KIM SOT NHIM KHNG KH V TING N WEEK 3 Cn B Ging Dy: TS.

. H QUC BNG Phng Nhim Khng Kh v Bin i Kh Hu Vin Mi trng v Ti nguyn

I HC Phng QUhc: C GIA Tp.HCM C.B006

Thi gian: Th 3, 12h00- 14h45

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Ni dung chi tit

Hnh thc t chc/ S Phng php dy - hc tit v kim tra, nh gi Ging vin ging bi, sinh vin nghe v tho lun, nh gi trong im chuyn cn

Ni dung chi tit HP/MH

Chng 1. Kh quyn v hin trng nhim 03 khng kh

1. 1. Thnh phn v cu trc kh quyn 1. 2. Khi nim v nhim khng kh

01 0,5

1. 3. n v o v tiu chun cht lng mi 0,5 trng kh ca Vit Nam v th gii 1. 4. Hin trng nhim khng kh cc thnh ph ln ca Vit Nam v trn th gii 01
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Ni dung chi tit

Chng 2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng 03 kh Ging vin ging bi, sinh vin nghe v tho lun, nh gi trong im chuyn cn

2.1 Ngun nhim do thin nhin 2.2 Ngun nhim nhn to 2.3 Phn loi ngun nhim 2.3.1 Ngun im 2.3.2 Ngun ng 2.3.3 Ngun mt

01 01 01

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Phan loai nguon o nhiem khong kh

a) Da vao nguon goc phat sinh - Nguon t nhien: nui la, ong at, bui tao thanh do bao cat, s phat tan cua phan hoa, mui hoi, cua cac qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc - Nguon nhan tao: + nguon co nh: cac nguon t qua trnh ot kh thien nhien, ot dau, cui, trau .., cac nha may cong nghiep ... + nguon di ong: t giao thong, nh xe co, may bay, tau hoa ... b) Da vao tnh chat hoat ong - o nhiem do qua trnh san xuat: cong nghiep, nong nghiep, tieu thu cong nghiep - o nhiem do giao thong van tai: xe co, may bay, tau hoa, tau thuy... - o nhiem do sinh hoat: cac qua trnh dung dau than, cui ...e un nau, thap sang. - o nhiem do qua trnh t nhien: do s phan huy cac hp chat hu c, bao cat, phan hoa, nui la... c) Da vao bo tr hnh hoc - iem o nhiem: ong khoi cac nha may... - ng o nhiem: do giao thong - Vung o nhiem: khu chan nuoi, khu tap trung nhieu nha may, x nghiep, khu cong nghiep ...

CAC CHAT O NHIEM KHONG KH

a) Khai niem ve chat o nhiem: bat ky mot chat nao c thai vao khong kh vi nong o u e anh hng en sc khoe eu la cac chat o nhiem, v du: bui, hi kh oc, mui hoi cac chat o nhiem . Phan loai chat o nhiem: Da vao nguon goc s dung nhien lieu: + chat o nhiem t qua trnh ot: kh thien nhien, dau, cui, noi hi + chat o nhiem sinh ra t cac qua trnh cong nghe khac nhau: do s dung cac loai nguyen lieu, hoa chat co sinh ra cac chat o nhiem trong qua trnh san xuat.. Da vao nguon goc phat sinh: + chat o nhiem s cap: SOx, NOx, bui.thai ra t cac qua trnh ot nhien lieu + chat o nhiem th cap: H2SO4, Ozone sinh ra do cac phan ng cua cac chat s cap. Phan loai theo tnh chat vat ly: Chat o nhiem the ran: v du cac loai bui Chat o nhiem the kh: v du cac loai hi kh oc Chat o nhiem the long: v du cac loai hi dung moi

b) -

c) -

O NHIEM KHONG KH DO BUI

bui la mot tap hp nhieu hat, co kch thc khac nhau, ton tai lau trong khong kh di dang bui bay, bui lang va cac he kh dung nhieu pha gom hi kh mui. - Bui bay co kch thc t 0,001 10 m - Bui lang co kch thc ln hn 10 m

nh ngha:

Chng 2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng kh

2.1 Ngun nhim do thin nhin

Chng 2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng kh

Hot ng ni la
Ni la hot ng phun ra mt lng rt ln cc cht nhim nh: Tro bi, SO2, H2S, CH4. Tc ng n mi trng rt nng n.

Chng 2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng kh

nhim do chy rng

Khi rng b chy c rt nhiu cht c hi bc ln v lan to ra mt khu vc rng ln, i khi vt ra khi bin gii cc nc c rng b chy. Chy rng pht ra mt lng rt ln cc cht nhim nh: khi, tro bi, Cc Hydrocacbon, SO2, CO & NOx

Chng 2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng kh

Bo ct
Bo ct thng xy ra nhng vng t tr v kh khng c che ph bi thm thc vt, c bit l vng sa mc. Gi mnh lm bc ct t nhng vng hoang ho, sa mc v mang i rt xa gy nhim bu kh quyn trong 1 khu vc rng ln.

Chng 2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng kh

NHIM DO I DNG
Sng m t mt bin bc ln v bi nc do sng p vo b c gi t i dng thi vo t lin cha nhiu tinh th mui, NaCl (70%), cn li MgCl2, CaCl2, KBr, vv.

Chng 2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng kh

NHIM DO THC VT
Ngoi tc ng rt hu ch v khng th thiu i vi ngi. Thc vt cng l ngun gy ONKK ng k: - Phn hoa t 10-50 micromet - Cc bo t thc vt, nm thng cc i vo ma h (thng 8,9) - Pht thi VOCs

Chng 2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng kh

N do vi khun v vi sinh vt
- Trong kk xung quanh c rt nhiu vi khun v vi sinh vt. t bit ni c ng ngi - V d: Vi sinh vt khu vc tu in ngm Paris: 600-800 con/m3. Trong khi kk thong ch c 200 con/m3 - Cc sn phm ln mem v b phn hu l mi trng tt cho s sinh si v hot ng ca vi khun hiu kh -> NH3, Mn, CO2, CH4, H2S

Chng 2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng kh

N do cc cht phng x
- Trong lng t c mt s khong sn v qung kim loi c kh nng phng x. - Cng phng x cng mnh v cng gy nguy him cho con ngi - V d: phng x t gch lt nn, vv

Chng 2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng kh

N c ngun gc t v tr
- C rt nhiu ht vt cht rt nh t v tr thm nhp vo bu kh quyn mt cch thng xuyn v lin tc. 3/10 micromet -> vi centimet/ - Ngun gc t thin thch v cc m my hong o, mt tri - Bi thin thch cha: Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Cr - Bi th cc thin thch st: Fe, Co, Ni

Chng 2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng kh

N do nhn to
Nhim do giao thng Do un nu Do cc nh my Do t cc loi rc thi

Theo cch phn lai thng thng th ngi ta phn chia cc ngun pht thi lm: 1. Ngun im (ngun cng nghip), 2. Ngun ng (ngun giao thng ) 3. Ngun vng (ngun sinh hot) Ngoi ra, cn c pht thi t cc ngun t nhin nhng ti lng pht thi t ngun ny l khng ln lm nn c th b qua ..\TLTK\Air Pollution Causes, Effects And Solutions!.mp4

Nguon goc c ban cua o nhiem khong kh

Nguon o nhiem do giao thong: moi loai phng tien giao thong se s dung cac loai nhien lieu khac nhau v vay chung se sinh ra cac kh o nhiem khac nhau: - Xe tai, Bus ...dung nhien lieu Diesel: NOx, CO, SO2.... - Xe hi, gan may: dung nhien lieu xang: VOC, CO, SO2... - Tu thuyn sinh ra: NOx, SO2, CO, ..

Nguon o nhiem do cong nghiep

Moi nganh cong nghiep se nay sinh mot van e duy nhat, lien quan en che o van hanh trong san xuat, nh la: vat lieu tho, phng phap che bien, hieu qua cua he thong va viec lap ac he thong x ly o nhiem
Nganh cong nghiep S che kim loai Hoat ong chu yeu Nung chay, can thep ... Loai chat gay o nhiem Hi khoi cua oxit kim loai, CO, bui tro, SO2, ...

Che tao nhng san pham kim Che tao thiet b gia nhiet, thiet b Hi kim loai, bui t lo uc. loai han, o dung ... C kh che tao May moc thiet b ien Che tao nhng chi tiet may... Bui, sng khoi... Che tao cac chi tiet, may moc Nt phuc vu nganh ien... Mun ca, bui, dung moi hu c.

o trang tr noi that, san pham go Khai thac go, che bien va sn ....

Hoa chat va nhng san pham Hoa dau, san xuat H2SO4, Rat nhieu chat o nhiem sinh ra t tng ng Na2CO3, vai tong hp, nhom ... viec boc hi cac hoa chat..., Thc pham va cac san pham Giet tht, che bien, hun khoi, o Mui hoi, oi thiu, thoi nat.... tng t hop .... Gay va cac san pham tng San xuat giay t bot go, Mui, bui va kh oc. ng xenlulo,gie rach...., tron nghien, nau In an Tao ra nhng khuon ch, in Hi o xt thoat ra t cac khuon kem... ch, dung moi luc in.

Chng 2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng kh

Hm lng pht thi ngun t nhin v nhn to

TNG TC CA CC CHT NHIM TRONG KH QUYN

EMISSIONS DISPERSION (transport & turbulence) TRANSFORMATION (chemistry) POLLUTANT DISTRIBUTION

sun

Secondary polluants
H2SO4 HNO3

Photooxidants O3, PAN

humidity rain

Primary polluants
CO2 Heavy metals NOx CO SO2 PM VOC PM

Industry Traffic

Heatings

Biogenic Health

Vegetation growth

Human sources

Natural sources

Sources

Effects

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QUN L CHT LNG KHNG KH

Emission sources Strategy for control of emission Environmental impacts

Monitoring Emission model Meteorological fields Exposure model

Emission inventory

Air quality model

Concentration fields

Topography and landuse

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Tnh ton pht thi

5.1. ng dng GIS trong vic tnh ton pht thi cc cht nhim khng kh trong khng gian

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Tnh ton pht thi

- Tnh ton ti lng theo tng loi hnh cng nghip:

G in =
Trong :

in

jn

(g/nm)

Gin l pht thi cht nhim i trong ngnh cng nghip n (g/nm) Kin h s pht thi ca cht nhim i i vi ngnh cng nghip n (g/tn nguyn liu th hoc g/tn sn phm) Njn: Lng nguyn liu th (nhin liu) hoc sn phm ca nh my j trong ngnh cng nghip n (tn/nm) - Tnh ton ti lng theo vng:

G im = G in =
Trong :

in

N nm (g/nm)

Gim: Pht thi cvht nhim i trong qun m (g/nm); Gin: Pht thi cht nhim i ca ngnh cng nghip n trong qun m (g/nm); Kin: H s pht thi cht nhim i trong ngnh cng nghip n (g/tn nguyn liu th hoc g/tn sn phm); Nnm: Lng nguyn liu th (nhin liu) hoc sn phm ca ngnh cng nghip n trong qun 23/250 m (tn/nm).

H s nhim ca SO2 i vi mt s ngun Loi ngun pht thi H s nhim Ghi ch L cao vi cng sut nhit 1. t than Than bt Antracite (kg/MT) 19S lng 103 Btu/gi - Cho y l 19S - Cho vo tng t 18S Than cha Bitum (kg/ MT) 19S 1. t du S chuyn i SO2 thnh SO3 l 93% Nh my in (kg/m3) 19.6S Du cn : (kg/m3) 19S Du chng ct (kg/m3) 17S 3. Du nh (petroleum refining): l hi v cc qu 19.2 trnh gia nhit (process heater) 4. Nh my sn xut H2SO4 (Kg/ MT ca H2SO4 48 Lng sulfur t 13-19% nguyn cht) 5. Nh my luyn km th KTK 6. Nh my luyn ng th (kg/MT) 550 625 7. Nh my luyn ch th (kg/MT) Qu trnh kt tinh 275 L cao 22.5 Luyn tinh 40 Lng sulfur khang 0.4% 8. Xe gn my g/min 0.2 g/km 0.12 10. u my ko 6.8

Xy dng m hnh tnh ton pht thi do hot ng giao thng - EMISENS model
Evaporation Evaporation

eCold

TC_ low

e Hot

TC_ high

E Total = E C old + E H ot + E E vaporation

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M hnh tnh ton pht thi Giao thng Kt hp: phng php bottom-up & top-down
Bottom-up Top-down

- U IM: Tnh ton pht - U IM: Tnh tng pht thi s dng tng hot ng giao thi trong khng gian v thi thng v h s pht thi trung gian cho tng ngun pht thi bnh

- kHUYT IM : I HI - kHUYT IM: SAI S KHI TNH PHT THI TRONG QU NHIU THNG TIN V SINH RA SAI S NHIU KHNG GIAN
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M hnh tnh ton pht thi Giao thng EMISENS model

GAM THI GIAN TNH TON:

Car Euro I Car Euro II Car

. . .

e ie

Moto Euro I Moto Euro II

. . .

eIe
Moto
. . .

eip,Iv,is = iveip,iv,is
iv=1

nIv

with iv =

Niv NIv

150 kiu xe 5 n 10 loi xe THI GIAN GIM > 10

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Develop EMISENS model

M hnh tnh ton pht thi Giao thng EMISENS model

Hot emissions
EIveh hot _ emission = eIveh F Iveh LIveh

Measurement

Calculate

eiveh =

v2

v1

2 x a v b v v + + + d Ln(v)+ c dv

n v e h(Iv e h )

Eh

e Iv e h =

iv e h = 1

n iv e h e iv e h

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M hnh tnh ton pht thi Giao thng EMISENS model

E Total = E C old + E H ot + E E vaporation

Hot emissions

Iveh,Istr hot _ emission

= eIveh,Istr FIveh,Istr LIveh,Istr

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