc PTHH sau.
3NaOH + AlCl
3
Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
( 1 )
NaOH
d
+ Al(OH)
3
NaAlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
( 2 )
4NaOH + AlCl
3
NaAlO
2
+ 3NaCl + 2H
2
O
( 3 )

v:
3Ba(OH)
2
+ 2AlCl
3
2Al(OH)
3
+ 3BaCl
2

( 1 )
Ba(OH)
2

d
+ 2Al(OH)
3
Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 4H
2
O
( 2 )
4Ba(OH)
2
+ 2AlCl
3
Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3BaCl
2
+ 4H
2
O
( 3 )

Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch AlCl
3
vo dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH)
hay Ba(OH)
2
(hoc Ca(OH)
2
) ch c PTHH sau:
AlCl
3
+ 4NaOH NaAlO
2
+ 3NaCl + 2H
2
O
v 2AlCl
3
+ 4Ba(OH)
2
----> Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3BaCl
2
+ 4H
2
O
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)
2

(hoc Ca(OH)
2
) vo dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
th c cc PTHH sau.
6NaOH + Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
2Al(OH)
3
+ 3Na
2
SO
4

( 1 )
NaOH
d
+ Al(OH)
3
NaAlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
( 2 )
8NaOH + Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
2NaAlO
2
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
+
4H
2
O
( 3 )
V:
3Ba(OH)
2
+ Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
2Al(OH)
3
+ 3BaSO
4

( 1 )
Ba(OH)
2

d
+ 2Al(OH)
3
Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 4H
2
O
( 2 )
4Ba(OH)
2
+ Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3BaSO
4
+ 4H
2
O
( 3 )

Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
vo dung dch NaOH (hoc
KOH) hay Ba(OH)
2
(hoc Ca(OH)
2
) th c PTHH no xy ra?
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 8NaOH 2NaAlO
2
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
+ 4H
2
O
(3 )/
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 4Ba(OH)
2
Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3BaSO
4
+ 4H
2
O
(3 )//

Mt s phn ng c bit:
NaHSO
4 (dd)
+ NaAlO
2
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ Na
2
SO
4

NaAlO
2
+ HCl + H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ NaCl
NaAlO
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ NaHCO
3

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cho 200 ml dd gm MgCl
2
0,3M; AlCl
3
0,45; HCl

0,55M tc
dng hon ton vi V(lt) dd C cha NaOH 0,02 M v Ba(OH)
2
0,01
M. Hy tnh th tich V(lt) cn dng thu c kt ta ln nht v
lng kt ta nh nht. Tnh lng kt ta . (gi s khi Mg(OH)
2
kt
ta ht th Al(OH)
3
tan trong kim khng ng k)
H ng dn gi i :
n
HCl
= 0,11mol ; n
MgCl
2
= 0,06 mol ; n
AlCl
3
= 0,09 mol.
Tng s mol OH
-

= 0,04 V (*)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
H
+
+ OH
-

H
2
O (1)
Mg
2+
+ OH
-

Mg(OH)
2
(2)
Al
3+
+ 3OH
-

Al(OH)
3
(3)
Al(OH)
3
+ OH
-

AlO
2
-

+ 2H
2
O (4)
Tr ng hp 1 : c kt ta ln nht th ch c cc phn ng
(1,2,3 ).
Vy tng s mol OH
-
dng l: 0,11 + 0,06 x 2 + 0,09 x 3 = 0,5
mol (**)
T (*) v (**) ta c Th tch dd cn dng l: V = 0,5 : 0,04 = 12,5
(lit)
m
Kt ta
= 0,06 x 58 + 0,09 x 78 = 10,5 g
Tr ng hp 2 : c kt ta nh nht th ngoi cc p (1, 2, 3) th
cn c p (4) na.
Khi lng Al(OH)
3
tan ht ch cn li Mg(OH)
2
, cht rn cn li l:
0,06 x 58 = 3,48 g
V lng OH
-
cn dng thm cho p (4) l 0,09 mol.
Vy tng s mol OH
-
tham gia p l: 0,5 + 0,09 = 0,59 mol
Th tch dd C cn dng l: 0,59/ 0,04 = 14,75 (lit)
Bi 2: Cho 200ml dung dch NaOH vo 200g dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3

1,71%. Sau phn ng thu c 0,78g kt ta. Tnh nng mol/l
ca dung dch NaOH tham gia phn ng.
p s:
TH
1
: NaOH thiu
S mol NaOH = 3s mol Al(OH)
3
= 3. 0,01 = 0,03 mol ---> C
M NaOH
=
0,15M
TH
2
: NaOH d ---> C
M NaOH
= 0,35M
Bi 3: Cho 400ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo 160ml dung dch hn
hp cha Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,125M v Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,25M. Sau phn ng tch
kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i c cht rn C.
a/ Tnh m
rn C
.
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca mui to thnh trong dung dch.
p s:
a/ m
rn C
= 0,02 . 160 + 0,02 . 102 = 5,24g
b/ Nng ca Na
2
SO
4
= 0,18 : 0,56 = 0,32M v nng ca
NaAlO
2
= 0,07M
Bi 4: Cho 200g dung dch Ba(OH)
2
17,1% vo 500g dung dch hn
hp (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
1,32% v CuSO
4
2%. Sau khi kt thc tt c cc phn
ng ta thu c kh A, kt ta B v dung dch C.
a/ Tnh th tch kh A (ktc)
b/ Ly kt ta B ra sch v nung nhit cao n khi lng khng
i th c bao nhiu gam rn?
c/ Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong C.
p s:
a/ Kh A l NH
3
c th tch l 2,24 lit
b/ Khi lng BaSO
4
= 0,1125 . 233 = 26,2g v m
CuO
= 0,0625 . 80 =
5g
c/ Khi lng Ba(OH)
2
d = 0,0875 . 171 = 14,96g
m
dd
= Tng khi lng cc cht em trn - m
kt ta
- m
kh
m
dd
= 500 + 200 26,21 6,12 1,7 = 666g
Nng % ca dung dch Ba(OH)
2
= 2,25%
Bi 5: Cho mt mu Na vo 200ml dung dch AlCl
3
thu c 2,8 lit
kh (ktc) v mt kt ta A. Nung A n khi lng khng i thu
c 2,55 gam cht rn. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch AlCl
3
.
Hng dn:
m
rn
: Al
2
O
3
--> s mol ca Al
2
O
3
= 0,025 mol ---> s mol Al(OH)
3
=
0,05 mol
s mol NaOH = 2s mol H
2
= 0,25 mol.
TH
1
: NaOH thiu, ch c phn ng.
3NaOH + AlCl
3
---> Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
Khng xy ra v s mol Al(OH)
3
to ra trong phn ng > s mol
Al(OH)
3
cho.
TH
2
: NaOH d, c 2 phn ng xy ra.
3NaOH + AlCl
3
---> Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
0,15 0,05 0,05 mol
4NaOH + AlCl
3
---> NaAlO
2
+ 3NaCl + H
2
O
(0,25 0,15) 0,025
Tng s mol AlCl
3
phn ng 2 phng trnh l 0,075 mol
----> Nng ca AlCl
3
= 0,375M
Bi 6: Cho 200ml dung dch NaOH x(M) tc dng vi 120 ml dung
dch AlCl
3
1M, sau cng thu c 7,8g kt ta. Tnh tr s x?
p s:
- TH
1
: Nng AlCl
3
= 1,5M
- TH
2
: Nng AlCl
3
= 1,9M
Bi 7: Cho 9,2g Na vo 160ml dung dch A c khi lng ring
1,25g/ml cha Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,125M v Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,25M. Sau khi phn
ng kt thc ngi ta tch kt ta v em nung nng n khi lng
khng i thu c cht rn.
a/ Tnh khi lng cht rn thu c.
b/ Tnh nng % ca dung dch mui thu c.
p s:
a/
m
Fe
2
O
3
= 3,2g v
m
Al
2
O
3
= 2,04g.
b/ Nng % ca cc dung dch l: C%(Na
2
SO
4
) = 12,71% v C%
(NaAlO
2
) = 1,63%
Chuyn 10:
Hai dung dch mui tc dng vi
nhau.
Cng thc 1:
Mui + Mui ---> 2 Mui mi
iu kin:
- Mui phn ng: tan hoc tan t trong nc.
- Sn phm phi c cht:
+ Kt ta.
+ Hoc bay hi
+ Hoc cht in li yu. H
2
O
V d: BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
---> BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
Cng thc 2:
Cc mui ca kim loi nhm, km, st(III) ---> Gi chung l mui A
Phn ng vi cc mui c cha cc gc axit: CO
3
, HCO
3
, SO
3
, HSO
3
, S,
HS, AlO
2
---> Gi chung l mui B.
Phn ng xy ra theo quy lut:
Mui A + H
2
O ----> Hiroxit
(r)
+ Axit
Axit + Mui B ----> Mui mi + Axit mi.
V d: FeCl
3
phn ng vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3

2FeCl
3
+ 6H
2
O

-----> 2Fe(OH)
3
+ 6HCl
6HCl + 3Na
2
CO
3
---> 6NaCl + 3CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
PT tng hp:
2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O + 3Na
2
CO
3
---> 2Fe(OH)
3
+ 3CO
2
+ 6NaCl.
Cng thc 3:
Xy ra khi gp st, phn ng xy ra theo quy tc 2.
V d:
AgNO
3
+ Fe(NO
3
)
2
---> Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ Ag.
Bi 1: Cho 0,1mol FeCl
3
tc dng ht vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
d, thu -
c cht kh B v kt ta C. em nung C n khi lng khng i
thu c cht rn D. Tnh th tch kh B (ktc) v khi lng cht
rn D.
p s:
- Th tch kh CO
2
l 3,36 lit
- Rn D l Fe
2
O
3
c khi lng l 8g
Bi 2: Trn 100g dung dch AgNO
3
17% vi 200g dung dch
Fe(NO
3
)
2
18% thu c dung dch A c khi lng ring (D =
1,446g/ml). Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch A.
p s:
- Dung dch A gm Fe(NO
3
)
2
0,1 mol v Fe(NO
3
)
3
0,1 mol.
- Nng mol/l ca cc cht l: C
M
(Fe(NO
3
)
2
) = C
M
(Fe(NO
3
)
3
) =
0,5M
Bi 3: Cho 500ml dung dch A gm BaCl
2
v MgCl
2
phn ng vi
120ml dung dch Na
2
SO
4
0,5M d, thu c 11,65g kt ta. em phn
dung dch c cn thu c 16,77g hn hp mui khan. Xc nh
nng mol/l cc cht trong dung dch.
Hng dn:
Phn ng ca dung dch A vi dung dch Na
2
SO
4
.
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
----> BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
0,05 0,05 0,05 0,1 mol
Theo (1) s mol BaCl
2
trng dd A l 0,05 mol v s mol NaCl = 0,1
mol.
S mol Na
2
SO
4
cn d l 0,06 0,05 = 0,01 mol
S mol MgCl
2
=
95
5 , 58 . 1 , 0 142 . 01 , 0 77 , 16
= 0,1 mol.
Vy trong 500ml dd A c 0,05 mol BaCl
2
v 0,1 mol MgCl
2
.
---> Nng ca BaCl
2
= 0,1M v nng ca MgCl
2
= 0,2M.
Bi 4: Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX, NaY (X, Y l 2 halogen 2 chu k
lin tip) vo dung dch AgNO
3
d, thu c 57,34g kt ta. Tm
cng thc ca NaX, NaY v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca
mi mui.
Hng dn;
* TH
1
: X l Flo(F) --> Y l Cl. Vy kt ta l AgCl.
Hn hp 2 mui cn tm l NaF v NaCl
PTHH: NaCl + AgNO
3
---> AgCl + NaNO
3

Theo PT (1) th n
NaCl
= n
AgCl
= 0,4 mol ---> %NaCl = 73,49% v
%NaF = 26,51%.
* TH
2
: X khng phi l Flo(F).
Gi Na X l cng thc i din cho 2 mui.
PTHH: Na X + AgNO
3
---> Ag X + NaNO
3

(23 + X ) (108 + X )
31,84g 57,34g
Theo PT(2) ta c:
31,84
X 23 +
=
34 , 57
108 X +
---> X = 83,13
Vy hn hp 2 mui cn tm l NaBr v NaI ---> %NaBr = 90,58%
v %NaI = 9,42%
Bi 5: Dung dch A cha 7,2g XSO
4
v Y
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Cho dung dch
Pb(NO
3
)
2
tc dng vi dung dch A (va ), thu c 15,15g kt ta
v dung dch B.
a/ Xc nh khi lng mui c trong dung dch B.
b/ Tnh X, Y bit t l s mol XSO
4
v Y
2
(SO
4
)
3
trong dung dch A l
2 : 1 v t l khi lng mol nguyn t ca X v Y l 8 : 7.
Hng dn:
PTHH xy ra:
XSO
4
+ Pb(NO
3
)
2
---> PbSO
4
+ X(NO
3
)
2

x x x mol
Y
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Pb(NO
3
)
2
---> 3PbSO
4
+ 2Y(NO
3
)
3

y 3y 2y
Theo PT (1, 2) v cho ta c:
m
hh mui
= (X+96)x + (2Y+3.96)y = 7,2 (I) ---> X.x + 2Y.y = 2,4
Tng khi lng kt ta l 15,15g --> S mol PbSO
4
= x + 3y =
15,15/303 = 0,05 mol
Gii h ta c: m
mui trong dd B
= 8,6g
(c th p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng)
Theo ra v kt qu ca cu a ta c:
x : y = 2 : 1
X : Y = 8 : 7
x + 3y = 0,05
X.x + 2.Y.y = 2,4
---> X l Cu v Y l Fe
Vy 2 mui cn tm l CuSO
4
v Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
Bi 6: C 1 lit dung dch hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
0,1M v (NH
4
)
2
CO
3

0,25M. Cho 43g hn hp BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
vo dung dch trn. Sau khi
cc phn ng kt thc thu c 39,7g kt ta A v dung dch B.
a/ Chng minh mui cacbonat cn d.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong A.
c/ Cho dung dch HCl d vo dung dch B. Sau phn ng c cn dung
dch v nung cht rn cn li ti khi lng khng i thu c rn
X. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng rn X.
Hng dn:
chng minh mui cacbonat d, ta chng minh m
mui phn ng
< m
mui
ban u

Ta c: S mol Na
2
CO
3
= 0,1 mol v s mol (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
= 0,25 mol.
Tng s mol CO
3
ban u = 0,35 mol
Phn ng to kt ta:
BaCl
2
+ CO
3
----> BaCO
3
+ 2Cl
CaCl
2
+ CO
3
---> CaCO
3
+ 2Cl
Theo PTHH ta thy: Tng s mol CO
3
phn ng = (43 39,7) : 11 =
0,3 mol.
Vy s mol CO
3
phn ng < s mol CO
3
ban u.---> s mol CO
3
d
b/ V CO
3
d nn 2 mui CaCl
2
v BaCl
2
phn ng ht.
m
mui kt ta
= 197x + 100y = 39,7
Tng s mol Cl phn ng = x + y = 0,3
----> x = 0,1 v y = 0,2
Kt ta A c thnh phn: %BaCO
3
= 49,62% v %CaCO
3
= 50,38%
c/ Cht rn X ch c NaCl. ---> %NaCl = 100%.
Chuyn 11:
bi ton hn hp kim loi.
Thng gp di dng kim loi phn ng vi axit, baz, mui v
vi nc.
Dy hot ng ho hc ca kim loi.
K, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, (H), Cu, Ag, Au
(Khi No May A Zp St Phi Hi Cc Bc Vng)
ngha:
K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
+ O
2
: nhit thng nhit cao Kh
phn ng

K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
Tc dng vi nc Khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng
K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
Tc dng vi cc axit thng thng gii phng Hidro Khng tc
dng.
K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra
khi mui
K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
H2, CO khng kh c oxit kh c oxit cc kim loi ny
nhit cao
Ch :
- Cc kim loi ng trc Mg phn ng vi nc nhit thng
to thnh dd Kim v gii phng kh Hidro.
- Tr Au v Pt, cc kim loi khc u c th tc dng vi HNO
3

v H
2
SO
4
c nhng khng gii phng Hidro.
ngha ca dy hot ng ho hc
K Na Ba Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg
Ag Pt Au
- Dy c sp xp theo chiu gim dn tnh hot ng ho hc
(t tri sang phi)
- Mt s kim loi va tc dng c vi axit v vi nc: K, Na, Ba, Ca
Kim loi + H
2
O ----> Dung dch baz + H
2

- Kim loi va tc dng vi axit, va tc dng vi baz: (Be), Al, Zn,
Cr
2A + 2(4 n)NaOH + 2(n 2)H
2
O ---> 2Na
4 n
AO
2
+ nH
2

V d: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H
2
O ----> 2NaAlO
2
+ 3H
2
2Al + Ba(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O ----> Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3H
2
Zn + 2NaOH ---> Na
2
ZnO
2
+ H
2
Zn + Ba(OH)
2
---> BaZnO
2
+ H
2
- Kim loi ng trc H tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl, H
2
SO
4
long
to mui v gii phng H
2
.
Kim loi + Axit ----> Mui + H
2
Lu : Kim loi trong mui c ho tr thp (i vi kim loi a ho
tr)
- K t Mg tr i kim loi ng trc y c kim loi ng sau ra
khi mui ca chng. theo quy tc:
Cht kh mnh + cht oxi ha mnh cht oxi ho yu + cht
kh yu.
Lu : nhng kim loi u dy (kim loi tc dng c vi nc) th
khng tun theo quy tc trn m n xy ra theo cc bc sau:
Kim loi kim (hoc kim th) + H
2
O Dung dch baz
+ H
2

Sau : Dung dch baz + dung dch mui Mui mi +
Baz mi (*)
iu kin(*): Cht to thnh phi c t nht 1 cht kt ta (khng
tan).
VD: cho Ba vo dung dch CuSO
4
.
Trc tin: Ba + 2H
2
O Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2

Ba(OH)
2
+ CuSO
4
Cu(OH)
2
+ BaSO
4

c bit: Cu + 2FeCl
3
---> CuCl
2
+ 2FeCl
2

Cu + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
---> CuSO
4
+ 2FeSO
4

Cc bi ton vn dng s mol trung bnh
v xc nh khong s mol ca cht.
1/ i vi cht kh. (hn hp gm c 2 kh)
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 lit hn hp kh ktc:
M
TB
=
V
V M V M
4 , 22
2 1 2 1
+
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 mol hn hp kh ktc:
M
TB
=
V
V M V M
2 2 1 1
+
Hoc: M
TB
=
n
n n M n M ) (
1 2 1 1
+
(n l tng s mol kh trong hn
hp)
Hoc: M
TB
=
1
) 1 (
1 2 1 1
x M x M +
(x
1
l % ca kh th nht)
Hoc: M
TB
= d
hh/kh x
. M
x
2/ i vi cht rn, lng. M
TB ca hh
=
hh
hh
n
m
Tnh cht 1:
M
TB ca hh
c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht
thnh phn trong hn hp.
Tnh cht 2:
M
TB ca hh
lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cc
cht thnh phn nh nht v ln nht.
M
min
< n
hh
< M
max
Tnh cht 3:
Hn hp 2 cht A, B c M
A
< M
B
v c thnh phn % theo s mol
l a(%) v b(%)
Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.
B
B
M
m
< n
hh
<
A
A
M
m
Gi s A hoc B c % = 100% v cht kia c % = 0 hoc ngc li.
L u :
- Vi bi ton hn hp 2 cht A, B (cha bit s mol) cng tc dng vi 1
hoc c 2 cht X, Y ( bit s mol). bit sau phn ng ht
A, B hay X, Y cha. C th gi thit hn hp A, B ch cha 1 cht A
hoc B
- Vi M
A
< M
B
nu hn hp ch cha A th:
n
A
=
A
hh
M
m
> n
hh
=
hh
hh
M
m
Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc
dng ht vi hn hp A, B
- Vi M
A
< M
B
, nu hn hp ch cha B th:
n
B
=
B
hh
M
m
< n
hh
=
hh
hh
M
m
Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng cha vi B th cng khng tc
dng ht vi hn hp A, B.
Ngha l sau phn ng X, Y ht, cn A, B d.
V d 1: Cho 22,2 gam hn hp gm Fe, Al tan hon ton trong HCl,
ta thu c 13,44 lt H
2
(ktc). Tnh thnh phn % khi lng mi
cht trong hn hp v khi lng mui clorua khan thu c.
Bi gii
V phn ng hon ton nn ta c th thay hn hp Fe, Al bng kim
loi tng ng M c ho tr n . Gi x l s mol Fe trong 1 mol hn
hp.
M = 56.x + 27(1 - x)
n = 2.x + 3(1 - x)
PTHH: M + n HCl M Cl
n
+
2
n
H
2

M
2 , 22

M
2 , 22

M
2 , 22
.
2
n
Theo bi ra:
M
2 , 22
.
2
n
= n
H
2

=
4 , 22
44 , 13
= 0,6 (mol)


[ ]
[ ] 2 . ) 1 ( 27 56
) 1 ( 3 2 2 , 22
x x
x x
+
+
= 0,6

x = 0,6 mol Fe v 0,4 mol Al


M = 0,6.56 + 27.0,4 = 44,4 (g/mol)
% Fe =
4 , 44
56 . 6 , 0
.100% = 75,67%
% Al = 100 - 75,67 = 24,33%
Ta c n = 0,6.2 + 0,4.3 = 2,4 (mol)
Khi lng mui clorua khan:
m =
M
2 , 22
( M + 35,5. n ) = 22,2 +
4 , 44
4 , 2 . 5 , 35
.22,2 = 64,8 gam.
Ch : C th p dng KLMTB ca mt hn hp vo bi ton xc
nh tn kim loi. Thng thng l bi ton hn hp hai kim loi
thuc 2 chu k, hai phn nhm k tip, ...
V d 2: Khi cho 3,1 gam hn hp hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k
lin tip tc dng ht vi nc ta thu c 1,12 lt H
2
(ktc). Xc nh
hai kim loi v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp.
Bi gii
V phn ng xy ra hon ton nn ta c th thay th hn hp hai
kim loi kim bng mt kim loi tng ng A c ho tr 1 (kim loi
kim)
2 A + 2H
2
O 2 AOH + H
2

(1)
Theo (1)

n
A
= 2n
H
2
= 2
4 , 22
12 , 1
= 0,1 (mol)

A =
1 , 0
1 , 3
= 31 g/mol

Na = 23 < A = 31 < K = 39
Mt khc: A = 31 =
2
39 23 +

s mol hai cht bng nhau


ngha l trong 1 mol hn hp mi kim loi c 0,5 mol. Thnh
phn % khi lng:
% Na =
31
23 . 5 , 0
.100 = 37,1% v % K = (100 - 37,1)% = 62,9%.
Nhn xt: S dng cc i lng trung bnh s cho php chng
ta gii quyt nhanh cc bi tp ho hc.
A- hn hp Kim loi tc dng vi axit
Bi 1: Cho 10g hn hp gm Zn v Cu tc dng vi dung dch axit
H
2
SO
4
long th thu c 2,24 lit H
2
(ktc). Tnh thnh phn % v
khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
p s:
Bi 2: Ho tan 5,2g hn hp gm Mg v Fe bng dung dch axit HCl
1M, th thu dc 3,36 lit H
2
(ktc).
a/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch axit HCl dng.
p s:
a/
b/
Bi 3: Cho mt lng hn hp gm Ag v Zn tc dng vi lng d dung
dch axit H
2
SO
4
, thu c 5,6 lit kh H
2
(ktc). Sau phn ng thy
cn 6,25g mt cht rn khng tan. Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng
mi kim loi trong hn hp.
p s:
Bi 4: Ho tan hon ton 15,3g hn hp gm Mg v Zn bng dung
dch axit HCl 1M th thu c 6,72 lit H
2
(ktc).
a/ Xc nh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch axit HCl cn dng.
p s:
a/ m
Mg
= 2,46g v m
Zn
= 12,84g v b/ V
dd HCl 1M
= 0,6 lit.
Bi 5: A l hn hp gm: Ba, Al, Mg.
- Ly m gam A cho tc dng vi nc ti khi ht phn ng thy thot
ra 3,36 lit H
2
(ktc).
- Ly m gam A cho vo dung dch xt d ti khi ht phn ng thy
thot ra 6,72 lt H
2
(ktc).
- Ly m gam A ho tan bng mt lng va dung dch axit HCl
th thu c mt dung dch v 8,96 lit H
2
(ktc).
Hy tnh m gam v thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi
trong hn hp.
p s:
m = 24,65g trong m
Ba
= 19,55g, m
Al
= 2,7g, m
Mg
= 2,4g.
Bi 3: Ho tan hn hp gm Fe, Zn trong 500ml dung dch HCl 0,4M
c dung dch A v 10,52g mui khan.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch B gm NaOH 0,02M v Ba(OH)
2
cn
dng trung ho dung dch A.
p s:
a/ %Fe = 46,28% v %Zn = 53,72%
b/ V
dd B
= 1(lit)
Bi 7: Ho tan ht 12g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ho tr II
khng i) vo 200ml dung dch HCl 3,5M thu c 6,72 lit kh
(ktc). Mt khc ly 3,6g kim loi M tan ht vo 400ml dung dch
H
2
SO
4
nng 1M th H
2
SO
4
cn d.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe, M trong hn hp.
p s:
a/ M l Mg.
b/ %Mg = 30% v %Fe = 70%.
Bi 8: Ho tan ht 11,3g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi R (ho tr II
khng i) vo 300ml dung dch HCl 2,5M thu c 6,72 lit kh
(ktc). Mt khc ly 4,8g kim loi M tan ht vo 200ml dung dch
H
2
SO
4
nng 2M th H
2
SO
4
cn d.
a/ Xc nh kim loi R.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe, R trong hn hp.
p s:
a/ v b/
Bi 9: Ho tan ht 12,1g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ho tr II
khng i) vo 150ml dung dch HCl 3M th thu c 4,48 lit kh
(ktc). Mt khc mun ho tan ht 4,875g kim loi M th cn phi
dng 100ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,75M, dung dch thu c khng lm
i mu giy qu.
Bi 10: Hn hp A gm Mg v kim loi M ho tr III, ng trc hir
trong dy hot ng ho hc. Ho tan hon ton 1,275 g A vo
125ml dd B cha ng thi HCl nng C
1
(M) v H
2
SO
4
nng
C
2
(M). Thy thot ra 1400 ml kh H
2
( ktc) v dd D. trung ho
hon ton lng a xt d trong D cn dng 50ml dd Ba(OH)
2
1M. Sau
khi trung ho dd D cn thu c 0,0375mol mt cht rn khng ho
tan trong HCl.
a/ Vit cc PTP xy ra.
b/ Tnh C
1
v C
2
ca dd B.
c/ Tm NTK ca kim loi M (A
M
) v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn
hp A em th nghim.
Bit rng ho tan 1,35g M cn dng khng qu 200ml dd HCl
1M.
H ng dn gii :
a/ cc PTHH xy ra.
Mg + 2H
+
Mg
2+
+ H
2
(1)
2M + 6H
+
2M
3+
+ 3H
2
(2)
Trong dd D c cc Ion: H
+
d , Cl
-
, SO
4
2-
, Mg
2+
, M
3+
.
Trung ho dd D bng Ba(OH)
2
.
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O (3)
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
(4)
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol OH
-
= 2 s mol Ba(OH)
2
= 0,05 . 1 . 2 = 0,1 mol
S mol Ba
2+
= s mol Ba(OH)
2
= 0,05 mol.
b/ S mol H
+
trong dd B = 0,125C
1
+ 2 . 0,125C
2

s mol H
+
tham gia cc phn ng (1,2,3) l: 0,0625 . 2 + 0,1 =
0,225 mol
( V s mol ca H
2
thot ra = 0,0625 mol )
Ta c: 0,125C
1
+ 2 . 0,125C
2
= 0,225 (*)
Mt khc , s mol Ba
2+
= 0,05 mol > s mol ca BaSO
4
= 0,0375
mol.
Nh vy chng t SO
4
2-
phn ng ht v Ba
2+
cn d.
Do s mol ca SO
4
2-
= s mol ca BaSO
4
= 0,0375 mol.
Nn ta c nng mol/ lit ca dd H
2
SO
4
l: C
2
= 0,0375 : 0,125
= 0,3M
V s mol ca H
2
SO
4
= s mol ca SO
4
2-
= 0,0375 (mol)
Thay v ( * ) ta c: C
1
= 1,2 M
c/ PTP ho tan M trong HCl.
2M + 6HCl 2MCl
3
+ 3H
2
(5)
S mol HCl = 0,2 x 1 = 0,2 mol
Theo (5): S mol ca kim loi M 0,2 : 3 (V theo bi ra M b ho
tan ht)
Do NTK ca M l: A
M
1,35 : ( 0,2 : 3 ) = 20,25
V M l kim loi ho tr III nn M phi l: Al (nhm)
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Mg v Al trong 1,275 g hn hp A
Ta c: 24x + 27y = 1,275 (I)
Theo PT (1, 2): x + 1,5 y = 0,0625 (II)
Gii h pt (I) v (II) ta c: x = y = 0,025.
Vy khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp l: m
Mg
= 0,6 g v m
Al
=
0,675 g.
Bi 11: Cho 9,86g hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo 1 cc cha 430ml
dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M long. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thm tip
vo cc 1,2 lit dung dch hn hp gm Ba(OH)
2
0,05M v NaOH
0,7M, khuy u cho phn ng hon ton, ri lc ly kt ta v
nung nng n khi lng khng i th thu c 26,08g cht rn.
Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
Hng dn;
t s mol Mg v Zn l x v y.
Ta c: 24x + 65y = 9,86 (I)
S mol H
2
SO
4
= 043.1= 0,43 mol
t HX l cng thc tng ng ca H
2
SO
4
---> n
HX
= 2n
H
2
SO
4
=
0,43.2 = 0,86 mol
S mol Ba(OH)
2
= 1,2 . 0,05 = 0,06 mol
S mol NaOH = 0,7 . 1,2 = 0,84 mol
t ROH l cng thc tng ng cho 2 baz cho.
Ta c: n
ROH
= 2n
Ba(OH)
2
+ n
NaOH
= 0,06.2 + 0,84 = 0,96 mol
PTHH xy ra
Gi s hn hp ch cha mnh Zn ---> x = 0.
Vy y = 9,86 : 65 = 0,1517 mol
Gi s hn hp ch Mg ---> y = 0
Vy x = 9,86 : 24 = 0,4108 mol
0,1517 < n
hh kim loi
< 0,4108
V x > 0 v y > 0 nn s mol axit tham gia phn ng vi kim loi l:
0,3034 < 2x + 2y < 0,8216 nhn thy lng axit dng < 0,86 mol.
Vy axit d --> Do Zn v Mg phn ng ht.
Sau khi ho tan ht trong dung dch c.
x mol MgX
2
; y mol ZnX
2
; 0,86 2(x + y) mol HX v 0,43 mol SO
4
.
Cho dung dch tc dng vi dung dch baz.
HX + ROH ---> RX + H
2
O.
0,86 2(x + y) 0,86 2(x + y) mol
MgX
2
+ 2ROH ----> Mg(OH)
2
+ 2RX
x 2x x mol
ZnX
2
+ 2ROH ----> Zn(OH)
2
+ 2RX
y 2y y mol
Ta c n
ROH phn ng
= 0,86 2(x + y) + 2x + 2y = 0,86 mol
Vy n
ROH d
= 0,96 0,86 = 0,1mol
Tip tc c phn ng xy ra:
Zn(OH)
2
+ 2ROH ----> R
2
ZnO
2
+ 2H
2
O
b: y 0,1 mol
P: y
1
2y
1
mol
cn: y y
1
0,1 2y
1
mol
( iu kin: y y
1
)
Phn ng to kt ta.
Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
---> BaSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
b: 0,06 0,43 0 mol
p: 0,06 0,06 0,06 mol
cn: 0 0,43 0,06 0,06 mol
Nung kt ta.
Mg(OH)
2
-----> MgO + H
2
O
x x mol
Zn(OH)
2
-------> ZnO + H
2
O
y y
1
y y
1
mol
BaSO
4
----> khng b nhit phn hu.
0,06 mol
Ta c: 40x + 81(y y
1
) + 233.0,06 = 26,08
---> 40x + 81(y y
1
) = 12,1 (II)
Khi y y
1
= 0 ---> y = y
1
ta thy 0,1 2y
1
0 ---> y
1
0,05
Vy 40x = 12,1 ---> x = 12,1 : 40 = 0,3025 mol
Thay vo (I) ta c y = 0,04 ( y = y
1
0,05) ph hp
Vy m
Mg
= 24 . 0,3025 = 7,26g v m
Zn
= 65 . 0,04 = 2,6g
Khi y y
1
> 0 --> y > y
1
ta c 0,1 2y
1
= 0 (v n
ROH
phn ng
ht)
----> y
1
= 0,05 mol, thay vo (II) ta c: 40x + 81y = 16,15.
Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ---> x = 0,38275 v y = 0,01036
Kt qu y < y
1
(khng ph hp vi iu kin y y
1
) ---> loi.

B- hn hp Kim loi tc dng vi nc v baz
Bi 1: Ho tan hon ton 17,2g hn hp gm kim loi kim A v oxit
ca n vo 1600g nc c dung dch B. C cn dung dch B c
22,4g hiroxit kim loi khan.
a/ Tm kim loi v thnh phn % theo khi lng mi cht trong hn
hp.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M cn dng trung ho
dung dc B.
Hng dn:
Gi cng thc ca 2 cht cho l A v A
2
O.
a, b ln lt l s mol ca A v A
2
O
Vit PTHH:
Theo phng trnh phn ng ta c:
a.M
A
+ b(2M
A
+ 16) = 17,2 (I)
(a + 2b)(M
A
+ 17) = 22,4 (II)
Ly (II) (I): 17a + 18b = 5,2 (*)
Khi lng trung bnh ca hn hp:
M
TB
= 17,2 : (a + b)
Tng ng: M
TB
= 18.17,2 : 18(a + b).
Nhn thy: 18.17,2 : 18(a + b) < 18.17,2 : 17a + 18b = 18.17,2 :
5,2
---> M
TB
< 59,5
Ta c: M
A
< 59,5 < 2M
A
+ 16 ---> 21,75 < M
A
< 59,5.
Vy A c th l: Na(23) hoc K(39).
Gii h PT ton hc v tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
p s:
a/
- Vi A l Na th %Na = 2,67% v %Na
2
O = 97,33%
- Vi A l K th %K = 45,3% v %K
2
O = 54,7%
b/
- TH: A l Na ----> V
dd axit
= 0,56 lit
- TH: A l K -----> V
dd axit
= 0,4 lit.
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 3,1g hn hp 2 kim loi kim trong nc thu
c dung dch A. trung ho dung dch A phi dng 50ml dung
dch HCl 2M, sau phn ng thu c dung dch B.
a/ Nu c cn dung dch B th s thu c bao nhiu gam hn hp
mui khan?
b/ Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn, bit rng t l s mol ca chng
trong hn hp l 1 : 1.
p s:
a/ m
Mui
= 6,65g
b/ 2 kim loi l: Na v K.
Bi 3: Cho 6,2g hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip
trong bng tun hon phn ng vi H
2
O d, thu c 2,24 lit kh
(ktc) v dung dch A.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp ban
u.
b/ Sc CO
2
vo dung dch A thu c dung dch B. Cho B phn ng
vi BaCl
2
d thu c 19,7g kt ta. Tnh th tch kh CO
2
b hp
th.
Hng dn:
a/ t R l KHHH chung cho 2 kim loi kim cho
M
R
l khi lng trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim A v B, gi s M
A
<
M
B

---.> M
A
< M
R
< M
B
.
Vit PTHH xy ra:
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
n
R
= 2n
H
2
= 0,2 mol. ----> M
R
= 6,2 : 0,2 = 31
Theo ra: 2 kim loi ny thuc 2 chu k lin tip, nn 2 kim loi
l:
A l Na(23) v B l K(39)
b/ Ta c: n
ROH
= n
R
= 0,2 mol
PTHH xy ra:
CO
2
+ 2ROH ----> R
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
CO
2
+ ROH ---> RHCO
3
Theo bi ra khi cho BaCl
2
vo dung dch B th c kt ta. Nh vy
trong B phi c R
2
CO
3
v trong 2 loi mui trn th BaCl
2
ch phn
ng vi R
2
CO
3
m khng phn ng vi RHCO
3
.
BaCl
2
+ R
2
CO
3
----> BaCO
3
+ RCl
---> n
CO
2
= n
R
2
CO
3
= n
BaCO
3
= 19,7 : 197 = 0,1 mol ----> V
CO
2
= 2,24
lt.
Bi 4: Hai kim loi kim A v B c khi lng bng nhau. Cho 17,94g
hn hp A v B tan hon ton trong 500g H
2
O thu c 500ml dung
dch C(d = 1,03464g/ml). Tm A v B.
Bi 5: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip
trong bng tun hon, c khi lng l 8,5g. Cho X phn ng ht vi
nc cho ra 3,36 lit kh H
2
(ktc)
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp
u.
b/ Thm vo 8,5g hn hp X trn, 1 kim loi kim th D c hn hp
Y, cho Y tc dng vi nc thu c dung dch E v 4,48 lit kh H
2

(ktc). C cn dung dch E ta c cht rn Z c khi lng l
22,15g. Xc nh D v khi lng ca D.
p s:
a/ m
Na
= 4,6g v m
K
= 3,9g.
b/ kim loi D l Ba. --> m
Ba
= 6,85g.
Bi 6: Ho tan 23g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B
thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong bng tun hon vo nc thu c
dung dch D v 5,6 lit H
2
(ktc).
Nu thm 180ml dung dch Na
2
SO
4
0,5M vo dung dch D th
cha kt ta ht c Ba(OH)
2
. Nu thm 210ml dung dch Na
2
SO
4

0,5M vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng cn d Na
2
SO
4
.
Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn.
p s: 2 kim loi kim l Na v K.
C-hn hp Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mui.
Th d 1: Ngm thanh st vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO
3
v
Cu(NO
3
)
2

Phn ng xy ra theo th t nh sau:
* Mui ca kim loi c tnh oxi ho mnh hn s ( Ag
+
> Cu
2+
) tham
gia phn ng trc vi kim loi ( hoc ni cch khc l mui ca kim
loi hot ng ho hc yu hn s tham gia phn ng trc ).
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
Fe + Cu(NO
3
)
2
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu
Bi tp p dung:
1/ C 200ml hn hp dung dch gm AgNO
3
0,1M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,5M.
Thm 2,24g bt Fe kim loi vo dung dch khuy u ti phn
ng hon ton thu c cht rn A v dung dch B. a/ Tnh s
gam cht rn A.
b/Tnh nng mol/lit ca cc mui trong dung dch B, bit rng
th tch dung dch khng i.
H ng dn gii
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag ( 1 )
Fe + Cu(NO
3
)
2
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu ( 2 )
S mol ca cc cht l:
n
Fe = 0,04 mol ;
n
AgNO
3
= 0,02 mol ;
n
Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 0,1 mol
V Ag hot ng ho hc yu hn Cu nn mui ca kim loi Ag s
tham gia phn ng vi Fe trc.
Theo p ( 1 ):
n
Fe ( p ) = 0,01 mol ; Vy sau phn ng ( 1 ) th
n
Fe
cn li = 0,03 mol.
Theo (p ( 2 ): ta c
n
Cu(NO
3
)
2
p =
n
Fe cn d = 0,03 mol.
Vy sau p ( 2 ):
n
Cu(NO
3
)
2
cn d l = 0,1 0,03 = 0,07 mol
Cht rn A gm Ag v Cu
m
A
= 0,02 x 108 + 0,03 x 64 = 4,08g
dung dch B gm: 0,04 mol Fe(NO
3
)
2
v 0,07 mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
cn d.
Th tch dung dch khng thay i V = 0,2 lit
Vy nng mol/lit ca dung dch sau cng l:
C
M [ Cu(NO
3
)
2
] d
= 0,35M ; C
M [ Fe (NO
3
)
2
]
= 0,2M
2/ Cho 1,68 g Fe vo 200ml hn hp dung dch gm Cu(NO
3
)
2

0,15M v AgNO
3
0,1M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn
A v dung dch B.
a/ Tnh khi lng cht rn A.
b/ Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch B. Gi s th tch dung
dch khng thay i.
/S: a/ m
A
= 3,44g
b/ C
M [ Cu(NO
3
)
2
] d
= 0,05M v C
M [ Fe (NO
3
)
2
]
= 0,15M
Th d 2: Cho hn hp gm bt st v km vo trong cng 1 ng
nghim ( 1 l ) cha dung dch AgNO
3
.
Phn ng xy ra theo th t nh sau:
Kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn s tham gia phn ng trc vi mui.
Zn + 2AgNO
3
Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
Fe + 2AgNO
3

d
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
Bi tp p dng:
Nhng 2 ming kim loi Zn v Fe cng vo mt ng nghim ng
dung dch CuSO
4
, sau mt thi gian ly 2 ming kim loi ra th
trong dung dch nhn c bit nng ca mui Zn gp 2,5 ln
mui Fe. ng thi khi lng dung dch sau phn ng gim so vi tr-
c phn ng 0,11g. Gi thit Cu gii phng u bm ht vo cc
thanh kim loi. Hy tnh khi lng Cu bm trn mi thanh.
H ng dn gii:
- Nu khi lng thanh kim loi tng = m
kim lo i giai phong
- m
kim lo ai tan
- Nu khi lng thanh kim loi tng = m
kim lo i tan
- m
kim lo ai giai phong
V Zn hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe. Nn Zn tham gia phn ng
vi mui trc.
Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu (1)
x x x x
(mol)
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (2)
y y y y
(mol)
V khi lng dung dch gim 0,11 g. Tc l khi lng 2 thanh kim
loi tng 0,11 g
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: (160y 152y) + (160x
161x) = 0,11
Hay 8y x = 0,11 (I)
Mt khc: nng mui Zn = 2,5 ln nng mui Fe
* Nu l nng mol/lit th ta c x : y = 2,5 (II) (V th
tch dung dch khng i)
* Nu l nng % th ta c 161x : 152y = 2,5 (II)
/

(Khi lng dd chung)
Gii h (I) v (II) ta c: x = 0,02 mol v y = 0,05 mol .
m
Cu
= 3,2 g v m
Zn
=
1,3 g Gii h (I) v (II)
/
ta c: x =
0,046 mol v y = 0,0195 mol
m
Cu
= 2,944 g v m
Zn

= 1,267 g
Ph ng php dng mc so snh
Bi ton 1: Nhng 2 kim loi vo cng 1 dung dch mui ca kim loi
hot ng ho hc yu hn (cc kim loi tham gia phn ng phi t
Mg tr i).
Tr ng hp 1 : Nu cho 2 kim loi trn vo 2 ng nghim ng cng
1 dung dch mui th lc ny c 2 kim loi ng thi cng xy ra
phn ng.
V d: Cho 2 kim loi l Mg v Fe vo 2 ng nghim cha dung
dch CuSO
4

Xy ra ng thi cc phn ng:
Mg + CuSO
4
MgSO
4
+ Cu
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
Tr ng hp 2 :
- Nu cho hn hp gm 2 kim loi l: Mg v Fe vo cng mt ng
nghim th lc ny xy ra phn ng theo th t ln lt nh sau:
Mg + CuSO
4
MgSO
4
+ Cu
( 1 )
- Phn ng (1) s dng li khi CuSO
4
tham gia phn ng ht v Mg
dng vi lng va hoc cn d. Lc ny dung dch thu c l
MgSO
4
; cht rn thu c l Fe cha tham gia phn ng Cu va c
sinh ra, c th c Mg c d.
- C phn ng (2) xy ra khi CuSO
4
sau khi tham gia phn ng (1)
cn d (tc l Mg ht)
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
( 2 )
- Sau phn ng (2) c th xy ra cc trng hp l:
+ C Fe v CuSO
4
u ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng
l: MgSO
4
, FeSO
4
; cht rn thu c l Cu.
+ Fe cn d v CuSO
4
ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l:
MgSO
4
, FeSO
4
; cht rn thu c l Cu v c th c Fe d.
+ CuSO
4
cn d v Fe ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l :
MgSO
4
, FeSO
4
v c th c CuSO
4
cn d ; cht rn thu c l Cu.
Gii thch: Khi cho 2 kim loi trn vo cng 1 ng nghim cha
mui ca kim loi hot ng ho hc yu hn th kim loi no
hot ng ho hc mnh hn s tham gia phn ng trc vi mui
theo quy c sau:
Kim loi mnh + Mui ca kim loi yu hn Mui ca kim loi
mnh hn +

Kim loi yu
Tr ng hp ngoi l :
Fe
( r )
+ 2FeCl
3

( dd )
3FeCl
2 ( dd )

Cu
( r )
+ 2FeCl
3

( dd )
2FeCl
2 ( dd )
+ CuCl
2 ( dd )

Bi ton 2: Cho hn hp (hoc hp kim) gm Mg v Fe vo hn hp
dung dch mui ca 2 kim loi yu hn. (cc kim loi tham gia phn
ng phi t Mg tr i)
Bi 1: Cho hp kim gm Fe v Mg vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
thu c dung dch A v cht rn B.
a/ C th xy ra nhng phn ng no?
b/ Dung dch A c th c nhng mui no v cht rn B c nhng
kim loi no? Hy bin lun v vit cc phn ng xy ra.
H ng dn
cu a.
Do Mg hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe nn Mg s tham gia phn
ng trc.
V Ion Ag
+
c tnh oxi ho mnh hn ion Cu
2+

nn mui AgNO
3
s
tham gia phn ng trc.
Tun theo quy lut:
Cht kh mnh + cht Oxi ho mnh

Cht Oxi ho yu + cht
kh yu.
Nn c cc phn ng.
Mg + 2AgNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag (1)
Mg + Cu(NO
3
)
2
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu (2)
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag (3)
Fe + Cu(NO
3
)
2
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu (4)
Cu b
C cc trng hp c th xy ra nh sau.
Tr ng hp 1 : Kim loi d, mui ht
* iu kin chung
- dung dch A khng c: AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
- cht rn B c Ag v Cu.
Nu Mg d th Fe cha tham gia phn ng nn dung dch A ch
c Mg(NO
3
)
2
v cht rn B cha Mg d, Fe, Ag, Cu.
Nu Mg phn ng va ht vi hn hp dung dch trn v Fe cha
phn ng th dung dch A ch c Mg(NO
3
)
2
v cht rn B
cha Fe, Ag, Cu.
Mg ht, Fe phn ng mt phn vn cn d (tc l hn hp dung
dch ht) th dung dch A cha Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
v cht
rn B cha Fe d, Ag, Cu.
Tr ng hp 2 : Kim loi v mui phn ng va ht.
- Dung dch A: Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2

- Cht rn B: Ag, Cu.
Tr ng hp 3 : Mui d, 2 kim loi phn ng ht.
* iu kin chung
- Dung dch A chc chn c: Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2

- Kt ta B khng c: Mg, Fe.
Nu AgNO
3
d v Cu(NO
3
)
2
cha phn ng: th dung dch A
cha AgNO
3
, Cu(NO
3
)
2
,
Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
v cht rn B ch c Ag.(duy nht)
Nu AgNO
3
phn ng va ht v Cu(NO
3
)
2
cha phn ng: th
dung dch A cha Cu(NO
3
)
2
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
v cht rn B
ch c Ag.(duy nht)
AgNO
3
ht v Cu(NO
3
)
2
phn ng mt phn vn cn d: th
dung dch A cha Cu(NO
3
)
2
d Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
v cht rn
B ch c Ag, Cu.
Bi tp: Mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II c nhng vo trong 1 lit
dung dch CuSO
4
0,5M. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh M ra v cn li,
thy khi lng ca thanh tng 1,6g, nng CuSO
4
gim cn bng
0,3M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M
b/ Ly thanh M c khi lng ban u bng 8,4g nhng vo hh dung
dch cha AgNO
3
0,2M v CuSO
4
0,1M. Thanh M c tan ht khng?
Tnh khi lng cht rn A thu c sau phn ng v nng mol/lit
cc cht c trong dung dch B (gi s th tch dung dch khng
thay i)
Hng dn gii:
a/ M l Fe.
b/ s mol Fe = 0,15 mol; s mol AgNO
3
= 0,2 mol; s mol CuSO
4
=
0,1 mol.
(cht kh Fe Cu
2+
Ag
+
(cht oxh mnh)
0,15 0,1 0,2 ( mol )
Ag
+
C Tnh o xi ho mnh hn Cu
2+
nn mui AgNO
3
tham gia
phn ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH :
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag (1)
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (2)
Theo bi ra ta thy, sau phn ng (1) th Ag NO
3
phn ng ht v
Fe cn d: 0,05 mol
Sau phn ng (2) Fe tan ht v cn d CuSO
4
l: 0,05 mol
Dung dch thu c sau cng l: c 0,1 mol Fe(NO
3
)
2
; 0,05 mol FeSO
4
v 0,05 mol CuSO
4 d
Cht rn A l: c 0,2 mol Ag v 0,05 mol Cu
m
A
= 24,8 g
V th tch dung dch khng thay i nn V = 1 lit
Vy nng ca cc cht sau phn ng l :
C
M [ Fe (NO
3
)
2
]
= 0,1M ; C
M [ CuSO
4
] d
= 0,05M ; C
M [ Fe SO
4
]
= 0,05M
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II vo 0,5 lit dd CuSO
4

0,2M. Sau mt thi gian phn ng, khi lng thanh M tng ln 0,40 g
trong khi nng CuSO
4
cn li l 0,1M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Ly m(g) kim loi M cho vo 1 lit dd cha AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
,
nng mi mui l 0,1M. Sau phn ng ta thu c cht rn A
khi lng 15,28g v dd B. Tnh m(g)?
Hng dn gii:
a/ theo bi ra ta c PTHH .
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (1)
S mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
tham gia phn ng (1) l: 0,5 (0,2 0,1) = 0,05
mol
tng khi lng ca M l:
m
tng
= m
kl gp
- m
kl tan
= 0,05 (64 M) = 0,40
gii ra: M = 56, vy M l Fe
b/ ta ch bit s mol ca AgNO
3
v s mol ca Cu(NO
3
)
2
. Nhng
khng bit s mol ca Fe
(cht kh Fe Cu
2+
Ag
+
(cht oxh mnh)
0,1 0,1 ( mol )
Ag
+
C Tnh oxi ho mnh hn Cu
2+
nn mui AgNO
3
tham gia phn
ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH:
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag (1)
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (2)
Ta c 2 mc so snh:
- Nu va xong phn ng (1): Ag kt ta ht, Fe tan ht, Cu(NO
3
)
2

cha phn ng.
Cht rn A l Ag th ta c: m
A
= 0,1 x 108 = 10,8 g
- Nu va xong c phn ng (1) v (2) th khi cht rn A gm:
0,1 mol Ag v 0,1 mol Cu
m
A
= 0,1 ( 108 + 64 ) = 17,2 g
theo cho m
A
= 15,28 g ta c: 10,8 < 15,28 < 17,2
vy AgNO
3
phn ng ht, Cu(NO
3
)
2
phn ng mt phn v Fe tan
ht.
m
Cu
to ra = m
A
m
Ag
= 15,28 10,80 = 4,48 g. Vy s mol ca Cu
= 0,07 mol.
Tng s mol Fe tham gia c 2 phn ng l: 0,05
( p 1 )
+ 0,07
( p 2 )
= 0,12 mol
Khi lng Fe ban u l: 6,72g
Bi 2: Cho 8,3 g hn hp gm Al v Fe c s mol bng nhau vo
100ml hn hp dung dch cha AgNO
3
2M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
1,5M. Xc
nh kim loi c gii phng, khi lng l bao nhiu?
/S: m
rn
= m
Ag
+ m
Cu
= 0,2 . 108 + 0,15 . 64 = 31,2 g
Bi 3: Mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II nhng vo 1 lt dd FeSO
4
, thy
khi lng M tng ln 16g. Nu nhng cng thanh kim loi y vo 1 lit
dd CuSO
4
th thy khi lng thanh kim loi tng ln 20g. Bit
rng cc phn ng ni trn u xy ra hon ton v sau phn ng
cn d kim loi M, 2 dd FeSO
4
v CuSO
4
c cng nng mol ban
u.
a/ Tnh nng mol/lit ca mi dd v xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Nu khi lng ban u ca thanh kim loi M l 24g, chng t
rng sau phn ng vi mi dd trn cn d M. Tnh khi lng kim loi
sau 2 phn ng trn.
HDG:
a/ V th tch dung dch khng thay i, m 2 dd li c nng
bng nhau. Nn chng c cng s mol. Gi x l s mol ca FeSO
4
(cng chnh l s mol ca CuSO
4
)
Lp PT ton hc v gii: M l Mg, nng mol/lit ca 2 dd ban u
l: 0,5 M
b/ Vi FeSO
4
th khi lng thanh Mg sau phn ng l: 40g
Vi CuSO
4
th khi lng thanh Mg sau phn ng l: 44g
Chuyn 12:
Bi ton hn hp mui
Cc bi ton vn dng s mol trung bnh v xc nh
khong s mol ca cht.
1/ i vi cht kh. (hn hp gm c 2 kh)
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 lit hn hp kh ktc:
M
TB
=
V
V M V M
4 , 22
2 1 2 1
+
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 mol hn hp kh ktc:
M
TB
=
V
V M V M
2 2 1 1
+
Hoc: M
TB
=
n
n n M n M ) (
1 2 1 1
+
(n l tng s mol kh trong hn
hp)
Hoc: M
TB
=
1
) 1 (
1 2 1 1
x M x M +
(x
1
l % ca kh th nht)
Hoc: M
TB
= d
hh/kh x
. M
x
2/ i vi cht rn, lng. M
TB ca hh
=
hh
hh
n
m
Tnh cht 1:
M
TB ca hh
c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht
thnh phn trong hn hp.
Tnh cht 2:
M
TB ca hh
lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cc
cht thnh phn nh nht v ln nht.
M
min
< n
hh
< M
max
Tnh cht 3:
Hn hp 2 cht A, B c M
A
< M
B
v c thnh phn % theo s mol
l a(%) v b(%)
Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.
B
B
M
m
< n
hh
<
A
A
M
m
Gi s A hoc B c % = 100% v cht kia c % = 0 hoc ngc li.
L u :
- Vi bi ton hn hp 2 cht A, B (cha bit s mol) cng tc dng vi 1
hoc c 2 cht X, Y ( bit s mol). bit sau phn ng ht
A, B hay X, Y cha. C th gi thit hn hp A, B ch cha 1 cht A
hoc B
- Vi M
A
< M
B
nu hn hp ch cha A th:
n
A
=
A
hh
M
m
> n
hh
=
hh
hh
M
m
Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc
dng ht vi hn hp A, B
- Vi M
A
< M
B
, nu hn hp ch cha B th:
n
B
=
B
hh
M
m
< n
hh
=
hh
hh
M
m
Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng cha vi B th cng khng tc
dng ht vi hn hp A, B.
Ngha l sau phn ng X, Y ht, cn A, B d.
A- Ton hn hp mui cacbonat
Bi 1: Cho 5,68g hn hp gm CaCO
3
v MgCO
3
ho tan vo dung
dch HCl d, kh CO
2
thu c cho hp th hon ton bi 50ml dung
dch Ba(OH)
2
0,9M to ra 5,91g kt ta. Tnh khi lng v thnh
phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp.
p s: m
MgCO
3
= 1,68g v m
CaCO
3
= 4g
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 27,4g hn hp gm M
2
CO
3
v MHCO
3
(M l
kim loi kim) bng 500ml dung dch HCl 1M thy thot ra 6,72 lit
kh CO
2
(ktc). trung ho axit d phi dng 50ml dung dch
NaOH 2M.
a/ Xc nh 2 mui ban u.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban
u.
p s:
a/ M l Na ---> 2 mui l Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3

b/ %Na
2
CO
3
= 38,6% v %NaHCO
3

Bi 3: Ho tan 8g hn hp A gm K
2
CO
3
v MgCO
3
vo dung dch
H
2
SO
4
d, kh sinh ra c sc vo 300ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M,
thu c m(g) kt ta.
Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp A m
t gi tr cc tiu(nh nht) v cc i(ln nht).
p s:
- Khi lng kt ta l cc tiu(nh nht) khi CO
2
l cc i. Tc l
%K
2
CO
3
= 0% v %MgCO
3
= 100%.
- Khi lng kt ta l cc i(ln nht) khi
n
CO
2
=
n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,06
mol. Tc l %K
2
CO
3
= 94,76% v %MgCO
3
= 5,24%.
Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo
dung dch HCl d, th c kh thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th
vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,46M thu c 8,274g kt ta. Tm
cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II.
p s:
- TH
1
khi Ba(OH)
2
d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO
3
v kim loi
ho tr II l Ca.
- TH
2
khi Ba(OH)
2
thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO
3
v kim
loi ho tr II l Mg.
Bi 5: Ho tan ht 4,52g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim
loi A, B k tip nhu trong phn nhm chnh nhm II bng 200ml
dung dch HCl 0,5M. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch C v 1,12 lit
kh D (ktc).
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi A, B.
b/ Tnh tng khi lng ca mui to thnh trong dung dch C.
c/ Ton b lng kh D thu c trn c hp th hon ton bi
200ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch
Ba(OH)
2
:
- Thu c 1,97g kt ta.
- Thu c lng kt ta ln nht, nh nht.
p s:
a/ 2 kim loi l Mg v Ca
b/ m
mui
= 5,07g
c/ - TH
1
: 0,15M
- TH
2
: khi kt ta thu c ln nht l 0,25M.
- TH
3
: khi kt ta thu c nh nht l 0,125M.
Bi 6: Cho 10,8g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k
tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm II tc dng vi dung dch
H
2
SO
4
long d, thu c 23,64g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca 2 mui
trn v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi mui trong hn
hp ban u.
%MgCO
3
= 58,33% v %CaCO
3
= 41,67%.
Bi 7: Ho tan hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v KHCO
3
vo nc thnh 400 ml dung
dch A. Cho t t 100 ml dung dch HCl 1,5M vo dung dch A
ng thi khuy u, khi phn ng kt thc ta c dung dch B
v 1,008 lt kh ( ktc). Cho dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch
Ba(OH)
2
d c 29,55g kt ta. Tnh khi lng cc cht c trong hn
hp ban u. Nu cho t t dung dch A vo bnh ng 100 ml
dung dch HCl 1,5M th thu c th tch kh thot ra ( ktc) l
bao nhiu?
HDG:
a, t x, y ln lt l s mol ca 2 mui Na
2
CO
3
v KHCO
3
(x, y > 0)
Ta c PTP:
Giai on 1: NaCO
3
+ HCl NaCl + NaHCO
3

( 1 )
Mol: x x x x
Nh vy:
) (
3
mol y x HCO
n
+

; Theo PT (1) th
n
NaHCO
3
=
n
Na
2
CO
3

= x (mol)
Gi a, b l s mol ca HCO
3

tham gia phn ng vi dung dch HCl


v dung dch Ba(OH)
2
Giai on 2: HCO
3


+ HCl

Cl

+ H
2
O + CO
2

( 2 )
Mol: a a a a
Theo bi ra:
n
HCl = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 ( mol )

n
HCl
( P 2 )
=
n
CO
2
= a =
4 , 22
008 , 1
= 0,045 ( mol )

n
Na
2
CO
3

( b )
=
n
HCl
( P 1 )
= 0,15 0,045 = 0,105 (mol)
Sau phn ng (1) th ton b Na
2
CO
3
chuyn thnh NaHCO
3
.
Khi cho dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d xy ra phn
ng sau:
HCO
3



+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ OH

+ H
2
O
( 3 )
Mol : b b b b

n
BaCO
3
= b =
197
55 , 29
= 0,15 ( mol )
Vy
n
HCO
3

( P )
= a + b = x + y = 0,045 + 0,15 = 0,195 (mol)

n
KHCO
3

( b )
= 0,195 0,105 = 0,09 (mol)
Khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u:
m
Na
2
CO
3
= 0,105 . 106 = 11,13g
m
KHCO
3
= 0,09 . 100 = 9g
b/ Khi cho dung dch A vo bnh cha dung dch HCl 1,5M th xy
ra phn ng
*Nu c 2 phn ng xy ra ng thi th ta thy phng trnh
(4) nu gii phng 1 mol kh CO
2
cn 2 mol HCl ,gp i s mol
HCl dng cho phn ng (5).
t z l s mol HCl tham gia phn ng (5); th s mol HCl tham gia
phn ng (4) l 2z (mol)
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2

( 4 )
KHCO
3
+ HCl KCl + H
2
O

+ CO
2

( 5 )
Theo PTP ta c: 2z + z = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 (mol)

z = 0,05
( mol ). S mol CO
2
thot ra l: 0,1 ( mol )
*Nu phn ng ( 4 ) xy ra trc: ta c 2z = 0,15 ( mol )

z =
0,075 (mol); m s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
= 0,105( mol ) > 0,075.Vy nn
axt phi phn ng ht,nn s mol kh CO
2
thot ra l 0,075 (mol)
*Nu phn ng (5) xy ra trc: ta c z = 0,09 ( mol )

z = 0,09
(mol); m s mol ca HCl = 0,15 (mol).Vy s mol HCl cn d = 0,15
0,09 = 0,06 (mol) s tip tc tham gia phn ng (4) .Khi 2z =
0,06 (mol)

z = 0,03 (mol). Vy tng s mol CO


2
thot ra l:
n
CO
2
= 0,09 + 0,03 = 0,12 (mol)
kt hp cc d kin ta c: 0,075 ( mol ) <
n
CO
2
< 0,12(mol)
Hay 1,68 ( lt ) < V
CO
2
< 2,688 (lt)
Bi 8: Cho 28,1g qung lmt gm MgCO
3
; BaCO
3
(%MgCO
3
= a
%) vo dung dch HCl d thu c V (lt) CO
2
( ktc).
a/ Xc nh V (lt).
b/ Sc V (lt) CO
2
va thu c vo dung dch nc vi trong. Tnh
khi lng kt ta ti a thu c bit s mol Ca(OH)
2
= 0,2 (mol) v
khi lng ca mi cht c trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c PTHH:
MgCO
3
+ 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
x(mol) x(mol)
BaCO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
y(mol) y(mol)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (3)
0,2(mol) 0,2(mol) 0,2(mol)
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(4)
Gi s hn hp ch c MgCO
3
.Vy
m
BaCO
3
= 0
S mol:
n
MgCO
3
=
84
1 , 28
= 0,3345 (mol)
Nu hn hp ch ton l BaCO
3
th
m
MgCO
3
= 0
S mol:
n
BaCO
3
=
197
1 , 28
= 0,143 (mol)
Theo PT (1) v (2) ta c s mol CO
2
gii phng l:
0,143 (mol)
n
CO
2
0,3345 (mol)
Vy th tch kh CO
2
thu c ktc l: 3,2 (lt)

V
CO
2

7,49
(lt)
b/ Khi lng kt ta thu c l:
*Nu s mol ca CO
2
l: 0,143 ( mol ), th ch c PTP (3) xy ra v
d Ca(OH)
2
, theo PTP th
n
CaCO
3
=
n
CO
2
= 0,143 (mol).
Vy khi lng kt ta thu c l:
m
CaCO
3
= 0,143 . 100 = 1,43g
*Nu s mol ca CO
2
l: 0,3345 (mol), th c c P (3) v (4), theo
PTP ta c: S mol CO
2
tham gia P (3) l:
n
CO
2
=
n
Ca(OH)
2
= 0,2
(mol). Vy s mol CO
2
d l: 0,3345 0,2 = 0,1345 (mol). Tip tc
tham gia P (4) khi :
S mol ca CaCO
3
to ra (3) l:
n
CaCO
3
=
n
Ca(OH)
2
= 0,2 (mol).
S mol ca CaCO
3
P (4) l:
n
CaCO
3
=
n
CO
2 ( d )
= 0,1345 (mol)
Vy sau P (4) s mol ca CaCO
3
cn li l: 0,2 0,1345 = 0,0655
(mol)
Khi lng kt ta thu c l:
m
CaCO
3
= 0,0655 . 100 = 6,55g
* thu c kt ta ti a th
n
CO
2
=
n
Ca(OH)
2
= 0,2 (mol).
Vy
n
CaCO
3
=
n
Ca(OH)
2
= 0,2(mol)
Khi lng ca CaCO
3
l:
m
CaCO
3
= 0,2 . 100 = 20g
t x,y ln lt l s mol ca MgCO
3
v BaCO
3

Theo bi ra v PT (3) ta c:
x + y = 0,2 (*) x = 0,1(mol)
Gii h PT (*) v (**) ta c:
84x + 197y = 28,1 (**) y = 0,1(mol)
Vy khi lng ca mi cht c trong hn hp ban u l:
m
MgCO
3
= 0,1 . 84 = 8,4g
m
BaCO
3
= 0,1 .197 = 19,7g
Bi 9: Khi thm t t v khuy u 0,8 lit dd HCl 0,5 M vo dd
cha 35g hn hp A gm 2 mui Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
th c 2,24 lit kh
CO
2
thot ra ( ktc) v dd D. Thm dd Ca(OH)
2
c d vo dd D thu
c kt ta B.
a/ Tnh khi lng mi mui trong hn hp A v khi lng kt ta B.
b/ Thm m (g) NaHCO
3
vo hn hp A c hn hp A
/
. Tin hnh th
nghim tng t nh trn, th tch dd HCl 0,5M thm vo vn l 0,8
lit, dd thu c l dd D
/
. Khi thm Ca(OH)
2
d vo dd D
/
c kt ta B
/

nng 30 g. Tnh V (lit) kh CO
2
thot ra ( ktc) v m (g).
Hng dn gii:
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
.
Theo bi ra: S mol HCl = 0,4 mol
Giai on 1:
HCl + Na
2
CO
3
NaHCO
3
+ NaCl (1)
HCl + K
2
CO
3
KHCO
3
+ KCl (2)
Sau phn ng (1 v 2) S mol HCl cn li l: 0,4 (x + y) tip tc
tham gia phn ng
Giai on 2:
HCl + NaHCO
3
NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2
(3)
HCl + KHCO
3
KCl + H
2
O + CO
2
(4)
Theo bi ra ta c: S mol CO
2
= 0,1 mol.
Theo PTP ( 3 v 4 ) th: S mol HCl
( p )
= S mol CO
2
= 0,1 mol.
Khi thm dd Ca(OH)
2
d vo dd D thu c kt ta B , chng t HCl
tham gia phn ng ht. Trong D ch cha Mui clo rua v mui
hir cacbonat (cn li sau phn ng 3 v 4)
Theo PTP:
NaHCO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ NaOH + H
2
O (5)
KHCO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ KOH + H
2
O (6)
T cc PT (1, 2, 3, 4) ta c: x + y = 0,3 (I)
Theo bi ra ta c: 106 x + 138 y = 35 (II)
Gii h PT (I) v (II): ta c x = 0,2 ; y = 0,1.
Khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp ban u l: m
Na
2
CO
3
= 21,2
g ; m
K
2
CO
3
= 13,8 g
Theo PT (5,6) S mol CaCO
3
= S mol (NaKHO
3
+ KHCO
3
) cn li
sau phn ng (3,4)
Theo PT (3,4) S mol NaHCO
3
+ KHCO
3
phn ng = S mol CO
2
gii
phng = 0,1 mol
Vy s mol NaHCO
3
+ KHCO
3
cn li l: 0,3 0,1 = 0,2 mol
Khi lng CaCO
3
to thnh l: 0,2 x 100 = 20 g
b/ khi thm m(g) NaHCO
3
vo hn hp A
giai on 1: ch c Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
phn ng nn s mol ca HCl
vn l: x + y = 0,3 mol
s mol HCl phn ng giai on 2 vn l: 0,1 mol
Do s mol CO
2
vn l 0,1 mol. Vy V
CO
2
= 0,1 x 22,4 = 2,24 lit
Nu gi s mol ca NaHCO
3
thm vo l b (mol)
Th tng s mol NaHCO
3
+ KHCO
3
cn li sau giai on 2 l: (0,2 +
b) mol
Theo bi ra ta c: 0,2 + b = 30 : 100 = 0,3. Vy b = 0,1 (mol)
Khi lng NaHCO
3
thm vo l: 0,1 x 84 = 8,4 g
Bi 10: Cho 38,2g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat trung ho ca 2
kim loi ho tr I tc dng va vi dung dch axit HCl th thu c
6,72 lit CO
2
(ktc).
a/ Tm tng khi lng 2 mui thu c sau phn ng.
b/ Tm 2 kim loi trn, bit 2 kim loi ny lin tip nhau trong phn
nhm chnh nhm I.
p s:
a/ m
hh mui
= 41,5g.
b/ 2 kim loi trn l Na v K.
Bi 11: Mt hn hp X gm Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
c khi lng l 10,5g.
Khi cho hn hp X tc dng vi HCl d th thu c 2,016 lit kh CO
2

(ktc).
a/ Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp X.
b/ Ly 21g hn hp X vi thnh phn nh trn cho tc dng vi dung
dch HCl va (khng c kh thot ra). Tnh th tch dung dch
HCl 2M cn dng.
p s:
a/ %Na
2
CO
3
= 60,57% v %K
2
CO
3
= 39,43%.
Bi 12: Cho 7,2g hn hp A gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k
tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm II. Cho A ho tan ht
trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long thu c kh B, cho ton b kh B hp
th ht bi 450ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M thu c 15,76g kt ta.
Xc nh 2 mui cacbonat v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng
ca chng tronh hn hp.
p s:
TH
1
: Ba(OH)
2
d --> 2 mui l: MgCO
3
v CaCO
3

%MgCO
3
= 58,33% v %CaCO
3
= 41,67%
TH
2
: Ba(OH)
2
thiu --> 2 mui l: MgCO
3
v BeCO
3

%MgCO
3
= 23,33% v %BeCO
3
= 76,67%
Bi 13: Cho 9,2g hn hp A gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k
tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm II. Ho tan hon ton hn
hp a trong dung dch HCl thu c kh B, cho ton b kh B hp th
ht bi 550ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M thu c 19,7g kt ta. Xc
nh 2 mui cacbonat v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca
chng trong hn hp u.
p s:
TH
1
: Ba(OH)
2
d --> 2 mui l: MgCO
3
v CaCO
3

%MgCO
3
= 45,65% v %CaCO
3
= 54,35%
TH
2
: Ba(OH)
2
thiu --> 2 mui l: MgCO
3
v BeCO
3

%MgCO
3
= 44% v %BeCO
3
= 56%
Bi 14: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip
trong bng tun hon, c khi lng l 8,5g. Cho X phn ng ht vi
nc cho ra 3,36 lit kh H
2
(ktc)
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp
u.
b/ Thm vo 8,5g hn hp X trn, 1 kim loi kim th D c hn hp
Y, cho Y tc dng vi nc thu c dung dch E v 4,48 lit kh H
2

(ktc). C cn dung dch E ta c cht rn Z c khi lng l
22,15g. Xc nh D v khi lng ca D.
c/ trung ho dung dch E trn cn bao nhiu lt dung dch F
cha HCl 0,2M v H
2
SO
4
0,1M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.
p s:
a/ m
Na
= 4,6g v m
K
= 3,9g.
b/ kim loi D l Ba. --> m
Ba
= 6,85g.
c/ S mol BaSO
4
= s mol Ba(OH)
2
= s mol Ba = 0,05mol.
---> khi lng ca BaSO
4
= 0,05 . 233 = 11,65g.
Bi 15: Ho tan 23g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B
thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong bng tun hon vo nc thu c
dung dch D v 5,6 lit H
2
(ktc).
a/ Nu trung ho 1/2 dung dch D cn bao nhiu ml dung dch
H
2
SO
4
0,5M? C cn dung dch thu c sau khi trung ho th c
bao nhiu gam mui khan?
b/ Nu thm 180ml dung dch Na
2
SO
4
0,5M vo dung dch D th
cha kt ta ht c Ba(OH)
2
. Nu thm 210ml dung dch Na
2
SO
4

0,5M vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng cn d Na
2
SO
4
.
Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn.
p s:
a/ m
hh mui
= 23,75g
b/ 2 kim loi kim l Na v K.
B- Ton hn hp mui halogen.
Cn nh:
- halogen ng trn y c halogen ng di ra khi mui.
- Tt c halogen u tan tr: AgCl, AgBr, AgI.
- Hin nhin: AgF tan.
Bi 1: Mt hn hp 3 mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr nng 4,82g. Ho tan
hon ton trong nc c dung dch A. Sc kh Cl
2
vo dung dch A
ri c cn, thu c 3,93g mui khan. Ly mt na lng mui khan
ny ho tan trong nc ri cho phn ng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d, thu
c 4,305g kt ta. Vit cc phn ng xy ra v tnh thnh phn
% theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
PTHH xy ra:
Cl
2
+ 2NaBr ---> 2NaCl + Br
2
(1)
z z mol
T PT (1) --> Trong 3,93g hn hp c cha x(mol) NaF v (y + z)
mol NaCl.
Phn ng to kt ta:
AgNO
3
+ NaCl ----> NaNO
3
+ AgCl (2)

2
z y +

2
z y +
mol
Ta c h PT.
m
mui ban u
= 42x + 58,5y + 103z = 4,82 (I)
m
mui khan
= 42x + 58,5(y + z) = 3,93 (II)
S mol AgCl =
2
z y +
= 4,305 : 143,5 = 0,03 (III)
Gii h 3 phng trnh: x = 0,01, y = 0,04, z = 0,02
---> %NaCl = 48,5%; %NaBr = 42,7% v %NaF = 8,8%.
Bi 2: Dung dch A c cha 2 mui l AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
, trong
nng ca AgNO
3
l 1M. Cho 500ml dung dch A tc dng vi
24,05g mui gm KI v KCl, to ra c 37,85g kt ta v dung dch
B. Ngm mt thanh km vo trong dung dch B. Sau khi phn ng
kt thc nhn thy khi lng thanh kim loi km tng thm 22,15g.
a/ Xc nh thnh phn % theo s mol ca mui KI v KCl.
b/ Tnh khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
trong 500ml dung dch A.
p s:
a/ n
KI
= n
KCl
---> %n
KI
= %n
KCl
= 50%.
b/ S mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 0,5 mol ----> khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 94g.
Bi 3: Ho tan 5,94g hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A v B( A,
B l 2 kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II) vo nc, c 100ml
dung dch X. Ngi ta cho dung dch X tc dng va vi dung
dch AgNO
3
th thu c 17,22g kt ta. Lc kt ta thu c dung
dch Y c th tch l 200ml. C cn dung dch Y thu c m(g) hn
hp mui khan.
a/ Tnh m?
b/ Xc nh CTHH ca 2 mui clorua. Bit t l KLNT A so vi B l 5
: 3 v trong mui ban u c t l s phn t A i vi s phn
t mui B l 1 : 3.
c/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cc mui trong dung dch X.
Hng dn:
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
t x, y l s mol ca mui ACl
2
v BCl
2
Ta c: (M
A
+ 71).x + (M
B
+ 71)y = 5,94
S mol AgCl to ra = 2(x + y) = 17,22 : 143,5 = 0,12 mol ---> x + y
= 0,06.
----> xM
A
+ yM
B
= 1,68
dd Y thu c gm x mol A(NO
3
)
2
v y mol B(NO
3
)
2
---> mui khan.
(M
A
+ 124)x + (M
B
+ 124)y = m
Thay cc gi tr ta c: m = 9,12g
b/ theo bi ra ta c:
M
A
: M
B
= 5 : 3
x : y = n
A
: n
B
= 1 : 3
x + y = 0,06
xM
A
+ yM
B
= 1,68
Gii h phng trnh ta c: M
A
= 40 v M
B
= 24.
Nng mol/l ca cc dung dch l:
C
M
(CaCl
2
) = 0,15M v C
M
(BaCl
2
) = 0,45M.
Bi 4: Chia 8,84 gam hn hp MCl v BaCl
2
thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Ho tan phn 1 vo nc ri cho phn ng vi AgNO
3
d thu c 8,61g
kt ta. em in phn nng chy phn 2 n hon ton thu c
V lit kh X ktc. Bit s mol MCl chim 80% s mol trong hn hp
ban u.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi
cht trong hn hp u.
b/ Tnh V?
Hng dn:
Gi s mol MCl v BaCl
2
trong 8,84g hn hp l 2x v 2y (mol)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
MCl + AgNO
3
---> AgCl + MNO
3

BaCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
----> Ba(NO
3
)
2
+ 2AgCl
Phn 2:
2MCl -----> 2M + Cl
2

BaCl
2
------> Ba + Cl
2
Ta c: n
AgCl
= x + 2y = 8,61 : 143,5 = 0,06 mol
---> n
Cl
2
= (x + 2y) : 2 = 0,03 mol
Vy th tch kh Cl
2
thu c ktc l:
V = 0,03 . 22,4 = 0,672 lit
- V MCl chim 80% tng s mol nn ta c: x = 4y ---> x = 0,04 v
y = 0,01.
m
hh X
= (M + 35,5).2x + (137 + 71).2y = 8,84 ---> M = 23 v M c
ho tr I, M l Na.
%NaCl = 52,94% v %BaCl
2
= 47,06%.
Bi 5: Mt hp cht ho hc c to thnh t kim loi ho tr II v phi
kim ho tr I. Ho tan 9,2g hp cht ny vo nc c 100ml dung
dch. Chia dung dch ny thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Thm mt lng
d dung dch AgNO
3
vo phn 1, thy to ra 9,4g kt ta. Thm mt
lng d dung dch Na
2
CO
3
vo phn 2, thu c 2,1g kt ta.
a/ Tm cng thc ho hc ca hp cht ban u.
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch pha ch.
Hng dn.
- t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II v X l KHHH ca phi kim
c ho tr I
- Ta c CTHH ca hp cht l: RX
2
- t 2a l s mol ca hp cht RX
2
ban u.
Ta c: 2a(M
R
+ 2M
X
) = 9,2 (g) ----> a.M
R
+ 2.a.M
X
= 4,6 (I)
- Vit cc PTHH xy ra:
- Phn 1: 2a(M
Ag
+ M
X
) = 216.a + 2.a.M
X
= 9,4 (II)
Hay 2.a.M
Ag
- a.M
R
= 216.a - a.M
R
= 9,4 4,6 = 4,8
(*)
- Phn 2: a(M
R
+ M
CO
3
) = a.M
R
+ 60.a = 2,1 (III)
Hay 2.a.M
X
- a.M
CO
3
= 2.a.M
X
60.a = 4,6 2,1 =
2,5 (**)
T (*) v (III) ---> 216.a + 60.a = 4,8 + 2,1 = 6,9 ---> a = 0,025.
Thay a = 0,025 vo (III) ---> M
R
= 24. Vy R l Mg
Thay vo (I) ---> M
X
= 80. Vy X l Br.
CTHH ca hp cht: MgBr
2
p s:
a/ Cng thc ho hc ca hp cht l MgBr
2

b/ Nng dung dch MgBr
2
l 0,5M.
Bi 6: Hn hp A gm 3 mui MgCl
2
, NaBr, KI. Cho 93,4g hn hp A
tc dng vi 700ml dung dch AgNO
3
2M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc
thu c dung dch D v kt ta B, cho 22,4g bt Fe vo dung dch
D. Sau khi phn ng xong thu c cht rn F v dung dch E. Cho F
vo dung dch HCl d to ra 4,48 lit H
2
(ktc). Cho dung dch NaOH
d vo dung dch E thu c kt ta, nung kt ta trong khng kh
cho n khi lng khng i thu c 24g cht rn. Tnh khi lng
kt ta B.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b, c ln lt l s mol MgCl
2
, NaBr, KI.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Dung dch D gm: Mg(NO
3
)
2
, NaNO
3
, KNO
3
, v AgNO
3
cn d.
Kt ta B gm: AgCl, AgBr, AgI.
Rn F gm: Ag v Fe cn d.
Dung dch E: Fe(NO
3
)
2
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
, NaNO
3
, KNO
3
ch c Fe(NO
3
)
2
,
Mg(NO
3
)
2
tham gia phn ng vi dung dch NaOH d.
----> 24g rn sau khi nung l: Fe
2
O
3
v MgO. p s:
m
B
= 179,6g.
Bi 7: Ho tan 104,25g hn hp cc mui NaCl v NaI vo nc. Cho
kh clo i qua ri un cn. Nung cht rn thu c cho n khi
ht hi mu tm bay ra. B cht rn thu c sau khi nung nng
58,5g. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca NaCl v NaI
Khi sc kh clo vo th ton b mui NaI chuyn thnh mui NaCl.
Tng s mol mui NaCl sau phn ng l: (a + b) = 58,5 : 58,5 = 1
mol
v ta c: 58,5a + 150b = 104,25
Gii phng trnh ta c: a = 0,5 v b = 0,5
---> %m
NaCl
= (58,5 . 0,5 : 104,25 ) . 100% = 28,06%
v %m
NaI
= 100 28,06 = 71,94%
Bi 8: Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai halogen thuc 2
chu k lin tip) vo dung dch AgNO
3
c d thu c 57,34g kt ta.
Tm cng thc ca NaX v NaY v thnh phn % theo khi lng ca
mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
Gi R l halogen tng ng ca X v Y.
Cng thc tng ng ca 2 mui NaX, NaY l Na R
Na R + AgNO
3
---> Ag R + NaNO
3

C 1 mol kt ta Ag R nhiu hn 1 mol Na R l: 108 23 = 85g
Vy s mol Na R phn ng l: (57,34 31,84) : 85 = 0,3 mol
Ta c: Khi lng mol ca Na R l: 31,84 : 0,3 = 106,13
---> Khi lng mol ca R = 106,13 23 = 83,13.
Vy X l Br v Y l I.
---> %m
NaI
= 9,43% v %m
NaBr
= 90,57%
Bi 9: C hn hp gm NaI v NaBr. Ho tan hn hp vo nc ri cho
brm d vo dung dch. Sau khi phn ng thc hin xong, lm bay
hi dung dc lm kh sn phm, th thy khi lng ca sn phm
nh hn khi lng hn hp 2 mui ban u l m(g). Li ho tan sn
phm vo nc v cho clo li qua cho n d, lm bay hi dung dch
v lm kh, cht cn li ngi ta thy khi lng cht thu c li nh
hn khi lng mui phn ng l m(g). Tnh thnh phn % theo khi
lng ca NaBr trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn;
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca NaBr v NaI.
Khi sc Br
2
vo trong dung dch th ch c NaI phn ng v ton
b NaI chuyn thnh NaBr. Vy tng s mol NaBr sau phn ng (1)
l: (a + b) mol.
Sau phn ng (1) khi lng gim: m = m
I
- m
Br
= (127 - 80)b = 47b
(*)
Tip tc sc Cl
2
vo trong dung dch th ch c NaBr phn ng v
ton b NaBr chuyn thnh NaCl. Vy tng s mol NaCl sau phn
ng (2) l: (a + b) mol.
Sau phn ng (2) khi lng gim: m = m
Br
m
Cl
= (80 35,5)(a + b)
= 44,5(a + b) (**)
T (*) v (**) ta c: b = 17,8a
Vy %m
NaBr
= (103a : (103a + 150b)) . 100% = 3,7%
Chuyn 13:
bi tp tng hp v tnh theo
PTHH
Bi 1: Chia hn hp gm 2 kim loi A, B c ho tr n, m lm 3 phn
bng nhau.
Phn 1: Ho tan ht trong axit HCl thu c 1,792 lit H
2
(ktc).
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 1,344 lit kh
(ktc) v cn li cht rn khng tan c khi lng bng 4/13 khi l-
ng mi phn.
Phn 3: Nung trong oxi d thu c 2,84g hn hp gm 2 oxit l A
2
O
n

v B
2
O
m
. Tnh tng khi lng mi phn v xc nh 2 kim loi A v
B.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b l s mol ca A, B trong mi phn.
Phn 1:
Vit PTHH:
S mol H
2
=
2
na
+
2
mb
= 1,792 : 22,4 = 0,08 mol ----> na + mb =
0,16 (I)
Phn 2:
Tc dng vi NaOH d ch c 1 kim loi tan, gi s A tan.
A + (4 n)NaOH + (n 2)H
2
O ---> Na
4 n
AO
2
+ n/2 H
2
a (mol) na/2 (mol)
S mol H
2
= na/2 = 1,344 : 22,4 ---> na = 0,12 (II)
Thay vo (I) --> mb = 0,04.
Mt khc khi lng B trong mi phn:
m
B
= 4/13.m
1/3 hh
Phn 3:
Vit PTHH:
m
hh oxit
= (2M
A
+ 16n).a/2 + (2M
B
+ 16m).b/2

= 2,84
= M
A
+ M
B
+ 8(na + mb) = 2,84 ---> M
A
+ M
B
= 1,56 (g) (*)
m
B
= 4/13. 1,56 = 0,48 (g) ----> m
A
= 1,08 (g)
---> M
A
= 1,08n : 0,12 = 9n --> n = 3 v M
A
= 27 l ph hp. Vy A l
Al
---> M
B
= 0,48m : 0,04 = 12m --> m = 2 v M
B
= 24 l ph hp. Vy
B l Mg.
Bi 2: Nung a(g) hn hp A gm MgCO
3
, Fe
2
O
3
v CaCO
3
nhit
cao n khi lng khng i, thu c cht rn B c khi lng bng
60% khi lng hn hp A. Mt khc ho tan hon ton a(g) hn hp A
trong dung dch HCl thu c kh C v dung dch D. Cho dung dch
D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc ly kt ta, nung n khi l-
ng khng i, thu c 12,92g hn hp 2 oxit.
Cho kh C hp th hon ton vo 2 lit dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,075M,
sau khi phn ng xong, lc ly dung dch, thm nc vi trong d vo
trong dung dch thu c thm 14,85g kt ta.
a/ Tnh th tch kh C ktc.
b/ Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
t s mol MgCO
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, CaCO
3
ln lt l x, y, z (mol) trong hn hp
A.
Ta c: 84x + 160y + 100z = a(g) (I)
Sau khi nung cht rn B gm: x mol MgO, y mol Fe
2
O
3
v z mol
CaO.
40x + 160y + 56z = 0,6a (II)
T (I, II) ta c: 44(x + y) = 0,4a ---> a = 110(x + y) (III)
Cho A + HCl.
Kh C gm c: S mol CO
2
= x + y (mol)
Hn hp D gm c: x mol MgCl
2
, y mol FeCl
3
, z mol CaCl
2
.
Cho D + NaOH d thu c 2 kt ta: x mol Mg(OH)
2
v y mol Fe(OH)
3
---> 2 oxit tng ng l: x mol MgO, y mol Fe
2
O
3
.
m
oxit
= 40x + 160y = 12,92 (IV)
Cho C + dd Ba(OH)
2
---> a mol BaCO
3
v b mol Ba(HCO
3
)
2

Ta c: S mol CO
2
phn ng l: a + 2b = x + z
S mol Ba(OH)
2
phn ng l: a + b = 2 . 0,075
---> b = (x + y) 0,15 (V)
PTHH:
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
-----> CaCO
3
+ BaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O
b mol b mol b mol
Ta c: 100b + 197b = 14,85 ---> b = 0,05.
T (V) --> x + y = 0,2
T (III) --> a = 110 . 0,2 = 22g
a/ Th tch kh CO
2
thu c ktc l: 4,48 lit
b/ Gii h PT (I, III, V) ---> x = 0,195, y = 0,032, z = 0,005.
Khi lng v thnh phn % ca cc cht l:
m
MgCO
3
= 16,38g ( 74,45%)
m
Fe
2
O
3
= 5,12g (23,27%)
m
CaCO
3
= 0,5g ( 2,27%)
Bi 3: Hn hp bt A gm Fe v Mg c khi lng 2,72g c chia thnh
2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: Cho vo 400ml dung dch CuSO
4
a(M) ch cho phn ng
xong thu c 1,84g cht rn B v dung dch C. Cho dung dch
NaOH d vo dung dch C thu c kt ta. Sy nung kt ta trong
khng kh n khi lng khng i cn c 1,2g cht rn D.
Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp A
v tr s a?
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi V(ml) dung dch AgNO
3
0,1M. Sau khi phn
ng xong thu c cht rn E c khi lng 3,36g. Tnh thnh phn %
theo khi lng cc cht trong cht rn E? Tnh V?
Hng dn:
Xt phn 1:
m
(Mg + Fe)
= 2,72 : 2 = 1,36g.
TH
1
: 1/2 hh A phn ng ht vi CuSO
4
. ---> dd C gm c: FeSO
4
,
MgSO
4
, CuSO
4
.
Cht rn B l Cu (c khi lng 1,84g)
Cho dd C + dd NaOH ---> kt ta Fe(OH)
2
, Mg(OH)
2
, Cu(OH)
2
--->
Oxit tng ng sau khi nung trong kk l Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, CuO c khi lng
l 1,2g < 1,36g --> Vy A cha tham gia phn ng ht.
TH
2
: 1/2 hh A phn ng cha ht vi CuSO
4
.
Gi thit Mg Mg phn ng cha ht (m Mg li hot ng ho hc
mnh hn Fe) th dd CuSO
4
phi ht v Fe cha tham gia phn ng
--> dd C l MgSO
4
v cht rn D ch c MgO.
---> S mol Mg phn ng = n
Cu
= n
MgO
= 1,2 : 40 = 0,03 mol
Cht rn B gm Cu, Fe v Mg cn d.
Nhng ta thy m
Cu to ra
= 0,03 . 64 = 1,92g > 1,84g --> Tri vi iu
kin bi ton. Vy Mg phi ht v Fe tham gia 1 phn.
Nh vy:
cht rn B gm c: Cu v Fe cn d
dd C gm c MgSO
4
v FeSO
4

cht rn D gm c MgO v Fe
2
O
3
c khi lng l 1,2g.
- t x, y l s mol Fe, Mg trong 1/2 hh A v s mol Fe cn d l z
(mol)
- 56x + 24y = 1,36
- (x z).64 + y.64 + 56z = 1,84
- 160(x z) : 2 + 40y = 1,2
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c: x = 0,02, y = 0,01, z = 0,01.
---> %Fe = 82,35% v %Mg = 17,65%
S mol ca CuSO
4
= 0,02 mol ----> a = 0,02 : 0,4 = 0,05M
Xt phn 2:
1/2 hh A c khi lng l 1,36g
tng khi lng cht rn = 3,36 1,36 = 2,0g
Gi thit Fe cha phn ng.
Ta c: s mol Mg phn ng = 2 : (2 . 108 24) = 0,0104 mol > n
Mg

trong phn 1.
----> Nh vy Fe tham gia phn ng v Mg phn ng ht.
m
rn do Mg sinh ra
= 0,01 . (2. 108 24) = 1,92g
m
rn do Fe sinh ra
= 2 1,92 = 0,08 g
n
Fe phn ng
= 0,08 : (2. 108 56) = 0,0005 mol.
n
Fe d
= 0,02 0,0005 = 0,0195mol
Vy cht rn E gm c Fe cn d v Ag c sinh ra sau phn ng.
Tng s mol AgNO
3
phn ng = (0,01 + 0,0005).2 = 0,021 mol
Th tch ca dd AgNO
3
0,1M dng = 0,021 : 0,1 = 0,21 lit.
Bi 4: Cho 9,86g hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo 1 cc cha 430ml dung
dch H
2
SO
4
1M long. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thm tip vo
cc 1,2 lit dung dch hn hp gm Ba(OH)
2
0,05M v NaOH 0,7M,
khuy u cho phn ng hon ton, ri lc ly kt ta v nung
nng n khi lng khng i th thu c 26,08g cht rn. Tnh
khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
Hng dn;
t s mol Mg v Zn l x v y.
Ta c: 24x + 65y = 9,86 (I)
S mol H
2
SO
4
= 043.1= 0,43 mol
t HX l cng thc tng ng ca H
2
SO
4
---> n
HX
= 2n
H
2
SO
4
=
0,43.2 = 0,86 mol
S mol Ba(OH)
2
= 1,2 . 0,05 = 0,06 mol
S mol NaOH = 0,7 . 1,2 = 0,84 mol
t ROH l cng thc tng ng cho 2 baz cho.
Ta c: n
ROH
= 2n
Ba(OH)
2
+ n
NaOH
= 0,06.2 + 0,84 = 0,96 mol
PTHH xy ra
Gi s hn hp ch cha mnh Zn ---> x = 0.
Vy y = 9,86 : 65 = 0,1517 mol
Gi s hn hp ch Mg ---> y = 0
Vy x = 9,86 : 24 = 0,4108 mol
0,1517 < n
hh kim loi
< 0,4108
V x > 0 v y > 0 nn s mol axit tham gia phn ng vi kim loi l:
0,3034 < 2x + 2y < 0,8216 nhn thy lng axit dng < 0,86 mol.
Vy axit d --> Do Zn v Mg phn ng ht.
Sau khi ho tan ht trong dung dch c.
x mol MgX
2
; y mol ZnX
2
; 0,86 2(x + y) mol HX v 0,43 mol SO
4
.
Cho dung dch tc dng vi dung dch baz.
HX + ROH ---> RX + H
2
O.
0,86 2(x + y) 0,86 2(x + y) mol
MgX
2
+ 2ROH ----> Mg(OH)
2
+ 2RX
x 2x x mol
ZnX
2
+ 2ROH ----> Zn(OH)
2
+ 2RX
y 2y y mol
Ta c n
ROH phn ng
= 0,86 2(x + y) + 2x + 2y = 0,86 mol
Vy n
ROH d
= 0,96 0,86 = 0,1mol
Tip tc c phn ng xy ra:
Zn(OH)
2
+ 2ROH ----> R
2
ZnO
2
+ 2H
2
O
b: y 0,1 mol
P: y
1
2y
1
mol
cn: y y
1
0,1 2y
1
mol
( iu kin: y y
1
)
Phn ng to kt ta.
Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
---> BaSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
b: 0,06 0,43 0 mol
p: 0,06 0,06 0,06 mol
cn: 0 0,43 0,06 0,06 mol
Nung kt ta.
Mg(OH)
2
-----> MgO + H
2
O
x x mol
Zn(OH)
2
-------> ZnO + H
2
O
y y
1
y y
1
mol
BaSO
4
----> khng b nhit phn hu.
0,06 mol
Ta c: 40x + 81(y y
1
) + 233.0,06 = 26,08
---> 40x + 81(y y
1
) = 12,1 (II)
Khi y y
1
= 0 ---> y = y
1
ta thy 0,1 2y
1

0 ---> y
1

0,05
Vy 40x = 12,1 ---> x = 12,1 : 40 = 0,3025 mol
Thay vo (I) ta c y = 0,04 ( y = y
1

0,05) ph hp
Vy m
Mg
= 24 . 0,3025 = 7,26g v m
Zn
= 65 . 0,04 = 2,6g
Khi y y
1
> 0 --> y > y
1
ta c 0,1 2y
1
= 0 (v n
ROH
phn ng ht)
----> y
1
= 0,05 mol, thay vo (II) ta c: 40x + 81y = 16,15.
Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ---> x = 0,38275 v y = 0,01036
Kt qu y < y
1
(khng ph hp vi iu kin y

y
1
) ---> loi.
Bi 5: Cho X l hn hp ca 3 cht gm kim loi R, oxit v mui
sunfat ca kim loi R. bit R c ho tr II khng i trong cc hp
cht. Chia 29,6 gam X thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: em ho tan trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d thu c dung
dch A, kh B. lng kh B ny va kh ht 16g CuO. Sau
cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch KOH d cho n khi kt
thc phn ng thu c kt ta C. Nung C n khi lng khng i
th thu c 14g cht rn.
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi 200ml dung dch CuSO
4
1,5M. Sau khi
phn ng kt thc tch b cht rn, c cn phn dung dch th
thu c 46g mui khan.
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
b/ Xc nh kim loi R.
c/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong X. Bit cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton.
Hng dn:
t x, y, z l s mol R, RO, RSO
4
trong 1/2 hh X ta c:
x.M
R
+ (M
R
+ 16).y + (M
R
+ 96).z = 14,8g
phn 1;
Vit cc PTHH xy ra;
dd A c RSO
4
= (x + y + z) mol v H
2
SO
4
d
Kh B l H
2
= x mol
H
2
+ CuO -----> Cu + H
2
O
x x x mol
n
CuO
= x = 16 : 80 = 0,2 mol
dd A + KOH d
H
2
SO
4
+ 2KOH ----> K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
RSO
4
+ 2KOH ----> K
2
SO
4
+ R(OH)
2
R(OH)
2
------> RO + H
2
O
(x + y + z) (x + y + z) mol
Ta c: (M
R
+ 16). (x + y + z) = 14 (II).
Thay x = 0,2 vo (I, II) --> z = 0,05
Phn 2:
R + CuSO
4
----> RSO
4
+ Cu
b: 0,2 0,3 mol
p: 0,2 0,2 0,2 mol
S mol CuSO
4
d = 0,3 0,2 = 0,1 mol
Tng s mol RSO
4
= (0,2 + z) mol
m
Mui khan
= m
RSO
4
+ m
CuSO
4
= 0,1.160 + (M
R
+ 96)(0,2 + z) = 46.
Thay z = 0,05 ---> M
R
= 24, R c ho tr II ---> R l Mg
Thay cc gi tr vo tnh c y = 0,1.
m
Mg
= 4,8g --> %Mg = 32,43%
m
MgO
= 4,0g --> %MgO = 27,03%
m
MgSO
4
= 6,0g --> %MgSO
4
= 40,54%
Bi 6: Ho tan ht 7,74g hn hp bt 2 kim loi Mg v Al bng 500ml
dung dch hn hp cha axit HCl 1M v axit H
2
SO
4
long 0,28M, thu
c dung dch A v 8,736 lit kh H
2
(ktc). Cho rng cc axit phn
ng ng thi vi 2 kim loi.
a/ Tnh tng khi lng mui to thnh sau phn ng.
b/ Cho dung dch A phn ng vi V lit dung dch hn hp gm NaOH
1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,5M. Tnh th tch V cn dng sau phn ng
thu c lng kt ta ln nht, tnh khi lng kt ta .
Hng dn:
t x, y l s mol Mg v Al
24x + 27y = 7,74 (I)
t HA l cng thc tng ng ca hn hp gm 2 axit HCl v
H
2
SO
4
.
n
HA
= n
HCl
+ 2n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,5 + 2.0,14 = 0,78 mol.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
n
H
2
= x + 1,5y = 8,736 : 22,4 = 0,39 (II)
T (I, II) --> x = 0,12 v y = 0,18.
m
mui
= m
hh kim loai
+ m
hh axit
- m
H
2
= 38,93g
t ROH l cng thc tng ng ca hn hp gm 2 baz l NaOH
v Ba(OH)
2

n
ROH
= n
NaOH
+ 2n
Ba(OH)
2
= 1V + 2.0,5V = 2V (mol)
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
----> Tng s mol ROH = 0,78 mol. Vy th tch V cn dng l: V =
0,39 lit
Ngoi 2 kt ta Mg(OH)
2
v Al(OH)
3
th trong dung dch cn xy ra
phn ng to kt ta BaSO
4
.Ta c n
BaSO
4
= n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,14 mol
(V n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,5.0,39 = 0,195 mol > n
H
2
SO
4
= 0,14 mol) ---> n
H
2
SO
4
phn ng ht.
Vy khi lng kt ta ti a c th thu c l.
m
kt ta
= m
Mg(OH)
2
+ m
Al(OH)
3
+ m
BaSO
4
= 53,62g
Bi 7:
1. Ho tan va axit ca kim loi M c cng thc MO vo dung
dch H
2
SO
4
long nng 4,9% c dung dch ch cha mt mui
tan c nng 7,6 %.
a) Cho bit tn kim loi M.
b) Tnh khi lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
dng
2. Hp th ton b hn hp gm kh CO
2
v hi H
2
O vo 900 ml
dung dch Ca(OH)
2
1M, thu c 40 gam kt ta. Tch b phn kt
ta, thy khi lng dung dch tng 7,8 gam so vi khi lng dung
dch Ca(OH)
2
ban u.
Hy tm khi lng CO
2
v khi lng H
2
O em dng.
Hng dn:
Gi x l s mol MO
MO + H
2
SO
4

MSO
4
+ H
2
O
Khi lng cht tan MSO
4
l: (M+96)x.
Khi lng MO l: (M+16)x.
Khi lng H
2
SO
4
ban u:
m =
x
x
2000
9 , 4
100 . 98


Khi lng dung dch MSO
4
: 2000x + (M + 16)x

m =
69 , 7 100 .
) 16 ( 2000
) 96 (

+ +
+
x M x
x M

m = 2000 (g) (x=1)


Do x c nhiu gi tr nn c rt nhiu gi tr khi lng dung dch
H
2
SO
4
tng ng.
2,
a . Khi s mol CO
2
s mol Ca(OH)
2

CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
S mol CaCO
3
=
100
40
= 0,4 mol
Khi lng CO
2
l 0,4 . 44 = 17,6 (g)
17,6 + m
dd
+m
H2O
= m' + 40 (m' = m
dd
+7,8)
m
H2O
=7,8+40-17,6 = 30,2 (g)
b) Khi n
Ca(OH)2
< n
CO2
< 2n
Ca(OH)2

CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

CaCO
3

+ H
2
O
? 0,9 0,9
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O

Ca(HCO
3
)
2

S mol kt ta:
0,9- t =
5 , 0 4 , 0
100
40
t

S mol CO
2
: 0,9 + 0,5 = 1,4 (mol)
Khi lng CO
2
: 1,4.44 = 61,6 (g)
Khi lng H
2
O: 40 +7,8 - 61,6 < 0 -----> Ta loi trng hp ny.
Bi 8: Ho tan hon ton 25,2 g mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi
ha tr II bng dung dch HCl 7,3% (D = 1,038 g/ml). Cho ton b
kh CO
2
thu c vo
500 ml dung dch NaOH 1M th thu c 29,6g mui.
a. Xc nh CTHH ca mui cacbonat.
b. Tnh th tch ca dung dch HCl dng.
Hng dn:
a/ t cng thc ca mui cacbonat l MCO
3
.
Cc PTHH:
MCO
3
+ 2 HCl MCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
NaOH + CO
2
NaHCO
3
. (3)
a a a
2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O. (4)
2b b b
S mol NaOH: n
NaOH
= 0,5. 1 = 0,5 mol
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol CO
2
tham gia phn ng (3) v (4).
Theo phng trnh v bi ta c:
n
NaOH
= a + 2b = 0,5 mol (5).
m
mui
= 84 a + 106 b = 29,6 g (6)
Gii (5) v (6) ta c: a = 0,1mol ; b = 0,2mol.

S mol CO
2
to thnh (2):
n
CO2
= a + b = 0,1 + 0,2 = 0,3 mol.
Theo pt (2):
n
MCO3
= n
CO2
= 0,3 mol.
Khi lng phn t ca mui ban u:


3
25, 2
0, 3
MCO
M
= 84.

M + 60 = 84

M = 24 vC.
Vy M l Mg suy ra CTHH ca mui cn tm: MgCO
3
L u : HS c th bin lun chng minh xy ra c (3) v (4).
Ta thy:
29, 6
106
< n
mui
<
29, 6
84

0,28 mol < n


mui
< 0,35 mol.
M n
CO2
= n
mui.

: 0,28 < n
CO2
< 0,35.

2
0, 5 0, 5
2
0, 35 0, 28
NaOH
CO
n
n
<

1< n
NaOH
/ n
CO2
< 2

ra to 2 mui

c c (3 ) v (4) xy ra.
a. Theo phng trnh (2)
n
HCl
=2n
CO2
=2 . 0,3 = 0,6 mol

Khi lng HCl dng:


M
HCl
=0,6 .36,5 =21,9 (g)

Khi lng dung dch HCl dng:


m
ddHCl
=
3 , 7
100 9 . 21 x
= 300g.
Th tch dung dch HCl dng:
V
dd HCl
=
038 , 1
300
= 289ml = 0,289 (lit)
Bi 9: Cho 4g Fe v mt kim loi ho tr II vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
long ly d thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Nu cho 1,2g kim loi ho
tr II ni trn phn ng vi 0,7 lt kh O
2
(ktc) th lng Oxi cn d
sau phn ng.
a, Xc nh kim loi ha tr II.
b, Tnh % khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp.
Hng dn:
a/ Cc PTP:
Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
xmol xmol xmol
A + H
2
SO
4
ASO
4
+ H
2
ymol ymol ymol
n
2
H =
mol 1 , 0 =
4 , 22
24 , 2
Theo bi ra ta c h phng trnh:
{
1 , 0 = y + x
4 = Ay + x 56
(a)
Ay - 56y = - 1,6
A
y
- 56
6 , 1

0 <
40 1 , 0
- 56
6 , 1
< <
A
M
A
(1)
2A + O
2
2AO (*)
n
mol 03125 , 0 =
4 , 22
7 , 0
= O
2
Theo PTP (*):
1
03125 , 0
<
A 2
2 , 1
(do oxi d)
---> 2A > 38,4 Vy A > 19,2 (2)
(1) v (2) Ta c 19,2 < M
A
< 40.
Do A l kim loi c ho tr II nn A l Mg.
b. Thay A vo h PT (a)

'

'

+
+
05 , 0
05 , 0
1 , 0
4 24 56
y
x
y x
y x
m
Fe
= 0,05. 56= 2,8g
m
Mg
= 1,2g
% Fe =
% 70 = % 100 .
4
8 , 2
% Mg = 100% - 70% = 30%
Bi 10: Nhit phn hon ton 20 g hn hp MgCO
3
, CaCO
3
, BaCO
3

thu c kh B. Cho kh B hp th ht vo nc vi trong thu c 10
gam kt ta v dung dch C. un nng dung dch C ti phn ng
hon ton thy to thnh thm 6 gam kt ta. Hi % khi lng ca
MgCO
3
nm trong khong no?
Hng dn: Cc PTHH:
MgCO
3

0
t

MgO + CO
2(k)
(1)

(B)
CaCO
3

0
t

Ca0 + CO
2(k)
(2)
(B)
BaCO
3

0
t

BaO + CO
2;k)
(3)

(B)
CO
2(k)
+ Ca (OH)
2(dd)
----> CaCO
3(r)
+ H
2
O
(l)
(4)
(B)
2CO
2(k)
+ Ca(OH)
2(dd)
----> Ca(HCO
3
)
2(dd)
(5)

(B) (C)

Ca(HCO
3
)
2

0
t

CaCO
3(r)
+ CO
2(k)
+ H
2
O
(l)
(6)
(C)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (4) v (6) ta c:
n
CaCO3
= 0,1 + 0,06 = 0,16 (mol) ----> n
cO2
= 0,1 + 0,06 x 2 =
0,22 (mol)
theo phng trnh phn ng (1) , (2) , (3), (4 ), (5) ta c:
Tng s mol mui: n
mui
= n
CO2
= 0,22 (mol)
Gi x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca mui: MgCO
3
, CaCO
3
, BaCO
3
c
trong 100 gam hn hp v tng s mol ca cc mui s l: x + y + z
= 1,1 mol
V ban u l 20 gam hn hp ta quy v 100 gam hn hp nn
n
mui
= 1,1 (mol)
Ta c: 84x + 100y + 197z = 100 ---> 100y + 197z = 100
84x
V x + y + z = 1,1 ---> y + z = 1,1 x
<--> 100 <
100 197 100 84
1,1
y z x
y z x
+

+
< 197
----> 52,5 < 84x < 86,75
Vy % lng MgCO
3
nm trong khong t 52,6% n 86,75 %
Bi 11: Ho tan 11,2g CaO vo nc ta c dd A.
1/ Nu kh CO
2
sc qua A v sau khi kt thc th nghim c 2,5 g
kt ta th c bao nhiu lt kh CO
2
tham gia phn ng?
2/ Nu ho tan 28,1g hn hp MgCO
3
v BaCO
3
c thnh phn thay
i trong cha a% MgCO
3
bng dd HCl v cho tt c kh thot
ra hp th ht vo dd A th thu c kt ta D.
Hi: a c gi tr bao nhiu th lng kt ta D nhiu nht v t
nht?
1. nCaO =
56
2 , 11
= 0,2 mol
Phng trnh ho hc:
CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
(1)
0,2 0,2 mol
Khi sc CO
2
vo c phn ng:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (2)
Tr ng hp 1 : Ca(OH)
2
d v CO
2
phn ng ht th:
Theo (2) nCO
2
= nCaCO
3
=
100
5 , 2
= 0,025 mol
V
CO2
= 0,025 . 22,4 = 0,56 Lt.
Tr ng hp 2 :
CO
2
d, Ca(OH)
2
phn ng ht c thm phn ng:
CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(3)
Theo (1) nCO
2
= nCa(OH)
2
= nCaCO
3
= 0,2 mol.
nCaCO
3
phn ng (3): = 0,2 - 0,025 = 0, 175 mol.
Theo (3) nCO
2
= nCaCO
3
= 0,175 Mol.
Tng nCO
2
(2) v (3) l: 0,2 + 0,175 = 0,375 mol.
V
CO2
= 0,375 . 22,4 = 8,4 Lt.
2. Cc phn ng xy ra:
MgCO
3
+ 2 HCl MgCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
BaCO
3
+ 2 HCl BaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
Khi sc CO
2
vo dd A c th xy ra cc phn ng :
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (3)
2 CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(4)
lng kt ta CaCO
3
thu c l ln nht th ch xy ra phn ng
(3).
Khi : nCO
2
= nCa(OH)
2
= 0,2mol.
Theo bi khi lng MgCO
3
c trong 28,1 g hn hp l:
mMgCO
3
=
100
. 81 , 2 a
= 0,281a

nMgCO
3
=
84
281 , 0 a

nBaCO
3
=
197
281 , 0 1 , 28 a

Theo (1) v (2) nCO
2
= nMgCO
3
+ nBaCO
3

Ta c phng trnh:

197
281 , 0 1 , 28
84
281 , 0 a a
+
= 0,2.
Gii ra ta c: a = 29,89 % . Vy khi a = 29,89 % th lng kt ta
ln nht.
Khi a = 0 % th ngha l hn hp ch ton mui BaCO
3
Khi nCO
2
=
197
1 , 28
= 0,143 mol.
Ta c: nCO
2
< nCa(OH)
2
.
Theo (3): nCaCO
3
= nCO
2
= 0,143 mol.
m CaCO
3
= 0,143 . 100 = 14,3g.
Khi a = 100% ngha l hn hp ch ton mui MgCO
3
khi
:
nCO
2
=
84
1 , 28
= 0,334 > nCa(OH)
2
= 0,2 mol.
Theo (3): nCaCO
3
= nCa(OH)
2
= 0,2 mol.
V CO
2
d nn CaCO
3
tip tc phn ng:
CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(5)
Theo (5): nCaCO
3
= nCO
2
d = 0,334 - 0,2 = 0,134.
nCaCO
3
cn li : 0,2 - 0,134 = 0,066
mCaCO
3
= 0,066 . 100 = 6,6 < 14,3g.
Vy khi a = 100% th lng kt ta thu c b nht.
Bi 12: Ho tan 7,74g hn hp 2 kim loi Mg, Al trong 500ml dung
dch hn hp cha HCl 1M v H
2
SO
4
0,38M (long). Thu c dung
dch A v 8,736 lt kh H
2
(ktc).
a. Kim loi tan ht cha? gii thch?
b. Tnh khi lng mui c trong dung dch A?
Hng dn:
n

HCl
= 0,5 mol ; n
4 2
SO H
= 0,19 mol ; n
2
H

= 0,39 mol
a/ Cc P.T.H.H: Mi PTHH ng cho.
Mg + 2 HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
(1)
2 Al + 6 HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
(2)
Mg + H
2
SO
4
MgSO
4
+ H
2
(3)
2 Al + 3 H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
(4)
T 1,2 :
n
2
H

=
2
1
n

HCl
=
2
1
.0,5 = 0,25 (mol).
T 3, 4
n
2
H
= n
4 2
SO H
= 0,19 (mol)
Suy ra: Tng n
2
H

= 0,25 + 0,19 = 0,44 (mol)

Ta thy: 0,44 > 0,39
Vy: Axt d, kim loi tan ht.

b/ Theo cu a: Axt d.
* TH
1
: Gi s HCl phn ng ht, H
2
SO
4
d:

n

HCl

= 0,5 mol

n
2
H
=0,25 mol
(1,2)
n
2
H
= 0,39 - 0,25 = 0,14 (mol) suy ra n
4 2
SO H
= 0,14 mol
(3,4) (p)
Theo nh lut BTKL:
m
mui
= 7,74 + 0,5 .35,5 + 0,14 .96 = 38,93g
(A)
* TH
2
: Gi s H
2
SO
4
phn ng ht, HCl d
Suy ra n
4 2
SO H
= 0,19 mol suy ra n
2
H
= 0,19 mol
3,4
n
2
H
= 0,39 0,19 = 0,2 (mol) suy ra n

HCl
= 0,2.2 =0,4 (mol)
(1,2) (p )
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m
mui
= 7,74 + 0,19.96 + 0,4.35,5 = 40,18 (g)
V thc t phn ng xy ra ng thi. Nn c 2 axt u d.
Suy ra tng khi lng mui trong A thu c l:
38,93 (g) < m
mui A
<40,18 (g)

Bi 13: Cho hn hp gm MgO, Al
2
O
3
v mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr
II km hot ng. Ly 16,2 gam A cho vo ng s nung nng ri
cho mt lung kh H
2
i qua cho n phn ng hon ton. Lng
hi nc thot ra c hp th bng 15,3 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
90%,
thu c dung dch H
2
SO
4
85%. Cht rn cn li trong ng em ho
tan trong HCl vi lng va , thu c dung dch B v 3,2 gam cht
rn khng tan. Cho dung dch B tc dng vi 0,82 lt dung dch
NaOH 1M, lc ly kt ta, sy kh v nung nng n khi lng
khng i, c 6,08 gam cht rn.
Xc nh tn kim loi ho tr II v thnh phn % khi lng ca
A.
Hng dn:
Gi R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II, RO l CTHH ca oxit.
t a, b, c ln lt l s mol ca MgO, Al
2
O
3
, RO trong hn hp A.
Theo bi ra ta c:
40a + 102b + (M
R
+ 16)c = 16,2 (I)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
RO + H
2
-----> R + H
2
O (1)
MgO + 2HCl ----> MgCl
2
+ H
2
O (2)
Al
2
O
3
+ 6HCl ---> 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O (3)
MgCl
2
+ 2NaOH ----> Mg(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl (4)
AlCl
3
+ 3NaOH -----> Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl (5)
C th c: Al(OH)
3
+ NaOH -----> NaAlO
2
+ H
2
O (6)
x x x
Gi x l s mol ca NaOH cn d tham gia phn ng vi Al(OH)
3
Mg(OH)
2
-----> MgO + H
2
O (7)
2Al(OH)
3
------> Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O (8)
2b x
2
2 x b
mol
Ta c:
Khi lng ca axit H
2
SO
4
trong dd 90% l:
m = 15,3 . 0,9 = 13,77 (g)
Khi lng ca axit H
2
SO
4
trong dd 85% vn l 13,77(g). V khi pha
long bng H
2
O th khi lng cht tan c bo ton.
Khi lng dd H
2
SO
4
85% l: (15,3 + 18c)
Ta c: C% =
) 18 3 , 15 (
77 , 13
c +
.100% = 85%
Gii phng trnh: c = 0,05 (mol)
Cht rn khng tan trong axit HCl l R, c khi lng 3,2g.
M
R
=
05 , 0
2 , 3
= 64. Vy R l Cu.
Thay vo (I) ---> 40a + 102b = 12,2 (II)
S mol NaOH = 0,82.1 = 0,82 (mol)
TH
1
: Phn ng 6 xy ra nhng Al(OH)
3
tan cha ht.
n
NaOH
= 2a + 6b + x = 0,82 (III)
40a + 102(
2
2 x b
) = 6,08 (IV)
Gii h phng trnh (II) v (IV) c: x = 0,12 (mol)
Thay vo (III) ---> 2a + 6b = 0,7 (III)
/

Gii h phng trnh: (II) v (III)
/
c: a = 0,05 v b = 0,1
%CuO = 24,69% ; %MgO = 12,35% v %Al
2
O
3
= 62,96%
TH
2
: Phn ng 6 xy ra v Al(OH)
3
tan ht
m
rn
= m
MgO
= 6,08g
n
MgO
= 6,08 : 40 = 0,152 mol
m
Al
2
O
3
= 12,2 6,08 = 6,12 g
n
Al
2
O
3
= 6,12 : 102 = 0,06 mol
n
NaOH
= 2n
MgO
+ 6n
Al
2
O
3
= 2.0,152 + 6.0,06 = 0,664 mol
n
Al(OH)
3
= 2n
Al
2
O
3
= 0,12 mol
n
NaOH d
= 0,82 0,664 = 0,156 mol
Nhn thy: n
NaOH d
= 0,156 > n
Al(OH)
3
= 0,12 mol => Al(OH)
3
tan
ht.
Tnh c: m
CuO
= 4g => %m
CuO
= 24,69%
m
MgO
= 6,08g => %m
MgO
= 37,53%
m
Al
2
O
3
= 6,12 => % m
Al
2
O
3
= 37,78%
Chuyn 14:
nhn bit - phn bit cc cht.
I/ Nguyn tc v yu cu khi gii bi tp nhn bit.
- Mun nhn bit hay phn bit cc cht ta phi da vo phn
ng c trng v c cc hin tng: nh c cht kt ta to thnh
sau phn ng, i mu dung dch, gii phng cht c mi
hoc c hin tng si bt kh. Hoc c th s dng mt s
tnh cht vt l (nu nh bi cho php) nh nung nhit khc
nhau, ho tan cc cht vo nc,
- Phn ng ho hc c chn nhn bit l phn ng c tr-
ng n gin v c du hiu r rt. Tr trng hp c bit,
thng thng mun nhn bit n ho cht cn phi tin hnh (n
1) th nghim.
- Tt c cc cht c la chn dng nhn bit cc ho cht
theo yu cu ca bi, u c coi l thuc th.
- Lu : Khi nim phn bit bao hm so snh (t nht phi c
hai ho cht tr ln) nhng mc ch cui cng ca phn bit
cng l nhn bit tn ca mt s ho cht no .
II/ Phng php lm bi.
1/ Chit(Trch mu th) cc cht vo nhn bit vo cc ng
nghim.(nh s)
2/ Chn thuc th thch hp(tu theo yu cu bi: thuc th tu
chn, han ch hay khng dng thuc th no khc).
3/ Cho vo cc ng nghim ghi nhn cc hin tng v rt ra kt
lun nhn bit, phn bit c ho cht no.
4/ Vit PTHH minh ho.
III/ Cc dng bi tp thng gp.
- Nhn bit cc ho cht (rn, lng, kh) ring bit.
- Nhn bit cc cht trong cng mt hn hp.
- Xc nh s c mt ca cc cht (hoc cc ion) trong cng mt
dung dch.
- Tu theo yu cu ca bi tp m trong mi dng c th gp 1
trong cc trng hp sau:
+ Nhn bit vi thuc th t do (tu chn)
+ Nhn bit vi thuc th hn ch (c gii hn)
+ Nhn bit khng c dng thuc th bn ngoi.
1. i vi cht kh:
- Kh CO
2
: Dng dung dch nc vi trong c d, hin tng xy ra l
lm c nc vi trong.
- Kh SO
2
: C mi hc kh ngi, lm phai mu hoa hng hoc
Lm mt mu dung dch nc Brm hoc Lm mt mu dung
dch thuc tm.
5SO
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 2H
2
O 2H
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4

- Kh NH
3
: C mi khai, lm cho qu tm tm t ho xanh.
- Kh clo: Dng dung dch KI + H tinh bt th clo lm dung
dch t mu trng chuyn thnh mu xanh.
Cl
2
+ KI 2KCl + I
2

- Kh H
2
S: C mi trng thi, dng dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
to
thnh PbS kt ta mu en.
- Kh HCl: Lm giy qu tm t ho hoc sc vo dung dch
AgNO
3
to thnh kt ta mu trng ca AgCl.
- Kh N
2
: a que dim vo lm que dim tt.
- Kh NO ( khng mu ): ngoi khng kh ho mu nu .
- Kh NO
2
( mu nu ): Mi hc, lm qu tm tm t ho .
4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2
4HNO
3

2. Nhn bit dung dch baz (kim): Lm qu tm
ho xanh.
- Nhn bit Ca(OH)
2
:
Dng CO
2
sc vo n khi xut hin kt ta th dng li.
Dng Na
2
CO
3
to thnh kt ta mu trng ca CaCO
3

- Nhn bit Ba(OH)
2
:
Dng dung dch H
2
SO
4
to thnh kt ta mu trng ca
BaSO
4
.
3. Nhn bit dung dch axt: Lm qu tm ho
- Dung dch HCl: Dng dung dch AgNO
3
lm xut hin kt ta
mu trng ca AgCl.
- Dung dch H
2
SO
4
: Dng dung dch BaCl
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
to ra
kt ta BaSO
4
.
- Dung dch HNO
3
: Dng bt ng v un nhit cao
lm xut hin dung dch mu xanh v c kh mu nu thot ra
ca NO
2
.
- Dung dch H
2
S: Dng dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
xut hin kt ta mu
en ca PbS.
- Dung dch H
3
PO
4
: Dng dung dch AgNO
3
lm xut hin kt ta
mu vng ca Ag
3
PO
4
.
4. Nhn bit cc dung dch mui:
- Mui clorua: Dng dung dch AgNO
3
.
- Mui sunfat: Dng dung dch BaCl
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
.
- Mui cacbonat: Dng dung dch HCl hoc H
2
SO
4
.
- Mui sunfua: Dng dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
.
- Mui phtphat: Dng dung dch AgNO
3
hoc dng dung dch
CaCl
2
, Ca(OH)
2
lm xut hin kt ta ma trng ca Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
.
5. Nhn bit cc oxit ca kim loi.
* Hn hp oxit: ho tan tng oxit vo nc (2 nhm: tan trong nc v
khng tan)
- Nhm tan trong nc cho tc dng vi CO
2
.
+ Nu khng c kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim.
+ Nu xut hin kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim th.
- Nhm khng tan trong nc cho tc dng vi dung dch baz.
+ Nu oxit tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit l Be,
Al, Zn, Cr..
+ Nu oxit khng tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit
l kim loi kim th.
Nhn bit mt s oxit:
- (Na
2
O; K
2
O; BaO) cho tc dng vi nc--> dd trong sut, lm xanh
qu tm.
- (ZnO; Al
2
O
3
) va tc dng vi dung dch axit, va tc dng vi dung
dch baz.
- CuO tan trong dung dch axit to thnh ung dch c mu xanh
c trng.
- P
2
O
5
cho tc dng vi nc --> dd lm qu tm ho .
- MnO
2
cho tc dng vi dd HCl c c kh mu vng xut hin.
- SiO
2
khng tan trong nc, nhng tan trong dd NaOH hoc dd HF.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ch dng thm mt ho cht, nu cch phn bit cc oxit:
K
2
O, Al
2
O
3
, CaO, MgO.
Bi 2: C 5 mu kim loi Ba, Mg, Fe, Al, Ag nu ch dng dung dch
H
2
SO
4
long c th nhn bit c nhng kim loi no. Vit cc PTHH
minh ho.
Bi 3: Ch c nc v kh CO
2
hy phn bit 5 cht bt trng sau
y: NaCl, Na
2
CO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
, BaCO
3
, BaSO
4
.
Bi 4: Khng c dng thm mt ho cht no khc, hy nhn bit 5
l b mt nhn sau y. KHCO
3
, NaHSO
4
, Mg(HCO
3
)
2
, Na
2
CO
3
,
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
.
Bi 5: Ch dng thm Cu v mt mui tu hy nhn bit cc ho
cht b mt nhn trong cc l ng tng cht sau: HCl, HNO
3
,
H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4
.
Chuyn 15:
Tch - Tinh ch cc cht
tch v tinh ch cc cht ta c th:
1/ S dng cc phng php vt l.
- Phng php lc: Dng tch cht khng tan ra khi hn hp
lng
- Phng php c cn: Dng tch cht tan rn (Khng ho hi
khi gp nhit cao) ra khi dung dch hn hp lng.
- Phng php chng ct phn on: Dng tch cc cht lng
ra khi hn hp lng nu nhit ng c ca chng cch
bit nhau qu ln.
- Phng php chit: Dng tch cc cht lng ra khi hn hp
lng khng ng nht.
2/ S dng phng php ho hc. XY
- S tch: + Y
Tch bng
AX ph-
ng php
Tch (P ti to) vt
l
hh A,B + X bng
p tch PP vt l (A)
(B)
Lu : Phn ng c chn tch phi tho mn 3 yu cu:
- Ch tc dng ln mt cht trong hn hp cn tch.
- Sn phm to thnh c th tch d dng khi hn hp
- T sn phm phn ng to thnh c kh nng ti to c cht
ban u.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp rn gm: Al
2
O
3
; CuO ;
Fe
2
O
3

Bi 2: Tch cc kim loi sau y ra khi hn hp bt gm: Cu, Fe,
Al, Ag.
Bi 3: Bng phng php ho hc hy tch 3 mui KCl, AlCl
3
v FeCl
3

ra khi nhau trong mt dung dch.
Bi 4: Tch ring tng cht nguyn cht t hn hp cc oxit gm:
MgO, CuO, BaO.
Bi 5: Trnh by cch tinh ch: Cl
2
c ln CO
2
v SO
2
.
Bi 6: Tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp kh: H
2
S, CO
2
, N
2
v hi
nc.
Bi 7: Tch ring N
2
, CO
2
dng tinh khit ra khi hn hp: N
2
, CO,
CO
2
, O
2
v hi H
2
O.
Mt s lu :
Phng php
thu
Thu kh c tnh cht Kt qu thu c
kh
p ngc ng thu Nh hn khng kh H
2
, He, NH
3
, CH
4
,
N
2
Nga ng thu Nng hn khng kh O
2
, Cl
2
, HCl, SO
2
,
H
2
S
y nc Khng tan v khng tc dng
vi H
2
O
H
2
, O
2
, N
2
, CH
4
, He
Chuyn 16:
Vit phng trnh ho hc
iu ch cht v c v
thc hin s chuyn ho
(Vn dng tnh cht ho hc ca cc cht v cc phn ng ho hc
iu ch cc cht vit)
Bi 1: Vit PTHH thc hin s sau.
CaCO
3
+A
+B
CO
2
+E
+C ( Bit A,B,C,D,E l
nhng cht
+D
khc nhau )
Na
2
CO
3

Bi tp p dng: hon thnh cc PTHH theo s phn ng.
1/ Xc nh cc cht A,B,C,D,E v hon thnh s bin ho sau
NaHCO
3
+A + B
CO
2
+ D + E CaCO
3

+A + C
Na
2
CO
3
2/ Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, M v hon thnh cc phng
trnh ho hc theo s sau:
A
+
) ( dd
NaOH
C
+HCl
(d d )
+ F,kk,t
0

D
+
0
2
,t H
M + Fe,t
0
+ Cl
2
,t
0
E
0
t
D
+
0
,t CO
M.
+ Cl
2
,t
0
+ NaOH
( dd )
B
3/ Xc nh B, C, D, E, M, X, Z. Gii thch v hon thnh cc phng
trnh ho hc th hin theo s bin ho sau:
B
+ HCl + X + Z

M D t
0
E pnc
M.
+ Z
+ NaOH + Y + Z
C
4/ Vit cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s bin ho sau
( ghi r iu kin nu c ).
FeCl
2

( 2 )
Fe(NO
3
)
2
( 3 )
Fe(OH)
2

(1 ) ( 4 )
Fe
( 9 )
( 10 )
( 11 )
Fe
2
O
3


( 5 )
FeCl
3

( 6 )
Fe(NO
3
)
3

( 7 )
Fe(OH)
3

( 8 )
5/ Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H v hon thnh s
bin ho sau:
C

( 2 ) ( 3 ) + E
+H
2
SO
4

+ H
2
O + G
A ( 1 ) B ( 6 ) H
+ H
2
SO
4
( 4 ) ( 5 ) + F

D
Bit H l mui khng tan trong axt mnh, A l kim loi hot ng
ho hc mnh, khi chy ngn la c mu vng.
6/ Hon thnh dy bin ho sau ( ghi r iu kin nu c )
FeSO
4
(2) Fe(OH)
2
(3) Fe
2
O
3
(4)
Fe
(1)
Fe (7) (8) (9)
(10)
(5)
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
(6) Fe(OH)
3

Fe
3
O
4
7/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho
sau( ghi r iu kin nu c )
BaCO
3


( 2 ) ( 3 )
Ba
( 1 )
Ba(OH)
2

( 8 ) ( 9 )
BaCl
2

( 6 )

BaCO
3

( 7 )


BaO

( 4 ) ( 5 )
Ba(HCO
3
)
2

8/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho
sau( ghi r iu kin nu c )
CaCO
3


( 2 ) ( 3 )
Ca
( 1 )
Ca(OH)
2

( 8 ) ( 9 )
CaCl
2

( 6 )

CaCO
3

( 7 )


CaO

( 4 ) ( 5 )
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

Hoc cho s sau: Bit rng C l thnh phn chnh ca
phn.
C

( 2 )
+ G

+ H
( 3 )

( 9 )
A
( 1 )
B


( 8 )
E
( 6 )

C
( 7 )
F

+ H
2
O
+ G + H

( 4 ) ( 5 )
D
9/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho
sau( ghi r iu kin nu c )
K
2
CO
3


( 2 ) ( 3 )
K
( 1 )
KOH


( 8 ) ( 9 )
KCl
( 6 )

KNO
3

( 7 )


KNO
2

( 4 ) ( 5 )
KHCO
3

10/ Al
( 1 )
Al
2
O
3

( 2 )
AlCl
3

( 3 )
Al(NO
3
)
3
( 4 )
Al(OH)
3
( 5 )


Al
2
O
3
11/ Xc nh cc cht X
1
, X
2
v hon thnh s bin ho sau
X
1
( 1 ) ( 2 ) 4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2

0
t
2Fe
2
O
3

+ 4H
2
O
FeCl
2
( 5 ) Fe
2
O
3

( 3 ) ( 4 )
X
2
4FeCl
2
+ 8KOH + 2H
2
O + O
2
4Fe(OH)
3

+ 8KCl
12/ Hon thnh dy bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
+B
+H
2
,t
0
A X + D

X +O
2
,t
0
B +

Br
2
+ D Y + Z
+Fe,t
0

C +Y hoc Z A + G
Bit A l cht kh c mi xc c trng v khi sc A vo dung
dch CuCl
2
c cht kt ta to thnh.
13/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
KClO
3
t
0
A + B
A + MnO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
C + D + E + F
A pnc G + C
G + H
2
O L + M
C + L t
0
KClO
3
+ A + F
14/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
KClO
3
t
0
A + B
A + KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
C + ...
A pnc C + D
D + H
2
O E + ...
C + E t
0
...
15/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng
sau.

M + A F
M +B E
G H E F
M + C Fe I K L H + BaSO
4
J
M + D M G H
16/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng
sau.
Fe(OH)
3
+ A

FeCl
2
+ B + C
FeCl
3
FeCl
2
+ D + E

FeCl
2
+ F
Fe
2
(CO
3
)
3
Fe(OH)
3
+ G
( k )

17/ Chn 2 cht v c tho mn cht R trong s sau:
A B C
R R R R
X Y Z
2 cht v c tho mn l NaCl v CaCO
3
CaO Ca(OH)
2
CaCl
2

CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3

CaCO
3

CO
2
NaHCO
3
Na
2
CO
3


Na NaOH Na
2
SO
4
NaCl NaCl NaCl NaCl
Cl
2
HCl BaCl
2

Bi tp tng hp: Vit PTHH theo s chui phn ng,
gii thch th nghim, nhn bit phn bit tch cht v
c
1/ Cho s sau:
Bit A l kim loi B, C, D, E, F, G l hp cht ca A. Xc nh cng
thc ca A, B, C, D, E, F, G vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
A l Fe; B l FeCl
2
; C l FeCl
3
; D l Fe(OH)
2
; E l Fe(OH)
3
; F l
FeO;
G l Fe
2
O
3
.
Cc phng trnh Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2

2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
2FeCl
3
+ Fe 3FeCl
2
FeCl
2
+ NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ NaCl
A
E G
B F D
C
A
Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3

Fe
2
O
3
+ CO FeO + CO
2

Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO 2FeO + 3CO
2

FeO + CO Fe + CO
2

2/ t cacbon trong khng kh nhit cao c hn hp A


1
. Cho
A
1
tc dng vi CuO nung nng c kh A
2
v hn hp A
3
. Cho A
2
tc
dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)
2
th thu c kt ta A
4
v dung dch
A
5
. Cho A
5
tc dng vi Ca(OH)
2
li thu c A
4
. Cho A
3
tc dng vi
H
2
SO
4
c nng thu c kh B
1
v dung dch B
2
. Cho B
2
tc dng
vi dung dch NaOH d c kt ta B
3
. Nung B
3
n khi lng khng
i c cht rn B
4
.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra v ch r : A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
, A
5
, B
1
, B
2
, B
3
,
B
4
l cht g?
- t cacbon trong khng kh thu c hn hp kh A
1

PTHH : 2C + O
2
2CO (1)
2CO + O
2
2CO
2
(2)
Hn hp kh A
1
gm CO v CO
2
- Cho A
1
tc dng vi CuO
PTHH : CO + CuO Cu + CO
2
(3)
Kh A
2
l CO
2
Hn hp A
3
l Cu v c th c CuO d.
- Cho A
2
tc dng vi dd Ca(OH)
2
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca CO
3
+

H
2
O (4)
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(5)
Kt ta A
4
l CaCO
3
dung dch A
5
l Ca(HCO
3
)
2

- Cho A
5
tc dng vi Ca(OH)
2
thu c A
4
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
2CaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O (6)
- Cho A
3
tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
(, nng) c kh B
1
v dung dch
B
2
.
Cu + 2H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ 2H
2
O + SO
2
(7)
t
0
t
0
t
0
.t
0
CuO + H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O (8)
Kh B
1
l SO
2
, dung dch B
2
l CuSO
4

- Cho B
2
tc dng vi NaOH d thu c kt ta B
3

CuSO
4
+ 2NaOH Cu(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
(9)
- Kt ta B
3
l Cu(OH)
2

- Nung B
3
n khi lng khng i c B
4
.
Cu(OH)
2
CuO + H
2
O (10)
B
4
l CuO
Theo phn ng 1 10 ta c :
A
1
: CO; CO
2
B
1
: SO
2
A
2
: CO
2
B
2
: CuSO
4
A
3
: Cu; CuO (d) B
3
: Cu(OH)
2
A
4
: CaCO
3
B
4
: CuO
A
5
: Ca(HCO
3
)
2
3/ Hn hp A gm Fe
3
O
4
, Al, Al
2
O
3
, Fe.
Cho A tan trong dung dch NaOH d, thu c cht rn B, dung
dch C v kh D. Cho kh D d tc dng vi A nung nng c cht
rn A
1
. Dung dch C cho tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d c
dung dch C
1
. Cht rn A
1
tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng
(va ) thu c dung dch E v kh F. Cho E tc dng vi bt Fe d
c dung dch H. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
4/ t chy cacbon trong oxi nhit cao c hn hp kh A.
Cho A tc dng vi FeO nung nng c kh B v hn hp cht rn C.
Cho B tc dng vi dung dch nc vi trong thu c kt ta K v
dung dch D, un si D li thu c kt ta K. Cho C tan trong dung
dch HCl, thu c kh v dung dch E. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch
NaOH d c kt ta hiroxit F. Nung F trong khng kh ti khi lng
khng i thu c cht rn G. Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, K, E,
F. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
5/ Xc nh cc cht t A
1
n A
11
v vit cc phng trnh phn
ng sau:
A
1
+ A
2
A
3
+ A
4
A
3
+ A
5
A
6
+ A
7
A
6
+ A
8
+ A
9
A
10
.t
0
t
0
A
10

0
t
A
11
+ A
8
A
11
+ A
4

0
t
A
1
+ A
8
Bit A
3
l mui st Clorua, nu ly 1,27 gam A
3
tc dng vi dd
AgNO
3
d thu c 2,87 gam kt ta.
6/ Hn hp A gm BaO, FeO, Al
2
O
3
. Ho tan A trong lng nc d c dd
D v phn khng tan B. Sc kh CO
2
d vo D, phn ng to kt ta.
Cho kh CO d i qua B nung nng c cht rn E. Cho E tc dng
vi dd NaOH d, thy tan mt phn v cn li cht rn G. Ho tan
ht G trong lng d H
2
SO
4
long ri cho dd thu c tc dng vi dd
NaOH d, lc kt ta nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng
i thu c cht rn Z.
Gii thch th nghim trn bng cc phng trnh ho
hc.
7/ C cc phn ng sau:
MnO
2
+ HCl

Kh A
Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
SO
4 ( l )
Kh B
FeS + HCl Kh C
NH
4
HCO
3
+ NaOH
d
Kh D
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4 ( l )
Kh E
a. Xc nh cc kh A, B, C, D, E.
b. Cho A tc dng C , B tc dng vi dung dch A, B tc dung vi C,
A tc dung dch NaOH iu kin thng, E tc dng dung
dch NaOH. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
c. C 3 bnh kh A, B, E mt nhn. Bng phng php ho hc hy
phn bit cc kh.
8/ Mt hn hp X gm cc cht: Na
2
O, NaHCO
3
, NH
4
Cl, BaCl
2
c s
mol mi cht bng nhau. Ho tan hn hp X vo nc, ri un nh
thu c kh Y, dung dch Z v kt ta M. Xc nh cc cht trong
Y, Z, M v vit phng trnh phn ng minh ho.
9/ Nhit phn mt lng MgCO
3
trong mt thi gian thu c mt
cht rn A v kh B. Cho kh B hp th hon ton vo dung dch
NaOH thu c dung dch C. Dung dch C c kh nng tc dng c
vi BaCl
2
v KOH. Cho A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d li thu c kh
B v mt dung dch D. C cn dung dch D
c mui khan E. in phn nng chy E c kim loi M.
Xc nh A, B, C, D, E, M v Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra
trong th nghim trn.
10/ Cho BaO vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
long ,sau khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton thu c kt ta A v dung dch B. Cho nhm d vo dung
dch B thu c kh E v dung dch D. Ly dung dch D cho tc
dng vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
thu c kt ta F. Xc nh cc cht
A,B,C,D,F . Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
11/ Tm cc cht A,B,C,D,E (hp cht ca Cu) trong s sau v
vit phng trnh ho hc:
A B C D

B C A E
S v cc PTHH xy ra:
A - Cu(OH)
2
B- CuCl
2
C - Cu(NO
3
)
2
D- CuO E - CuSO
4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Cu(OH)
2
CuCl
2
Cu(NO
3
)
2
CuO
(5) (6) (7) (8)
CuCl
2
Cu(NO
3
)
2
Cu(OH)
2
CuSO
4
(1) Cu(OH)
2
+ 2 HCl

CuCl
2
+ 2 H
2
O

(2) CuCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3

2AgCl + Cu(NO
3
)
2

t
0
(3) 2Cu(NO
3
)
2

2CuO + 4 NO
2
+ O
2

t
0
(4) CuO + H
2

Cu + H
2
O
(5) CuCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3

2AgCl + Cu(NO
3
)
2
(6) Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2 NaOH

Cu(OH)
2
+ 2 NaNO
3

(7) Cu(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4

CuSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
(8) Fe + CuSO
4

FeSO
4
+ Cu.
12/ Nung nng Cu trong khng kh, sau mt thi gian c cht rn
A. Ho tan A trong H
2
SO
4
c, nng c dung dch B v kh C.
Kh C tc dng vi dung dch KOH thu c dung dch D, Dung dch
D va tc dng c vi BaCl
2
va tc dng c vi NaOH. Cho B tc
dng vi KOH. Vit cc PTHH Xy ra.
13/ C mt ming Na do khng cn thn nn tip xc vi khng
kh m trong mt thi gian bin thnh sn phm A. Cho A phn
ng vi nc c dung dch B. Cho bit thnh phn c th c ca A,
B? Vit cc PTHH v gii thch th nghm trn.
Cu
Cu
14/ Hn hp A gm BaO, FeO, Al
2
O
3
. Ho tan A trong lng nc d c
dung dch D v phn khng tan B. Sc kh CO
2
d vo D, phn ng
to kt ta. Cho kh CO d i qua B nung nng c cht rn E. Cho
E tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thy tan mt phn v cn li cht
rn G. Ho tan ht G trong lng d dung dch H
2
SO
4
long. Vit cc
PTHH xy ra.
15/ Cht rn A mu xanh lam tan c trong nc to thnh dung
dch. Khi cho thm NaOH vo dung dch to ra kt ta B mu
xanh lam . Khi nung nng cht B b ho en. Nu sau tip tc
nung nng sn phm trong dng kh H
2
th to ra cht rn C mu
. Cht rn C tc dng vi mt axt v c m c to ra dung
dch ca cht A ban u. Hy cho bit A l cht no. Vit tt c
cc PTHH xy ra.
Phn B. Ho hc hu c
Cc phng php gii ton ho hc c bn.
1/ Phng php p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t.
Trong mi qu trnh bin i vt cht th cc nguyn t
(ngoi tr cc phn ng bin i ht nhn nguyn t), tng s
khi lng v in tch ca cc thnh phn tham gia bin i lun
lun c bo ton.
2/ Phng php p dng nh lut v thnh phn khng i
Vi mi hp cht cho trc th:
- T l khi lng ca mi nguyn t i vi khi lng hp cht l
mt s khng i.
- T l khi lng gia cc nguyn t l mt s khng i.
3/ Phng php p dng cc nh lut vt l v cht kh.
- nh lut Avgar: cng mt iu kin v nhit v p
sut, bt k cht kh no nu c cng s phn t bng nhau
th chim th tch nh nhau.
- H qu: 1 mol phn t cht kh no cng c mt s phn t l
N = 6,02.10
23
phn t. Do 1 mol phn t kh no cng
chim mt th tch nh nhau khi xt cng iu kin v nhit
v p sut.
- Phng trnh Mendeleev Clapeyron:
PV = nRT
Trong :
+ n: s mol
+ p: p sut (atm) = p/760 (mmHg)
V: th tch (lit)
T = t
0
c + 273 (nhit tuyt i: K)
R = 22,4/273 atm.lit/mol.K (hng s Rydberg)
4/ Phng php chuyn bi ton hn hp thnh bi ton mt
cht tng ng
(phng php trung bnh)
Khi hn hp gm nhiu cht cng tc dng vi mt cht khc m
phn ng xy ra cng mt loi (oxi ho - kh, trung ho, axit
baz,...) v hiu sut cc phn ng bng nhau th ta c th thay
th c hn hp bng mt cht gi l cht tng ng c s mol,
khi lng, hay th tch bng s mol, khi lng hay th tch ca c
hn hp m cc kt qu phn ng ca cht tng ng y ht nh
kt qu cc phn ng ca ton hn hp.
Cng thc ca cht tng ng gi l cng thc tng ng hay
cng thc trung bnh.
Khi lng mol phn t, khi lng mol nguyn t, s nguyn t ca
cc nguyn t ca cht tng ng l cc gi tr trung bnh M , A,
x ,
y
, z ,...
Gi a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, ...< 1 ln lt l thnh phn % theo s mol ca cc cht
1, 2, 3, ...trong hn hp. Ta c:
M =
Tongsomol
onhop Khoiluongh
=
hh
hh
n
m
= a
1
M
1
+ a
2
M
2
+ a
3
M
3
+ ....
Vi m
hh
= n
1
M
1
+ n
2
M
2
+ n
3
M
3
+ ...
Trong : n
1
, n
2
, n
3
, ...ln lt l s mol phn t ca cht 1, 2,
3,...
A = a
1
A
1
+ a
2
A
2
+ a
3
A
3
+ ...
x = a
1
x
1
+ a
2
x
2
+ a
3
x
3
+ ...
y
= a
1
y
1
+ a
2
y
2
+ a
3
y
3
+ ...
z = a
1
z
1
+ a
2
z
2
+ a
3
z
3
+ ...
Gi tr nh nht < gi tr trung bnh < gi tr ln nht.
Suy ra:
- Hai cht ng ng lin tip th:
x < x < x + 1 ; 2p <
y
< 2(p + 1)
- Hn hp anken v ankyn th: 1 < k < 2
- Hai s c gi tr trung bnh l trung bnh cng khi v ch khi
hai s c h s bng nhau; n
1
= n
2
---> a
1
= a
2
Trung bnh ca hai s nguyn lin tip l mt s khng nguyn
v trong khong hai s nguyn .
Th d: cho n v n + 1 c n = 3,2
---> n = 3 v n + 1 = 4.
5/ Bn cht phn ng sc kh CO
2
hay SO
2
vo dung dch
kim.
Dung dch kim c th l dung dch NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2
,
Ba(OH)
2
. Khi cho CO
2
hay SO
2
l nhng oxit axit vo trong dung
dch th CO
2
hay SO
2
s kt hp vi nc ca dung dch kim s to ra
axit.
Bn cht ca phn ng gia CO
2
hay SO
2
v dung dch kim l
phn ng trung ho axit v baz.
H
+
+ OH
-
----> H
2
O
- Nu s mol OH
-
s mol H
+
---> mi trng trung ho hay c tnh
kim. Do bi ton cho kim d (nc vi trong d, xt d,...) th
phn ng ch to ra mui trung tnh khi kim dng va hoc d.
- Nu s mol H
+
> s mol OH
-
---> mi trng c tnh axit.
s mol H
+
(d) = s mol H
+
(b) s mol OH
-
.
- Nu s mol H
+
(d) s mol CO
3
2-
---> Phn ng ch to mui
axit.
- Nu s mol H
+
(d) < s mol CO
3
2-
----> Phn ng ch bin i
mt phn mui trung tnh ra mui axit, ngha l to ra hai
mui.
6/ Phng php bin lun:
Khi ta s dng ht gi thit m vn cha tm c kt qu hoc
cho nhiu kt qu khng hp l th bi ton phi c gii hoc
chn nghim hp l bng phng php bin lun.
Ni chung, trong ton Ho, ta hay da vo quy lut ca s t
nhin, quy lut kt hp ca cc nguyn t, thuyt cu to ho hc,
dy in ho, bng phn loi tun hon bin lun.
chuyn 17:
Vit ng phn ctct, vit PTHH
theo chui phn ng - iu ch,
nhn bit - phn bit - tch cc
cht hu c.
Bi 1: Vit cc cng thc cu to c th c ng vi cng thc phn
t C
5
H
10
:
CH
2
= CH - CH
2
- CH
2
- CH
3
CH
2
= C - CH
2
- CH
3

CH
3
- CH = CH- CH
2
- CH
3
CH
3
- C= CH - CH
3
CH
2
= CH - CH - CH
3
Bi 2:
1. A, B, D, F, G, H, I l cc cht hu c tho mn cc s phn
ng sau:
A
0
t
B + C ; B + C
xt t ,
0
D ; D + E
xt t ,
0
F ;
F + O
2

xt t ,
0
G + E ; F + G
xt t ,
0
H + E ; H + NaOH
0
t
I + F
G + L I + C
Xc nh A, B, D, F, G, H, I, L. Vit phng trnh ho hc biu din
s phn ng trn.
2. Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ca A ng vi cng
thc phn t C
5
H
12
. Xc nh cng thc cu to ng ca A bit
rng khi A tc dng vi clo( askt ) theo t l 1 : 1 v s mol to ra
mt sn phm duy nht.
|
CH
3
|
CH
3
|
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH - - CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
C
CH
3
CH
3
CH CH
2
CH
2
CH
CH
3
3. T nguyn liu chnh l vi, than , cc cht v c v
iu kin cn thit. Vit s phn ng iu ch cc ru
CH
3
OH; C
2
H
5
OH; CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH v cc axit tng ng.
Bi 3:
1/ Vit cng thc cu to c th c ng vi cng thc phn t :
C
5
H
12
, C
3
H
6
O
2
, C
3
H
7
O
2/ C cc cht ng ring bit trong cc l mt nhn gm: Ru
etylic, axit axtic, benzen, dung dch NaOH, dung dch H
2
SO
4
, dung
dch Ba(OH)
2
. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc cht
ng trong mi l trn.
Bi 4: Hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
B
) 3 (
C
) 4 (
Cao su buna

( 2 )
CaC
2

( 1 )
A

( 5 )
D
) 6 (
Ru etylic
) 7 (
E
) 8 (
F
) 9 (
G

10
CH
3
Cl
Bit F l: CH
3
COONa
Bi 5:
1/ a - Vit cng thc cu ti c th c ca C
4
H
8
, C
2
H
4
O
2
, C
3
H
8
O.
b - C cc cht kh sau C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
4
, CO
2
, N
2
, O
2
. Bng ph-
ng php ho hc hy phn bit cc cht trn.
2/ Vit PTP theo s bin ho sau (Ghi r iu kin nu c):


CH
3
COOH

2
C
2
H
2

1
CH
3
CHO
4
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5

5


3

C
2
H
5
OH
C
2
H
5
OH
3/ T than , vi, cc cht v c v cc iu kin cn thit.
Vit cc PTP
(Ghi r iu kin) iu ch Vinyl clorua, Poly etilen, Cao su
buna.
Bi 6:
a. Xc nh cc cht A , B , C , D , E , F v vit cc PTHH
minh ho.
C
2
H
6

+ AS Cl ,
2
A
+ NaOH
B
xt O ,
2
C
+
2
) (OH Ca
D
+
3 2
CO Na
E
+
0
, , t xtCaO NaOH
F
b. Vit tt c cc ng phn c th c ng vi cng thc
phn t : C
3
H
6
O
2

Bi 7:
1. C cc cht: H
2
O, ru etylic, axit axtic v axit cacbonic. Sp
xp theo th t gim dn v tnh axit, t dn ra cc ph-
ng trnh phn ng minh ho cho trt t sp xp .
2. T kh thin nhin, cc cht v c v iu kin cn thit vit
cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch axtilen, ru etylic, axit
axtic, poli vinyl clorua (PVC), cao su buna.
Bi 8: Hy nhn bit cc l mt nhn ng cc cht lng: CH
3
COOH,
HCl, C
2
H
5
OH, NaOH v C
6
H
6
bng phng php ho hc.
Bi 9: Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A, B, C, D, E, F, G v hon
thnh cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s bin ho
sau(ghi r cc iu kin nu c).
C + Y

C ( TH:t
0
,p,xt)
G
+ X, (t
0
,xt) (xt) (t
0
,xt)
A
LLN C, 1500
0
B E
+Y, (t
0
,xt) + X (t
0
,xt)
D ( t
0
,xt ) F
( T
0
; H
2
SO
4
c )
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
Bit A l thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao, D ch c 1 nhm chc
l: CHO, G l PE
Bi 10: Vit cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s chuyn
ho sau.
CaCO
3

) 1 (
CaO
) 2 (
CaC
2

) 3 (
C
2
H
2

) 4 (
C
2
H
4

) 5 (
C
2
H
5
OH
) 6 (
CH
3
COOH
) 7 (
CH
3
COONa
) 8 (
CH
4

) 9 (
CO
2

) 10 (
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
.
Bi 11:
1/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo dy bin ho sau .
a/ CaC
2
CH = CH

CH
2
= CH
2
CH
3
CH
2
OH
CH
3
COOH CH
3
COONa CH
4
CH
3
Cl
b/ CH
3
COOH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
CH
3
CH
2
OH
CH
3
CH
2
ONa
2/ Vit phng trnh ho hc ca axtilen vi H
2
, HCl, dung dch
Brm v vi Ag
2
O trong mi trng NH
3
(hoc AgNO
3
trong mi trng
NH
3
).
Bi 12:
1/ Vit cc cng thc cu to thu gn ca cc ng phn c cng
cng thc phn t ca cc hp cht hu c sau : C
4
H
8
, C
4
H
10
O ,
C
3
H
6
O
2
.
2/ Hn hp X gm mt ankan v mt ankin c t l phn t khi t-
ng ng l
22 : 13. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp X, thu c 22g CO
2
v
9g H
2
O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca ankan v ankin trn.
3/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho
sau(ghi r iu kin nu c)
D
+ NaOH
E
men gim Xt : CaO, T
0
+O
2
CO
2

Clorofin ASKT ,
A
Lenmen
B CH
4


+ H
2
O XT

XT, T
0

Crcking,T
0
C
4
H
6

+
0
2
, , t Ni H
C
4
H
10

CH
4

c
0
1500
F
Xc nh cc cht A,B,D,E,F trong mi phng trnh.
Bi 13:
1/ C 3 hp cht hu c c cng thc phn t nh sau: CH
2
O
2
,
C
2
H
4
O
2
, C
3
H
6
O
2
. Hy vit cng thc cu to c th c ng vi 3 cng
thc phn t trn.
2/ Hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
B
) 3 (
C
) 4 (
Cao su buna

( 2 )
CaC
2

( 1 )
A

( 5 )
D
) 6 (
Ru etylic
) 7 (
E
) 8 (
F
) 9 (
G
Bit G (thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao)
3/ Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc dung dch ng
trong cc l mt nhn cha ring bit cc dung dch: CH
3
COOH,
HCOOH, C
2
H
5
OH, C
6
H
6
.
4/ Hy xc nh cng thc cu to c th c ca cc hp cht hu
c ng vi cng thc tng
qut: C
X
H
Y
O
Z
khi x 2. Bit rng cc hp cht u tc dng c
vi kali v khng phi l
hp cht a chc.
5/ Cho mt hir cacbon A, t chy hon ton 1 mol A cn 6
mol oxi. Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to v gi
tn A. Bit A th kh.
Bi 14:
1/Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H v hon thnh s
bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
C (3) D
(2) (4)
Ln men gim
Ln men
+ Cl
2
, askt
A (1) B G
(8)

H
(5) (7)
+ H
2
, xt Ni, t
0
E (6) F
Bit: E l nguyn liu chnh sn xut cao su buna.
G l thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao.
2/ Cho mt ru no X, t chy hon ton mt mol X cn 3 mol
oxi. Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to v gi tn
X.
3/ Bng phng php ho hc hy tch ring CO
2
v C
2
H
6
ra khi hn
hp kh CO
2
, C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
6
.
4/ C 4 l mt nhn cha ring bit cc kh CO
2
,CH
4
,C
2
H
4
v
C
2
H
2
.Bng phng php ho hc hy nhn bit cc nm trong mi l.
Vit phng trnh ho hc minh ho (nu c).
Bi 15:
1/ Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ng vi cng thc phn
t: C
3
H
6
O
2
, C
3
H
8
O, C
3
H
6
, C
5
H
10
2/ Cht A c cng thc phn t C
2
H
6
.Xc nh cng thc cu to
ca cc cht B, C, D, E, F v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc
theo s phn ng sau:
C
2
H
6

+ ASKT Cl ,
2
B
+ NaOH
C
+ XT O ,
2
D
+
2
) (OH Ca
E
+
3 2
CO Na
F

+
0
, : , t CaO Xt NaOH
CH
4

3/ t chy 1 lt hn hp gm 2 Hir cacbon th kh thu c 1,6
lt kh CO
2
v 1,4 lt hi nc. Cc th tch o cng iu kin
nhit v p sut. Xc nh 2 cht v thnh phn % v s mol
ca mi cht trong hn hp.
4/ Bng phng php ho hc hy nu cch phn bit 4 cht kh
sau: CH
4
, C
2
H
2
, SO
2
v CO
2
.
Bi 16: Cho s biu din bin ho ho hc sau:
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
6
R
5
R
3
- Xc nh cng thc cc cht R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
, R
5
, R
6
(thuc hp cht
hu c) v vit cc phng trnh ho hc biu din cc bin ho
trn (mi mi tn ch vit mt PTHH).
- Trong cc bin ho trn c khi no phn ng xy ra theo chiu ngc
li khng? (Vit cc PTHH, nu iu kin xy ra cc phn ng)
V R
1
tc dng vi I
2
to ra mau xanh nn R
1
l tinh bt(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
ta
c:
R
1
->R
2
: (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ nH
2
O nC
6
H
12
O
6
(1)
R
2
->R
3
: C
6
H
12
O
6
men zima 2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
(2)
R
3
->R
4
: C
2
H
5
OH + O
2
XT CH
3
COOH + H
2
O (3)
R
3
->R
5
: C
2
H
5
OH H
2
SO
4
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O (4)
R
5
->R
3
: C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O AX C
2
H
5
OH (5)
R
3
->R
6
: C
2
H
5
OH + CH
3
COOH H
2
SO
4
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+
H
2
O (6)
R
4
->R
6
: CH
3
COOH +C
2
H
5
OH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+
H
2
O (7)
Nhng phn ng xy ra theo chiu ngc li c l :(4), (5)
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O XT,P C
2
H
5
OH
C
2
H
5
OH H
2
SO
4
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O
Chuyn 18:
Ton hirocacbon
Cng thc phn t tng qut v cng thc phn t ca cht
tng ng vi hn hp.
Cng thc mt cht Cng thc cht tng ng
C
x
H
y
iu kin: y 2x + 2
Hay C
n
H
2n + 2 2k
iu kin: x, y, n
N
0
Vi k l tng s lin kt


v vng.
Nu mch h --> k = tng s ni

, kN.
C x H
y
, x > 1;
y
> 2
Hay C
n
H
2
n

+ 2 - 2
k
n > 1; k 0
k = 0: Ankan
C
n
H
2n + 2
; n 1
C
n
H
2
n

+ 2
; n > 1
k = 1: Xiclankan hay anken.
Xiclankan: C
n
H
2n
; n 3
Anken: C
n
H
2n
; n 2
C
n
H
2
n
; n > 2
k = 2 (mch h): Ankaien hay
ankyn
Ankaien: C
n
H
2n 2
; n 3
Ankyn: C
n
H
2n 2
; n 2
C
n
H
2
n

- 2
; n > 2
k = 4: Aren (3

+ 1 vng)
C
n
H
2n 6
; n 6
C
n
H
2
n

- 6
; n > 6
1/ Phn ng cng:
Hirocacbon c ni

, Xiclopropan, xiclobutan mi c phn ng


cng.
- Cng H
2
: vi cht xc tc l Ni hoc Pt nung nng.
C
n
H
2n + 2 2k
+ kH
2
----> C
n
H
2n + 2
C
n
H
2
n

+ 2 - 2
k
+ k H
2
----> C
n
H
2
n

+ 2
1mol k mol 1mol
H qu:
- gim s mol ca hn hp lun lun bng s mol H
2
tham gia
phn ng.
- Tng s mol hirocacbon sn phm v s mol hirocacbon
nguyn liu (d) lun lun bng s mol hirocacbon nguyn liu
ban u.
2/ Phn ng cng Br
2
:
C
n
H
2
n

+ 2 - 2
k

+ k Br
2
----> C
n
H
2
n

+ 2 - 2
k
Br
2
k
H qu:
- S mol hirocacbon tham gia phn ng bng
k
1
s mol Br
2.
3/ Phn ng chy:
C x H
y
+ ( x +
4
y
)O
2
----> x CO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O
C
n
H
2
n

+ 2 - 2
k
+ (3n + 1 - k )/2 O
2
----> n CO
2
+ ( n + 1 - k ) H
2
O.
H qu:
*) k = 0, ta c:
C
n
H
2
n

+ 2
+ (3n + 1)/2 O
2
----> n CO
2
+ ( n + 1) H
2
O
x mol n x mol ( n + 1)x mol
----> x = ( n + 1)x - n x
= s mol H
2
O s mol CO
2

Vy ta c: C
n
H
2
n

+ 2
chy <---> s mol H
2
O > s mol CO
2

v s mol C
n
H
2
n

+ 2
= s mol H
2
O - s mol CO
2

*) k = 1, ta c:
C
n
H
2
n

+ 3n /2 O
2
----> n CO
2
+ n H
2
O
C
n
H
2
n

chy <--> s mol H
2
O = s mol CO
2
*) k = 2, ta c:
C
n
H
2
n

- 2
+ (3n - 1)/2 O
2
----> n CO
2
+ ( n - 1) H
2
O
x mol n x mol ( n - 1)x mol
----> x = n x - ( n + 1)x
= s mol CO
2
- s mol H
2
O
Vy ta c: C
n
H
2
n

- 2
chy <---> s mol H
2
O < s mol CO
2

v s mol C
n
H
2
n

- 2
= s mol CO
2
- s mol H
2
O
*) Ch :
- Hn hp hirocacbon th kh th: n 4 v n 4
- Ch c nhng Ankyn 1 (c ni 3 u mch) mi c phn ng
th AgNO
3
/NH
4
OH.
- Ngoi tr CH CH, cc ankyn cn li khi b hyrat ho cho sn
phm chnh l xtn.
- Nu hircacbon b hyrat ho m to ra ru n chc no th
hirocacbon ny chnh l anken (hay olefin)
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1:
1. Hn hp A gm mtan, axtylen theo t l th tch l 1:1
a/ Tinh ch CH
4
t hn hp
b/ Tinh ch C
2
H
2
t hn hp
2. Hn hp A gm axtylen v hidro c t khi so vi hidro bng 4.
a/ Tnh % v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A,
b/ t nng hn hp trong bnh kn c t bt Ni lm xc tc thu -
c hn hp kh B.
- Cho 1/2 khi lng B i qua dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
thy to
thnh 0,12g kt ta mu vng. Tnh khi lng ca C
2
H
2
trong hn
hp B.
- Cho 1/2 lng kh B qua dung dch nc Brm thy bnh nng
thm 0,041(g). Tnh khi lng ca tylen c trong hn hp B.
Hng dn:
1.
a/ Cho hn hp i qua nc Br
2
d:
C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2

C
2
H
2
Br
4
Tinh ch c CH
4

b/ Cho hn hp i qua dung dch Ag
2
O (NH
2
)
C
2
H
2
+ Ag
2
O

C
2
Ag
2
+ H
2
O
- Lc ly kt ta hon tan bng HNO
3

C
2
Ag
2
+ HNO
3

AgNO
3
+ C
2
H
2

2.
a. Gi mt s mol ca C
2
H
2
l x -> nH
2
= 1 - x
Ta c:
2
) 1 ( 2 26 x x +
= 4
-> x = 0, 25
Ta c: C
2
H
2
chim 25%; v H
2
Chim 75%
b. t nng hn hp
C
2
H
2
+ H
2

o
t
Ni
> C
2
H
4

C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2

0
t
Ni
> C
2
H
6
Hn hp kh B; C
2
H
2
; C
2
H
4
; C
2
H
6

Cho 1/2B i qua dung dch Ag
2
O (NH
3
)
C
2
H
2
+ Ag
2
O
3
NH
C
2
Ag
2
+ H
2
O
nC
2
H
2
= nC
2
Ag
2
=
240
12 , 0
= 0,0005 (mol)
Khi lng C
2
H
2
c trong hn hp B: 0,0005.2. 26 = 0,026(g)
- Cho 1/2 B i qua dung dch Br
2

Cc phn ng:
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2

C
2
H
4
Br
2
C
2
h
2
+ 2Br
2

C
2
H
2
Br
4
- Khi lng ca C
2
H
4
trong hn hp B l:
(0,041 -
2
026 , 0
). 2 = 0,056 (g)
Bi 2: Cc hirocacbon A, B, C u trng thi kh iu kin
thng, xc nh cng thc ca chng bng kt qu ca tng th
nghim sau:
a, 1,4g cht A lm mt mu va mt dung dch cha 8g
brm.
b, Mt th tch V ca B chy cn 2,5V kh xi.
c, Tng th tch C v th tch xi va bng tng th
tch ca kh CO
2
v hi nc to thnh, th tch hi nc ng bng
th tch CO
2
.
a, theo TN ta c : M
A
=
8
160 . 4 , 1
= 28 (g)
Xt cc trng hp :- hirocacbon C
n
H
2n+2
v C
n
H
2n-2
khng c
trng hp no c M = 28g
- hirocacbon C
n
H
2n
: ch c C
2
H
4
l tho mn M=28g vy A
l C
2
H
4
(1)
b, Gi cng thc B l C
x
H
y
v t V
B
= V
0
Ta c :C
2
H
4
+ (x+
4
y
) O
2
xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O
V
O2
(x +
4
y
)V
0
= x +
4
y
V
CxHy
V
0
x, y phi tho mn iu kin :
x, y l nhng s nguyn dng
2x-2 y 2x+2
Ch c nghim x=y=2 tho mn . Vy B l C
2
H
2

C, Ta c : C
n
H
2n
+ (n+
2
n
)O
2
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O
-Theo PTHH V
CO2
= V
H2O
(hi )
Nu ly VCnH2n =1 th V
u
= 1+ n +
2
n

V
cui
=V
u
-> 1=
2
n
-> n=2 Vy C l C
2
H
4

Bi 3: Hn hp A gm cc kh mtan, tylen v axtylen.
a. Dn 2,8 lt hn hp A ktc qua bnh ng dung dch nc
Brm thy bnh b nht mu i mt phn v c 20g brm phn
ng.
b. Mt khc t chy hon ton 5,6 lit A ktc ri cho ton b
sn phm chy qua bnh ng 175,2 gam dung dch NaOH 20%
sau th nghim thu c dung dch cha 1,57% NaOH.
Tnh % theo th tch ca mi kh c trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
Gi x, y, z ln lt l cc s mol ca CH
4
, C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
c trong 2,8 lt
hn hp:
n
hh
=
4 , 22
8 , 2
= 0, 125 mol
Khi cho 2,8 lt hn hp i qua bnh ng ncBrm ch c C
2
H
4

v C
2
H
2
phn ng
Phng trnh phn ng:
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
-> C
2
H
4
Br
2
C
2
H
2
+ 2 Br
2
-> C
2
H
2
Br
Ta c: nBr
2
= y + 2z =
100
20
= 0, 125
t chy 5,6 lt hn hp
CH
4
+ 2O
2
-> CO
2
+ 2h
2
O
2x 2x
C
2
H
4
+ 3O
2
-> 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2y 4y
2C
2
H
2
+ O
2
-> 4 CO
2
+ 2 H
2
O
2z 4z
Ta c: n CO
2
= 2x + 4y + 4z = 0,375 + y
n NaOH = 0,876 mol
CO
2
+ 2NaOH -> Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
1mol 2mol
n NaOH phn ng = 2n CO
2
= 0,75 + 2y
n NaOH d = 0, 876 - 0,75 - 2y = 0,126 - 2y
Ta c h phng trnh

'

+
+ +
57 , 1 100 .
2 , 175 44 ). 375 , 0 (
) 2 126 , 0 .( 40
125 , 0 2
125 , 0
y
y
z y
z y x
Gii h ta c: y = 0,025
x = z = 0, 05
% CH
4
= 40%
% C
2
H
4
= 20%
% C
2
H
2
= 40%
Bi 4: Hn hp A gm CH
4
, C
2
H
2
v mt hirocacbon X c cng thc
C
n
H
2n +2
. Cho 0,896 lt hn hp A i qua dung dch Brom d
phn ng xy ry ra hon ton, thy thot ra 0,448 lt hn hp hai
kh .
Bit rng t l s mol CH
4
v C
n
H
2n+ 2
trong hn hp l 1:1, khi
t chy 0,896 lit A thu c 3,08gam CO
2
( KTC).
a- Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Hirocacbon X
b- Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca mi kh trong hn
hp A.
Hng dn:
a- Khi cho hn hp A qua dung dch brom d, c phn ng:
C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4
V phn ng xy ra hon ton v c hai kh thot ra khi dung
dch brom, nn hai kh l CH
4
v C
n
H
2n+ 2
Theo bi, VC
2
H
2
tham gia phn ng l: 0,896 - 0,448 = 0,448
(lt)
Vy s mol C
2
H
2
l: 0,448 = 0,02 (mol)
22,4
Gi s mol ca CH
4
l x. Theo bi => s mol ca C
n
H
2n + 2
cng
l x.
Vy ta c: x + x = 0,448 = 0,02 => x = 0,01.
22,4
Phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng t chy hn hp:
2C
2
H
2
+ 5O
2
4CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,02 mol 0,04 mol
CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,01 mol 0,01mol
2C
n
H
2n + 2
+ (3n + 1) O
2
2nCO
2
+ 2 (n +1)H
2
O
0,01 mol 0,01,n mol
Vy ta c: n
CO2
= 0,04 + 0,01 +0,01n = 3,08 => n = 2
44
Vy cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon X l C
2
H
6

b- Tnh % th tch cc kh:
% VC
2
H
2
= 0,448: 0,896 x 100% = 50%
% VCH
4
= % VC
2
H
6
= (100% - 50%) : 2 = 25%
Bi 5: Ngi ta t chy mt hidrcacbon no bng O
2
d ri dn sn
phm chy i ln lt qua H
2
SO
4
c ri n 350ml dung dch
NaOH 2M thu c dung dch A. Khi thm BaCl
2
d vo dung dch A
thy tc ra 39,4gam kt ta BaCO
3
cn lng H
2
SO
4
tng thm
10,8gam. Hi hir cc bon trn l cht no ?
Hng dn:
- Sn phm chy khi t Hir cac bon bng kh O
2
l CO
2
; H
2
O; O
2
d. Khi dn sn phm chy i qua H
2
SO
4
c th ton b H
2
O b
gi li (do H
2
SO
4
c ht nc mnh), do vy lng H
2
SO
4
tng
10,8gam, chnh bng lng nc to thnh ( O H
2
m
= 10,8gam), kh cn
li l CO
2
, O
2
d tip tc qua dung dch NaOH, xy ra phn ng gia
CO
2
v NaOH
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O (1)
CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3
(2)
Tu thuc vo s mol ca CO
2
v NaOH m c th
to ra mui trung ho Na
2
CO
3
ln mui axit NaHCO
3
)
* Trng hp 1:
NaOH d, sn phm ca phn ng gia CO
2
v NaOH ch
l mui trung ho. Dung dch A gm Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Khi phn ng vi dung dch BaCl
2
, ton b mui gc cacbonat b
chuyn thnh kt ta BaCO
3
.
Na
2
CO
3
+ BaCl
2
BaCO
3
+ 2NaCl (3)
Ta c:
3
BaCO
n
=
2
CO
n
V:
3
BaCO
n
=
) mol ( 2 , 0
197
4 , 39


2
CO
n
= 0,2 (mol)
Trong khi: O H
2
n
=
) mol ( 6 , 0
18
8 , 10

Suy ra: T s
3
1
6 , 0
2 , 0
n
n
O H
CO
2
2

khng tn ti hir cc bon no no nh vy
v t s nh nht l
2
1
CH
4
chy
* Trng hp 2:
- Nh vy NaOH khng d. Ngha l NaOH phn ng ht. ng thi to
ra c mui axt v mui trung ho (c phn ng (1) v (2) u xy
ra, lng CO
2
phn ng hon ton, lng CO
2
b gi li hon ton)
- Theo phng trnh (1) n
NaOH
ban u = 0,35 . 2 = 0.7 (mol)
n
NaOH
= 2.
3 2
CO Na
n
= 2 .
3
BaCO
n

= 2 . 0,2 = 0,4 (mol)

2
CO
n
(1) = 0,2 (mol) (*)
Lng NaOH cn li: 0,7 - 0,4 = 0,3 (mol). Tham gia phn ng (2)
- Theo phng trnh (2):
2
CO
n
= n
NaOH
= 0,3 (mol) (**)
- Vy t (*), (**) lng kh CO
2
to thnh trong phn ng chy l
2
CO
n
= 0,2 + 0,3 = 0,5 (mol)
Gi CTHH hir cc bon no l C
n
H
2n+2
(n 1)
Phn ng chy;
CnH
2n+2
+
2
O
2
1 n 3 +
n CO
2
+ (n + 1)H
2
O
Do ;
5 n
6 , 0
5 , 0
1 n
n

+
Vy hir cc bon cn tm c cng thc ho hc C
5
H
12
Bi 6: Cho bit X cha 2 hoc 3 nguyn t trong s cc nguyn t
C; H; O.
1/ Trn 2,688lt CH
4
(ktc) vi 5,376lt kh X (ktc) thu c hn
hp kh Y c khi lng 9,12g. Tnh khi lng phn t X.
2/ t chy hon ton hn hpY. Cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo
dung dch cha 0,48 mol Ba(OH)
2
thy to ra 70,92g kt ta. Xc
nh CTPT v vit CTCT ca X.
Hng dn:
1/ S mol cc cht =
4 , 22
688 , 2
= 0,12 mol
n
x
=
4 , 22
376 , 5
= 0,24 mol
m
x
= 9,12 . 0,12 . 16 = 7,2
=> M
x
=
24 , 0
2 , 7
= 30
2/ Cc PTHH c th xy ra gm:
CH
4
+ 2O
2
-> CO
2
+ 2H
2
O (1)
C
x
H
y
O
z
+ (x +
2
y
-
2
z
)O
2
-> xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O (2)
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
-> BaCO
3
+ H
2
O (3)
CO
2d
+ H
2
O + BaCO
3
-> Ba(HCO
3
)
2
(4)
Xy ra 2 trng hp:
a, Trng hp 1: CO
2
thiu -> khng c PTHH(4)

2
CO
n
=
3
BaCO
n
=
197
92 , 70
= 0,36 mol
lng CO
2
do CH
4
to ra theo PT (1) =
4
CH
n
= 0,12 mol. Do lng CO
2

do X to ra = 0,36 - 0,12 = 0,24 mol. Nh vy s nguyn t C trong
X =
24 , 0
24 , 0
= 1
12 . 1 + y + 16z = 30 hay y + 16z = 18.
Cp nghim duy nht z = 1 v y = 2 O
=> CTPT l CH
2
O CTCT l H - C
H
b, Trng hp 2: CO
2
d c PTHH (4)
Lc n CO
2
= 0,48 + ( 0,48 - 0,36 ) = 0,6 mol
d

2
CO
n
do X to ra = 0,6 - 0,12 = 0,48 mol
-> nguyn t C trong X =
24 , 0
48 , 0
= 2
ta c 12 . 2 + y + 16z = 30
<=> 24 + y + 16z = 30 <=> y + 16z = 6
Cp nghim duy nht z = 0 ; y = 6 H H
CTPT l C
2
H
6
CTCT l H - C - C - H
H H
Bi 7: t chy hon ton 1 hn hp kh gm 2 hidrocacbon c cng
thc tng qut C
n
H
2n
v C
m
H
2m + 2
. (4 m 1); (4 n 2) cn dng
35,2g kh O
2
.
Sau phn ng thu c 14,4g H
2
O v lng kh CO
2
c

th tch
bng
3
7
th tch ca hn hp kh ban u.
a. Tnh % th tch ca hn hp kh ban u.
b. Xc nh CTPT v CTCT c th c ca cc hidrocacbonat
ni trn.
n
2
O
=
32
2 , 35
=1,1 mol
n
O H
2
=
18
4 , 14
= 0,8 mol
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca 2 hirocacbon C
n
H
2n
v C
m
H
2m + 2
Ta c PTHH
C
n
H
2n
+
2
3n
O
2
n CO
2
+ n H
2
O
a.
2
3na
na na
C
m
H
2m + 2
+
2
1)O + 3 (
2
m
m CO
2
+ (m +1)H
2
O
b (
) 2
) 1 3 + m
). b mb (m+1)b
n
2
O
=
2
3na
+
2
) 1 3 ( + m
b = 1,1 (1)
n
O H
2
= na + (m+1)b = 0,8 (2)
n CO
2
= na

+ mb =
3
7
(a+b) (3)
Gii h PT ta c a = 0,2
b = 0,1
% C
n
H
2n
=0,2/0,3 x 100% 66,7%
a. % C
m
H
2m + 2
= 100% - 66,7% = 33,3 %
b. na + mb =
3
7
( a +b)
0,2n + 0,1m =
3
7
x 0,3
2n + m = 7
n 2 3
m 3 1
Cc hirocacbon c CT: C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
8
C
3
H
6
v CH
4
Bi 8: Cho hn hp A gm C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
. Ly 2,96g hn hp A em
t chy hon ton thu c m
1
g CO
2
v m
2
g H
2
O. Ly 0,616 lt
A(ktc) cho phn ng vi lng d nc Brm thy c 6,8g Br
2
tham gia
phn ng (phn ng xy ra hon ton).
a, Vit PTP.
b, Tnh % theo khi lng v theo th tch ca mi
hirocacbon trong A.
c, Tnh m
1
v m
2
.
a) (1 im) C
2
H
4
+ O
2
2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O (1)
C
2
H
2
+
2
5
O
2
2CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
C
2
H
4
Br
2
(3)
C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4
(4)
b)
mol 0275 , 0 =
4 , 22
616 , 0
= n
A hp hn v
mol 0425 , 0 =
160
8 , 6
= n
2 Br
Gi s mol C
2
H
4
l a mol
C
2
H
2
l b mol
Theo PT (3) v (4) ta c h PT:
{ {
mol 015 , 0 = b
mol 0125 , 0 = a

0425 , 0 = b 2 + a
0275 , 0 = b + a
m
4 2
H C
trong 0,0275 mol hn hp : 0,0125.28 = 0,35 g.
m
2 2
H C
trong 0,0275 mol hn hp : 0,015.26 = 0,39g.
Tng khi lng = 0,35 + 0,39 = 0,74 g
T l 2,96g : 0,616 lt = 2,96 : 0,74 = 4:1
S mol C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
trong 2,96 g hn hp l:
n
mol 05 , 0 = 4 . 0125 , 0 = H C
4 2
n
mol 06 , 0 = 4 . 015 , 0 = H C
2 2
% C
2
H
4
theo V bng:
% 45 , 45 = % 100 .
11 , 0
05 , 0
% C
2
H
2
theo V bng 100%- 45,45% = 54,55%
% C
2
H
4
theo m bng
% 3 , 47 = % 100 .
96 , 2
28 . 05 , 0
% C
2
H
2
theo m bng 100%- 47,3%= 52,7%
c, Tnh m
1
, m
2
Theo PT (1) v (2):
n
2
CO
= 2n
4 2
H C
+ 2n
2 2
H C
= 0,1 + 0,12 = 0,22 (mol)
m
1
= 0,22.44= 9,68(g)
n
O H
2
= 2n
4 2
H C
+ 2n
2 2
H C
= 2.0,05 + 0,06 = 0,16 (mol)
m
2
= 0,16.18 = 2,88(g)
Bi 9: Cho 3,36 lt hn hp kh A (KTC) gm hiro cacbon X c
cng thc C
n
H
2n + 2
v hiro cacbon Y (cng thc C
m
H
2m
) i qua
bnh nc Brom d thy c 8 gam brom tham gia phn ng. Bit 6,72
lt hn hp A nng 13 gam, n v m tho mn iu kin: 2 n; m
4.
Tm cng thc phn t 2 hiro cacbon X; Y.
Hng dn:
Cho hn hp kh qua dd nc brom
X: C
n
H
2n + 2
+ Br
2
Khng phn ng
Y: C
m
H
2m
+ Br
2
C
m
H
2m
Br
2
Gi s mol X, Y trong hn hp ln lt l a v b ta c:
a + b =
4 , 22
36 , 3
= 0,15 (mol)
n
Y
= n
Brom
= b =
160
8
= 0,05 (mol a = 0,1 mol
Theo khi lng hn hp:
(14n + 2)0,1 + 14m . 0,05 = 13 .
72 , 6
36 , 3
= 6,5
Rt gn: 2n + m = 9
V cn tho mn iu kin 2 n; m 4. ( m, n nguyn dng)
Ch hp l khi n = m = 3
Vy cng thc phn thc phn t X l C
3
H
8
; Y l C
3
H
6
.
Bi 10: Mt hn hp gm kh Metan, Etilen c th tch 5 lt c
trn ln vi 5 lt kh Hiro ri nung n 250
0
C c bt kn xc tc
cho n khi phn ng kt thc. Sau khi tr li nhng iu kin lc
u. V nhit v p sut th tch tng cng ch cn li 8 lt
c dn qua dung dch nc Brom. Hi
1) Dung dch Brom c b mt mu khng ?
2) Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca CH
4
v C
2
H
4
trong
hn hp lc u
3) Nu thay C
2
H
4
bng cng th tch ca C
2
H
2
th sau phn
ng th tch tng cng bng bao nhiu ?
Hng dn:
a) Khi trn hn hp kh CH
4
; C
2
H
4
vi kh H
2
n khi phn ng
kt thc c ngha phn ng xy ra hon ton v ch c C
2
H
4

phn ng vi H
2
.
PTHH : C
2
H
4
+ H
2
C
2
H
6

Theo phn ng ta c n
C2H4
= n
H2

M theo bi ra : n
C2H4
< n
H2
nn sau phn ng c H
2
(d) v
CH
4
; C
2
H
6
l nhng cht khng phn ng vi dd Brom. Nn Brom
khng mt mu.
b) Theo phn ng trn : Vh hp gim = V
C2H4
phn ng.
=> V
C2H4
= 5 + 5 - 8 = 2 (lt)
% C
2
H
4

% 40 % 100 .
5
2

% CH
4
= 100% - 40% = 60%
c) Nu thay C
2
H
4
+ 2H
2
C
2
H
6

Theo PTHH :
V
H2
= 2V
C2
H
2
= 2.2 = 4 (l)
=> V
H2
(d) = 5 - 4 = 1 (lt)
V
hh
= 3 +2 + 1 = 6 (lt).
Bi 11: Hp cht hu c A ch cha hai nguyn t X v Y. t chy
hon ton m gam A thu c ng m gam H
2
O. A c phn t khi
trong khong 150 < M < 170.
a. X v Y l nguyn t g?
b. Xc nh cng thc n gin nht (cng thc trong t l
s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t l ti gin) v cng thc phn t
ca A.
Hng dn:
- Nu c v A l hp cht hu c nn trong X v Y phi c mt
nguyn t l C.
Mt khc khi t A thu c H
2
O. Vy X v Y l C v H
- Vit c phng trnh tng qut:
CxHy + (x +
4
y
)O
2
xCO
2
+

2
y
H
2
O
a
2
y
. a
Ni
t
0
Ni
t
0
- Lp c h thc a(mol) C
x
H
y
=>
2
y
.a(mol) H
2
O
M M
A
=
a
m
v M
H
2
O
=
2
y
a
m
= 18 => a.M
A
= 9.a.y => M
A
= 9y.
V 150 < M < 170 nn 16 < y < 19.
Ta c:
y 16 17 18 19
M
A
145 156 16
2
171
V nu M = 156, y = 17 th x = 11,5 (loi). Vy ch c y = 18,
x = 12 v M = 162 l ph hp.
Cng thc phn t ca A l: C
12
H
18
Cng thc n gin nht l: (C
2
H
3
)
n

Bi 12: Hn hp kh B cha mtan v axetilen.
1. Cho bit 44,8 lt hn hp B nng 47g. Tnh % th tch mi kh
trong B.
2. t chy hon ton 8,96 lt hn hp B v cho tt c sn phm
hp th vo 200ml dung dch NaOH 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml). Tnh nng
% ca mi cht tan trong dung dch NaOH sau khi hp th sn
phm chy.
3. Trn V lt hn hp B vi V
'
Hircacbon X (cht kh) ta thu c
hn hp kh D nng 271g, trn V' lt hn hp kh B vi Vlt
Hirocacbon X ta thu c hn hp kh E nng 206g. Bit V' - V =
44,8 lt. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca Hirocacbon X. Cc
th tch kh u o iu kin tiu chun.
Hng dn:
1. Gi n l s mol C
2
H
2
trong 1 mol hn hp B ta c phng trnh v
khi
lng mol: M
B
= 26n +16 (1 - n) = 47/2 = 23,5 => n = 0,75 tc
axetilen= 75%,
mtan = 25%
2. Cc phng trnh:
2C
2
H
2
+ 5O
2
4CO
2
+2H
2
O (1)
CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+2H
2
O (2)
Tnh n
B
= 0,4 mol , trong c 0,3mol C
2
H
2
v 0,1mol CH
4

Theo cc phn ng : 1;2:
Tng mol CO
2
= 0,3 x 2 + 0,1 x 1 = 0,7 mol
Tng mol H
2
O = 0,3 x 1 + 0,1 x 2 = 0,5 mol
S mol NaOH = 200x 1 ,2 x 20 /100x40 = 1,2mol
V: s mol CO
2
< s mol NaOH < 2 x s mol CO
2
.
Do to thnh 2 mui :
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O (3)
CO
2
+NaOH NaHCO
3
(4)
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
Ta c:
a + b = 0,7
=> a = 0,5mol Na
2
CO
3

2a +b = 1,2
b = 0,2mol NaHCO
3
Khi lng dung dch NaOH sau khi hp th CO
2
vH
2
O l:
200x 1,2+ 0,7 x 44 + 0,5 x 18 = 279,8 g
Vy % N
2
CO
3
=106 x 0,5 x 100/279,8 = 18,94%
% NaHCO
3
= 84 x 0,2 x 100/279,8 = 6%
3- Ta c cc phng trnh v hn hp D v E:
V . 23,5 + V' .M = 271 (a)
22,4 22,4
V' . 23,5 + V .M = 206 (b)
22,4 22,4
Mt khc: V' - V = 44,8 lt (c)
Trong : M l khi lng phn t ca HirocacbonX.
T (a), (b) v (c) gii ra ta c M = 56
Gi cng thc X l C
X
H
Y
ta c: 12 x + y = 56
Suy ra cng thc ca X l C
4
H
8

Bi 13: Hn hp X (ktc) gm mt ankan v mt anken. Cho 3,36
(l) hn hp X qua bnh nc Brom d thy c 8(g) Brm tham gia phn
ng. Bit 6,72 (l) hn hp X nng 13(g).
1, Tm cng thc phn t ca ankan v anken, bit s nguyn t
cacbon trong mi phn t khng qu 4.
2, t chy hon ton 3,36 (l) hn hp X v cho tt c sn phm
chy hp th vo dung dch NaOH (d), sau thm BaCl
2
d th thu
c bao nhiu (g) cht kt ta?
Hng dn:
t CTPT ca X, Y ln lt l C
n
H
2n + 2
v C
m
H
2m

iu kin: 1 n 4 v 2 m 4 ( m, n nguyn dng)
Cho hn hp kh qua dd nc brom
X: C
n
H
2n + 2
+ Br
2
Khng phn ng
Y: C
m
H
2m
+ Br
2
C
m
H
2m
Br
2
Gi s mol X, Y trong hn hp ln lt l a v b ta c:
a + b =
4 , 22
36 , 3
= 0,15 (mol)
n
Y
= n
Brom
= b =
160
8
= 0,05 (mol a = 0,1 mol
Theo khi lng hn hp:
(14n + 2)0,1 + 14m . 0,05 = 13 .
72 , 6
36 , 3
= 6,5
Rt gn: 2n + m = 9
V cn tho mn iu kin: 1 n 4 v 2 m 4 ( m, n nguyn
dng)
Ch hp l khi n = m = 3
Vy cng thc phn thc phn t X l C
3
H
8
; Y l C
3
H
6
.
2/ Ta c cc PTHH xy ra:
C
3
H
8
+ 5O
2
----> 3CO
2
+ 4H
2
O
0,1 0,3 mol
2C
3
H
6
+ 9O
2
-----> 6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
0,05 0,15 mol
CO
2
+ 2NaOH -----> Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
0,45 0,9 0,45 mol
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
----> BaCO
3
+ 2NaCl
0,45 0,45 -----> 0,45 mol
m
rn
= 0,45 . 197 = 88,65g
Chuyn 19:
tnh cht - iu ch Ancol
Cng thc phn t tng qut v cng thc phn t ca cht
tng ng vi hn hp ru.
Cng thc mt cht Cng thc cht tng ng
Ru no: C
n
H
2n + 2
O
x
x n ; n, x N
*

C
n
H
2
n

+ 2
Ox
x < n
Ru no n chc: C
n
H
2n + 2
O C
n
H
2
n

+ 2
O
n > 1
Ru cha no no, mch h, c k ni

v n chc.
C
n
H
2n + 2 2k
O
n 3, n, k N
*
C
n
H
2
n

+ 2- 2
k
O
n > 3
Cc phn ng ca ru:
- Phn ng vi kim loi kim:
2R(OH)
n
+ 2nM ----> 2R(OM)
n
+ nH
2
2R-OH + 2M ----> 2R-OM + H
2

R(OH)
n
: Ru n chc, R-OH: Ru n chc.
- Phn ng vi axit:
R-OH + H-Br ---> R-Br + H
2
O
- Phn ng tch nc:
C
n
H
2n + 1
-OH -------> C
n
H
2n
+ H
2
O.
- Phn ng ete ho ca ru n chc, ta c:
S mol ete = 1/2 s mol ca ru tham gia phn ng.
Hn hp 2 ru b ete ho s to ra 3 ete.
- Phn ng chy ca ru no hay ete no.
C
n
H
2
n

+ 2
Ox + (3n + 1 - x )/2 ------> n CO
2
+ ( n + 1)H
2
O
xmol n xmol ( n + 1)x mol
H qu:
Ru no hay ete no chy ----> s mol H
2
O > s mol CO
2
. V s mol r-
u no hay ete no tham gia phn ng = s mol H
2
O s mol CO
2
.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: t chy 3,075 gam hn hp 2 ru no n chc k tip nhau
trong dy ng ng. Sn phm thu c ln lt cho qua bnh 1
ng H
2
SO
4
c v bnh 2 ng KOH rn. Tnh khi lng cc
bnh ny tng ln, bit rng nu cho lng ru trn tc dng vi Na
thy thot ra 0,672 lt H
2
(ktc). Lp cng thc phn t ca 2 ru.
Bi gii
Gi n l s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh ca 2 ru. Ta c CTPT t-
ng ng ca 2 ru l C
n
H
2
n
+ 1
OH.
Phn ng t chy:
C
n
H
2
n
+ 1
OH +
2
3n
O
2

0
t
n CO
2
+ ( n + 1) H
2
O
(1)
Khi cho sn phm thu c qua bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
th H
2
O b hp
th v qua bnh 2 ng KOH th CO
2
b gi li theo phng trnh.
CO
2
+ 2KOH K
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
(2)
Phn ng ru tc dng vi Na
2C
n
H
2
n
+ 1
OH + 2Na 2C
n
H
2
n
+ 1
ONa + H
2

(3)
Theo (3) s mol hn hp 2 ru l.
n
hh
= 2.n
H
2
= 2
4 , 22
672 , 0
= 0,06 (mol)

M
hh
=
06 , 0
075 , 3
= 51,25 = 14n + 18

n = 2,375. V 2 ru k tip nhau nn suy ra: C


2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
Theo (1) ta c:
Khi lng bnh 1 tng = m
H
2
O
= 0,06(2,375 + 1).18 = 3,645 g
Khi lng bnh 2 tng = m
CO
2
= 0,06 . 2,375 . 44 = 6,27 g
Bi 2: A l hn hp gm ru Etylic v 2 axit hu c k tip nhau c
dng C
n
H
2n+1
COOH v C
n+1
H
2n+3
COOH. Cho 1/2 hn hp A tc dng
ht vi Na thot ra 3,92 lt H
2
(ktc). t 1/2 hn hp A chy hon
ton, sn phm chy c hp th ht vo dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d th
c 147,75g kt ta v khi lng bnh Ba(OH)
2
tng 50,1 g.
a, Tm cng thc 2 axit trn.
b, Tm thnh phn hn hp A.
nH2 =
4 , 22
92 , 3
= 0,175 (mol)
PT phn ng:
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2Na

2C
2
H
5
ONa + H
2
(1)
2C
n
H
2n+1
COOH +2Na

2C
n
H
2n+1
COONa + H
2
(2)
2C
n+1
H
2n+3
COOH +2Na

2C
n+1
H
2n+3
COONa + H
2
(3)
Bin lun theo tr s trung bnh.
Tng s mol 3 cht trong 1/2 hn hp = 0,175.2= 0,35 (mol)
t
0

C
2
H
6
O + 3O
2

2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O (4)
t
0

C
x
H
2x
O
2
+
2
2 3 x
O
2

xCO
2
+ xH
2
O (5)
Cht kt ta l BaCO
3

nBaCO
3
=
197
75 , 147
= 0,75 (mol)
PT: CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2

BaCO
3
+ H
2
O (6)
Theo PT (6) ta c: nCO
2
= nBaCO
3
= 0,75 (mol)

mCO
2
= 0,75 x44 = 33(g)

mH
2
O = m tng - mCO
2

mH
2
O = 50,1 - 33 = 17,1 (g)

nH
2
O =
18
1 , 17
= 0,95 (mol)
T PT (4) ta thy ngay:
S mol ru C
2
H
5
OH = 0,95 - 0,75 = 0,2 ( mol)
Theo PT (4) ta thy s mol CO
2
to ra l
nCO
2
= 2.nC
2
H
5
OH = 2.0,2 = 0,4 (mol)
Suy ra: 2 a xt chy to ra 0,75 - 0,4 = 0,35 (mol CO
2
)
T PT (4) ta thy nH
2
O = 3.nC
2
H
5
OH = 3.0,2 = 0,6 (mol)
Suy ra 2 axit chy to ra: 0,95 - 0,6 = 0,35 mol H
2
O
Vi s mol 2axit = 0,35 - 0,2 = 0,15

x = 0,35 : 0,15 = 2,33


(x l s mol trung bnh gia n+1 v n+2)

2 axit l CH
3
COOH v C
2
H
5
COOH.

Gi s mol CH
3
COOH, C
2
H
5
COOH trong 1/2 A l a, b.
Theo phng trnh t chy ta c:
S mol ca 2 axit = 0,15mol = a + b.
nCO
2
sinh ra = 2a + 3 b = 0,35. Gii ra ta c: a = 0,1; b =
0,05.
Vy hn hp c 0,2 mol CH
3
COOH l 12 g v 0,10 mol C
2
H
5
COOH l
7,4g
Bi 3: Hn hp A gm 0,1 mol Ru Etylic v a mol Ru X c cng thc
l: C
n
H
2n
(OH)
2
. Chia A thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cho tc dng
ht vi Na thy bay ra 2,8lt kh Hir ( KTC). Phn th 2 em
t chy hon ton thu c 8,96 lt kh CO
2
( KTC) v b g nc.
a/ Tm cc gi tr ca a, b?
b/ Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to ca X, bit
rng mi nguyn t C ch lin kt c vi 1 nhm OH?
Hng dn:
1. Cc phn ng xy ra.
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa + H
2
(1)
C
n
H
2n
(OH)
2
+ 2 Na C
n
H
2n
(ONa)
2
+ H
2
(2)
C
2
H
5
OH + 3 O
2

to
2 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O (3)
C
n
H
2n
(OH)
2
+
2
1 3 n
O
2

to
n CO
2
+ (n+1) H
2
O (4)
Theo phn ng (1), (2) ta c:
n H
2
=
2 , 2
1 , 0
+
2
a
=
4 , 22
8 , 2
= 0,125 (mol)

a = 0,2 mol.
Theo phn ng (3), (4):
n CO
2
=
2
1 , 0
. 2 +
2
2 , 0
. n =
4 , 22
96 , 8
= 0,4 (mol).

n = 3.
Theo phn ng (3), (4):
n H
2
O =
2
1 , 0
. 3 +
2
2 , 0
. 4 = 0,55 (mol).
m H
2
O = b = 0,55 . 18 = 9,9g
2. Cng thc phn t ca X l: C
3
H
8
O
2
hay C
3
H
6
(OH)
2
.
Cng thc cu to hp cht l:
CH
2
- CH - CH
3
CH
2
- CH
2
- CH
2

OH OH OH OH
Bi 4 : t chy hon ton 23g mt ru no n chc A, thu c 44g CO
2
v 27g H
2
O.
a/ Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A
b/ Hn hp X gm A v B l ng ng ca nhau. Cho 18,8g hn hp X
tc dng vi Na d, thu c 5,6 lit H
2
(ktc). Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A,
B v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca A, B trong X.
c/ t chy hon ton hn hp X ri cho ton b sn phm i qua bnh
ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, thu c 35g kt ta. Tnh khi lng hn hp
X em t chy.
Hng dn :
a/ S mol CO
2
= 1 mol v s mol ca H
2
O = 1,5 mol. Nhn thy s mol
ca H
2
O > s mol ca CO
2
-----> Ru A l ru no.
n
H
2
O
: n
CO
2
=
n
n 1 +
= 1,5 ----> n = 2. CTPT ca A l C
2
H
6
O v CTCT l
CH
3
CH
2
OH.
b/ Gi CTPT TB ca A v B l C
n
H
2
n

+ 1
OH, a l s mol ca ru tng
ng.
m = (14n + 18)a = 18,8 (*)
2C
n
H
2
n

+ 1
OH + 2Na ------> 2C
n
H
2
n

+ 1
ONa + H
2

a(mol) a/2(mol)
S mol H
2
= a/2 = 5,6/22,4 = 0,25 ----> a = 0,5 mol
Thay a = 0,5 vo (*) ----> n = 1,4 Vy n < n < n + 1 (n nguyn d-
ng v n 1)
Vy ru B ch c 1 nguyn t C, B l CH
3
OH.
t s mol ca CH
3
OH l x, s mol ca CH
3
CH
2
OH l y.
x + y = a = 0,5
32x + 46y = 18,8
Gii phng trnh ta c: x = 0,3 v y = 0,2.
---> m
CH
3
OH
= 0,3 . 32 = 9,6g ---> % m
CH
3
OH
= 51,06% v % m
CH
3
- CH
2
- OH
= 48,94%.
c/
2C
n
H
2
n

+ 1
OH + 3n O
2
----> 2n CO
2
+ 2( n + 1) H
2
O
a mol n a mol
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
----> CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
n a mol n a mol
S mol ca CaCO
3
= n a = 35 : 100 = 0,35 mol ----> a = 0,35 : n =
0,35 : 1,4 = 0,25.
Ta c: m
X
= (14n + 18)a = 14n a + 18a = 14.0,35 + 18.0,25 =
9,4g.
Bi 5:
1 - Trong bnh kn 150
0
C cha hn hp kh gm 1 th tch
axetilen v 2 th tch oxi. t chy axetilen bng chnh kh oxi
trong bnh. Sau khi phn ng kt thc a bnh v nhit ban
u th p sut trong bnh thay i nh th no?
2 - Trn 12,4 g hn hp hai ru CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH vi 3 g axit
C
x
H
y
COOH ri em t th thu c 13,44 l kh CO
2
(KTC). Nu
em 3 g oxit trn trung ho bi dung dch KOH 0,5 M th cn 100
ml DD KOH.
a. Tm CTHH ca axit trn.
b. Tnh % khi lng hn hp ru ban u.
c. Vit PTHH cc phn ng Este ho gia cc cht trn.
Hng dn:
1 - 150
0
C nc th hi.
Gi V l th tch ca C
2
H
2
th V
O
2
= 2V
Th tch hn hp C
2
H
2
v O
2
trong bnh bng 3V
PTHH:
2C
2
H
2
(k) + 5O
2
(k) 4CO
2
(k) + 2H
2
O(h)
2 mol 5 mol 4 mol 2 mol
V l 2,5 V l 2 V l V l
x l 2 Vl y l z l
x =
V
5
4
y =
V
5
8
z =
V
5
4

V
C
2
H
2
cn d = V -
V
5
4
=
V
5
1
V
hh
sau phn ng = (
V
5
8
+
V
5
4
+
V
5
1
) =
V
5
13

Gi p sut trong bnh lc u l 100%
p sut trong bnh sau phn ng l a %. p dng cng thc
s
d
P
P
=
s
d
n
n
=
s
d
V
V
Ta c: a =
3
5
13
. 100
= 86,7 (%)
Vy p sut kh trong bnh gim i l:
100 % - 86,7 % = 13,3 %
2.
a- Tm CTHH ca axit:
n
KOH
= 0,5 . 0,1 = 0,05 (mol)
PTHH: C
x
H
y
COOH (dd) + KOH (dd) C
x
H
y
COOK (dd) + H
2
O (l)
0,05 mol 0,05 mol
M
C
x
H
y
COOH
=
05 , 0
3
= 60
12 x + y + 45 = 60
12x + y = 15
x = 1 v y = 3 ----> CTHH ca axit l: CH
3
COOH.
b. Tnh phn khi lng ca hn hp ru ban u:
N
co
2
=
4 , 22
44 , 13
= 0,6 (mol)
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH trong hn hp (x, y > 0).
PTHH: t chy hn hp
2CH
3
OH (l) + 3O
2
(k) 2CO
2
(k) + 4H
2
O (h)
x mol x mol
C
2
H
5
OH (l) + 3O
2
(k) 2 CO
2
(k) + 3H
2
O (h)
y mol 2y mol
CH
3
COOH (l) + 2O
2
(k) 2 CO
2
(k) + 2H
2
O (h)
0,05 mol 0,1 mol
Tng s mol CO
2
: 2y + x + 0,1 = 0,6
2y + x = 0,5
Khi lng hn hp hai ru bng 12,4 gam
46 y + 32 x = 12,4
suy ra x = 0,1 mol v y = 0,2 mol
% CH
3
OH =
4 , 12
32 . 1 , 0
. 100% 25,8 %
% C
2
H
5
OH = 100% - 25,8 % = 74,2%
c. Phn ng ESTE ho:
H
2
SO
4
(c), t
0
CH
3
COOH (l) + C
2
H
5
OH (l) CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
(l) + H
2
O (l)
H
2
SO
4
(c), t
0
CH
3
COOH (l) + CH
3
OH (l) CH
3
COOCH
3
(l) + H
2
O (l)

Chuyn 20:
tnh cht, iu ch axit v
este
Cng thc phn t tng qut ca axit v este a chc no,
mch h.
C
n
H
2n + 2 2k
O
2k
vi k: nhm chc COOH hay C O H v n, k thuc
N
*
= 1, 2, 3..

O
Hn hp: C
.
n
H
2
n
+ 2 - 2
k
O
2
k
vi
n
,
k
> 1.
k = 1: ---> este v axit u n chc no c cng thc phn t l:
C
n
H
2n
O
2
vi axit th n 1 v este th n 2.
Hn hp: C
.
n
H
2
n
O
2
vi axit th
n
> 1 v este th
n
> 2.
- Nu mt trong hai gc ru hoc axit l n chc th este mch
h. Nu ru v axit u a chc th este mch vng.
- Axit v este u tc dng vi dung dch kim gi chung l
phn ng x phng ho, u to ra mui kim ca axit hu c.
RCOOH RCOOM + H
2
O
R C O R
/
+ MOH ----> RCOOM + R
/
OH

O
- Este c phn ng thu phn trong mi trng axit H
2
SO
4
to ra r-
u v axit.
- Phn ng chy ca axit v este n chc no u to ra CO
2
v
H
2
O c s mol bng nhau.
- Tng qut, mt cht c cng thc phn t l C
n
H
2n
O
x
v mch
h th C
n
H
2n
O
x
c mt ni

trong cng thc cu to v khi chy


to ra CO
2
v H
2
O c s mol bng nhau.
Bi ton p dng:

Bi 1: t chy 3(g) mt hp cht hu A c trong khng kh thu c
4,4g CO
2
v 1,8g H
2
O.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht hu c A. Bit rng t khi ca A
so vi H
2
l 30. Vit CTCT c th c ca A.
b. Nu em ton b lng kh CO
2
trn tc dng vi 100 ml dd
NaOH 1,5M th thu c mui g? Tnh khi lng ca mi mui.
Hng dn;
a.V t chy hp cht hu c A thu c CO
2
v H
2
O nn chc
chn trong A phi cha hai nguyn t l C v H c th c O.
S mol sn phm.
mol n
CO
1 , 0
44
4 , 4
2

=>
mol n n
CO C
1 , 0
2

=>
g m
C
2 , 1 12 . 1 , 0
g m mol n n mol n
H O H H O H
2 , 0 1 . 2 , 0 2 , 0 2 1 , 0
18
8 , 1
2 2
> >
Ta c:
g m g m m
A H C
6 ) ( 6 , 2 2 , 0 4 , 2 < + +

Do trong A phi cha nguyn t O
) ( 6 , 1 ) 2 , 0 2 , 1 ( 3 ) ( g m m m m
H C A O
+ +
) ( 1 , 0
16
6 , 1
mol n
O

T l :
1 : 2 : 1 1 , 0 : 2 , 0 : 1 , 0 : :
O H C
n n n

Cng thc n gin nht ca A l CH
2
O. t cng thc tng qut
ca A l ( CH
2
O)
n
c m
A
=30n
Theo cng thc d
A/
2
H
= 30.2

= 60 =>30n = 60 => n = 2.
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C
2
H
4
O
2
.
b.
mol n
NaOH
15 , 0 5 , 1 . 1 , 0
.
Phng trnh phn ng: CO
2
+ NaOH

NaHCO
3

Trc phn ng: 0,1 0,15
Phn ng: 0,1 0,1
Sau phn ng : 0 0,05 0,1
Tip tc c phn ng: NaHCO
3
+ NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Trc phn ng: 0,1 0,05
0,05 0,05
Sau phn ng 0,05 0 0,05
Ta thu c 2 mui: NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
c khi lng l:

g m
g m
CO Na
NaHCO
3 , 5 106 . 05 , 0
2 , 4 84 . 05 , 0
3 2
3


Bi 2: t chy hon ton 4,4g hp cht hu c Y cha C, H, O cn
va 5,6 lt kh xi (KTC), thu c kh CO
2
v hi nc vi th
tch bng nhau.
a) Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Y, bit rng khi lng phn t
ca Y l 88 vc.
b) Cho 4,4gam Y tc dng hon ton vi mt lng va dung dch
NaOH sau lm bay hi hn hp thu c m
1
gam hi ca mt r-
u n chc v m
2
gam mui ca mt A xit hu c n chc. S
nguyn t cc bon trong ru v A xt thu c bng nhau. Hy xc
nh cng thc cu to v tn gi ca Y. Tnh lng m
1
v m
2
Hng dn:
a/ Gi cng thc phn t ca cht Y l CxHyOz. Phn ng t chy
Y:
CxHyOz + (x+
4
y
-
2
z
)O
2

0 t
xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O. (1)
(0.05mol) 0.25mol 0.05x 0.05
2
y
Tnh n
Y
=
mol 5 . 0
88
4 . 4

; n
O2
=
) ( 25 . 0
4 . 22
6 . 5
mol
n
CO2
=0.05x ; n
H2O
=0.05
2
y
V th tch CO
2
bng th tch hi nc, do ta c:
0.05x = 0.05
2
y

y=2x (2)
n
O2
=(x+
4
y
-
2
z
)0.05=0.25 (3)
Thay (2) vo (3) ta c: 3x -z=10 (4)
Khi lng phn t ca Y=12x+y+16z =88 (5)
T cc phng trnh (2,3,4,5) ta c: x = 4 ; y = 8; z = 2
Vy cng thc phn t ca Y l: C
4
H
8
O
2
b/ Phn ng vi NaOH
V Y(C
4
H
8
O
2
) + NaOH

Ru (m
1
gam) + mui(m
2
gam) nn Y phi l
mt este v s nguyn t cacbon trong ru =s nguyn t cc bon
trong axit =
2
4
= 2 nguyn t C
Do cng thc ca ru l C
2
H
5
OH vi m
1
= 0.0546 = 23g
Cng thc axt l CH
3
COOH Vi m
2
= 0.05 82 =4.1g CH
3
COONa
Bi 3: t chy hon ton 3 gam cht A, thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
(
ktc) v 1,8g nc. T khi hi ca A so vi Mtan l 3,75. Tm cng
thc cu to ca A bit A tc dng c vi NaOH.
Hng dn: Ta c.
mol 1 , 0
4 , 22
24 , 2
n
2
CO

m
C
= 1,2g
g 2 , 0 m mol 1 , 0
18
8 , 1
n
H O H
2

m
O
= 3 - (1,2 + 0,2) = 1,6g
t cng tc ca A l: C
x
H
y
O
2
, theo bi ra ta c:
M
A
= 3,75 . 16 = 60 (g)
Ta c:
3
60
6 , 1
162
2 , 0
y
2 , 1
y 12

Gii ra ta c: x = 2, y = 4, z = 2
CTTQ ca A l: C
2
H
4
O
2
A C cc CTCT: CH
3
COOH v HCOOC
2
H
5
V A phn ng c vi NaOH nn A c th l CH
3
COOH v
HCOOC
2
H
5
(axit axetic)
* CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
* HCOOCH
3
+ NaOH HCOONa + CH
3
OH
Chuyn 21
TM KHONG BIN THIN CA MT
LNG CHT
( Cc tr trong gii ton ho hc )
I- KIN THC CN NH
- Thng gp: hn hp
A
B
(c tnh cht tng t ) tc dng vi cht X ( thng ly
thiu )
- Nu lng cht X ly vo phn ng thay i th lng sn phm do hn hp
A
B
to
ra cng thay i trong mt khong no ( gi chung l khong bin thin )
Phng php :
1) Nu hn hp bit lng ca mi cht th xt 2 trng hp :
A tc dng trc ri n B lng cht cn tm m
1
B tc dng trc ri n A lng cht cn tm m
2
khong bin thin : m
1
< m < m
2
( hoc ngc li )
2) Nu hn hp cha bit khi lng ca mi cht th xt 2 trng hp :
Hn hp ch c cht A lng cht cn tm m
1
Hn hp ch c cht B lng cht cn tm m
2
3) C th dng phng php i s (da vo gii hn ca i lng bit
khong bin thin ca mt i lng cha bit.) :
hh hh
hh
m m
n
M M
< <
nang nhe

; Hiu sut: 0 < H% < 100%
0 < s mol A < s mol hn hp A,B
Nu
. .

x A y B
m
x y
+

+
th A < m < B ( hoc ngc li )
II- BI TP P DNG
1) Cho hn hp gm 8 gam CuO v 3,6 gam FeO vo trong 300ml dung dch HCl
0,8M. Sau phn ng c m gam cht rn khng tan . Hi m nm trong khong no ?
Hng dn :
S mol CuO = 0,1 s mol FeO = 0,05 s mol HCl = 0,24
Vy HCl khng tc dng vi hn hp oxit
+ Nu CuO phn ng trc :
CuO + 2HCl CuCl
2
+ H
2
O
0,1 0,2
FeO + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
O
0,02 0,04
Sau phn ng : m
FeO
( d ) = 3,6 (0,02 72 ) = 2,16 gam
+ Nu FeO phn ng trc
FeO + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
O
0,05 0,1
CuO + 2HCl CuCl
2
+ H
2
O
0,07 0,14
Sau phn ng : m
CuO
( d ) = 8 (0,07 80 ) = 2,4 gam
V thc t FeO v CuO cng phn ng vi HCl nn 2,16 gam < m < 2,4
gam
Cch 2 : C th t RO l CTHH i din cho hn hp
RO + 2HCl RCl
2
+ H
2
O
0,12 0,24
n
RO
= 0,15 0,12 = 0,03
khi lng RO d : m = 0,03
M

V 72<
M
< 80 nn 72 0.03 < m < 80 0,03
2,16gam < m < 2,4 gam
2) Nung 20 gam hn hp MgCO
3
, CaCO
3
, BaCO
3
nhit cao th thu c kh A.
Dn kh A vo trong dung dch nc vi th thu c 10 gam kt ta v ddB. un
nng B hon ton th to thnh thm 6 gam kt ta. Hi % khi lng ca MgCO
3
nm trong khong no ?
Hng dn : s mol kt ta CaCO
3
= 0,1 mol , S mol CaCO
3
( to
thm ) = 0,06 mol
MgCO
3

0
t

MgO + CO
2

.x x
CaCO
3

0
t

CaO + CO
2

.y y
BaCO
3

0
t

BaO + CO
2

.z z
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,1 0,1
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

0
t

CaCO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2

0,06
Trong x,y,z l s mol MgCO
3
, CaCO
3
, BaCO
3
trong 100gam hn hp
Theo cc ptp :
2 3 3
CO CaCO CaCO
n n 4 2 n 6 0 1 2 0 06 0 22mol ( ) ( ) , , , + +
Suy ra ta c h pt :
84x 100y 197z 100
x y z 0 22 5 1 1 , ,
+ +
'
+ +



100y 197z 100 84x
y z 0 22 5 1 1 x
(1)
(2) , ,
+
'
+

T (1) v (2) ta c :
100y 197z 100 84x
y z 1 1 x ,
+

+
Suy ra ta c :
100 84x
100 197
1 1 x ,

< <

gii ra c 0,625 < x < 1,032


Vy khi lng MgCO
3
nm trong khong : 52,5 % 86,69 %
3) t chy 10,5 gam hn hp A gm CH
4
; C
2
H
4
; C
2
H
2
trong oxi thu c kh B.
Dn kh B vo trong dung dch nc vi d th thy c 75gam kt ta. Hi % khi
lng ca CH
4
ti a l bao nhiu?. ( S: 38,1% )
4) Mt hn hp kh A gm etilen , propilen , hiro c t trng ( ktc) l P
A
( g/l). Cho A i
qua xc tc Ni, nung nng th thu c hn hp kh B.
a/ Vi gi tr no ca P
A
th hn hp kh B khng lm mt mu dung dch brom
b/ Xc nh % th tch ca hn hp A, nu P
A
= 0,741g/l ; P
B
= 1,176 g/l
Hng dn :
t s mol gm etilen , propilen , hiro : x,y,z
kh B khng lm mt mu dung dch Brom th Anken khng d ( s mol H
2
= s
mol 2 anken )
z x + y
A A
28x 42y 2z
M 22 4 p
x y z
,
+ +

+ +
(1)
Bin lun : z = x+y (1) A
30x 44y
44 8 p
x y
,
+

+
0,67 < p
A
< 0,98
Nu z > x+y
A
M
gim p
A
gim p
A
0,67
5) Mt bnh kn dung tch 8,96 lt cha y hn hp X gm N
2
, O
2
, SO
2
t l mol 3 :1
:1 . t chy lu hunh trong hn hp X th thu c hn hp kh Y ( sau khi a
bnh v nhit ban u ). Bit
Y
X
d 1 089 ,

a/ p sut trong bnh c thay i hay khng ? V sao ?
b/ Xc nh % th tch ca hn hp kh Y
c/ Khi s mol ca oxi bin i th
Y
X
d
bin i trong khong no
(S : b/ 60%N
2
; 10%O
2
; 30%SO
2
, c/
Y
X
1 d 1 18 ,
)
6) Ho tan hn hp 6,4 gam CuO v 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
trong 320ml dung dch HCl 2M.
Sau phn ng c m rn khng tan v m gam mui. Xc nh m v m bin thin
trong khong no ?
7) Ho tan va 6 gam hn hp gm kim loi X ( ho tr I) v kim loi Y ( ho tr
II) trong hn hp hai axit HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
thy c 2,688 lt hn hp kh NO
2
v SO
2
sinh ra ( ktc) nng 5,88 gam. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m ( gam)
mui khan.
a/ Tm m
b/ Khi t l s mol ca cc kh thay i th m bin thin trong khong no ?
8) Cho 46,7 gam hn hp X gm CuO, ZnO, FeO vo trong 800ml ddHCl 1,75M .
Lng axit cn d phi trung ho ng 200ml ddNaOH 1M. Xc nh khong bin
thin % khi lng FeO trong hn hp X.
9/ Hn hp A gm 0,56 gam Fe v 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
. Trn A vi a mol bt nhm ri
nung nhit cao( khng c khng kh ) thu c hn hp B. Nu cho B tan trong
H
2
SO
4
long d th thu c V lt kh , nhng nu cho B tan trong NaOH d th thu
c 0,25V lt kh ( cc kh trong cng iu kin)
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra
b/ Tm khong bin thin ca khi lng nhm ( nu phn ng nhit nhm ch to ra
Fe)
Hng dn : Fe
2
O
3
+ 2Al
0
t

Al
2
O
3
+ 2Fe
Ban u: 0,1 a 0 0,01(mol)
P : x 2x x 2x (mol)
Sau p : (0,1-x) (a-2x) x (0,01+2x)
Vit cc PTHH ca rn B vi H
2
SO
4
long v NaOH ( d )
t l :
1, 5(a 2x) (0, 01 2x) V
1, 5(a 2x) 0, 25V
+ +


4, 5a 0, 01
x
11


v 0 < x 0,1 nn 2,22. 10
3
< a 0,2467
hay : 0,06 gam < m
Al
6,661 gam
10/ Cho 6,2 gam hn hp X gm Na v K tc dng vi dung dch HCl d. Tnh khi
lng mui to thnh.
Hng dn :
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl + H
2

2K + 2HCl 2KCl + H
2

Ta c :
6, 2
39
< n
kl
<
6, 2
23

Theo PTP ta c : s mol KL = s mol Cl
-

Khi lng mui to thnh l : m = m
Kl
+ m
Cl
= 6,2 + 35,5. n
kl
Thay ( 1 ) vo ( 2) ta c : 11,84 gam < m < 15,77 gam
* C th gi s ch c Na m
1
, gi s ch c K m
2
. m
1
< m < m
2
------------------------
Chuyn 22
Bi tp tng gim khi lng
kim loi
1. Cho l st c khi lng 5,6 gam vo dd ng sunfat. Sau
mt thi gian, nhc l st ra, ra nh, lm kh v cn
thy l st c khi lng l 6,4 gam. Khi lng l st to
thnh l bao nhiu?
2. Cho l st c khi lng 5 gam vo 50 ml dd CuSO
4
15% c
khi lng ring l 1,12 g/ml. Sau mt thi gian phn ng,
ngi ta ly l st ra khi dd, ra nh, lm kh, cn nng
5,16 gam.
a) Vit PTHH.
b) Tnh nng phn trm cc cht cn li trong dd sau
phn ng?
3. Nhng mt l nhm vo dd CuSO
4
. Sau mt thi gian, ly
l nhm ra khi dd th thy khi lng dd gim 1,38 gam.
Tnh khi lng ca Al tham gia phn ng?
4. Cho 1 l ng c khi lng l 6 gam vo dd AgNO
3
. Phn
ng xong, em l kim loi ra ra nh, lm kh cn c
13,6 gam.
a) Vit PTHH.
b) Tnh khi lng ng tham gia phn ng?
5. Nhng 1 thanh nhm c khi lng 594 gam vo dd AgNO
3

2M. Sau mt thi gian khi lng thanh nhm tng 5%.
a) Tnh s gam nhm tham gia phn ng?
b) Tnh s gam Ag thot ra?
c) Tnh V dd AgNO
3
dng?
d) Tnh khi lng mui nhm nitrat dng?
6. Ngm 1 ming st vo 320 gam dd CuSO
4
10%. Sau khi
tt c ng b y khi dd CuSO
4
v bm ht vo ming
st, th khi lng ming st tng ln 8%. Xc nh khi
lng ming st ban u?
7. Ngm 1 ming ch c khi lng 286 gam vo 400 ml dd
CuCl
2
. Sau mt thi gian thy khi lng ming ch gim
10%.
a) Gii thch ti sao khi lng ming ch b gim i so vi
ban u?
b) Tnh lng ch phn ng v lng ng sinh ra.
c) Tnh nng mol ca dd CuCl
2
dng.
d) Tnh nng mol ca dd mui ch sinh ra.
( Gi thit ton b lng ng sinh ra u bm vo ming
ch v th tch dd khng i )
8. Cho l km c khi lng 25 gam vo dd ng sunfat. Sau
phn ng kt thc, em tm kim loi ra, ra nh, lm kh
cn c 24,96 gam.
a) Vit PTHH.
b) Tnh khi lng km phn ng.
c) Tnh khi lng n sunfat c trong dd.
9. C hai l km c khi lng nh nhau. Mt l cho vo dd ng
(II) nitrat, l kia cho vo dd ch (II) nitrat. Sau cng mt
thi gian phn ng, khi lng l km th nht gim 0,05
gam.
a) Vit cc PTHH.
b) Khi lng l km th 2 tng hay gim l bao nhiu gam?
Bit rng trong c hai phn ng trn, khi lng km b
ho tan bng nhau.
10. Ngm mt l st c khi lng 50 gam trong 200 gam
dd mui ca kim loi M c ho tr II, nng 16%. Sau khi
ton b lng mui sunfat tham gia phn ng, ly l st
ra khi dd, ra nh, lm kh, cn nng 51,6 gam. Xc
nh CTHH mui sunfat ca kim loi M.
11. Ngm mt vt bng ng c khi lng 10 gam trong
250 gam dd AgNO
3
4%. Khi ly vt ra th khi lng AgNO
3

trong dd gim 17%. Xc nh khi lng ca vt sau phn
ng?
12. Ngm 1 inh st c khi lng 4 gam c ngm
trong dd CuSO
4
. Sau mt thi gian phn ng ly inh st
ra ra nh, lm kh, cn nng 4,2 gam.
a) Vit PTHH.
b) Tnh khi lng cc cht tham gia v to thnh sau phn
ng.
13. Nhng 1 thanh km vo dd cha 8,32 gam CdSO
4
. Sau
khi km y hon ton camii ra khi mui, khi lng
thanh km tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Hi khi lng thanh
km ban u l bao nhiu?
14. Ngm 1 l nhm ( lm sach lp oxit ) trong 250 ml
dd AgNO
3
0,24M. Sau mt thi gian, ly ra, ra nh, lm
kh, khi lng l nhm tng thm 2,97 gam.
a) Tnh lng Al phn ng v lng Ag sinh ra.
b) Tnh nng mol ca cc cht trong dd sau phn ng.
Cho rng V dd thay i khng ng k.
15. Ngm 1 l ng trong 20 ml dd bc nitrat cho ti khi
l ng khng th tan thm c na. Ly l ng ra, ra
nh, lm kh v cn th thy khi lng l ng tng thm
1,52 gam. Hy xc nh nng mol ca dd bc nitrat
dng ( gi thit ton b lng bc gii phng bm ht vo l
ng ).
16. Cho 1 thanh st vo 100 ml dd cha 2 mui Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,5M v AgNO
3
2M. Sau phn ng ly thanh st ra khi ,
ra sch v lm kh th khi lng thanh st tng hay
gim. Gii thch?
17. Hai thanh kim loi ging nhau ( u cng nguyn t R
c ho tr II) v c cng khi lng. Cho thanh th nht vo
dd Cu(NO
3
)
2
v thanh th hai vo dd Pb(NO
3
)
2
. Sau cng
mt thi gian phn ng, khi s mol 2 mui bng nhau, ly
2 thanh kim loi ra khi dd thy khi lng thanh th
nht gim i 0,2% cn khi lng thanh th hai tng 28,4 %
. Xc nh nguyn t R.
Chuyn 23
XC NH THNH PHN CA HN
HP
DA VO
PHNG TRNH PHN NG
I- KIN THC C BN
Da vo tnh cht ca hn hp, chng ta c th chia cc bi tp hn hp thnh 3 dng
chnh nh sau:
1) Dng 1: Hn hp gm cc cht c tnh cht khc nhau
Tng qut :
( khong p )
X
A AX
B B
+


Cch gii : Thng tnh theo 1 PTHH tm lng cht A lng cht B
( hoc ngc li nu d kin cho khng lin quan n PTHH )
2) Dng 2: Hn hp gm cc cht c tnh cht tng t
Tng qut :
X
A AX
B BX
+


Cch gii :
t n ( a,b ) cho s mol ca mi cht trong hn hp
Vit PTHH tnh theo PTHH vi cc n
Lp cc phng trnh ton lin lc gia cc n v cc d kin
Gii phng trnh tm n
Hon thnh yu cu ca
3) Dng 3: Hn hp cha mt cht c CTHH trng sn phm ca cht kia.
Tng qut :
(mi sinh)
(ban au )
X
AX B A
B B
+
+

Cch gii :
Nh dng 2
Cn ch : lng B thu c sau phn ng gm c lng B cn li v
lng B mi sinh ra trong phn ng vi cht A
4) Mt s im cn lu khi gii ton hn hp:
Nu hn hp c chia phn c t l ( gp i, bng nhau ) th t n x,y
cho s mol tng cht trong mi phn.
Nu hn hp c chia phn khng c quan h th t n (x,y,z )cho s mol
mi cht mt phn v gi s s mol phn ny gp k ln s mol phn kia.
II-BI TP P DNG
1) Ho tan 40 gam hn hp Ag v Al trong ddHCl d th thy sinh ra 10,08 lt kh
( ktc). Tnh % khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u
Gii :
Ch c Al tc dng vi dung dch HCl
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2

0,3 0,45 ( mol )
Thnh phn hn hp :
0 3 27
100 20 25
40
,
%Al % , %


%Ag = 79,75%
2) Ho tan hn hp Ag v Al bng H
2
SO
4
long th thy 6,72 lt kh sinh ra ( ktc) v
mt phn rn khng tan. Ho tan rn khng tan bng dd H
2
SO
4
c nng ( d ) th
thy c 1,12 lt kh SO
2
( ktc).
a/ Tnh khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u
b/ Tnh t khi ca hn hp kh ( gm 2 kh sinh ra trn ) i vi kh oxi.
3) Ho tan hon ton 2,8 gam hn hp 2 kim loi Cu v Ag trong dung dch HNO
3
d
th sinh ra kh NO
2
duy nht. hp th hon ton kh sinh ra phi dng ng 40ml
dung dch NaOH 1M.
Tnh % khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp.
Gii :
t s mol ca Ag v Cu ln lt l a, b mol
Ag + 2HNO
3
AgNO
3
+ H
2
O + NO
2

a. a
Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O + 2NO
2

b. 2b
2NO
2
+ 2NaOH NaNO
2
+ NaNO
3
+ H
2
O
(a.+ 2b) (a.+ 2b)
theo u bi ta c :
108 64 2 8
2 1 0 04 0 04
a b , (1)

a b , , (2)
+
'
+

gii ra a = 0,02 ; b = 0,01


100 22 86
Cu
0,01 64
%m = % , %
2,8


%m
Ag
= 77,14%
4) Ho tan 34,2 gam hn hp gm Al
2
O
3
v Fe
2
O
3
vo trong 1 lt dung dch HCl 2M,
sau phn ng cn d 25% axit. Cho dung dch to thnh tc dng vi ddNaOH 1M
sao cho va t kt ta b nht.
a/ Tnh khi lng ca mi oxit trong hn hp
b/ Tnh th tch ca dung dch NaOH 1M dng.
Hng dn :
a/ t n cho s mol Fe
2
O
3
v Al
2
O
3
ln lt l a, b ( mol)
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
a. 2a
Al
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
b. 2b
FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
2a 6a 2a
AlCl
3
+ 3NaOH Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
2b 6b 2b
V lng kt ta b nht nn Al(OH)
3
b tan ra trong NaOH d
Al(OH)
3
+ NaOH NaAlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2b 2b
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
0,5 0,5
S mol HCl ( p vi oxit ) : 1 2
75
100
= 1,5 mol
S mol HCl ( p vi NaOH ) : 2
25
100
= 0,5 mol
Theo bi ta c :
6 6 1 5
160 102 34 2
a b ,
a b ,
+
'
+

gii ra c a = 0,15 ; b = 0,1


Khi lng ca mi oxit trong hn hp
2 3
0 15 160 24
FeO
m , (gam)
;
2 3
34 2 24 10 2
Al O
m , , (gam)
b/ Tng s mol NaOH = 6a + 8b + 0,5 = 2,2 mol
V
ddNaOH
= 2,2 : 1 = 2,2 lt
5) Kh 13,6 gam hn hp A gm Fe v Fe
2
O
3
bng kh CO d th thu c mt rn
B. ho tan hon ton rn B phi dng ng 400ml dung dch HCl 1M. Lng
mui sinh ra cho tc dng vi dd NaOH d th thu c m ( gam) kt ta. Tnh %
khi lng mi cht trong A v nh m.
Hng dn:
Gi a,b ln lt l s mol ca Fe v Fe
2
O
3
trong hn hp
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO
0
t
2Fe + 3CO
2

. b 2b
Rn B gm : (a + 2 b ) mol Fe
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2

(a+2b) 2(a+2b) (a+2b)
FeCl
2
+ 2NaOH 2NaCl + Fe(OH)
2

(a+2b) (a+2b)
Theo bi ta c :
56 160 13 6
2 2 0 4 1 0 4
a b ,
(a b) , ,
+
'
+

gii ra : a = 0,1 ; b = 0,05


%m
Fe
=
0 1 56
100 41 18
13 6
,
% , %
,



2 3
58 82
FeO
%m , %
Khi lng kt ta : m = ( a+ 2b) 90 = 0,2 90 = 18 gam
6) t chy 10 gam hn hp 3 kh CO, CO
2
, SO
2
th thu c hn hp kh A. Hp
th kh A trong dung dch NaOH 2M d th thu c 24,8 gam mui. tc dng
ht lng mui ny th dng ng 400ml ddHCl 0,5M. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong
hn hp v th tch dd NaOH 2M a phn ng.
7) Ho tan 4,64 gam hn hp Cu - Mg - Fe trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d th thy
sinh ra 2,24 lt kh ( ktc) v 0,64 gam rn khng tan.
a/ Tnh % khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp
b/ Tnh khi lng ddH
2
SO
4
24,5% ti thiu phi dng.
8/ Ho tan hon ton 19,46 gam hn hp Mg-Al-Zn ( khi lng Al v Mg bng
nhau) vo trong dung dch HCl 2M th thu c 16,352 lt kh ( ktc).
a/ Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M dng; bit axit cn d 10% so vi l thuyt
c/ trung ho ht lng axit cn d th phi dng bao nhiu gam dd hn hp 2
kim cha KOH 28% v Ca(OH) 14,8%.
Hng dn : a/ t n cho s mol Al,Mg,Zn l a,b,c ( mol )
bi : 27a + 24b + 65c = 19,46 48a + 65c = 19,46 ( 1)
Mt khc : t cc PTHH ta c : 1,5a + b + c = 0,73 (2)
b =
9
1 125
8
a , a
(3)
Gii h phng trnh tm a,b,c
c/ t khi lng ca dung dch hn hp kim l m
9) Chia 50 gam dung dch cha 2 mui MgCl
2
v CuCl
2
lm 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Tc dng AgNO
3
d th thu c 14,35 gam kt ta
- Phn 2: Tc dng vi NaOH d , lc ly kt ta em nung th thu c 3,2 gam
hn hp 2 cht rn. Kh hon ton hn hp ny bng H
2
th thu c hn hp rn Y.
a/ Xc nh nng % ca mi cht trong dung dch ban u
b/ Xc nh % khi lng ca mi cht trong rn Y
10)* Mt hn hp gm CH
4
, H
2
, CO
TN
1
: t chy 8,96 lt hn hp th cn ng 7,84 lt kh O
2
TN
2
: Dn 11,8 gam hn hp qua ng ng CuO ang nung nng th c 48 gam CuO
phn ng.
Tnh % th tch ca mi cht trong hn hp
Hng dn : t s mol 3 kh trong TN
1
l x,y,z v TN
2
l ax , ay , az ( a l
lch s mol 2 TN)
11)* Chia hn hp X gm :Na, Al, Mg lm 3 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Tc dng vi nc sinh ra 8,96 lt kh
- Phn 2: Tc dng NaOH d th thy sinh ra 15,68 lt kh
- Phn 3 : Tc dng vi ddHCl, phn ng xong thu c 26,88 lt kh
Cc th tch kh o ktc
a/ Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra
b/ Xc nh % khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp X
12* C 15 gam hn hp Al v Mg chia i. Cho 1 ma hn hp vo 600ml dung
dch HCl xM thu c kh A v dung dch B, c cn B thu c 27,9 gam mui khan.
Cho na cn li tc dng vi 800ml dung dch HCl xM v lm tng t thu c
32,35 gam mui khan. Xc nh % khi lng mi kim loi v tr s x ? Tnh th tch
H
2
thot ra TN
2
( ktc).
Hng dn : Cn c u bi nhn thy TN
1
kim loi cha ht cn th nghim 2
kim loi ht ( bng cch so snh lng cht )
13) Ho tan 14,4 gam Mg vo 400cm
3
dung dch HCl th thu c V
1
lt kh H
2
v
cn li mt phn cht rn khng tan. Lc ly phn khng tan cho thm 20 gam Fe ri
ho tan trong 500cm
3
dung dch HCl nh trn, thy thot ra V
2
lt kh H
2
v cn li
3,2 gam rn khng tan. Tnh V
1
, V
2
. Bit cc kh o ktc
14) Ho tan hn hp CaO v CaCO
3
bng H
2
SO
4
long c dung dch A v kh B.
C cn dung dch A thu c 3,44 gam thch cao CaSO
4
.2H
2
O. Hp th ht B bng
100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,16 M, sau thm BaCl
2
d thy to ra 1,182 gam kt
ta. Tm s gam mi cht ban u.
Hng dn : CO
2
tc dng vi NaOH cha bit c to mui axit hay khng, nn phi
bin lun.
15) Cho dng kh H
2
d i qua 2,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
ang c
nung nng. Sau phn ng trong ng nghim cn li 1,96 gam Fe. Nu cho 2,36 gam
hn hp u tc dng vi dng dch CuSO
4
n phn ng hon ton, lc ly cht rn
lm kh cn nng 2,48 gam. Tnh khi lng tng cht trong hn hp.
16) Cho a gam Fe tc dng dd HCl ( TN
1
), c cn dung dch thu c 3,1 gam cht
rn. Nu cho a (gam) Fe v b(gam) Mg tc dng vi ddHCl cng mt lng nh trn
( TN
2
) th sau khi c cn dung dch li thu c 3,36 gam cht rn v 448ml kh H
2
( ktc). Tnh a, b v khi lng cc mui.
17)* t chy hon ton 1,14 gam hn hp A gm CH
4
, C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
thu c 3,52
gam CO
2
. Nu cho 448ml hn hp A i qua dung dch Brm d th c 2,4 gam brm
phn ng. Tnh % th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
Hng dn : Gii tng t nh bi 10
18)* Cho 22,3 gam hn hp Al v Fe
2
O
3
vo trong bnh kn ( khng c khng kh ).
Nung nng bnh n khi phn ng hon ton th thu c hn hp rn X. Ho tan rn
X trong HCl d th thu c 5,6 lt kh ( ktc).
a/ Xc nh khi lng mi cht trong hn hp u
b/ cho X tc dng vi ddNaOH
1
6
M
phn ng va th phi dng bao nhiu lt
dung dch NaOH.
Hng dn : hn hp X tc dng khng bit c va hay khng nn phi bin lun
( S : 6,3gam Al ; 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
)
19)* t hon ton 16,8 gam hn hp X gm Mg, Cu, Ca trong kh oxi th thu c
23,2 gam hn hp oxit. Nu cho 0,2 mol hn hp X tc dng vi H
2
O d th c
dung dch Y ; m( gam) rn Q v 0,2 gam kh Z. Tm khi lng mi kim loi trong
16,8 gam hn hp X ? nh m ?
Hng dn : Gii nh bi 10 ( S : 2,4 g Mg ; 6,4 g Cu ; 8 g Ca )
20) Hn hp Axit axetic v ru tylic ( hn hp A). Cho Na d vo trong A th thu
c 3,36 lt kh H
2
( ktc). Nu cho A tc dng vi NaOH th phi dng ng 200ml
dd NaOH 1M.
a/ Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp A
b/ Thm H
2
SO
4
c vo A v un nng phn ng hon ton th thu c bao nhiu
gam este.
c/ Nu phng php tch ri hn hp Axit axetic , ru tylic, etyl axetat
-------------------
CHUYN 24:
TAN V CC PHP LP LUN TI
TAN CAO CP
Bi tp
1. Tnh tan ca mui n 20
o
C, bit rng nhit 50 gam nc ha
tan ti a 17,95 gam mui n
2. C bao nhiu gam mui n trong 5 kg dung dch bo ha mui n 20
o
C, bit
tan ca mui n nhit l 35, 9 gam .
3. tan ca A trong nc 10
O
C l 15 gam , 90
O
C l 50 gam. Hi lm lnh
600 gam dung dch bo ha A 90
O
C xung 10
O
C th c bao nhiu gam A kt
tinh ?
4. C bao nhiu gam tinh th NaCl tch ra khi lm lnh 1900 gam dung dch
NaCl bo ha t 90
O
C n 0
O
C . Bit tan ca NaCl 90
O
C l 50 gam v
0
O
C l 35 gam
5. Xc nh lng AgNO
3
tch ra khi lm lnh 2500 g dung dch AgNO
3
bo ha
60
o
C xung cn 10
o
C . Cho bit tan ca AgNO
3
60
o
C l 525 g v
10
o
C l 170 g .
*.6. Cho 0,2 mol CuO tan ht trong dd axit sunfuric 20% un nng va .Sau
lm ngui dd n 10
o
C.Tnh lng tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O tch ra khi dd, bit tan
ca CuSO
4
10
o
C l 17,4 gam.
Gii
CuO + H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
0,2 0,2 0,2mol
mCuSO
4
=0,2.160 = 32 gam
mdd sau = 0,2. 80 +
98.0, 2.100
20
= 114 gam
mH
2
O =114- 32 = 82gam
khi h nhit : CuSO
4
+ 5H
2
O CuSO
4
.5H
2
O
gi x l s mol CuSO
4
.5H
2
O tch ra sau khi h nhit .
Khi lng CuSO
4
cn li: 32 160x
Khi lng nc cn li : 82- 90x
tan:17,4 =
(32 160 )100
82 90
x
x

=> x =0,1228 mol


m CuSO
4
.5H
2
O tch ra = 0,1228.250 =30,7 gam.
Bi tp
Cu 7a.Cn ly bao nhiu CuSO
4
ha tan vo 400ml dd CuSO
4
10%
( d = 1,1g/ml) to thnh dd C c nng 29,8%
b.Khi h nhit dd C xung 12
o
C th thy c 60 gam mui CuSO
4
.5H
2
O kt
tinh,tch ra khi dd.Tnh tan ca CuSO
4
12
o
C.
s:
Cu 8.Xc nh lng FeSO
4
.7H
2
O tch ra khi lm lnh 800 gam dd bo ha FeSO
4
t 70
o
C xung 20
o
C.Bit tan ca FeSO
4
ln lt l 35,93gam v 21 gam.
s:87,86gam
Cu 9.Lm lnh 1877 gam dd bo ha CuSO
4
t 85
o
C xung 25
o
C. Hi c bao niu
gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O tch ra. Bit tan ca CuSO
4
ln lt l 87,7 g v 40 g.
S: 961,5 gam
Cu 10.Dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
bo ha 10
o
C c nng 25,1 %
a. Tnh tan T ca Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
10
o
C
b. Ly 1000 gam dd Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
bo ha trn lm bay hi 100gam H
2
O.Phn
dd cn li a v 10
o
C thy c a gam Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.18H
2
O kt tinh. Tnh a.
S: 33,5gam;95,8 gam
Cu 11.Cn ly bao nhiu gam CuSO
4
ha tan vo 400 ml dd CuSO
4
10%
(d =1,1g/ml) to thnh dd C c nng 28,8%.
-khi h nhit dd C xung 12
o
C th thy c 60 gam mui CuSO
4
.5H
2
O kt tinh, tch
ra khi dung dch.Tnh tan ca CuSO
4
12
o
C.
S: 60 gam; 17,52 gam.
Cu 12.Cho 600 g dd CuSO
4
10% bay hi nhit 20
0
C ti khi dd bay hi ht 400g
nc.Tnh lng CuSO
4
.5H
2
O tch ra, bit rng dd bo ha cha 20% CuSO
4
20
0
C.
S: 45,47gam
Cu 13. 20
0
C tan trong nc ca Cu(NO
3
)
2
.6H
2
O l 125 gam,Tnh khi lng
Cu(NO
3
)
2
.6H
2
O cn ly pha ch thnh 450g dd Cu(NO
3
)
2
dd bo ha v tnh nng
% ca dd Cu(NO
3
)
2
nhit . S: 250g v 35,285%.
CHUYN 25:
PHA CH DUNG DCH
m
1
C
1
+ m
2
C
2
= (m
1
+m
2
)C
m
1
C
1
+ m
2
C
2
= m
1
C+m
2
C
m
1
(C
1
-C) = m
2
(C- C
2
)
1 2
2 1
m C C
m C C

tng t c
1 2
2 1
v C C
v C C

v d: Cn ly bao nhiu gam SO


3
v bao nhiu gam dd H
2
SO
4
10% to thnh
100g dd H
2
SO
4
20%.
Gii
Khi cho SO
3
vo dd xy ra phn ng SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
80 g 98 g
coi SO
3
l dd H
2
SO
4
c nng :
98 100
122, 5
80
x

%
gi m
1
v m
2
ln lt l khi lng ca SO
3
v dd H
2
SO
4
ban u.
Ta c
1 2 20 10 10
2 1 122, 5 20 102, 5
m C C
m C C



*
m
1
+ m
2
=100 **.t * v ** gii ra m
1
= 8,88gam.
1. Xc nh lng SO
3
v lng H
2
SO
4
49% trn thnh 450 gam dd H
2
SO
4
73,5%. S: 150 g v 300g
2. C hai dd .Dung dch A cha H
2
SO
4
85% v dung dch B cha HNO
3
cha
bit nng . Hi phi trn hai dd theo t l l bao nhiu c dd mi, trong
H
2
SO
4
c nng 60% v HNO
3
c

nng l 20%. Tnh nng phn
trm ca HNO
3
ban u.
S: t l 12/5, C% HNO
3
= 68%
Gii:
Gi m
1
, m
2
l khi lng dd H
2
SO
4
v HNO
3
ban u.Khi cho HNO
3
vo H
2
SO
4
th coi HNO
3
l dd H
2
SO
4
c nng 0%.
Ta c
1 2 60 0 60 12
(*)
2 1 85 60 25 5
m C C
m C C



-Cho H
2
SO
4
vo HNO
3
th coi H
2
SO
4
l dd HNO
3
c nng 0%.
Ta c
1 2 20 2 20 2 12
2 68
2 1 0 20 20 5
m C C C C
C
m C C



%
3. C V
1
lt dd HCl cha 9,125 gam cht tan(ddA). C V
2
lit dd HCl cha 5,475
gam cht tan (ddB). Trn V
1
lt dd A vi V
2
lit dd B c dd C c V=2 lt.
a. Tnh C
M
ca C
b. Tnh C
M
ca A,B bit C
M(A)
_ C
M(B)
= 0,4.
4. Ha tan mt t NaCl vo nc c V ml dd A c khi lng ring d. Thm V
1
ml nc vo dd A c (V
1
+ V) ml dd B c khi lng ring d
1
. Hy chng
minh d>d
1
. Bit khi lng ring ca nc l 1g/ml.
5. cn ly bao nhiu gam NaOH cho thm vo 120 gam dd NaOH 20% thu
c dd mi c nng 25%. S: 8 gam
6. Phi pha thm nc vo dd H
2
SO
4
50% thu c dd 20%. Tnh t l khi
lng nc v dd axit phi dng.
S: t l 3:2
CHUYN 26.
CO
2
TC DNG VI DUNG DCH KIM
Ch xt trng hp c bit khi cho s mol dd kim( Ca(OH)
2
hoc
Ba(OH)
2
v s mol kt ta CaCO
3
hoc BaCO
3
) n kt ta < n kim
Phng php: xt hai trng hp
Trng hp 1: Ca(OH)
2
d ch xy ra phn ng
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O khi nCO
2
= nCaCO
3
Trng hp 2: CO
2
d th xy ra hai phn ng
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
CO
2
+ H
2
O + CaCO
3
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
nCO
2
=nCaCO
3
+ n Ca(HCO
3
)
2
v d: Dn V lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 500ml dd Ca(OH)
2
1M ta thy c 25 gam kt ta.
Tnh V.
Gii
nCa(OH)
2
= 0,5x1= 0,5mol
nCaCO
3
= 25/100 = 0,25mol
ta thy nCaCO
3
< nCa(OH)
2
. Xt hai trng hp
-Trng hp 1: nCO
2
< nCa(OH)
2
ch xy ra phn ng
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,25 0,25 mol
V = 0,25 x22,4 = 5,6 lt
- Trng hp 2: nCO
2
> nCa(OH)
2
xy ra hai phn ng
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,5 0,5 mol 0,5 mol
CO
2
+ H
2
O + CaCO
3
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
0,25mol 0,25mol 0,25mol
nCO
2
= 0,5 + 0,25 = 0,75 mol
V = 0,75x22,4 =16,8 lt
Bi tp
1. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt kh C
2
H
4
(ktc) ri cho ton b sn phm vo dd
cha 11,1 gam Ca(OH)
2
.Hi sau khi hp th khi lng phn dd ban u tng
hay gim bao nhiu gam.
2. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt mt hicacbon,ly ton b sn phm cho vo 150
ml dd Ca(OH)
2
1M thu c 10 gam kt ta .xc nh cng thc ca
hicacbon. S: C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
6
3. t chy ht 0,224 lt mt Ankan dng mch h,sn phn sau khi chy cho i
qua 1lit nc vi trong 0,134% ( d= 1g/ml) thu c 0,1 gam kt ta.Tm
cng thc ca ankan.
4. Nung 25,28 gam hn hp FeCO
3
v Fe
x
O
y
d ti phn ng hon ton, thu
c kh A v 22,4 gam Fe
2
O
3
duy nht.Cho kh A hp th hon ton vo
400ml ddBa(OH)
2
0,15M thu c 7,88 gam kt ta.Tm cng thc phn t
ca Fe
x
O
y
.S: Fe
2
O
3
5. Thi CO qua ng x ng m gam Fe
2
O
3
nung nng, sau mt thi gian thu
c 10,88 gam cht rn A( cha 4 cht) v 2,668 lt kh CO
2
(ktc)
a.Tnh m
b. ly 1/10 lng CO
2
trn,cho vo 0,4 lt Ca(OH)
2
thu c 0,2 gam kt ta v
khi nung nng dd to thnh kt ta li tng thm p gam .Tnh nng mol ca dd
Ca(OH)
2
v p
S:m= 12,8 gam; C
M
= 0,0175M; p = 5 gam.
6. Cho lung kh CO i qua ng x nung nng cha m gam Fe
x
O
y
cho n khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton.Dn ton b lng kh sinh ra i chm vo 1 lit dd
Ba(OH)
2
0,1M thu c 9,85 gam kt ta.Mt khc khi ha tan ton b lng
kim loi st trn vo V lit dd HCl 2M d th thu c mt dd, sau khi c cn
thu c 12,7 mui khan.
a. Xc nh cng thc oxit st
b. Tm m
c. Tnh V,bit axit dng d 20% so vi lng cn thit.
S:Fe
2
O
3
; m =8 gam; V = 0,12 lt
7.Dng 30 gam NaOH hp th 22 gam CO
2
a. C nhng mui no to thnh
b. Tnh khi lng cc mui to thnh .
8.Cho 9,4 gam K
2
O vo nc . Tnh lng SO
2
cn thit phn ng vi dung
dch trn to thnh :
a. Mui trung ha .
b. Mui axit
c. Hn hp mui axit v mui trung ha theo t l mol l 2 : 1
9.Dung dch A cha 8 gam NaOH
d. Tnh th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M cn dng ha tan hon ton dung
dch A
e. Tnh th tch SO
2
cn thit khi tc dng vi dung dch A to ra hn
hp mui axit v mui trung ha theo t l mol tng ng l 2:1
10. Tnh th tch CO
2
cn thit khi tc dng vi 16 gam dung dch NaOH 10%
to thnh:
a. Mui trung ha ?
b. Mui axit ?
c. Hn hp mui axit v mui trung ha theo t l mol l 2 : 3 ?
11. Dng 1 lt dung dch KOH 1,1M hp th 80 gam SO
3

a. C nhng mui no to thnh ?
b. Tnh khi lng cc mui to thnh ?
12. cht X cha 2 hoc 3 nguyn tC,H,O.
a. trn 2,688 lt CH
4
(ktc)vi 5,376 lt kh X thgu c hn hp kh Y c
khi lng 9,12 gam. Tnh khi lng phn t X
b. t chy hon ton kh Y v cho sn phn hp th vo dd cha 0,45
mol Ba(OH)
2
thy to thnh 70,82 gam kt ta.Hy s dng s liu trn,
xc nh cng thc cu to X
13. t chy hon ton 0,672 lt kh (ktc)hn hp kh gm CH
4
v C
x
H
2x
(trong
x

4,CH
4
chim 50% th tch) ri cho sn phm chy hp th vo 350ml
dd Ba(OH)
2
0,2M thy to thnh 9.85 gam kt ta. Xcnh cng thc phn
t C
x
H
2x
.
14. cho V lt CO
2
(ktc) hp th vo 20ml dd cha KOH 1M v Ca(OH)
2
0,75M
thu c 12 gam kt ta.Tnh V
Chuyn 27:
AXIT + BAZ V CC PHP BIN LUN
V d:
Trn 120ml dd H
2
SO
4
vi 40 ml dd NaOH.Dung dch sau khi trn cha mt mui
axit v cn d axit c nng 0,1M.Mt khc nu trn 60ml dd H
2
SO
4
vi 60 ml
dd NaOH ny th trong dd sau khi trn cn d NaOH vi nng 0,16M.Tm
nng ca hai dd ban u.
Gii
Gi x,y ln lt l nng ban u ca H
2
SO
4
v NaOH
Th nghim 1: H
2
SO
4
+ NaOH NaHSO
4
+ H
2
O (1)
0,04y 0,04y
T v (1) ta c: 0,12x-0,04y =0,1x0,16=0,016(*)
Th nghim 2: H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O (2)
0,04x 0,08x
T 2 v ta c: 0,06y-0,08x =0,016(**)
T * v ** gii ra x =0,4M; y = 0,8M.
Bi tp
Cu 1.Trn 50 ml dung dch HNO
3
nng x M vi 150 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2
M thu c dung dch A . Cho mt t qu tm vo dung dch A thy c mu xanh .
Thm t t 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,1 M vo d/dch A thy qu tr li thnh mu
tm . Tnh x ?
Cu 2.Dung dch X cha hn hp KOH v Ba(OH)
2
c nng ln lt l 0,2M v
0,1M.Dung dch Y cha hn hp H
2
SO
4
v HCl c nng ln lt l 0,25M v 0,75
M.
a. tnh th tch dung dch va trung ha 40 ml dd Y v khi lng kt ta
to thnh sau phn ng.
b.Dng V ml dd Y ha tan va m gam CuO,lm to thnh dd Z.Cho
12gam bt Mg Vo Z sau phn ng kt thc lc c 12,8 gam cht rn.Tnh m
Cu 3. A l dd HCl, B l dd Ba(OH)
2
. trn 50 ml dd a vi 50ml dd B c ddC.Thm
t qu tm vo dd C thy mu .Thm t t dd NaOH 0,1M vo C cho ti khi qu
tr li mu tm,thy tn ht 50 ml NaOH.trn 50 ml dd A vi 150 ml ddB c dd
D.Thm qu tm vo ddD thy mu xanh,Thm t t dd HNO
3
0,1M vo dd D cho
ti khi qu tr li mu tm thy tn ht 350 ml dd HNO
3
. tnh nng ca ddA, ddB.
Cu 4. trn ln dd A cha NaOH v dd B cha Ba(OH)
2
cha bit nng theo t l
th tich 1:1 thu c dd C. ly 100ml dd c trung ha bng H
2
SO
4
2M th va ht
14ml v thu c 2,33g kt ta.
a. xc nh nng mol ca A,B
b. cn thm bao nhiu ml dd B vo 10 ml; dd A cho trn trung ha va 7,6 ml
dd HCl 2M.
Cu 5. tnh nng mol ca dd H
2
SO
4
v dd NaOH bit:
- 30 ml dd H
2
SO
4
d9uo75c trung ho ht bi 20 ml dd NaOH v 10ml dd KOH 2M
- 30 ml dd NaOH c trung ha bi 20ml dd H
2
SO
4
v 5 ml dd HCl 1M
Cu 6. cho a gam dd H
2
SO
4
24,5% vo b gam dd NaOH 8% th to c 3,6 gam
mui axit v 2,84 gam mui trung ha.
a. Tnh a,b
b. Tnh nng % ca dd sau phn ng
CHUYN 28:
TON V HIU SUT V
TNH TON THEO HIU SUT
Nu hiu sut tnh theo cht sn phm:

Lng sn phm thc t
H = x100

Lng sn phm theo l thuyt
Nu hiu sut tnh theo cht tham gia:
Lng sn phm theo l thuyt
H = x 100

Lng sn phm theo thc t
V d:. Trong cng nghip sn xut H
2
SO
4
t qung FeS
2
theo s sau:
FeS
2
SO
2
SO
3
H
2
SO
4
a. Vit cc phn ng v ghi r iu kin
b. Tnh lng axit 98% iu ch c t 1 tn qung cha 60% FeS
2
. Bit hiu
sut ca qu trnh l 80%
Gii
FeS
2
2H
2
SO
4
129tn 196tn
0,6
0, 6 196
129
x
= 0,91tn
do hiu sut 80% nn lng axit thc t thu c l:
0, 91 80
100
x

0,728 tn.
Lng axit 98% l: m
dd
=
100
%
mctx
c
=
0, 728 100
98
x
= 74,2 tn.

Bi tp
Cu 2. Trong cng nghip , ngi ta sn xut nhm bng pp in phn Al
2
O
3
nng
chy vi in cc than ch
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng nu trong qu trnh in phn cc dng bng
than ch b chy thnh CO
2

b. Tnh lng Al
2
O
3
phn ng bit hiu xut ca qu trnh l 68%
c. Tnh lng C cn thm b vo phn cc dng b chy .
Cu 3. Ngi ta iu ch C
2
H
2
t than theo s sau:
CaCO
3

95%
CaO
80%
CaC
2

90%
C
2
H
2
Tnh lng vi cha 75% CaCO
3
cn iu ch 2,24m
3
C
2
H
2
kc theo s trn .
Cu 4. Cho 39 gam glucoz tc dng vi dd AgNO
3
trong NH
3
.Hi c bao nhiu
gam Ag kt ta nu hiu xut phn ng l 75%. Nu ln men 1 lng glucoz nh
th th thu c bao nhiu ru etilic v bao nhiu lt CO
2
,nu hiu sut phn ng l
80%.
Cu 5. un nng 1 hn hp cha 12 gam axit axetic v 4,6 gam axit fomic HCOOH
vi 18,4 gam etilic c H
2
SO
4
lm xc tc . Sau th nghim ngi ta xc nh trong
hn hp sn phm c cha 8,8 gam CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
v 5,55 gam HCOOC
2
H
5
. Tnh
hiu sut to thnh mi este .
Cu 6. Vit phn ng iu ch ru etylic t tinh bt . Bit hiu sut ca qu trnh
75% hy tnh s lt ru etylic 46
o
thu c 100 kg go cha 81% tinh bt . Cho ru
nguyn cht c khi lng ring l 0,8g/ml
Cu 7. Ngi ta nu x phng t 1 loi cht bo c cng thc (C
15
H
31
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
.
Tnh lng x phng to thnh t 200 kg cht bo c cha 19,4% tp cht khng
phn ng , bit s hao ht trong phn ng l 15%
1. Tnh khi lng H
2
SO
4
95% thu c t 60 kg qung pirit nu hiu sut p/ ng
l 85% ?
2. Dng 150 gam qung pirit ch 20% cht tr iu ch H
2
SO
4
. em ton b
lng axit iu ch c ha tan va m gam Fe
2
O
3
. Tt c phn ng xy ra
hon ton , hy
a. Tnh khi lng H
2
SO
4
iu ch c ?
b.Tnh m ?
3. T 1 tn qung pirit ch 90% FeS
2
c th iu ch bao nhiu lt H
2
SO
4
m c
98% (d = 1,84 g/ml) , bit hiu sut trong qu trnh iu ch l 80% ?
4. C th iu ch bao nhiu tn CH
3
COOH t 100 tn CaC
2
c 4% tp cht , gi
s cc phn ng t hiu sut 100% ?
5. a.tnh lng axit axetic thu c khi ln men 1lit ru etylic 10
0
v tnh nng
% ca dd .gi s hiu sut l 100%.
c. Tch ton b lng ru c trong 1lit ru 11,5
0
khi dd v em oxi ha thnh
axit axetic.cho hn hp sau phn ng tc dng vi Na d thu c 33,6 lt kh
H
2
(ktc). Tnh hiu sut phn ng oxi ha ru thnh axit.
Cu 6.cho m gam glucoz ln men, kh thot ra c dn vo dd nc vi trong
d thu c 55,2 gam kt ta.
a. Tnh khi lng glucoz ln men, bit H = 92%
b. Cho ton b lng ru thu c trn tc dng vi 300ml dd
CH
3
COOH 2M thu c 22 gam este. Tm hiu sut este ha
c. Trn V ml ru etylic nguyn cht vi V
1
ml nc thu c 1 lit dd ru
( D =0.92g/ml) tm ru.
CHUYN 29:
TON V LNG CHT D
BIN LUN CHT D TRONG PHH
V d: un nng 16,8 gam bt st v 6,8 gam S (khng c kk) thu c cht rn
A .Ho tan A bng HCl d thot ra kh B .Cho kh B t t qua dd Pb(NO
3
)
2
tch ra
kt ta D mu en . Bit cc phn ng xy ra 100%
a.Tnh th tch kh B , khi lng kt ta D
b.Cn bao nhiu lt O
2
t chy hon ton kh B.
Gii:
S mol Fe = 0,3 mol; s mol S = 0,2mol
Fe + S FeS cht rn A gm FeS v Fe d
0,2 0,2 0,2
FeS + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
S
0,2 0,2
Fe + HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(B gm H
2
S v H
2
)
0,1 0,2 0,2 0,1
H
2
S + Pb(NO
3
)
2
PbS + 2HNO
3
(D l PbS)
0,2 0,2
2H
2
S + 3 O
2
2SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
V
B
= 6,72 lit
M
D
= 47,8 gam
V
O2
= 7,84 lit
Bi tp
Cu 1 . Trn 100 ml dd st III sunfat 1,5M vi 150 ml dd Ba(OH)
2
2M thu kt ta A
v dd B .Nung kt ta A trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht
D .Thm BaCl
2
vo dd B th tch ra kt ta E.
Tnh lng E,D .Tnh nng mol cht tan trong dd B (coi th tch thay i khng
ng k )
Cu 2 . 1,36 gam hn hp Mg v Fe c ho tan trong 100 ml dd CuSO
4
.Sau phn
ng thu c dd A v 1,84 gam cht rn B gm 2 kim loi . Thm NaOH d vo A
ri lc kt ta tch ra nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c ht
rn D gm MgO v Fe
2
O
3
nng 1,2 gam .Tnh lng Fe,Mg ban u
Cu 3. Dn 4,48 dm
3
CO i qua m gam CuO nung nng nhn c cht rn X v
kh Y , Sc kh Y vo dd Ca(OH)
2
d tch ra 20 gam kt ta trng . Ho tan cht rn
X bng 200 ml dd HCl 2M th sau phn ng phi trung ho dd thu c bng 50 gam
Ca(OH)
2
7,4%. Tnh m
Cu 4 . Th 2,3 gam Na vo 100ml dd AlCl
3
thy thot ra kh A, xut hin kt ta B.
Lc kt ta B nung thu c cht cn nng a gam .Tnh a
Cu 5 . Nung x
1
gam Cu vi x
2
gam O
2
thu c cht rn A
1
.un nng A
1
trong x
3
gam H
2
SO
4
98% sau khi tan ht thu c dd A
2
kh A
3
. Hp thu ton b A
3
bng
200ml NaOH 0,15M to thnh dd cha 2,3 gam mui .Bng pp thch hp tch
CuSO
4
ra khi dd A
2
thu c 30 gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O .Nu cho A
2
tc dng vi
dd NaOH 1M th to ra lng kt ta nhiu nht phi dng 300ml NaOH . Tnh
x
1
,x
2
,
,
x
3
Cu 6 . Cho 6,8 gam hn hp Fe v CuO tan trong 100 ml dd HCl thu c d A v
224 ml kh B cng 2,4 gam cht rn .Thm tip HCl vo hh A+D th D tan 1 phn,
sau thm tip NaOH cho n d vo , lc kt ta nung trong khng kh n khi
lng khng i cn nng 6,4 gam .Tnh thnh phn % ca Fe v CuO
CHUYN 30:
BI TON QUY V 100
V d: Hn hp gm CaCO
3
ln Al
2
O
3
v Fe
2
O
3
trong nhm oxit chim 10,2 % ,st
III oxit chim 9,8 % . nung hn hp ny nhit cao thu c cht rn c lng
bng 67% lng hn hp ban u . Tnh % cht rn to ra
Gii:
Gi s hn hp lc l 100 gam, th lng Al
2
O
3
=10,2 gam v Fe
2
O
3
= 9,8 gam v lng
CaCO
3
=80 gam
Khi nung hn hp : CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2
gim 100- 67 =33g l khi lng CO
2

S mol CO
2
= s mol CaCO
3
= 33/44 = 0,75 mol
Sau phn ng c : 10,2g Al
2
O
3
= 15,22%
9,8g Fe
2
O
3
= 14,62%
CaCO
3
d 80-75 = 5 gam ( 7,4%)
CaO = 62,6%
Bi tp
Cu 1. Hn hp gm NaCl, KCl(A) tan trong nc thnh dd.Thm AgNO
3
d vo dd
ny tch ra 1 lng kt ta 299,6%so vi lng A, Tm % mi cht trong A
Cu 2.Hn hp cha FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe nu ho tan a gam hn hp bng bng HCl d
th lng H
2
thot ra bng 1% lng hn hp em th nghim ,nu kh a gam hh bng
H
2
nng, d th thu c 1 lng nc bng 21,15% lng hn hp em th
nghim.xc nh % mi cht tronh HH .
Cu 3.Hn hp mui A to bi Kim loi M(II) v phi kim X (I) .Ho tan mt lng
A vo nc c dd B. Nu thm AgNO
3
d vo B th lng kt ta tch ra bng
188% lng A .Nu thm Na
2
CO
3
d vo dd B th lng kt ta tch ra bng 50%
lng A tm kim loi M v phi kim X
Cu 4. Hn hp A gm kim loi Mg, Al .Cu, .Oxi ho hon ton m gam A thu c
1,72m gam hn hp 3 oxit vi ho tri cao nht ca mi kim loi . Ho tan m gam A
bng HCl d thu c 0,952m dm
3
lt kh . Tnh % mi kim loi trong A
Cu 5. nung nng 1,32a gam hh Mg(OH)
2
v Fe(OH)
2
trong khng kh n khi
lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng a gam tnh % mi oxit to ra
Cu 6. Cho m gam hh Na, Fe tc dng ht vi HCl , dd thu c cho tc dng vi
Ba(OH)
2
d ri lc kt ta nung trong kk n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn
m gam . Tnh % mi kim loi ban u .
TNG GIM KHI LNG( KIM LOI + MUI)
Phng php:
-Nu bi cho khi lng kim loi tng th lp phng trnh i s
Kl kim loi ban u(a) m
kim loi phn ng
+ m
kim loi bm vo
= a + m
kim loi tng
-Nu bi cho khi lng kim loi gim th lp phng trnh i s
Kl kim loi ban u(a) m
kim loi phn ng
+ m
kim loi bm vo
= a - m
kim loi tng
cn lu :Khi bi cho phn ng xy ra hn tn th mt trong hai cht
tham gia phi ht hoc ht c hai
Bi cho sau mt thi gian th c th c hai cht tham gia u d
V d:
Cho a gam bt kim loi M c ha tr khng i vo 500ml dd hn hp gm
Cu(NO
3
)
2
v AgNO
3
u c nng 0,4M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon
ton, ta lc c (a + 27,2 gam) cht rn A gm ba kim loi v c mt dd ch
cha mt mui tan .hy xc nh kim loi M v v s mol mui to thnh trong
dd.
Gii:
Bi cho sau khi phn ng xy ra hn tn v c 3 kim loi to thnh chng t hn hp
mui tham gia ht
M + nAgNO
3
M(NO
3
)
n
+ nAg (*)
0,2/n 0,2mol 0,2mol
2M + nCu(NO
3
)
2
2 M(NO
3
)
n
+ nCu (**)
0,4/n 0,2mol 0,2mol
Theo ra v pt ta c: a - M
0, 2
n
+ 108.0,2 - M
0, 4
n
+ 64.0,2 = a +27,2
0,6M = 7,2n

n = 2 v M =24 vy kim loi l Mg.


-Bi tp
Cu 1. cho 27,4 gam Ba vo 400 gam dd CuSO
4
3,2 %, thu c kh A, kt ta B
v dd C.
a. tnh th tch kh A
b. Nung kt ta B nhit cao n khi lng khng i th thu c bao
nhiu gam cht rn
c. Tnh nng phn trm cc cht trong C
Cu 2. Ngm mt vt bng Cu nng 10 gam vo 250 gam dd AgNO
3

4%.khi ly ra
th khi lng AgNO
3
trong dd gim 17%.Tm khi lng ca vt sau khi ly ra.
Cu 3. cho 0,51 gam hn hp A gm kim loi Fe v Mg vo 100ml dd CuSO
4
.Sau
khi cc phn ng hon ton,lc thu c 0,69 gam cht rn B v ddC.Thm
ddNaOH d vo C ly kt ta em nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng
i thu c 0,45 gam cht rn D.Tm nng mol ca ddCuSO
4
.Tnh thnh phn
% ca mlo64i kim loi trong A v th tch SO
2
bay ra khi ha tan cht rn B trong
H
2
SO
4
c nng d.
Cu 4. Nhng mt thanh st v mt thanh km vo cng mt cc cha 500ml dd
CuSO
4
. sau mt thi gian ly hai thanh kim loi ra khi cc th mi thanh c thm
ng bm vo, khi lng dd trong cc b gim i 0,22 gam.Trong dd sau phn
ng, nng ZnSO
4
gp 2,5 ln nng FeSO
4
. thm dd NaOH d vo cc, lc
ly kt ta ri nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i, thu c 14,5
gam cht rn.tnh khi lng Cu bm trn mi kim loi v nng CuSO
4
ban
u.
Cu 5. Cho 80 gam bt Cu vo dd AgNO
3
,sau mt thi gian phn ng lc c dd
A v 95,2 gam cht rn.Cho tip 80 gam bt Pb vo dd A, phn ng xong lc tch
c dd B ch cha mt mui duy nht v 67,05 gam cht rn
a. Tnh nng mol ca dd AgNO
3
dng
b. Cho 40 gam kim loi R ha tri II vo 1/10 dd B, sau khi phn ng hon ton
lc tch c 44,575 gam cht rn khng tan, hy xc nh kim ,loi R.
Cu 6.th nghim 1.cho mt lng kim loi Mg vo 200ml dd X cha AgNO
3
0,15M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,01M. Phn ng kt thc thu c 5 gam cht rn v dd Y
Th nghim 2: Cho 0,78 gam mt kim loi T ng trc Cu trong dy hot ng
ha hc kim loi,c ha tr II cng vo dd X .Phn ng kt thc thu c 2,592 gam
cht rn v dd Z.
a. Tnh khi lng kim loi Mg dng
b. Xc nh T
c. Tnh nng mol cc cht trong Y v Z,coi th dd khng thay i v th tch cht
rn khng ng k.
Cu 7. Nhng mt l Al vo dd CuSO
4
,sau mt thi gian ly l nhm ra khi dd
th khi lng dd gim 1.38 gam.khi lng nhm phn ng l bao nhiu.
Cu 8.Cho mt thanh ch Pb tc dng va vi dd mui nitrat ca kim loi ha
tri II, sau mt thi gian khi khi lng thanh ch khng i th ly ra khi dd thy
khi lng ca n gim i 14,3 gam.Cho thanh st c khi lng 50 gam vo dd
sau phn ng trn,khi lng thanh st khng i na th ly ra khi dd ra sch
sy kh cn li nng 65,1 gam.Tm kim loi ha tr II
Cu 9. Hai thanh kim loi ging nhau ca cng mt nguyn t R ha tri II c cng
khi lng.Cho thanh th nht vo dd Cu(NO
3
)
2
v thanh th hai vo dd
Pb(NO
3
)
2
.Sau mt thi gian, khi s mol hai mui bng nhau,ly hai kim loi ra
khi dd thy khi khi lng thanh th nht gim i 0,2% cn thanh th hai tng
28,4%,Xc inh kim loi R
Cu 10. Nhng mt thi st 100 gam vo dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau mt thi gian ly
ra ra sch , sy kh cn nng 101,6 gam . Hi khi kim loi c bao nhiu gam
st , bao nhiu gam ng ?
Cu 11.Cho mt bn nhm c khi lng 60 gam vo dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau mt
thi gian ly ra ra sch , sy kh cn nng 80,7 gam . Tnh khi lng ng bm
vo bn nhm ?
Cu 12.Ngm mt l ng vo dung dch AgNO
3
. Sau phn ng khi lng l
ng tng 0,76 gam . Tnh s gam ng tham gia phn ng ?
Cu 13.Ngm inh st vo dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau mt thi gian ly ra ra sch ,
sy kh cn nng hn lc u 0,4 gam
a. Tnh khi lng st v CuSO
4
tham gia phn ng ?
b. Nu khi lng dung dch CuSO
4
dng trn l 210 gam c khi lng
ring l 1,05 g/ml . Xc nh nng mol ban u ca dung dch CuSO
4
?
Cu 14.Cho 333 gam hn hp 3 mui MgSO
4
, CuSO
4
v BaSO
4
vo nc c
dung dch D v mt phn khng tan c khi lng 233 gam . Nhng thanh nhm
vo dung dch D . Sau phn ng khi lng thanh kim loi tng 11,5 gam . Tnh
% v khi lng ca mi mui c trong hn hp trn ?
Cu 15.Cho bn st c khi lng 100 gam vo 2 lt dung dch CuSO
4
1M. Sau
mt thi gian dung dch CuSO
4
c nng l 0,8 M . Tnh khi lng bn kim
loi , bit rng th tch dung dch xem nh khng i v khi lng ng bm
hon ton vo bn st ?
Cu 16.Nhng mt l km vo 500 ml dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
2M . Sau mt thi gian
khi lng l km tng 2,84 gam so vi ban u .
c. Tnh lng Pb bm vo l Zn , bit rng lng Pb sinh ra bm hon ton
vo l Zn.
d.Tnh mng M cc mui c trong dung dch sau khi ly l km ra , bit rng
th tch dung dch xem nh khng i ?
e.
CHUYN 31:
BIN LUN TM CNG THC
Phng php: tm khi lng dung dch sau phn ng
Ha tan 1 mui cacbonat kim loi M bng 1 lng va dd H
2
SO
4
9,8%
thu c dd mui sunfat c nng 14,18 %.Tm kim loi M.
Gii:
Cng thc mui M
2
(CO
3
)
n
( n l ha tr kim loi)
M
2
(CO
3
)
n
+ nH
2
SO
4
M
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nH
2
O + nCO
2
(2M +60n)g 98ng (2M+96n)g 44ng
khi lng dd axit
98 .100
9, 8
n
= 1000n
theo bi ta c:
(2 96 ).100
1000 2 60 44
M n
n M n n
+
+ +
= 14,18

M =28n
n=2 ,M=56 (Fe)
Bi tp
Cu1. Ha tan hon ton 14,2 gam hn hp C gm MgCO
3
v mui
cacbonat kim loi R vo dd HCl 7,3% va , thu c dd D v 3,36 lt
CO
2
(ktc). Nng MgCl
2
trong dd D l 6,028%
a. xc nh R v thnh phn phn trm cc cht trong C
b. Cho dd NaOH d vo dd D, lc ly kt ta ri nung ngoi khng kh
n khi phn ng hon ton.Tnh s gam cht rn cn li sau khi nung.
S:Fe,MgCO
3
= 59,15%,FeCO
3
=40,85%, MgO=4g,Fe
2
O
3
=4g.
Cu 2.ha tan hon ton a gam kim loi M c ha tr khng i vo b gam
dd HCl thu c dd D.Thm 240g dd NaHCO
3
7% vo dd D th va tc
dng ht vi dd HCl cn d, thu c dd E trong c nng phn
trm ca NaCl v mui ca kim loi M tng ng l 2,5% v 8,12%.Thm
tip lng d dd NaOH vo dd E, sau lc kt ta, ri nung n khi
lng khng i th thu c 16 gam cht rn.Vit cc phn ng v xc
nh M, nng phn trm ca HCl dng
S: Mg, 16%
Cu 3.ho tan hon ton m gam kim loi M bng dd HCl d thu c V lt
kh H
2
(ktc).Mt khc ha tan hon tan m gam kim loi trn vo dd HNO
3
long cng thu c V lit kh NO duy nht (ktc)
a. so snh ha tr ca M trong mui clorua v mui nitrat
b. hi M l kim loi no?bit rng khi lng mui nitrat to thnh gp
1,905 ln khi lng mui clorua.
S:x/y =2/3, Fe.
Cu 4. Cho 27,2 gam hn hp X gm kim loi M c ha tri II v III,oxit
M
x
O
y
tc dng vi 0,8 lit dd HCl 2M th hn hp X tan ht cho ddA v 4,48
lit kh ktc. trung ha lng axit cn d cn 0,6 lt dd NaOH 1M.Xc
nh cng thc oxit v % khi lng cc cht trong X,bit s mol mt trong
hai cht gp i s mol cht cn li.S:Fe
Cu 5. Ha tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M bng mt lng dung dch
H
2
SO
4
9,8% ,ngi ta trhu c mt dd mui sunfat c nng 11,54%.
Tm cng thc ca mui.
Cu 6. thm t t dd H
2
SO
4
10% vo ly ng mt mui cacbonat kim loi
ha tr I, cho ti khi va thot ht kh CO
2
th thu c dd mui c nng
13,63%.Xc nh cng thc ca mui.
Cu 7. Ha tan mt mui cacbonat kim ,oi ha tr III vo dd H
2
SO
4
16%.sau khi kh khng thot ra na c dd mui sunfat 20%,Xc nh
tn kim loi.
Cu 8. ha tan x gam mt kim loi M trong 200g dd HCl 7,3% va thu
c ddA trong nng mui M l 11,96%.tm kim loi M.
CHUYN 32:
CHNG MINH HN HP KIM LOI
(MUI,AXIT D)
Khi gp bi ton ny ta gii nh sau:
- Gi s hn hp ch gm mt kim loi (hoc mui) c M nh, khi chia
khi lng hn hp 2 kim loi ( hoc hn hp 2 mui) cho M c s mol
ln,ri so snh vi s mol axit cn d hay hn hp cn d
v d: Ha tan 13,2 gam hn hp A gm hai kim loi c cng ha tr vo
400ml dd HCl 1,5M.C cn dd sau phn ng thu c 32,7 gam hn hp
mui khan.
1. chng minh hn hp A tan khng ht
2. tnh th tch kh H
2
sinh ra.
Gii:
Gi hai kim loi ln lt l A,B c s mol l a, b
2A + 2nHCl 2ACl
n
+ nH
2
a na a 0,5na
2B + 2nHCl 2BCl
n
+ nH
2
b nb b 0,5nb
s mol axit 0,4x 1,5 = 0,6 mol =n( a+ b)
theo v phng trnh ta c: (A +35,5n)a +(B + 35,5n)b = 32,7

Aa + Bb +35,5n(a + b) = 32,7
Aa + Bb =11,4 < 13,2 Vy hn hp tan khng ht.
- th tch H
2
= 22,4 x 0,5n(a +b) = 6,72 lt
bi tp
Cu 1.Cho 3,87 gam hn hp gm Mg v Al tc dng vi 500 ml dung dch
HCl 1M
a.Chng minh rng sau phn ng vi Mg v Al , axit vn cn d ?
b.Nu phn ng trn lm thot ra 4,368 lt kh H
2
(ktc) . Hy tnh s
gam Mg v Al dng ban u ?
3. Tnh th tch dung dch ng thi NaOH 2M v Ba(OH)
2
0,1M cn
dng trung ha ht lng axit cn d ?
Cu 2.Ha tan 31,9 gam hn hp BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
vo nc c dung dch
A . Cho ton b dung dch A tc dng vi 500 ml dung dch Na
2
CO
3
2M
thy xut hin mt lng kt ta
aChng t rng lng kt ta trn thu c l ti a ?
b.Nu cho ton b lng dung dch A tc dng vi lng d dung dch
AgNO
3
th thu c 53,4 gam kt ta . Xc nh % v khi lng mi mui
dng ban u ?
Cu 3.Cho 8,4 gam hn hp Zn v Mg tc dng vi 500 ml dung dch HCl
2M
a.Chng minh rng sau phn ng axit vn cn d ?
b.Nu thot ra 4,48 lt kh ktc . Hy tnh s gam Mg v Al dng ban
u
cTnh th tch ng thi ca 2 dung dch KOH 0,5 M v Ba(OH)
2
1M cn
dng trung ha ht lng axit cn d ?
Cu 4.Cho 7,8 gam hn hp Mg v Al tc dng vi 500 ml dung dch
H
2
SO
4
1M
a.Chng minh rng sau phn ng vi Mg v Al , axit vn cn d ?
bNu phn ng trn lm thot ra 4,368 lt kh H
2
(ktc) . Hy tnh % v khi
lng ca Mg v Al dng ban u ?
Cu 5.Cho 31,8 gam hn hp X gm 2 mui MgCO
3
v CaCO
3
vo 0,8 lt
dung dch HCl 1M
thu c dung dch Z .
aHi dung dch Z c d axit khng ?
b,Cho vo dung dch Z mt lng NaHCO
3
d th th tch CO
2
thu c l
2,24 lt . tnh khi lng mi mui c trong hn hp X ?
Cu 6.X l hn hp hai kim loi Mg v Zn, Y l dd H
2
SO
4
cha r nng .
-Th nghim 1: Cho 24,3 gam X vo 2 lt Y, sinh ra 8,96 lt kh H
2
-Th nghim 2: Cho 24,3 gam X vo 3 lt Y, sinh ra 11,2 lt kh H
2
a. chng t rng trong th nghim 1 th X tan cha ht, th nghim 2 th X
tan
ht
b.tnh nng mol ca axit v khi lng mi kim loi trong X ( cc kh o
ktc)
Cu 7.Cho 39,6 gam hn hp gm KHSO
3
v K
2
CO
3
vo 400g dd HCl
7,3%, khi xong phn ng thu c hn hp kh X c t khi so vi H
2
bng
25,33 v mt dd A.
a.Chng minh rng axit cn d
b.Tnh nng phn trm cc cht trong A.

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