Superposition Theorem PDF

6.
002
CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS
Superposition, Thvenin and Norton
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Review
Circuit Analysis Methods
z KVL:
loop
Vi = 0
KCL: Ii = 0
node
VI
z Circuit composition rules z Node method the workhorse of 6.002
KCL at nodes using V s referenced from ground (KVL implicit in (ei e j ) G )
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Linearity
Consider
R1
e
J
R2
Write node equations
e V e + I =0 R1 R2
Notice: linear in e,V , I No eV ,VI terms
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Linearity
Consider
R1
R2
J
V + I R1
Write node equations -e V e + I =0 R1 R2 Rearrange -1 1 R + R e 1 2 conductance matrix

=
linear in e,V , I
node linear sum voltages of sources
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Linearity
Write node equations -e V e + I =0 R1 R2 Rearrange -1 1 R + R e 1 2 conductance matrix
=
linear in e,V , I
V + I R1
node linear sum voltages of sources
G
or
R2 R1 R2 e= V+ I R1 + R2 R1 + R2
e = a1V1 + a2V2 + + b1 I1 + b2 I 2 +
Linear!
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Linearity
Homogeneity Superposition
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Linearity
Homogeneity
x1 x2 . . .
x1 x2 . . .
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Linearity
Superposition
x1a x2 a . . .
ya
x1b x2 b . . .
yb
x1a + x1b x2 a + x2 b . . . y a + yb
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Linearity
Specific superposition example:
V1 0
y1
0 V2
y2
V1 + 0 0 + V2 y1 + y2
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Method 4: Superposition method The output of a circuit is determined by summing the responses to each source acting alone.
es c r u o s t n e nd e p e i nd only
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
i + v short + v -
V =0 +
i + v open + v -
I =0
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Back to the example

Use superposition method
R1
e
J
R2
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Back to the example

Use superposition method V acting alone
e
R1
R2
R2 V I = 0 eV = R1 + R2
I acting alone
R1
e R1 R2 eI = I R1 + R2
J
V =0
R2
sum
superposition
R2 R1 R2 e = eV + eI = V+ I R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Voil !
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Demo
salt water
constant +
sinusoid
output shows superposition
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Consider
Yet another method

y network r a r t i N Arb resistors Vm In + J
i
+ v -
By superposition
v =
mVm + n I n + Ri
m n
no resistance units units By setting n I n = 0, mVm = 0, i = 0 i = 0
also independent of external excitement & behaves like a resistor
All n I n = 0, mVm = 0
independent of external excitation and behaves like a voltage vTH

6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Or
v = vTH + RTH i
As far as the external world is concerned (for the purpose of I-V relation), Arbitrary network N is indistinguishable from: RTH
Thvenin equivalent network
+ vTH
+ v -
vTH RTH
open circuit voltage at terminal pair (a.k.a. port) resistance of network seen from port ( Vm s, I n s set to 0)
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Method 4: The Thvenin Method

J + N + i + v -
Thvenin equivalent
RTH
i + v -
+ vTH
Replace network N with its Thvenin equivalent, then solve external network E.
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Example:
i1 R1
+ V
R2
i1 R1
+ V
RTH VTH
+ I
V VTH i1 = R1 + RTH
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Example:
VTH : VTH = IR2
+ VTH -
R2
RTH : RTH = R2
+ RTH -
R2
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Graphically,
i
v = vTH + RTH i
1 RTH
v
vTH
V
OC
I SC
Open circuit (i 0) Short circuit (v 0)
v = vTH
vTH i = RTH
VOC
I SC
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Method 5:
in recitation, see text
The Norton Method

i J + + + v -
IN
RTH = RN
Norton equivalent
IN =
VTH RTH
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 3
Summary
Discretize matter LMD Physics

LCA EE
R, I, V
Linear networks
Analysis methods (linear) KVL, KCL, I V Combination rules Node method Superposition Thvenin Norton Next Nonlinear analysis Discretize voltage
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3
101100

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6.

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Superposition, Thvenin and Norton

6.002 Fall 2000

z Circuit composition rules z Node method the workhorse of 6.002

KCL at nodes using V s referenced from ground (KVL implicit in (ei e j ) G )

6.002 Fall 2000

Write node equations

6.002 Fall 2000

Write node equations -e V e + I =0 R1 R2 Rearrange -1 1 R + R e 1 2 conductance matrix

node linear sum voltages of sources

6.002 Fall 2000

node linear sum voltages of sources

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

Specific superposition example:

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

Back to the example

6.002 Fall 2000

Back to the example

6.002 Fall 2000

output shows superposition

6.002 Fall 2000

Yet another method

no resistance units units By setting n I n = 0, mVm = 0, i = 0 i = 0

also independent of external excitement & behaves like a resistor

independent of external excitation and behaves like a voltage vTH

6.002 Fall 2000

Thvenin equivalent network

6.002 Fall 2000

Method 4: The Thvenin Method

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

VTH : VTH = IR2

6.002 Fall 2000

Open circuit (i 0) Short circuit (v 0)

6.002 Fall 2000

in recitation, see text

The Norton Method

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 3

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