UNIT 13: PREHISTORY.

THE PALAEOLITHIC AGE: EL PALEOLTICO.

1. PREHISTORY: LA PREHISTORIA.
Prehistory is the first period (es la primera etapa) in history (de la Historia) and also (tambin) the longEST (la ms larga). On the Iberian Peninsula, it starts with (empieza con) the appearance (la aparicin) of human beings (seres humanos), about (aproximadamente) a million years ago (HACE) and ends (termina) with the appearance of writing (la ESCRITURA), about 3,000 years ago. Prehistory is divided (SE divide) into three periods: the Palaeolithic Age (el PALEOLTICO), the Neolithic Age (el NEOLTICO) and the Metal Ages (EDAD DE LOS METALES).

2. THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA.

The first human beings in the Iberian Peninsula came (LLEGARON) from Africa about a million years ago. These men and women lived (VIVAN) in the open (AL AIRE LIBRE), in caves (CUEVAS), or in simple huts (sencillas CABAAS) made (CONSTRUDAS) from (con) branches (ramas) and animal skins (pieles de animals). They gathered (RECOLECTABAN) fruit and roots (races), they fished (PESCABAN) and they hunted (CAZABAN) reindeer (renos), bisons (bisontes), small lizards (lagartijas), etc. Animals provided them with (les proporcionaban) skins (PIELES) for clothes (para fabricar ropa) and bones (HUESOS) for making tools (UTENSILIOS/ HERRAMIENTAS). When (cuando) these primitive people (hombres primitives) could not (NO PODAN) find (encontrar) much food (comida suficiente), they moved on (se marchaban) to live (a vivir) in a different place (a un lugar diferente). People who move continually are (SON) nomads (NMADAS). The primitive people in the Palaeolithic Age were NOMADS.

3. TRIBES: LAS TRIBUS.

In the Palaeolithic Age, men and women lived (VIVAN) in tribes. A tribe is a small group formed by (formado por) several (varias) families. Each tribe had (TENA) about (alrededor de) thirty (30) members (miembros). They helped (se AYUDABAN) each other (los unos a los otros) to survive (PARA sobrevivir). While (mientras) some (algunos) hunted (CAZABAN),

others (otros) gathered (RECOLECTABAN) fruit (FRUTOS), cooked (COCINABAN) food (alimentos) or made (FABRICABAN) tools (HERRAMIENTAS). Life (la vida) was (ERA) very hard (muy dura). Many people (muchas persons) died (moran) of hunger (de hambre) in the cold seasons (en las pocas fras), when (cuando) it was (ERA) difficult (difcil) to hunt (CAZAR) animals. Others died (MORAN) from diseases (enfermedades) or injuries (heridas), such as (como) colds (resfriados leves) or broken bones (roturas de huesos).

4. TOOLS: LAS HERRAMIENTAS.

The men and women of the Palaeolithic Age made (FABRICABAN) simple tools (herramientas) from (con) wood (MADERA), bones (HUESOS) and stone (PIEDRA). They made spears (LANZAS) and traps (TRAMPAS) for hunting (para CAZAR), harpoons (ARPONES) for fishing (PARA pescar), needles (AGUJAS) for sewing (para coser) skins (pieles) and knives (CUCHILLOS) and axes (HACHAS) for cutting (para CORTAR). They made (FABRICABAN) knives (CUCHILLOS), axes (HACHAS) and arrowheads (PUNTAS DE FLECHA) from stone (de PIEDRA). They hit (GOLPEABAN) one stone (una piedra) against (contra) another (otra) until (hasta que) they obtained (OBTENAN) the shape (la forma que) they wanted (DESEABAN). They made harpoons (ARPONES) and needles (AGUJAS) from animal bones (con los HUESOS) and horns (CUERNOS de animales).

5. THE FIRST ARTISTS: LOS PRIMEROS ARTISTAS.

The first artists painted (PINTABAN) animals on the walls (en las PAREDES) and roofs (TECHOS) of caves (CUEVAS). They used (UTILIZABAN) their hands (sus manos), feathers (PLUMAS) and animal hairs (y PELOS de animales), as brushes (como PINCELES). They obtained (OBTENAN) different coloured paints (pinturas de colores) from (de los) minerals (MINERALES), which they crushed (MACHACABAN) and mixed (MEZCLABAN) with (con) animal fat (grasa de animales). The first human beings (los primeros seres humanos) also (tambin) made small stone sculptures (pequeas ESCULTURAS de piedra) which (que) represented (REPRESENTABAN) women (mujeres). These are called (SE LLAMABAN) Venus figurines (VENUS).

In the Palaeolithic Age, people were hunter-gatherers (CAZADORES y RECOLECTORES). They lived in tribes. They made tools from stone and animal bones. They painted the walls and roofs of caves and also made small stone sculptures.

THE NEOLITHIC AGE: EL NEOLTICO.

1. ANIMAL AND CROP FARMING: LA GANADERA Y LA AGRICULTURA.
About 7,000 years ago (hace unos 7000 aos), some (algunos) human beings (seres humanos) started (empezaron) to build (a construir) enclosures (cercados) to keep (para guardar) their animals in. They kept goats (cabras), sheep (ovejas) and oxen (bueyes) so (as que) they did not have (no tuvieron que) to hunt (cazar) animals for food (para alimentarse). In this way (de esta manera), the first (los primeros) animal farmers (granjeros) appeared (aparecieron/ surgieron). During (durante) this same period (este mismo period), people discovered (descubrieron) how plants grew (crecan) from seeds (de semillas), so (as que) they started (empezaron) to (a) cultivate wheat (trigo) and rice (arroz). Later (ms tarde) they cultivated (cultivaron) other (otras) plants.

2. THE FIRST VILLAGES: LAS PRIMERAS ALDEAS.

People needed (necesitaba) to stay (quedarse) in one place (en un lugar) in order to (PARA) take care of (cuidar de) their crops (sus cultivos) and animals. Consequently (por ello), in the Neolithic Age, people (los seres humanos) were no longer (ya no eran) nomads (dejaron de ser nmadas). They built villages (aldeas / poblados) to live in permanently (de manera permanente). They became (se conviertieron en) sedentary (SEDENTARIOS). The villages (poblados, aldeas) were (ESTABAN) near (cerca de) rivers (los ros) so that (para que) people had (TUVIERAN) water (agua). The villages were normally (generalmente) surrounded by (rodeadas por) a fence (una valla) made (hecha) of trunks (troncos), which (que) served (serva) as a defence (como defensa/ para defenderlas). During this period people began to (EMPEZ A) specialize (especializarse) in certain jobs (OFICIOS): some (algunos) became (SE CONVIRTIERON en) crop farmers (GRANJEROS), some became animal farmers (otros en GANADEROS) and others became craftsmen (ARTESANOS).

3. THE FIRST CRAFTSMEN: LOS PRIMEROS ARTESANOS.

During the Neolithic Age, people learned (aprendi a) to polish (PULIR) stone. Polished stone tools (las herramientas de piedra pulida) were (ERAN) more resistant than (MS resistentes QUE) the roughly-made stone tools (las herramientas de piedra toscamente fabricadas/ que la piedra golpeada) used during the Palaeolithic Age. For this reason, tools became more sophisticated. Neolithic people invented hoes (AZADAS) to turn (para remover) the soil (la tierra), sickles (HOCES) to cut (para cortar) grain (el grano/ las espigas) and hand mills (MOLINOS DE MANO) to mill it (para molerlo) There were (HUBO) two other (otros dos) important developments (inventos) during the Neolithic Age: the making of cloth (los TEJIDOS) and pottery (la CERMICA). Cloth was made (SE fabricaban) from (con) the wool of animals (lana de los animales) and was woven (SE teja) on very simple looms (en TELARES muy sencillos). Pottery was made (SE fabricaba) by modelling (modelando barro/ arcilla) clay by hand (a mano), then (y despus) baking it (cocindolo) on a fire. Neolithic people made (elaboraban) pots (cuencos, vasijas) to keep food in (para almacenar comida) and to cook (cocinar) in (en ellos). They made plates (platos) and bowls (cuencos) to eat (para comer) and drink (beber) from (en ellos).

1. NEOLITHIC PAINTINGS: LAS PINTURAS NEOLTICAS.

Paintings in the Neolithic Age were different from those (de las pinturas) of the Palaeolithic Age. In the Neolithic Age, painters (los artistas de Neoltico) depicted (representaban) hunting scenes (ESCENAS DE CAZA) and people dancing (bailando) or gathering (recolectando) plants. The Neolithic people drew (DIBUJABA) very simple figures in only one colour. There are various examples of this art on the Mediterranean coast. In Neolithic Age, people became crop farmers (AGRICULTORES) and animal farmers Inthe the Neolithic Age, people became crop farmers and animal farmers, and they built villages. They made cloth, pottery and tools of polished stone. They painted simple figures. ) villages (ALDEAS). They made (fabricaban) cloth (G ANADEROS), and they built (construyeron (TEJIDOS), pottery (CERMICA) and tools of polished stone (y herramientas con PIEDRA PULIDA). They painted simple figures.

THE METAL AGES: LA EDAD DE LOS METALES

1. THE FIRST METAL OBJECTS.
About 6,000 years ago, during the last period of Prehistory, people learned to (APRENDI a) make (fabricar) objects out of metal (objetos de meta . For this reason, this period is known (SE CONOCE COMO) as the Metal Ages. People made the first metal objects out of copper (COBRE). Later (ms tarde), they used (USARON) bronze (BRONCE), then iron (HIERRO). With these metals, people made (fabricaban) weapons (ARMAS) such as (como) swords (ESPADAS) and axes (HACHAS). They made ornaments (ADORNOS), such as brooches (BROCHES), and tools (herramientas), such as hoes (AZADAS) and sickles (HOCES). These objects made of (hechos de) metal were (ERAN) much more resistant than (MUCHO MS resistentes QUE) objects made of stone (hechos de piedra).

2. THE FIRST TOWNS.

Metals were not found (NO SE ENCONTRABAN) everywhere (en todas partes). In places (en los lugares) where (donde) it was easy (ERA fcil) to find them (encontrarlos), people began to (empez a) trade (COMERCIAR) with metals. As a result (as pues), these places grew (crecieron, convirtindose en) into towns (CIUDADES). These towns were surrounded (estaban RODEADAS) by stone walls (por murallas de piedra) for protection (para defenderse). The inhabitants (habitants) organized themselves (se organizaron) into defence groups (en grupos de defensa/ para protegerse) under a (alrededor de un) chief (JEFE). As a result of these changes, new jobs were created (SE CREARON nuevos OFICIOS). For example, some people became soldiers (SOLDADOS) to defend (para defender) the

town. Others became traders (COMERCIANTES) to buy (comprar) and sell (vender) metal objects, clothes (tejidos) and pottery (cermica).

3. NEW INVENTIONS.
In the Metal Ages, three very important things were invented (SE INVENTARON): the wheel (RUEDA), the sail (VELA) and the plough (ARADO) The wheel enabled (PERMITI) people to transport (TRASLADAR) heavIER goods (mercancas ms pesadas) by cart (en CARRO). The sail (la VELA) enabled boats to move (a los BARCOS moverse) using wind energy (la energa del viento). In time (con el tiempo), boats became largER (ms grandes) and could (PUDIERON) transport more people and goods (mercancas). The plough (el ARADO) was pulled (ERA ARRASTRADO) by animals (POR). Therefore, (por tanto) people could (PODA) plough (arar) larger (MAYORES) areas of land much faster (mucho MS RPIDO).

1. MEGALITHIC MONUMENTS: LOS MONUMENTOS MEGALTICOS.

The people who (que) lived (VIVI) during this period built (CONSTRUYERON) monuments with huge (grandes) stones called megaliths (MEGALITOS). For this reason, they are called (SE LLAMARON) megalithic monuments (MONUMENTOS MEGALTICOS). Many (mucha) people were needed (SE Necesitaba) to build (para construir) these monuments. The enormous stones were rolled (ERAN RODADAS/ desplazadas) on (sobre) tree trunks (troncos de rboles) by people (por gente) pulling (que tiraba de) on ropes (cuerdas). Stonehenge is a famous megalithic monument in England. It is a stone circle (crculo de piedras), built (construido) in three stages (etapas) between (entre) the years 3,500 and 1,500 B.C. The smallER stones (las piedras MS pequeas) were transported (ERAN TRANSPORTADAS) about 300 kilometres, by river (por el ro) or by pulling them along on tree trunks (con ayuda de troncos). The largER megaliths (los megalitos MS GRANDES) were moved (se desplazaban) using (con ayuda de) sledges (trineos) and ropes (cuerdas). In Spain, the dolmens of Menga, Viera and El Romeral, in Antequera are famous

megalithic monuments.

Unit 13: PREHISTORY. Revision. Summary.

PREHISTORY.
Prehistory is divided into three periods: the Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic Age and the Metal Ages.

The PALAEOLITHIC AGE.

People were nomads. They lived in the open, in caves or in simple huts. People hunted, fished and gathered fruits and plants to survive. They lived in tribes. They made simple tools with wood, bones and stones. They painted animals on cave walls and made small sculptures.

The NEOLITHIC AGE.

The Neolithic Age is the second period of Prehistory.

People cultivated crops and domesticated animals in stables. They built the first villages and became sedentary. They made tools with polished stone and they invented pottery and cloth. They painted cave walls with scenes of dancing, hunting and gathering food.

The METAL AGES.

People began to make objects from metal. Some villages grew into towns. The wheel, the sail and the plough were invented, so everyday life became easier. People built megalithic monuments with huge stones.

SUPERMEGAIMPORTANTISSSSSSMO!!!: LO SUBRAYADO DE AMARILLO. ESTUDIAR DE MEMORIA: DEFINICIN DE PREHISTORIA:

Prehistory is the first period in history. It starts with the appearance of human beings, about a million years ago and ends with the appearance of writing, about 3,000 years ago.

AB page 79: exercise 9 AB page 80: exercise 16 AB page 81: exercise 18 VIDEOS EN ESPAOL Y EN INGLS SOBRE STONEHENGE.
Grandes construcciones del mundo antiguo Stonehenge (ESPAOL) Stonehenge (El misterio de las piedras) (ESPAOL) Secrets of Stonehenge (INGLS DE INGLATERRA) STONEHENGE -Wiltshire, England (INGLS DE INGLATERRA) Skara Brae (INGLS, ACENTO ESCOCS) Mainland Orkney ~ Skara Brae, Ring of Brodgar, Maeshowe, Standing Stones of Stenness & Kirkwall HUMAN PREHISTORY SKARA BRAE ES UNA PASADA! EST EN LAS ISLAS ORCADAS (THE ORKNEY ISLANDS), UN ARCHIPILAGO EN EL NORTE DE ESCOCIA.

MERECE LA PENA VER EL VIDEO. HABLAN INGLS CON ACENTO ESCOCS, DIFCIL DE ENTENDER, PERO MERECE LA PENA. HAY UN CHROMLECH CERCANO IMPRESIONANTE QUE SE LLAMA THE RING OF BRODGAR, AL QUE LLEVAN DE EXCURSIN A MUCHOS NIOS DE LOS COLES ESCOCES. ESCOCIA TIENE UN ENCANTO ESPECIAL. SI ALGN DA PODIS ;)))))