5.

Calculation of LOSF

In the last lecture, we have looked at the Thevenins impedance of the system looking from a particular bus k. Let us now look at the Thevenins equivalent impedance of any system between m and I n are bus m and bus n. To achieve that let us assume that the incremental currents I injected at bus m and n respectively (the incremental current at all the other buses are zero). m and V n ) can be given Consequently, from equation (5.12), the changes in the bus voltages (V as, m = Z mm I m + Z mm I n V (5.14)

n = Z nm I m + Z nn I n V
Therefore, the new bus voltages are
(0) m = V m mm I m + Z mn I n V +Z (0) m mm Z mn )I m + Z mn (I m + I n ) = V + (Z

(5.15)

(5.16)

n = V n(0) + Z nm I m + Z nn I n V n(0) + Z nm (I m + I n ) + (Z nn Z nm )I n = V

(5.17)

From equations (5.16) and (5.17), the equivalent circuit of the power system looking from bus m and bus n can be drawn as shown in Fig. 5.2.

Figure 5.2: Equivalent circuit between bus m and bus n

m V n From Fig. 5.2 it is observed that the open-circuit voltage between bus m and bus n is V
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(0)

(0)

and the Thevenins equivalent impedance between bus m and bus n is given by,

T h, mn = Z mm + Z nn 2Z mn Z

(5.18)

From Fig. 5.2 it is also observed that the Thevenins equivalent impedance between bus m and mm Z nm + Z nm ) = Z mm and that between bus n and the reference is (Z nn Z nm + reference is (Z mn ) = Z nn which is in complete agreement with the results already obtained in equation (5.13). Z b is connected between Also, from Fig. 5.2 it can be readily seen that if a line having an impedance Z bus m and n, then the current through this line is given by,
(0) m n(0) V V Ib = T h, mn + Z b Z

(5.19)

b is removed Now, let as consider the case when a line or transformer having an impedance Z from the system. Let us assume that this branch is removed between bus m and n. The removal b between bus m and n. The of this branch can be represented by addition of an impedance Z situation is shown in Fig. 5.3.

Figure 5.3: Removal of a branch between bus m and bus n

a ows in the added impedance Now, in Fig. 5.3, it can be seen that the current I Zb and this current is given by,
(0) m n(0) V V Ia = T h, mn Z b Z

(5.20)

a ows out of bus m and ows into bus n. Therefore, because of the addition This current I
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b , the injected current changes at bus m by I m = I a and that changes at bus of impedance Z n = I a . However, at all the other buses (not equal to m or n), the current injections do n by I not change. Because of these changed current injections at bus m and n, the voltages at all the bues will get changed. The changes in voltages at any bus p and q can be given as, p = Z pm I m + Z pn I n = (Z pn Z pm )I a V
and (5.21)

q = Z qm I m + Z qn I n = (Z qn Z qm )I a V
Therefore, change in current ow is line p-q can be given as,

(5.22)

pq = I

pn Z pm ) (Z qn Z qm ) p V q (Z V a = I Zc Zc

(5.23)

c is the impedance of the line p-q. Combining equations (5.20) In equation (5.23), the quantity Z and (5.23) we get,
(0) pn Z pm ) (Z qn Z qm ) V m n(0) (Z V Ipq = c T h, mn Z b Z Z

(5.24)

b , then the pre-outage current in line m-n given by, If the impedance of the line m-n is Z
(0) m n(0) V V Imn = b Z

(5.25)

Therefore, from equation (5.24) we get,

(0) pn Z pm ) (Z qn Z qm ) V b (Z m n(0) Z V Ipq = c T h, mn Z b b Z Z Z

(5.26)

Or,

pq Z pn Z pm ) (Z qn Z qm ) b (Z I = mn Z c T h, mn Z b I Z

(5.27)

Now, in equations (5.7) and (5.8) we have seen that under the assumptions of DC power ow method, the expressions of power ow and current ow in a line are same in per unit. Therefore, if we impose the same assumptions in equation (5.27), then all the impedances would be replaced pq (I mn ) would be replaced by Ppq (Pmn ). Therefore, the by the corresponding reactances and I LOSF (pq, mn ) is given by,

pq, mn =

Ppq xb (Xpn Xpm ) (Xqn Xqm ) = Pmn xc XT h, mn Xb

(5.28)

Again, as an example, IEEE 14 bus system is chosen and the estimated and calculated line-power ows for two line outage cases are shown in Table 5.2. In this table, the pre-outage real power ows 235

in the line are shown in column 2. The values of LOSF are shown in columns 3 and 7. Using these LOSF, the estimated values of power ow in the lines are tabulated in columns 5 and 9. Finally, the actual power ow in the lines obtained with full AC power ow (after removing the line under consideration) are shown in columns 6 and 10 respectively. From this table, it is observed that the estimated and calculated values are reasonably close to each other, thereby establishing the usefulness of the line outage sensitivity factors. Table 5.2: Results of line outage analysis in IEEE 14 bus system (all powers are given in p.u.) For outage of line no. 18 Line Pline LSOF Pline Pline P18 no. (ori) (2) (cal) (ACLF) 1 1.6262 -0.0363 -0.0777 1.6290205 1.6309 2 0.7464 0.0351 -0.0777 0.7436727 0.742 3 0.8655 -0.0294 -0.0777 0.8677844 0.869 4 0.5314 -0.0682 -0.0777 0.5366991 0.5364 5 0.3662 0.0574 -0.0777 0.36174 0.362 6 -0.358 -0.0363 -0.0777 -0.355179 -0.3545 7 -0.7068 0.5224 -0.0777 -0.747390 -0.7442 8 0.2689 -0.4868 -0.0777 0.3067244 0.3014 9 0.1063 -0.1923 -0.0777 0.1212417 0.1192 10 0.2893 0.6604 -0.0777 0.2379869 0.2433 11 0.1156 0.9961 -0.0777 0.038203 0.0351 12 0.0852 -0.0857 -0.0777 0.0918589 0.0925 13 0.2005 -0.325 -0.0777 0.2257525 0.2277 14 0.0025 -0.0125 -0.0777 0.0034713 0.0024 15 0.2664 -0.4743 -0.0777 0.3032531 0.2991 16 0.0123 -1.0039 -0.0777 0.090303 0.0904 17 0.0655 0.4085 -0.0777 0.0337596 0.0329 18 -0.0777 -0.0777 19 0.0233 -0.1021 -0.0777 0.0312332 0.0305 20 0.0857 -0.4102 -0.0777 0.1175725 0.1192 For outage of line no. LSOF Pline P2 (6) (cal) 1.0113 0.7464 2.381034 0.7464 0.1721 0.7464 0.993955 0.3597 0.7464 0.799880 0.4845 0.7464 0.727830 0.1716 0.7464 -0.22991 0.4944 0.7464 -0.3377 0.0258 0.7464 0.288157 0.0101 0.7464 0.113838 -0.0288 0.7464 0.267803 -0.0166 0.7464 0.103209 -0.0024 0.7464 0.083408 -0.0086 0.7464 0.19408 0.0048 0.7464 0.006082 0.021 0.7464 0.282074 0.0168 0.7464 0.024839 0.011 0.7464 0.073710 0.0167 0.7464 -0.06523 -0.0025 0.7464 0.02143 -0.011 0.7464 0.077489 2 Pline (ACLF) 2.4451 0.9987 0.7986 0.7256 -0.2352 -0.3481 0.2815 0.1113 0.272 0.1046 0.0842 0.1952 0.0024 0.2791 0.0234 0.0719 -0.0666 0.0224 0.0794

So far, we have discussed the case of single contingency only. In the next lecture, we will start looking into the procedure of analysis of multiple contingencies.

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