Cc phng trnh v lu trong bi thc tp phn tch nh tnh.

Nhn :

( ( )

) S dng ( v ch to mt lng va ho tan bc clorua, khng ho tan cc mui bc khc (nh , vv). Tc dng ca acid lc cui l chuyn thnh khng to phc vi bc na, s ta tr li. Nhn :

Cch nhn th 2 s dng hin tng cng kt: vn to kt ta sunfat vi bari, nhng trong mi trng m c , v cu trc ca sunfat v permanganat ging nhau, nn trong mng c th ln ion permanganat i lc. dng kh ht permanganat trong dung dch nhn mu. Phi thc hin phn ng trong mi trng acid loi b ( ) tan trong acid. ht cc kt ta tp , Nhn :

[ (

) ]

Trong th nghim u, phi gi pH bng 8, v nu pH qu cao, bin i thnh dng ( ) , khng to kt ta mong mun. Nu pH qu , s bin i thnh thp, s tn ti dng , , , cng khng to c kt ta mong mun. Nhn : ( )

Nhn

Giy phenolphtalein phi m, nu khng khng th xy ra phng trnh th hai, khng c th khng th lm i mu giy. Khi ngoi mt thi gian, s bay i nn giy s tr li mu trng. Nhn :

Cn phi c gii on ly tm b nc, thm nc mi vo lm long nng acid ra, v nu nng acid qu cao, cc kt ta v s tan. Khng c ra ta sau khi ly tm v ta d tan trong nc, ra s mt ta. Nhn : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]

Nhn

: ( ( ( ) ) ( ) )

Ta oxi ho crom III ln crom VI trong mi trng baz, v lc tnh kh ca Cr III mnh hn. Khng c cho d baz lc v lc sau phi to li mi trng acid, to phc (Cr c s oxi ho +5, O c s oxi ho -1, y l mt dng phc peroxy vi ligand 2 cng ). Phc ny ch bn trong tng hu c, nn ch thy mu trong hu c. mt thi gian s phn hu tr li mu c. Nhn :

v mi trng acid mnh. Nhn :

dng lm m c pH c 4-5 v kt ta

tan trong

Lu : kt ta ny tan trong acid c. Nhn :

Dng mt cht oxi ho mnh hn oxi ho mangan ln thnh mangan VII c mu c trng. Nhn :

) ]

a Cu II xung Cu I, sau to kt ta vi (do CuCl tan t trong nc, nn c th trong dung dch long c th khng to kt ta, nhng vi thiocyanate th chc chn

to kt ta do tan rt t). Sau oxi ho Cu I ln li Cu II thc hin phn ng to phc c trng vi amoniac. Nhn v :

Qu trnh tch nhm: i vi anion v ion amoni ring l nh trn. , khng cn tch nhm trc khi thc hin nhn ion

Vi cc ion kim loi khc, phi thc hin tch nhm do cc ion khc c th gy nhiu, lm sai kt qu nhn. Nu khng c nhm no th khng cn thc hin phn ng tch nhm trong quy trnh. Tch nhm 1: c trng ca nhm 1 l to kt ta vi ion . Cho hn hp vo acid , ly tm ly kt ta v ho tan li kt ta ny (trong trng hp ca , ta un nng v cho nhiu nc ho tan li kt ta ny). Trnh cho d v cc kim loi c th to phc vi ion nu ion ny qu d, lm tan ta. Tch nhm 2: c trng ca nhm 2 l to kt ta hidroxit trong mi trng khng cha nhiu , ch cn khong pH=9. Cho hn hp vo dung dch m amoni c pH khong 9, lc kt ta xut hin ho tan kt ta li bng acid mnh. Tch nhm 3: c trung ca nhm 3 l to kt ta vi ion . Cho vo hn hp, lc kt ta to thnh. Ho tan li kt ta bng acid mnh. kh ht ion c th gy ta li khi ta cho phn ng lm gim lng acid, ta dng . Tch nhm 4: nhm ny thng l nhng kim loi to phc tan vi amoniac, thng c tch ra trong lc tch nhm 2.