L Vn t, ng quc thng

ng vn dng









Nh my
thy in













H ni 12 - 2005



M u

I. . Cng ngh nng lng v vai tr ca thy nng
in nng cn c to ra t cc dng nng lng khc tim tng trong t nhin
nh cng ngh bin i nng lng. Chng hn, nhit nng tim tng trong cc
dng nhin liu (than , du m, kh t ...) c gii phng qua phn ng chy,
bin i thnh c nng v cui cng thnh in nng cc nh my nhit in.
C nng ca dng nc (sng, sui, thy triu ...) c bin thnh in nng cc
nh my thy in. Ti cc nh my in nguyn t, nng lng gii phng t
phn ng ht nhn (ca cc nguyn t c nguyn t lng ln - U235) cng c
bin thnh in nng qua cc qu trnh bin i nhit c in t. Ngoi cc
cng ngh quan trng ni trn nhng cng ngh nng lng mi cng ang c
nghin cu p dng nh: nng lng mt tri, nng lng a nhit, nng lng
gi, nng lng sinh khi, sinh kh ...
Lch s pht trin cho thy t l cc dng nng lng t nhin c bin i khai
thc khng ging nhau v c s bin ng mnh theo thi gian (hnh 1).
Vo nhng nm 50 ca th k trc, tuyt i a s in nng c sn sut ra l
cc nh my nhit in (trn 90%). Tuy nhin theo thi gian t l in nng do cc
nh my nhit in pht ra c xu hng gim dn, thu in tng dn v c s pht
trin nhanh ca phn in nng do cc nh my in nguyn t sn xut. iu ny
c th gii thch c bi s cn dn ca cc loi nhin liu v nhu cu ng dng
n vo cc lnh vc kinh t khc ngy cng c gi tr hn. (V d s dng than ,
du m, kh t nh l nguyn liu sn xut cht do, t nhn to, vt liu mi ...).
Trong khi k thut xy dng v khai thc thu nng li c nhng bc thay i
vt bc, cho php lp t nhng t my cng sut ln, p p ngn sng xy
dng nhng NMT khng l ( NMT Tam Hip, xy dng trn sng Dng T
(TQ) vi tng cng sut 26 x 700 MW = 18200 MW l mt v d) lm cho gi
thnh xy dng (tnh trn mt n v cng sut lp my) ngy cng gim.
Tnh chung trn th gii, sn lng in ca cc NMT sn sut ra hin ang cung
cp cho trn 1/3 tng sn lng in tiu th. Mt s nc c t l thu in ln
nh: Canaa (93%), Phn Lan (91%), Nauy (99%), Thu S (99,5%). Vit Nam,
theo con s thng k nm 1997 t l thu in chim 65% tng sn lng in
nng sn xut v tiu th ton quc.
II. Vi nt v pht trin thu in Vit Nam
Tnh n nm 1954 (sau khng chin chng Php) sn lng in nng Vit nam
ni chung v thu in ni ring hu nh cha c g. Tuy nhin, min Bc c
cc NMT T Sa, Na Ngn, Bn Thch; min Nam c NMT a Nhim (cng sut
4 x 40 = 160 MW). Nm 1971 do LX c gip xy dng khnh thnh NMT
Thc B vi cng sut 3 x 36 = 108 MW. Lc ny tng cng sut ca cc NMN
min Bc vn cha vt qu 100 MW, ngha l thu nng gi t l quan trng
trong HT Vit Nam t nhng ngy u xy dng. Nm 1992 NMT Ho Bnh
xy dng v lp t xong n t my cui cng vi tng cng sut ln ti 1920
MW (8 x 240 MW). Vo thi im ny tng cng sut tiu th ca HT min Bc
lc cc i ch vo khong 1100 MW, do ng dy siu cao p 500 KV c
xy dng gp rt ti in nng tha ca NMT Ho Bnh vo min Nam (nhit
in min Bc lc ny cn c cc nh my Ph Li 440 MW, Ninh Bnh 100
MW). Tip sau NMT Ho Bnh, p ng nhu cu tng trng nhanh ca ph
ti in, ln lt nhiu NMT ln c xy dng v a vo vn hnh. C th
nhn thy rng (xem bng) HT Vit Nam c mt tim nng thu in kh ln. T
l thu nng chim cao trong tng sn lng in nng ton quc. Thu in, c
th pht trin khp c 3 min. Min Bc c th xy dng nhng NMT ln do
nhng dng sng ln, dc cao. Min Trung c nhiu thu in nh (sng c
dc ln, nhng lu lng li b), min Nam c kh nng xy dng mt s NMT
cng sut trung bnh ( dc cc dng sng thng khng ln).
Qu kh (cho n hin ti) thu in Vit Nam c mt lch s pht trin mnh
m, tim nng thu in Vit Nam cn rt di do, tng lai thu in Vit Nam
s cn pht trin v chim v tr quan trng trong HT Vit Nam.



Bng 1. Cc NMT ang vn hnh
Sn lng in nng
hng nm (GWh)
Nh my
thy in
Tnh Cng
sut t
(MW)
Chiu
cao p
(m)
Chiu
cao
ct
nc
(m)
Nm
a
vo
vn
hnh
thit k thc t
Nc
hp tc
xy
dng
Gi
xy
dng
(10
6
USD)
Da Nhim Lam Dong -
Ninh Thuan
4 x 40 38 741 1964 1 055 809 Japon 50
Thac Ba Yen Bai 3 x 36 45 30 1972 416 450 URSS 110
Hoa Binh Hoa Binh 8 x 240 128 88 1984 8 100 7 200 URSS 1 500
Tri An Dong Nai 4 x 100 40 50 1988 1 760 1 400 URSS 400
Vinh Son Binh Dinh 2 x 33 37 + 40 612 1994 228 252 France 70
Thac Mo Binh Phuoc 2 x 75 46 90 1995 640 600 Ukraine 150
Song Hinh Phu Yen 2 x 75 43 148 1999 378 320 Sude 100
Ham Thuan Lam Dong -
Binh Thuan
2 x 150 93,5 250 2001 1 017 800 Japon 300
Dami Lam Dong -
Binh Thuan
2 x 87,5 72 143 2001 590 500 Japon 180
Yali Gia Lai -
Kontum
4 x 180 7 190 2001 3 650 3 300 Ukraine
Russie
700

Bng 2. Cc NMT ang xy dng
Giai on 2002 - 2005
NMT Cng sut t Khi cng Vo vn hnh Ghi ch
1 Se San 3 300 2002 2005
2 Thc M 50 2005 m rng
3 Cn n 72 2005 BOT
Giai on 2006 - 2010
4 Tuyn Quang 342 2002 2006-2007
5 i Ninh 300 2003 2006-2007
6 Ro Qun 70 2003 2007
7 A Vng I 170 2003 2007
8 Pleikrong 110 2003 2007
9 Ban La 300 2004 2008-2009
10 ng Nai 3-4 510 2005 2009-2010
11 Bun Kup 280 2003 2008-2009
12 Sng Ba H 250 2005 2009-2010
13 Sng Tranh 2 135 2005 2009-2010
14 KonTum Thng 220 2006 2010
15 Sng Con 2 69 2006 2009-2010
16 Bn Chac-Hui Qung 740 2006 2009-2011
17 c Rinh 97 2006 2009-2010
18 Ea Krong 65 2004 2008-2009


Bng 3. Cc NMT ln trn th gii
Itaip Brazil/Paraguay 1984/1991/2003 14000 MW 93.4 TW-hours
Guri Venezuela 1986 10200 MW 46 TW-hours
Grand Coulee hoa K 1942/1980 6809 MW 22.6 TW-hours
Sayano Shushenskaya Nga 1983 6721 MW 23.6 TW-hours
Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5616 MW
Thc Churchill Canada 1971 5429 MW 35 TW-hours
Yaciret Argentina/Paraguay 1998 4050 MW 19.1 TW-hours
Iron Gates Rumani/Serbia 1970 2280 MW 11.3 TW-hours
Aswan Ai Cp 1970 2100 MW
p Tam Hip, Trung Quc. Pht in ln u thng By 2003, d kin hon
thnh 2009, 18200 MW

Cc nc c cng sut thu in ln nht
Canada, 341312 GWh (66954 MW lp t)
Hoa K, 319484 GWh (79511 MW lp t)
Brazil, 285603 GWh (57517 MW lp t)
Trung Quc, 204300 GWh (65000 MW lp t)
Nga, 169700 GWh (46100 MW lp t) (2005)
Na Uy, 121824 GWh (27528 MW lp t)










Chng I
Khi nim v s dng nng lng dng nc v nh my
thu in

1.1 Nng lng ca dng nc v kh nng s dng
Mt dng chy t nhin c s mt ct dc nh trn hnh v (hnh 1.1), trn
xt 2 mt ct ngang I-I v II-II ( cc v tr bt k). Ti mt ct I-I, gi chiu cao
mc nc l z
1
, vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy l v
1
, p sut trong lng nc l
p
1
. K hiu tng t cc thng s cho mt ct II-II.















Xt mt khi nc W ang chuyn ng ti I-I. Theo l thuyt ng lc hc cht
lng, nng lng cha trong khi nc W ny c th tnh theo cng thc sau:
kgm w
g
v p
z E ,
2
2
1 1 1
1 1

+ + =
Trong : z
1
- cao ca mt ct I-I;
- trng lng ring ca nc (1000 kg/m
3
);
Hnh 1.1 S tnh ton tim nng
ca dng sng
H
H
I
I
II
II
z
1
, v
1
, p
1

z
2
, v
2
, p
2

W
0
v
1
, p
1
- vn tc v p sut trung bnh ca dng chy ti mt ct I-I;
g = 9,81 m/sec
2
- gia tc ri t do bi trng trng.

1
- h s hiu chnh k n s phn b khng u ca dng chy trn
mt ct. Nu vn tc nh nhau trn ton b din tch mt ct th
1
= 1. Ngc li,
cn ly gi tr khc i, tnh theo cng thc:
,
3
3

v
d u

= vi : - din tch mt ct ngang ca dng chy, u l

vn tc ti vi phn din tch d, v l vn tc trung bnh. Thng thng c th coi
gn ng 1.
Th tch nc W tnh bng m
3
.
Trong l thuyt thu kh ng hc, thnh phn trong ngoc c gi l ct p, c
th nguyn l m. N bao gm thnh phn ct p thu tnh (z +p/) v ct p thu
ng v
2
/2g. V tr s, ct p bng nng lng cha trong mt n v trng lng
nc di dng th nng (tng ng vi ct p thu tnh) v ng nng (ct p
thu ng). Vi dng chy l tng, khng tn hao v ch chu tc dng lc trng
trng th ct p ti mi v tr mt ct u bng nhau v nng lng cha trong
khi nc W s khng i khi chuyn ng. i vi dng chy ca cc dng sng
nng lng lun lun b tn tht (do c mt phn bin thnh cng bo mn t ,
vn chuyn ph sa ...). V th khi chuyn ng n mt ct II-II, nng lng cha
trong khi nc W ch cn li l :
1
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
E w
g
v p
z E <

+ + =

.
Phn nng lng mt mt sinh cng c th tnh c :
) ( ,
2
2
2 2
2
1 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
kgm w
g
v v p p
z z E E E

+ = = .
Thng thng vi cc dng chy t nhin p v v t thay i (nu coi tit din mt
ct ngang ng u v p sut kh quyn trn mt thong nh nhau ti mi ni),
khi cng do khi nc W sinh ra khi chuyn ng t I-I n II-II c th tnh
theo cng thc gn ng:
( ) W H W z z E . .
2 1
= . (1-1)
By gi nu xt khi nc W c th tch bng tng lng nc ca dng sng chy
qua mt ct trong thi gian 1 sec (ngha l ng bng tr s lu lng nc Q ca
dng chy), ng thi xt khong cch t I-I n II-II l ton b chiu di ca
dng sng th E l s cng ca c dng sng sinh ra trong 1 giy ( hay cng
chnh l cng sut ca n, k hiu l N), ta c th vit li :
s kgm Q H Q z z N / , . . ) (
2 1
= = .
Nu i sang tnh bng kW (1kW = 102 kgm/s) th cng thc tr thnh:
N = 9,81.H.Q , kW . (1-2)
Cng thc trn thng c dng nh gi tr lng thu nng ca dng sng.
Tr s tnh c chnh l cng sut tng cng m dng sng c th sinh ra c
(cn c gi l tim nng ca dng sng). D thy, tr s ny khc rt xa vi tim
nng thu in, bi con ngi ch c th tn dng c mt phn nng lng
nhng on nh H ca dng sng.
Cng t cc cng thc tnh nng lng ca dng chy nh nu trn (cng thc
1-1) ta cn nhn thy rng nng, lng tim tng trong mi dng sng c phn
b tri khp theo chiu di dng chy. Mt on ngn bt k ca dng sng u c
cha mt nng lng, tnh c theo (1-1). Tuy nhin mt phn b khng u,
on c dc cng ln th mt nng lng tp trung cng cao (do H ln).
cng chnh l nhng v tr thun li xy dng NMT.
Ngoi ra, da theo (1-1) v (1-2) ta cng c th trc tip a ra cng thc tnh
cng sut cho nh my thu in:
N
T
= 9,81. .Q.H
0
(kW). (1-3)
Trong : H
0
- chnh lch mc nc pha trc v pha sau NMT, cn gi l
ct nc hnh hc ca nh my;
Q - lu lng nc chy qua NMT ;
- hiu sut chung ca NMT;
Vi vic xt n hiu sut bin i nng lng nu trn, cng sut tnh
theo (1-3) cho NMT chnh l cng sut in pht ra ca cc my pht. C th xc
nh gn ng hiu sut : =
T
.
F
;
y
T
- l hiu sut ca tua bin nc k c n tn tht nng lng
ng ng;
F
- hiu sut ca my pht;
Vi
T
= (0,88 - 0,91),
F
= (0.95 - 0.98), khi thit k tnh gn ng c th
ly

0,86. Khi thay vo (1-3) ta c :
N
T
8,3.Q.H
0
(kW). (1-4)
Cng thc trn thng c dng nh gi s b cng sut ca NMT khi thit
k.
Thc ra khi xc nh cng sut NMT theo (1-3) hoc (1-4) ta b qua c chnh
lch p sut v vn tc dng chy trc v sau NMT (tnh ca vo v ra ca
thit b thu nng), bi H
0
mi ch xt n chnh lch ct p thu tnh. Khi xt y
cc tn tht ct nc ca NMT cn tnh theo cng thc:
g
v v p p
z z H
2
2
2 2
2
1 1 2 1
2 1

+ = ,
cn cng sut NMT khi l:
N = 9,81..Q.H (kW)
s ph thuc phc tp vo nhiu yu t hn (H khng cn l hng s).
1.2 Cc loi nh my thu in
T cng thc tnh cng sut ca NMT c th thy rng vic to ra chnh lch
mc nc H
0
l iu kin tin quyt cho vic xy dng NMT. Chnh v th cc
phng n khc nhau to ra chnh lch mc nc cng ng thi l iu kin phn
loi cc nh my thu in.
1. Nh my thu in kiu p
Bng cch xy dng cc p chn ngang sng c th lm cho mc nc trc
p dng cao to ra ct nc H
0
xy dng NMT. Khi ta c NMT kiu
p. p cng cao th cng sut ca NMT c th nhn c cng ln. Tuy nhin
chiu cao p cn phi c la chn k lng theo cc iu kin kinh t - k
thut v hng lot nhng yu t an ton khc (lin quan n mi trng, di dn,
quc phng...). Mt khc khi xy dng p cao nc dng ln c th lm ngp
nhng khu vc quan trng (ng dn, th trn c, hm m cha khai thc...). Nhiu
trng hp, y li l yu t chnh hn ch chiu cao ca p. Ni chung NMT
kiu p thng c th xy dng thun li nhng ni dng chy c dc ln,
chy ngang qua thung lng ca nhng qu i. Trong trng hp ny, vng ngp
nc d hn ch c trong khu vc thung lng, trong khi ch cn xy dng cc
p ngn ni gia cc qu i chn dng sng.



















Nh my thu in kiu p c cc u im sau:
- C th to ra nhng NMT cng sut rt ln, do c kh nng tn dng c
ton b lu lng ca dng sng;
H
o
p

H cha

NM
Vng ngp nc
p
Ni i
Sng c
NM
Hnh 1.2. S NMT kiu p
I
I
II
II
H
- C h cha nc, m h cha l mt cng c ht hiu qu iu tit nc v
vn hnh ti u NMT, iu tit l, phc v ti tiu v nhiu li ch khc.
Cc nhc im chnh ca NMT kiu p:
- Vn u t ln, thi gian xy dng lu;
- Vng ngp nc c th nh hng nhiu n sinh thi mi trng (di dn, thay
i kh hu).
Nh my thu in kiu p l loi ph bin nht xy dng trong thc t (trn
th gii cng nh trong nc). nc ta cc NMT kiu p cng l loi ch yu:
Ho Bnh, Thc B, Tr An, Thc M, ...
Cn ni thm l, c th xy dng ni tip rt nhiu NMT kiu p trn cng mt
dng sng. Trong trng hp nh vy hiu qu iu tit vn hnh phi hp ca cc
NMT s tt hn khi ch c mt NMT (xem chng 4).
2. Nh my thu in kiu knh dn
Ct nc ca NMT cn c th to ra c bng vic s dng cc knh dn.
Trng hp chung nht knh bao gm 2 phn: phn u c xy dng di dng
cc knh dn h (cn gi l knh dn khng p). Phn ny c nhim v dn nc
t ni m dng chy c mc nc cao n ni m dng chy c mc nc thp (v
tr xy dng NMT) nhng gi nguyn mc nc (knh c dc rt nh). Phn
cui l cc ng dn kn (cn c gi l knh dn c p). Phn ny c nhim v
a nc t trn cao xung thp chy tuabin.
Do dng chy trong ng kn bo ton c ct p thy tnh nn ct nc ca
NMT c th c tnh nh t mc nc cui knh dn h (pha trn ng dn kn)
n mc nc pha sau NMT. D thy, ct nc ca NMT kiu knh dn c th
rt ln nu ngun nc ly c xut pht t v tr cao. Cng cn ni thm l s
cu trc ca NMT kiu knh dn nu trn nhm minh ha nguyn l chung
(trong knh gm 2 phn). Thc t khng nht thit phi c phn knh dn h.
Phn ny ch c to ra khi c th (vi a hnh cho php) v em li hiu qu
kinh t (c vn u t nh hn ng dn kn). C trng hp phn knh dn h
c thay th bng hm dn nc (hnh 1.4). p lc nc trong hm c th ln
hn p sut kh quyn (do c dc), nhng thng khng ln.






















D thy, u im ni bt ca NMT knh dn l vn u t nh, cng sut n
nh (t ph thuc vo mc nc). a hnh thch hp cho NMT knh dn l vng
ni i, ni c cc dng sng (sui) dc chy t trn cao xung. Cng c khi l ni
c 2 con sng chy cnh nhau vi mc nc chnh lch ln. Trong trng hp ny
knh c xy dng dn nc t dng sng c mc nc cao sang dng sng c
Ho
H
Knh dn
ng dn kn
B iu tit
NM
Sng cn
p thp
p thp
Knh dn
B iu tit
NM
Sng cn
Hnh 1.3. S NMT knh dn
mc nc thp. Nh my c xy dng gn b sng c mc nc thp v x nc
vo dng sng ny.























Nhc im chnh ca NMT kiu knh dn l khng c h cha nc, do
khng c kh nng iu tit nc v iu chnh cng sut. Khc phc nhc im
ny trong nhiu trng hp, vi a hnh cho php, ngi ta xy dng cc h nhn
to cc v tr cao (cui ca cc knh dn h). Tuy nhin khi vn u t tng
cng ca cng trnh li tng ln.
H
0
NM

Thp iu p
Hm dn nc
Ca nhn nc
ng dn kn
Hnh 1.4. S NMT knh dn (c hm dn nc)
NM

Hm dn nc
Sng cn
p thp
Thp iu p
Ca nhn nc


Mt v d in hnh cho NMT knh dn Vit Nam l thy in a Nhim. Nh
my ny c xy dng t nhng nm 60 (ca th k trc). Knh gm 2 ng kn
di gn 3 km dn nc t thung lng trn nh cao nguyn Lt (h a Nhim)
xung vng t thp to ra ct nc ti 1020 m. Nh ct nc rt ln nn ch vi
lu lng nh cng sut nh my rt ng k.
3. Nh my thy in kiu hn hp v nguyn tc chung nng cao cng sut
cho cc nh my thy in

















Vi nhng a hnh thch hp, bng vic kt hp xy dng dp vi knh dn, c th
to ra NMT c cng sut ln, vn u t li nh. S in hnh ca NMT
kiu hn hp nh trn hnh (1.5). H xy dng c v tr cao trong khi c v tr
thp hn b tr nh my (ni t tua-bin nc v my pht). Tn dng chnh
p
NM
H'
0
H
0
ng dn kn
H cha
Hnh 1.5. Nh my thy in kiu hn hp
lch cao pha di p c th nng cng sut nh my ln ng k trong khi ch
cn u t thm dn ng dn nc t trn cao xung thp. ng dn kn bo ton
ct p nn ct nc vn c tnh t mt thong ca h (trn cao) n mc nc h
lu pha sau nh my. Ngoi u im v kinh t, nh my cn t hp c cc u
im ca NMT kiu p v kiu knh dn nh: c ct nc cao, cng sut n
nh, c kh nng iu tit nh h cha.
Nh my thy in Yaly v nh my thy in Hui Qung (cha xy dng) l
nhng v d rt in hnh ca NMT kiu hn hp Vit Nam. H cha nc ca
NMT Yaly c cao 515 m (so vi mc nc bin). Ngi ta xy dng mt
ng hm dn nc t h xung v tr thp (305 m) di ti hn 4km cung cp
nc cho nh my (ni lp t cc tua-bin v my pht). p v h to ra ct nc
khng ln (15m) nhng c ngha tp trung lu lng nc. Hm kn tch ly ct
nc rt ln (thm gn 200m), nh th cng sut ca NMT c nng ln rt cao
(720 MW).
T cu trc ca cc NMT nu (gp ph bin nht trong thc t) d thy c
nguyn tc chung nng cao cng sut cho cc NMT: l cc bin php tp
trung lu lng v tp trung dc (ct nc). H cha cho php tp trung lu
lng (c th ca nhiu dng chy) cn p v knh dn tp trung ct nc. Thc
cht l tp trung cc lng nc v v tr cao so vi ni c th xy dng nh my
(cng thp cng tt).
Trong phng n NMT kiu p (hnh 1.1) nng lng lc u ca khc sng t
I-I n II-II phn b gn nh ng u theo chiu di ( dc lng sng gn nh
nhau). Nh c p dng nc ln cao, dc dng chy trc p gim nhiu (ch
cn li bng H), ng nng dng chy cng gim nhiu do tit din h m rng
(bin thnh th nng). Khi vn tc nc chy trong h nh th H cng nh,
khi gn nh ton b dc ca dng chy tp trung v phn cui (t trc p
cho n mt ct II-II), ni khc i, nng lng dng chy c tp trung n pha
trc p. Vi phng n s dng knh dn, dc ca knh lm thay i mt
phn b nng lng ca dng chy. Phn u ca knh c dc rt nh nng
lng tp trung vo cui.
Cng cn ni thm l, do ng kn bo ton c ct p nn ch cn tp trung nng
lng dng chy n trc cc ng dn kn, ton b nng lng s c nhn
u ra. Li dng c im ny ngi ta c th chn cc v tr thun li tp trung
nng lng, v d cc h cha, b cha nc trn cao. tp trung lu lng, c
th s dng cc p thp chn v i hng dng chy, cng c th dng bm.
Hnh (1.6) minh ha phng n tp trung ct nc bng bm. Thc cht phng n
ny l tp trung lu lng nc c ct nc H
1
vo v tr c ct nc H
2
so vi nh
my. Bm cn s dng nng lng in nng cao ct nc trc khi tp trung
vo h cha, nhng b li c th tn dng c ngun nng lng ca cc dng
chy nm trn a hnh khng thun li dn nc n nh my.















4. Mt vi nh my thy in dng khc
a. Nh my thy in thy triu
Ti nhng vng b bin c mc nc thy triu ln xung chnh lch ln ( >7m ),
li dng dng nc chy vo v chy ra cc ca vnh (t nhin hoc nhn to),
ngi ta xy dng cc nh my thy in (NM thy triu). V bn cht, thy
H
1
H
2
B cha nc

NM

Trm bm

Hnh 1.6. Tp trung nc bng bm

triu l hin tng nc bin dng ln h xung theo lc hp dn ca mt trng.
Theo chu k thng (m lch), ti nhng khu vc mt trng i ngang qua mc nc
bin dng ln, h xung mt ln. C nhng vng b bin mc nc thy triu
ln xung chnh lch rt ln nh vng Fandi (Canaa) 19m, Ty Bc M 10m,
Arcgentina 11m, mt s vng bin Anh, Php ti 14m . Ti mt s khu vc b
bin thuc LX c cng c mc thy triu chnh lch ln nh vnh Pengin (13,4m),
Tugur v Megen (10m) ... c th xy dng c nhng NM thy triu cng sut
rt ln. Vit Nam thy triu (6-8)m xut hin cc khu vc bin Mng Ci, H
Tin. Tim nng l thuyt ca nng lng thy triu trn tri t rt ln (2,5 ln
tim nng ca tng cc dng sng). V th NM thy triu l i tng nghin
cu v xy dng rt nhiu ni.
















Hnh (1.7) m t cu trc v hot ng ca NM thy triu chy n. Cng trnh
chnh ca nh my vn l p ngn nc ti ca vnh. C h thng cng iu
khin ct nc. H thng dn nc vo tua-bin ca ca NM thy triu thng c
H
min
H
min
H
min
H
min
Z m
P MW
t
t
Hnh 1.7. Nh my thy in thy triu
a) b)
Mc nc bin
Mc nc vnh
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
6
t
7
H
0
Vnh

Vnh

Bin

Bin

Cng
NM

cc van mt chiu m bo cho nc chy qua tua-bin theo mt chiu duy nht
trong khi nc vo ra t bin n vnh i chiu theo chu k. iu khin ct nc
bng h thng cng theo thi gian ln xung ca thy triu (tng ng vi ngy
m lch) l phng thc vn hnh c bn ca NM thy triu. Cn la chn ng
thi im chuyn i phng thc vn hnh (hnh 1.7,b):
t
1
- ng cng, khng chy my (ch n ct nc H
min
) ;
t
2
- ng cng, chy my (pht cng sut thit k) ;
t
3
- M cng, ngng my (nc vnh h xung bng mc nc bin);
t
4
- ng cng, khng chy my (ch n ct nc H
min
) ;
t
5
- ng cng, chy my (pht cng sut thit k);
t
6
- M cng, ngng my (nc vnh dng ln bng mc nc bin);
t
7
- Lp li nh giai on t
1
.
Do phi c cc thi gian ch ct nc t n quy nh vn hnh nn cng sut
ca NM thy triu pht khng lin tc v nh my cn c ni lm vic vi h
thng. Ngoi ra, tua-bin ca NM thy triu cn cn c ch to c bit
thch hp lm vic vi ct nc thp, nh th khong thi gian lm vic trong chu
k (ng vi H H
min
) c th ko di.
Vnh thng c th tch rt ln, nc cung cp cho nhiu t my ng thi vn
hnh. V th cng sut tng ca cc NM thy triu c th rt ln, hng nm cung
cp cho h thng mt lng in nng ng k.
c in nng pht lin tc, ngi ta cng to ra NM thy triu lm vic theo
nhiu phn khc nhau ca h (vnh). Tuy nhin khi in nng tng nhn c
lun thp hn ca nh my lm vic theo chu k n.
Trn th gii nhiu NM thy triu c xy dng vi cng sut rt ln. NM
thy triu Rance (Php) vi cng sut 400MW, hng nm cung cp ti 500.000
kWh in nng. LX c, sau khi xy dng th nghim NM thy triu u tin
400kW vo nm 1968 ( vng bin Baenxova) xy dng hng lot NM thy
triu cng sut ln vo nhng nm 1981-1985. in hnh l cc NM thy triu
Lumb 300 MW, Mezen v Tugur (10.000MW), Pengin 30.000 MW. Vng vnh
Fandi ca Canada c cc nh my Kamberland 1000MW, Kouwid 4000MW.
Anh c nh my in thy triu Severn 4000MW.
b. Nh my thy in tch nng
y l kiu NMT khng s dng nng lng ca dng sng m nhim v ca n
ch l bin i 2 chiu: in nng ca HT thnh c nng ca nc v ngc li.
V khng s dng nng lng ca dng sng nn v tr xy dng NMT tch nng
thng c chn nhng ni c v tr cao thun li xy dng c h, bn cnh
khu vc thp lun c nc (dng sng, m nc hoc b bin) c th bm
nc ln h v thot nc cho nhm my. u tin cc v tr gn cc trung tm ph
ti gim tn tht cho li. i khi c th kt hp xy dng vi NMT thng
(kiu hn hp) nhng dng sng nh nhng li c h cao, dung tch rt ln
pht trin thm cc t my lm vic theo kiu tch nng.















Hnh (1.8) m t NMT tch nng c s ging nh NMT kiu hn hp. S
khc bit ch yu y l trong nh my va c tua-bin nc va c bm. Tua-bin
quay my pht in khi cn pht in nng vo HT, cn bm s dng in
H
0
Hnh 1.8. Nh my thy in tch nng

NM

H cha nc

Thp iu p
li bm nc ln h. Ngi ta cng ch to kiu tua-bin nc c bit, c th
lm vic c ch bm (my pht cng lm vic c ch ng c ng
b).
V ch lm vic, NMT tch nng hot ng theo gi trong ngy. Vo nhng
gi cao im ca ph ti h thng, NMT tch nng s dng nc ca h chy
tua-bin, quay my pht in pht in vo h thng cn vo nhng gi thp
im ca ph ti - nh my s dng in li chy bm a nc ln h.
Hiu qu hot ng ca NMT tch nng rt ln. Nh kh nng iu chnh cng
sut nhanh trong phm vi rng (t m sang dng) m HT lm vic kinh t hn:
cc NMN c lm vic n nh trong phm v cng sut c hiu sut cao, khng
phi ng ct l (do khng mt chi ph khi ng), tn tht in nng trn li
cng gim (theo ch vn hnh ti u). Ni chung cc hiu qu trn (tnh bng
tin) thng ln hn rt nhiu ln so vi chi ph tn tht nng lng (do 2 ln bin
i) chnh bn thn NMT tch nng. C th hiu n gin hiu qu ca NMT
tch nng nh l kh nng ct nh v b y biu ph ti tng h thng. Nh
th khi vn hnh ti u, chi ph vn hnh chung ca ton h thng gim nhiu, c
bit trong trng hp c mt t l ln cc NMN lm vic vi hiu sut thay i
(khi iu chnh cng sut). Khi trong HT c nhiu NM khng mong mun iu
chnh cng sut v khng c kh nng gim thp cng sut (N than, NM
nguyn t) th vai tr ca cc NMT tch nng cng quan trng hn.
Mt im ng ch l tn tht nng lng qua 2 ln bin i NMT tch nng
kh ln (ti gn 30%) v ph thuc nhiu vo ct nc. Ct nc cng cao th t l
tn tht cng t (hiu sut bin i ln hn), do v tr c h cao s thun li cho
vic la chn xy dng NMT tch nng.
Trn th gii ang c mt s lng ln cc NMT tch nng vn hnh. Hu nh
cc HT ln c t l ng k cc nh my nhit in v in nguyn t u c
nghin cu xy dng NMT tch nng. cc HT thuc LX c nhiu NMT tch
nng c xy dng ngay ngoi cc thnh ph ln (cung cp thng n trung tm
ph ti) nh Kiev (285 MW), Matxcva 1200 MW, Litva 1600 MW, Leningrad
(1300 MW), Trung (2000 MW), nhep (2200 MW), Kanhep (3600 MW).
Php hng chc NMT tch nng c pht trin ng thi vi qu trnh xy dng
cc NM nguyn t nhm m bo nhu cu iu chnh cng sut v tch ly in
nng. Ti Vit Nam cc d n xy dng NMT tch nng bt u c nghin
cu. Kh khn ch yu l phi la chn c cc v tr thch hp (mi m bo
tnh kinh t v hiu sut lm vic).
1.3. cc cng trnh v thit b chnh ca nh my thy in
Tuy c cc phng n khc nhau xy dng NMT, nhng ni chung trong mi
cng trnh thy in u c cc thnh phn chnh sau:
1) Cng trnh ct nc (p, knh dn, bm ...);
2) Cng trnh iu tit nc (h cha, b iu tit, cng...);
3) Thit b bin i nng lng (tua-bin, my pht, ng c, bm);
4) Thit b phn phi in (my bin p, my ct in, dao cch ly, thanh dn,
thanh gp ...);
5) Cc cng trnh ph (ng dn nc vo tuabin, thit b chn rc, cng trnh x l,
p trn, cng trnh x ct, ...).
Ngoi ra cn c th c cc cng trnh khai thc li ch tng hp ngun nc: u
tu, ng c i, cng ly nc ...
Cn c vo a hnh c th, cn phi nghin cu nhng cch b tr hp l cho cc
cng trnh trn. iu kin t nhin thng mun hnh mun v, cch b tr khc
nhau cn ty thuc nhiu vo chiu cao ct nc cng nh kt cu ca p (p
t, p b tng, p ...). Trn hnh 1.9 th hin cch b tr ca mt s
NMT kiu p. Khi p thp (di 25m), c kt cu b tng ngi ta thng b
tr ta nh NMT (ni t tua-bin, my pht in) lin vi p, pha h lu (sau
p). Trong trng hp ny, tng ca nh my cng ng thi chu lc nh mt
phn ca p. Nc c a trc tip vo tua-bin theo h thng ng dn xuyn
qua thnh p (hnh 1-9,a).



























Cng vi kt cu b tng nhng ct nc cao hn (trn 25m) th cn phi b tr
ring ta nh NMT tch ri khi p, v tr thp pha h lu. Cch b tr nh
vy s thun li cho vic tng cng bn ca p bng cch thay i hnh dng
2 m bn ca n (hnh 1.9,b). Trong trng hp ny a nc vo tua-bin cn
xy dng thm h thng ng dn vi ca nhn v thp iu p (khi ct nc ln,
ng dn nc i xa). Vi p c kt cu li t hoc th v tr ta nh NMT
lun c b tr pha sau. l v hnh dng p trong trng hp ny thng
2
5
b)
6
3
4
1
2
3
a)
3
4
6
7
8
9
c)
5
d)
10
11
4
5
7
9
3
Hnh 1.9. B tr cng trnh NMT kiu p
1- u tu; 2-p trn; 3-NMT; 4-Ca ly nc
5-p b tng; 6-ng dn nc vo tua-bin;
7-p t hoc ; 8- Li x trn; 9-Thp iu
p; 10-Thp ly nc x; 11-ng hm x nc.
c m rng v 2 pha, ng dn nc ko di, c ca nhn nc v ging iu p
t ring (hnh 1.9,c,d).



















Cc trng hp ct nc rt cao thng thuc v NMT kiu knh dn. B tr cc
cng trnh trn mt bng thng nh hnh 1.3 v hnh 1.4. Ni chung, do a hnh
thc t ti cc khu vc xy dng NMT mun hnh mun v nn cch b tr rt a
dng. Cc v d trn ch minh ha mt s nguyn tc chung. Khng bao gi gp 2
NMT c b tr hon ton nh nhau. Hnh 1.10 l v d c th b tr mt bng ca
NMT Tr An. to nn h cha cn xy dng mt s cng trnh p v ngn
nc. p trn c xy dng tch ri hn vi p chnh. Tn dng cc vng nc
su lm h cha ngi ta to ra 2 khu vc h chnh, h ph thng vi nhau bi
knh dn (nhm ngn bi lng lng h).
Hnh 1.10. B tr p NMT Tr An
1- NMT; 2- Ca nhn nc; 3- Knh dn ra
4- p Sui Rp; 5- p lng sng; 6- p trn;
7- Knh ni h chnh v h ph; 8,9- chn .
Sng . Nai
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1.4. vn s dng tng hp cc li ch ca ngun nc
Khi xy dng mt cng trnh thy in ngoi li ch v in nng cn rt cn phi
ch n cc li ch tng hp khc ca ngun nc c th phi hp khai thc
ti a hiu qu theo nhiu mc ch: phc v ti tiu, chng l lt, cung cp nc
ngt, pht trin thy sn, du lch ... ng thi cng phi ht sc quan tm n cc
tc ng gy nh hng xu ti mi trng (t nhin, x hi), p dng cc bin
php cn thit gim thiu tc hi xung n mc an ton.
Trc ht, li dng mc nc c dng cao trong h, c th xy dng h thng
nng giang phc v ti tiu (nu xung quanh nh my c khu vc hn hn, khng
pht trin c nng nghip). Nhiu trng hp thc t gp, li ch ny c
ngha kinh t ln. Mt v d in hnh thng nu cho NMT xy dng Ai Cp
(vi p Aswan ngn sng Nin). Nh xy dng nh my ny m mt din tch ln
t ai kh cn Ai Cp v Xung c ti nc. Nn nng nghip pht trin
di lu nhanh chng thu hi vn u t cho c nh my.
Mt li ch khc, lun c coi l gn lin vi vic xy dng cc NMT kiu p
l kh nng iu tiu l bng h. Vo ma l, nc dn nhiu xung h lu,
nu ma l ko di th nguy c ngp lt rt ln. Khi vic gi nc li trong h
pha thng ngun l bin php hu hiu trnh c s c (v ) gy ngp lt
pha h lu. Ngy nay ngi ta cn rt nhn mnh n nhu cu cung cp nc
ngt: nc l ti nguyn qu ca mi quc gia, do dn s v nhu cu pht trin
nng nghip tng ln nhiu. H cha ca cc NMT cn l cc kho d tr nc,
t c th truyn dn v phn phi tit kim cho mi nhu cu (gim mt mt do
chy ngm, bc hi), c bit nhm cung cp nc sch cho cc thnh ph ln.
Ngoi cc li ch trn, vic xy dng cc NMT cn to iu kin cho pht trin
du lch, nui trng thy sn, pht trin vn ha x hi cc khu vc min ni ...
Tri ngc vi cc li ch, mt ni dung quan trng khc cng cn c quan tm
lin quan n vic xy dng NMT l cc tc ng i vi mi trng. Vng
ngp nc ca h c th chim din tch ln, trn c t ai nng nghip, khu
dn c, cc cng trnh vn ha c ngha lch s ... dn n cc mt mt v mt
lng vn u t ln cn ph thm i vi cng trnh thy in (cho n b di dn,
bo tn cc di tch ...). Ngoi ra tc ng ny cn nh hng n mi trng x
hi, n cuc sng bnh thng ca hng chc ngn dn.
Trong nhng mc khc nhau, xy dng NMT c th nh hng n mi
trng t nhin, kh hu (ty theo a hnh c th). Chng hn, vn tc dng chy
thay i c th gy bi lng pha h lu, ca sng. Mc nc thay i lm nh
hng n m v kh hu cc khu vc ven sng. Nhng phng n chn nc,
i dng, nhm tp trung lu lng v nng cao ct nc (hnh 1.11) i khi gy ra
hn hn kh cn cho c nhng khu vc rng ln. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy,
thng cch khc phc l phi thay i li ton b phng n nh my (gim cng
sut hoc ngng hn) tr li iu kin t nhin ban u cho dng sng.














Tuy nhin, khi lp d n cng nh thit k nu qu thn trng phng, s xy ra
cc tnh hung tng t cng c th dn n nhng thit hi ng tic. V d cng
phng n trn nhng dng sng b chn ch chy qua vng ni i (khng dn c)
th vic p dng phng n tp trung nc s em li hiu qu ln m khng c
hu qu no v mi trng. Nu b qua phng n ny cng sut ca NMT b
gim i ng k. Thc hin tnh ton t m cc tc ng mi trng, nh gi ng
Sng cn
Vng t kh Knh dn
H tp trung nc
NMT
p ngn
Bin
Hnh 1.11
mc cc nh hng bt li, p dng mi bin php gim thiu tc hi xung n
mc an ton, trong khi ch n cc phng n khai thc ti a li ch in nng
l ht sc cn thit.
Trong mt s trng hp cn phi ch c n cc nh hng gin tip i vi
nhng cng trnh c sn xung quanh NMT. Chng hn, nh hng lm tng cp
ng t cc b (cn gi l ng t th cp) do xy dng NMT. Hin tng ny
thng xy ra i vi cc NMT ln, kiu p. Khi nc ca h nng trn mt
t, khi bt u tch nc a nh my vo vn hnh, c th lm tng cp ng t
(lu di sau hoc trong mt thi gian). Hin tng ny rt cn c quan tm
i vi khu vc thng xuyn c ng t v c nhng cng trnh ln c xy
dng trc khi c NMT.
1.5. Cc c im ca nh my thy in
So vi nh my nhit in, NMT c nhng c im ring ng ch nh sau:
1. Nh my thy in s dng ngun nng lng v tn ca thin nhin.
Nh bit, NMT s dng nng lng ca cc dng nc t nhin bin i
thnh in nng (tr thy in tch nng), l ngun nng lng v tn, gn lin
vi s tn ti vnh vin ca cc dng sng, dng sui, thy triu ... Nu khng xy
dng NMT, hoc xy dng chm th nng lng ca dng sng cng lin tc mt
i, bin thnh cc dng nng lng v ch khc (bin thnh cng bo mn t ,
vn chuyn ph xa, bin thnh nhit nng ta vo mi trng ...). Nh vy u tin
pht trin thy in cng ng ngha vi tn dng nng lng t nhin, tit kim
c cc dng nhin liu c th phc v cho nhiu mc ch.
Trn mt kha cnh khc, c im ny cn th hin u th vt tri cn c k
thm cho cc d n thy in khi nghin cu, so snh cc phng n quy hoch
pht trin ngun. Chng hn, sau (20 - 25) nm (l thi gian tnh ton cho cc d
n) cc nh my nhit in ni chung khng cn s dng c na (cn kit ngun
nhin liu ti ch, khng cn ph hp v tr cho ngun nhin liu mi v.v...) v d
n kt thc. i vi NMT sau thi gian trn s vn cn l mt nh my lm vic
bnh thng do lun c duy tu, sa cha ln v hin i ha t my. Cc dng
sng vn tip tc cung cp u nng lng cho nh my hot ng. Cc cng trnh
b tng, t c tui th ko di hn rt nhiu so vi thi hn tnh ton. Cng v
c im ny, cn phi ch nhiu hn n cc li ch di lu ca d n thy in.
Mt v tr c nhiu tim nng thy in m xy dng cng trnh vi quy m nh
(do thiu vn u t chng hn) s khng cn kh nng pht trin thm sau ny.
2. Nh my thy in c chi ph vn hnh thp, vn hnh n gin, d dng
thc hin t ng ha.
Nhin liu cn s dng cc nh my nhit in thng chim phn t l ln trong
chi ph vn hnh. Khng c phn chi ph ny lm cho NMT c gi thnh in
nng sn xut (gi in nng ni b) rt thp. So vi nh my nhit in, NMT
khng c phn l, gia cng nhin liu, gim nhiu c cng sc vn hnh. L hi
l b phn vn hnh phc tp trong nh my nhit in, tua-bin hi lm vic vi p
sut hi ln, nhit cao, tc quay nhanh, gy cng thng cho ngi phc v.
Vn hnh NMT cn nh nhnh hn do iu kin mi trng tt, thc hin t
ng ha c hu ht cc b phn ... S ngi phc v NMT thng t hn
khong 8-10 ln so vi nh my nhit in. NMT Bratxkaia 4500MW (LX c)
ch bin ch 320 ngi, nh my Kratxno-iaxkaia 5000 MW cng ch c 350 ngi
phc v. Trong khi cc nh my nhit in cng cng sut ( Nga) cn bin ch
n 8000 ngi. Nh my thy in Thc B theo bin ch lc u ch c 72 ngi
(k c 13 ngi lm cng tc hnh chnh).
3. NMT c vn u t ln thi gian xy dng lu.
B li vi u im v chi ph vn hnh thp, NMT li c nhc im ln l
vn u t cao, thi gian xy xng ko di. Thng vn u t cao tp trung vo
cc cng trnh ct nc v iu tit (xy dng p, h cha, knh, ng dn kn ...).
Nhng cng trnh ny thng i hi mt khi lng ln btng, st thp. Vic san
lp mt bng, khi su lng h trc khi xy dng p i hi rt nhiu thi gian
cng sc cha k n nhng cng trnh phi xy dng lin quan trc nh ng
giao thng, di dn, xy dng khu cho ngi lao ng,... Sut vn u t cho
NMT (tnh cho 1 n v cng sut t) thng gp t 5 n 10 ln ca nh my
nhit in (tr nhng NMT c a hnh xy dng ht sc thun li). Thi gian
xy dng thng ko di t 5 n 10 nm. Nhng NMT ln c th phi xy dng
ko di hng vi chc nm. NMT Ha Bnh khi c cng xy dng nm 1979,
sau 9 nm mi a vo vn hnh t my u tin (1988), v khnh thnh vi y
8 t my nm 1994. Vi k thut hin i NMT Tam Hip ca Trung Quc
(18200 MW) bt u c xy dng 1994, d kin khnh thnh nm 2009. Nh
my thy in Sn La ca Vit Nam c khi cng xy dng ngy 2 thng 12
nm 2005, d kin pht in t my u tin vo nm 2012. Vn u t ln thi
gian xy dng li lu (chm hon vn) l mt c im lm kh khn pht trin
thy in i vi cc nc c vn u t hn hp.
4. Xy dng NMT c th em li nhiu li ch tng hp ca ngun nc
nhng ng thi cng c th c nhng nh hng bt li v sinh thi mi
trng (xem mc 1.4).
5. Ngun nc cung cp cho cc NMT (t cc dng chy t nhin) thay i
theo thi gian (ph thuc kh hu, thi tit).
y cng l mt c im khc bit so vi nhit in, rt cn c quan tm khi
thit k vn hnh NMT. Lng nc chy v NMT trong ma kh (ma cn)
thng nh hn rt nhiu so vi ma ma (ma l). Lng nc tng hng nm
chy qua NMT cng khng ging nhau (c tnh ngu nhin). Tn dng th tch
h cha nhm lm tng kh nng iu tit cho NMT (tch nc ma l s
dng trong ma cn) l mt trong nhng mc tiu c bn khi vch cc phng n
thy in (nhng ng thi phi ch n nh hng mi trng). Mt khc, do
c im ny trong quy hoch pht trin ngun in cn phi tnh n gii hn v
lng nc theo ma ca cc NMT. Trong HT c t l cng sut thy in cng
ln th d phng phi cng cao mi m bo c an ninh nng lng.
Trong vn hnh (khi cng sut NMT v dung tch h cha xc nh) vic lp
ra cc phng n iu tit ti u dng chy (di hn, ngn hn) c ngha rt quan
trng trong vic nng cao hiu qu kinh t cho NMT ni ring v ton h thng
ni chung.



Chng 2
Cc c trng ca dng chy t nhin

2.1. biu thy vn
S liu thy vn c trng nht ca cc dng chy t nhin (dng sng, dng sui)
l chui cc s liu quan st v thng k lu lng nc. Cc trm quan trc
thy vn t trn nhng v tr khc nhau ca dng sng c th ghi tr s lu lng
nc o hng ngy trong nhiu nm lin tc (ghi theo th t thi gian). Da trn c
s chui s liu thy vn ny ngi ta thit lp cc loi s liu c trng khc nhau
cho dng sng. c c cc c trng tin cy cc s liu phi c quan st
lin tc t 50 nm tr ln. Chui s liu thy vn thng c ghi li di dng
bng s hoc th.









D thy c trng chu k ca chui s liu thy vn bi cc dng chy t nhin
ph thuc thi tit, kh hu. Theo vng quay ca tri t xung quanh mt tri, kh
hu thi tit c tnh chu k nm. Ngoi ra do nh hng phc tp ca a hnh, lc
hp dn ca mt trng chui thy vn i khi cn c tnh chu k nhiu nm.
1.Biu thy vn.
Biu thy vn biu th din bin ca lu lng nc trn sng theo chu k nm.
Biu c xy dng trn c s chui s liu thy vn theo cc phng php xc
xut thng k, dng in hnh nh trn hnh 2.2. Cc s liu xy dng biu (khi
Q m
3
/s
t

nm
1 2 3 4 5
Hnh 2.1. Chui s liu thy vn
cho di dng bng s) c th c tnh l lu lng nc trung bnh ngy, trung
bnh 5 ngy, trung bnh tun, c khi l trung bnh thng. Mi dng sng c th xy
dng mt biu thy vn in hnh (khi dng chy tng i ng u), mt vi
biu (cho cc nm nc to, nm nc trung bnh, nm nc nh) hoc cho mt
vi nm c th.











D thy, biu thy vn trong mt chng mc no th hin tnh quy lut ca
dng chy. Tnh chu k v n nh ca dng chy cho php xy dng cc biu
thy vn in hnh cho dng sng. Biu thy vn v th c ngha ng dng ln
trong cc tnh ton thit k v vn hnh NMT. Tuy nhin, do c tnh thay i
ngu nhien ca dng chy cc s liu c tnh theo biu thy vn ch c
ngha trung bnh xc sut. Gi tr thc t lu lng nc ca dng sng thi
im tnh ton c th no c th khc so vi gi tr xc nh c. Cng
chnh v th cc tnh ton v thy nng lun phi ch n cc phng n d
phng, nhm m bo tin cy cung cp in i vi h thng.
2. 2. Cc i lng trung bnh
Biu thy vn l s liu y nht c trng cho mi dng sng, tuy nhin
ngi ta cn a ra cc nhng i lng c ngha trung bnh. Chng c s
dng trong cc trng hp khc nhau rt thun tin.
1. Lu lng nc trung bnh nm.
Hnh 2.2. Biu thy vn ca dng sng
Q m
3
/s
thng
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
], / [
3 1
s m
T
Q
Q
T
i
i
nam tb

=
=
trong : Q
i
- tr s lu lng nc trung bnh ca ngy th i;
T- Thi gian trong nm tnh bng ngy (T=365 hoc 366).
2. Lng nc trung bnh nm:
W = Q
tb nm
. 31,54.10
6
[m
3
].
y, 31,54 10
6
chnh l thi gian ca mt nm tnh bng sec.
C th hiu W chnh l tng lng nc ca dng sng chy qua nh my thy
in t u nm n cui nm. cc NMT ngi ta cn hay gi l lng nc
v trong nm. Nm nc v nhiu th NMT c ma, ngc li l mt ma thy
in.
3. Lng nc trung bnh nhiu nm:
]; [
...
3 2 1
0
m
n
W W W
W
n
+ + +
=
Trong : n - s nm thng k s liu;
W
i
- lng nc trung bnh ca nm th i.
4. Lu lng nc trung bnh nhiu nm:
], / [
10 . 54 , 31
3
6
0 1
0
s m
W
n
Q
Q
n
i
i nam tb
= =

=

c ngha tin cy cho Q
0
v W
0
, s nm tnh ton n phi ln (n 50nm).
5. H s lch dng:
H s lch dng ca nm th i:
.
0 0
Q
Q
W
W
k
i nam tb
i
i
= =
D thy, k
i
> 1 - nm i l nm nc to;
k
i
< 1 - nm i l nm nc nh;
k
i
= 1 - nm i l nm nc trung bnh;
6. n nh dng:
c trng bin dng ca dng chy trn sng c nh gi bng n nh dng
tnh theo cng thc sau:
,
1
) 1 (
1
2

=

=
n
k
C
n
i
i
v

cn khng i xng:
.
) 2 )( 1 (
) 1 (
3
1
3
v
n
i
i
s
C n n
k n
C

=

=

Khi dng sng n nh tuyt i (k
i
= 1) th C
v
=0. Khi k
i
> 1 hoc k
i
<1 u lm
cho C
v
ln ln. Nh vy C
v
lun lun dng v C
v
cng ln th c trng cho dng
sng cng km n nh (dng chy thay i nhiu t nm ny qua nm khc). Cc
dng sng thng thng c C
v
= (0,2-0,25), cn C
s
2C
v
.
2.3. Cc ng cong m bo nc
1. ng cong tn sut m bo nc.
ng cong tn sut m bo nc l quan h gia lu lng nc ca dng sng
vi tr s xc sut m dng chy m bo c tr s lu lng nc ca n khng
nh hn mt tr s cho. Thc t ng cong tn sut m bo c xy dng
trn c s l thuyt thng k xc sut. Phn b xc xut xut hin tr s lu lng
nc trn sng c th tnh c theo chui s liu thy vn, t xy dng ng
cong xc xut m bo lu lng nc khng nh hn gi tr cho trc. Dng in
hnh ca ng cong tn sut m bo nc ca cc con sng nh trn hnh 2.3,b.
Mt im (a) trn dng cong tn sut m bo nc cho php xc nh trn trc
honh tr s xc xut m dng chy m bo c lu lng nc ca n khng
nh hn gi tr xc nh c trn trc tung (theo (a)). Vit theo k hiu xc xut:
{ }
a s a
Q Q P p = .
C th hiu l, vi yu cu cung cp lu lng nc l Q
s
th dng chy ny (c
ng cong tn xut m bo nc nh hnh v) ch c th m bo khng b thiu
vi xc xut l p
a
. R rng vi mt dng chy xc nh nu yu cu cung cp nc
cng ln th xc xut m bo cung cp s cng nh v ngc li. Ni theo cch
khc, ng cong tn xut m bo nc c trng cho tin cy cung cp nc
theo yu cu ca dng chy.












C 2 tr s lu lng nc Q
s
xc nh theo ng cong tn sut m bo nc
c s dng nhiu nht, l cc lu lng nc ng vi tn xut 90% v lu
lng nc 50% (cng c k hiu l Q
90%
v Q
50%
). Tr s lu lng nc 90%
thng c dng xc nh tr s cng sut m bo, l tr s cng sut ca
NMT c tin cy pht in tng ng vi cng sut nhit in. C th tnh
theo cng thc:
N
b
= 9,81..H.Q
90%
.
Tr s ny c dng trong cc tnh ton lun chng so snh phng n xy dng
ngun gia thy in v nhit in.
Tr s lu lng nc 50% c th c s dng nh gi s b sn lng in
nng ca NMT (c h cha nc) khi lun chng hiu qu kinh t ca nh my
lm vic trong h thng.
2.4. ng cong thi gian m bo nc
C ngha tng t nh ng cong tn sut m bo nc ngi ta xy dng
ng cong thi gian m bo nc (hnh 2.4,b). Mt im trn dng cong ny
xc nh trn trc honh khong thi gian trong nm m dng chy m bo c
n
Q
s
Q
s
p
%
0 100 90 50 p
a

Q
a
Q
50%

Q
90%
Hnh 2.3. ng cong tn sut m bo nc
(a)
a) b)
lu lng nc ca n khng nh hn gi tr xc nh c trn trc tung. Nh vy
ng cong thi gian m bo nc cng c trng cho tin cy cung cp nc
theo yu cu. Lu lng yu cu cung cp cng ln th cng c ngn thi gian
trong nm c th m bo nc (ch trong ma l).










ng cong thi gian m bo nc cng l mt s liu cn thit, thng c
dng tnh ton quy hoch sa cha cc t my.
2.5. ng cong ly tch
biu din v tnh ton dng chy ngi ta a ra khi nim ng cong ly
tch. ng cong ly tch l quan h gia tng lng nc ca dng chy tnh t
mt gc thi gian no n thi im c xt vi khong thi gian tri qua.
V ton hc, nu k hiu tng lng nc ca dng chy tnh t thi im 0 n
thi im t l W th c th vit:
. ) ( ) (
0

=
t
dt t Q t W
Q(t) - l lu lng nc ca dng chy;
Nh vy, ng cong ly tch l mt cch biu din khc v s bin thin lng
nc ca dng chy theo thi gian. i vi dng sng, ngoi cch biu din thy
vn qua chui lu lng ngi ta cng hay s dng ng cong ly tch. ng
cong ly tch cn c s dng nh mt cng c tnh ton iu tit dng chy cho
NMT (chng 4).
Q m
3
/s
t
1 2 3 n
Hnh 2.4
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
n
n
t t t
t
n
+ + +
=
...
2 1
Q m
3
/s
T 0
t
a

Q
a
a) b)
1. ng cong ly tch trong h ta xin gc
Mt trong nhng c im ca ng cong ly tch khi biu din trong h ta
vung gc l lun lun tng theo thi gian. V th ng cong nhanh chng i ra
khi phm vi t giy, rt kh biu din v s dng (nu chn t l xch nh th
chnh xc tnh ton km). khc phc kh khn ny ngi ta biu din ng
cong ly tch sang h ta xin gc (gi tt l h ta xin).
Thc cht, vic biu din ng cong ly tch W(t) trong h ta xin gc tng
ng vi vic biu din ng cong W'(t) trong h to vung gc thng
thng, vi :

= =
t
t Q t W t Q dt t Q t W
0
0 0
. ) ( . ) ( ) ( ' .
Trong : Q
0
- l mt hng s ty (c th nguyn lu lng nc). Q
0
thng
c chn bng tr s lu lng nc trung bnh (c th lm trn) ca dng chy
trong chu k bin thin (mt nm).
















Hnh 2.5
W m
3
W' m
3
W
1
W
1
t
1
t
1
A

B

C
Q
0
t

- Q
0
t

tg =W
T
/T=Q
0

W
T
T

T

t

t

a)

b)

Hnh 2.5. th hin tng quan so snh gia ng cong ly tch biu din trong h
ta vung gc v h ta xin. ng thng tng ng vi hm -Q
0
.t chnh l
trc honh xin gc ca h ta xin. Nh vy h ta xin c ba trc biu
din: trc thng ng biu din tng lng nc chy (tnh bng m
3
), trc thi gian
nm ngang v trc honh xin gc. Trong h ta xin rt d biu din v tnh
ton vi ng cong ly tch v n ch l ng cong dao ng hai bn trc nm
ngang.
Trong h ta xin (hnh 2.5,b) tng lng nc chy t t=0 n t
1
no cng
bng khong cch t ng cong n trc honh xin gc ( di AC). tnh tr
s ny ta c th dng t im A trn ng cong theo hng song song vi trc
honh xin gc n trc tung (im W
1
). Tht vy (ly t l di tnh theo m
3
),
ta c:
AC = AB + BC = W'(t
1
) + Q
0
.t
1
= W
1
.
Mt khc cng t quan h trn c th vit:
W
1
= AB + Q
0
.t
1
,
ngha l ta c th tnh lng nc tng n t
1
bng cch xc nh khong cch AB
t ng cong n trc nm ngang (c k du), sau cng vi lng Q
0
. t
1
lun
tnh c. Nhn xt ny cng cho thy, trong h ta xin, ng cong ly tch
c th biu din rt di theo thi gian (khng cn v trc honh xin gc). tnh
lng nc tng n mt thi im t bt k cng ch cn o khong cch t ng
cong n trc nm ngang (sau cng vi tr s Q
0
.t).
2. c im ca ng cong ly tch (trong h ta xin)
S rt c li khi n mt s c im ca ng cong ly tch.
- Khi lu lng nc ca dng chy khng i: Q(t) = Q = const , ng cong ly
tch l ng thng:
t Q Q t Q dt Q t W
t
). ( . ) ( '
0
0
0
= =


Tronng trng hp ny,
+ nu Q > Q
0
: ng thng dc ln;
+ nu Q < Q
0
: ng thng dc xung;
+ nu Q = Q
0
: ng thng nm ngang .
- Trong trng hp chung lu lng nc Q(t) thay i, ta vn c nhng tnh cht
tng t. Chng hn, xt nghing ca tip tuyn vi ng cong ly tch ti thi
im t, ta c:
+ nu Q(t) > Q
0
: tip tuyn dc ln;
+ nu Q(t) < Q
0
: tip tuyn dc xung;
+ nu Q(t) = Q
0
: tip tuyn nm ngang ;
+ nu Q(t) = 0 : tip tuyn song song vi trc honh xin gc.
l v nghing ca tip tuyn ti im t bt k t l vi o hm ca hm s
biu din ng cong (trong h ta vung gc):
{ }
0
0
0
) ( . ) (
) ( '
Q t Q t Q dt t Q
dt
d
dt
t dW
tg
t
= = =

.


















Hnh 2.6

Q m
3
/s
Q(t
1
)

Q(t
2
)=Q
0
Q(t
3
)

0' Q=0

0



W m
3

t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
6
t

- Q
0
.t


0



Da vo nghing ca tip tuyn c th thy ngay t hnh 2.6, lu lng nc ti
cc thi im : Q(t
1
) > Q
0
, Q(t
2
) = Q
0
, Q(t
3
) < Q
0
. Giai on t 0 n t
2
v t t
4

n t
5
l ma nc to cn cc giai on t t
2
n t
4
v t
5
n t
6
l ma nc nh
(Q(t)<Q
0
). Xung quanh t
2
, t
4
, t
5
v t
6
l giai on dng chy c lu lng nc
trung bnh.
Ngoi ra da vo quan h t l gia nghing ca tip tuyn (tg) v tr s lu
lng nc ngi ta cn to ra mt cng c tnh ton gi l biu t l xch hnh
tia (hnh 2.6). Biu c xy dng nh sau:
Xut pht t mt im O trn cng mt phng vi ng cong ly tch v mt
on thng nm ngang (chiu di ty chn) v mt tia song song vi trc honh
xin gc. Qua im cui ca on thng nm ngang dng mt ng thng ng,
ct ng thng xin gc ti O'. ng thng ny c dng lm trc ta tnh
tr s lu lng nc (do chiu di tnh t O' t l vi (tg+tg) = Q
0
+Q(t) ).
chia ng t l xch cn ch l on thng ng nm gia tia nm ngang (ng vi
Q = Q
0
) v tia song song vi trc honh xin gc (Q = 0 ) c di (tnh theo n
v ca lu lng nc) chnh bng Q
0
.
Biu t l xch hnh tia cho php xc nh c tr lu lng nc ti thi im
bt k t ng cong ly tch. V d da vo biu t l xch hnh tia trn hnh
2.6 c th c c gi tr c th ca Q(t
1
), Q(t
2
) v Q(t
3
) theo im ct ca cc tia
song song vi tip tuyn ti t
1
, t
2
v t
3
.
S dng biu t l xch hnh tia cn c th xy dng c ng cong ly tch
ca dng chy (khi bit chui s liu thy vn). Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
- Tnh lu lng nc trung bnh Q
0
(theo nm hoc nhiu nm);
- Chn t l xch v v trc tung (tnh tng lng nc) v trc nm ngang (tnh
thi gian);
- Da vo Q
0
v trc honh xin gc;
- Xy dng biu t l xch hnh tia;
- Xut pht t gc thi gian v ni tip cc on thng c nghing t l vi lu
lng nc trong mi on ( nghing xc nh theo biu t l xch hnh tia).
- C th lm trn ng gp khc thnh ng cong ly tch cn xy dng (tng
ng vi php ni suy lu lng nc trong mi on).
Hnh 2.7 minh ha ng cong ly tch v theo s liu lu lng nc trung bnh
thng, cho trong bng chui thy vn 1 nm.

Bng 2.1. Chui lu lng nc theo biu thy vn (12 thng)
t 1 2 3 4 5 11 12
Q
s
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
... ... ... Q
11
Q
12

Q m
3
/s
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
0
Q
12
Q
4
O

O'

0

W' m
3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 t
-Q
0
t

0
Hnh 2.7

Chng 3
H CHA V CT NC CUA NH MY THUY IN
H cha nc cc NMT c nha rt quan trng trong vic iu tit dng
chy. Nh kh nng tch nc vo h, s dng nc vo nhng thi gian hp l m
nh my c ch vn hnh ti u em li hiu qu kinh t cao. Ngoi ra h cha
nc cc NMT cn c ngha khai thc li ch tng hp ngun nc vi
nhng mc ch khc nhau nh : phc v ti tiu, chng l lt, cung cp nc
ngt ... c th tnh ton em li hiu qu ti a theo cc mc ch nu cn
phi bit rt r cc s liu c trng cho h. Cc s liu v c tnh h c quyt
nh bi iu kin a hnh cng nh chiu cao cc cng trnh p v b h. Hy
xt cc c trng c bn ca h qua s hnh 3.1,a.











3.1. CC MC NC V TH TCH H
1. Mc nc dng bnh thng (MNDBT)
Mc nc dng bnh thng l mc nc cao nht trong h tnh pha thng lu
ca p, khi nh my thy in c th vn hnh lu di, m bo cc ch tiu
Hnh 3.1. Cc mc nc v c tnh th tch h
Z m
V

m
3
V
1
V
2
V
3
0
b)
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
V
hi
V
hi
a)
MNDBT
MNDCB
MNDC
Bi lng
V
hi
V
dt
MNTL
kinh t-k thut quy nh. Mc nc dng bnh thng l thng s c bn nht,
c la chn t giai on u tin ca lp d n (chng 6) trn c s cc s liu
v a hnh, a cht v thy vn ca dng chy. Ngoi cc ch tiu kinh t-k
thut MNDBT cn phi c la chn tnh n cc li ch tng hp, nh hng
mi trng v hng lot cc yu t an ton khc (din tch ngp lt, mc bin gii
quc gia, an ninh qun s, iu kin mt nc ca h...). MNDBT ca NMT Sn
La (215m) c lun chng, la chn ko di hng chc nm ( xut lc u l
265m), trong yu t di dn v qun s tr thnh vn quyt nh ch yu
giai on cui.
Theo nh ngha, c th hiu MNDBT l mc nc gii hn trn c php dng
ln trong h trong cc iu kin bnh thng (ko di ty ). Nu dng cao lu di
mc nc ln trn MNDBT th cc ch tiu k thut khng m bo (h s an ton
bn vng gim xung so vi tnh ton, nhiu iu kin an ton khng m bo,
gy thit hi kinh t ma mng ...).
2. Mc nc cht (MNC)
Mc nc cht l mc nc thp nht trong h tnh pha thng lu ca p, khi
nh my thy in c th vn hnh lu di, m bo cc ch tiu kinh t-k
thut quy nh. Cng c th hiu MNC l gii hn di ca mc nc vn hnh
trong cc iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca nh my. Nu vn hnh ty tin
xung di MNC th s rt lng ph nc bi cng lu lng nc Q cng sut
pht ra rrt nh, in nng nhn c t. Mt khc, MNC c tnh theo cc
iu kin lm vic an ton cho tua bin. Nu vn hnh ct nc thp, dng chy
qua tua bin c th dng chuyn ng ri (xut hin cc bt kh) lm mn cnh
tua bin (cn gi l hin tng xm thc ca nc), gy rung ng v pht nng
trc quay.
3. Mc nc dng cng bc (MNDCB)
Mc nc dng cng bc (cn gi l mc nc gia cng) l mc nc cao nht
trong h tnh pha thng lu ca dp, khi NMT c th lm vic ngn hn,
tm thi trong cc iu kin ca thin tai, l lt. Mc nc dng cng bc nm
cao hn MNDBT khng nhiu (thng ch mt vi mt), tuy nhin do mt h m
rng nn th tch nc tng thm ng k. Vo ma l, nh th tch ny mt lng
nc ln ca dng chy c th gi li trong h (khng cn x trn qua p) lm
gim nguy c ngp lt pha h lu. Cng cn ni thm l, trong iu kin vn hnh
ngn hn, vic dng nc ln cao hn MNDBT (trong mt gii hn no ) vn
m bo c mc an ton cn thit. l do c nhng yu t lm gim thp
nguy c ph v p. Chng hn, coi xc sut xut hin ng t cp cao trong thi
gian ngn c th b qua th h s an ton c th c xc nh vi cp ng t
thp hn, cng khng cn tnh n nh hng ca hin tng ngm nc lm yu
b p (nu vn hnh lu di trn MNDBT, nc c th ngm xa, lm gim
cng ca t). Xt n nhng kh nng ny ngi ta c gng nng MNDCB ln
cng cao cng tt (trong phm vi c th) phc v mc ch chng l lt. NMT
Ha Bnh c MNDBT l 115 m, MNDCB ban u c tnh 117 m (hin ti nng
ln mc 118 m).
4. Dung tch hu ch ca h
Dung tch hu ch ca h l phn th tch h nm gia MNDBT v MNC (vng
V
hi
trn hnh v). V ngha dung tch hu ch ca h chnh l phn th tch c th
s dng iu tit dng chy. Dung tch hu ch c th nh hn nhiu so vi
dung tch tng cng ca h bi trong iu kin bnh thng khng c vn hnh
mc nc bn trn MNDBT cng nh bn di MNC. Dung tch hu ch l thng
s quan trng nht ca h cha nc, n c s dng trong hu ht cc tnh ton
thit k v vn hnh NMT.
5. Dung tch d tr
Dung tch d tr l phn th tch h nm gia MNDBT v MNDCB. V ngha s
dng dung tch d tr chnh l phn th tch h c php s dng thm trong iu
kin thin tai, l lt.
6. Dung tch phng l v mc nc trc l
Dung tch phng l (V
phl
) l phn dung tch h dng cho mc ch iu tit nhm
hn ch thin tai, l lt. Da trn c s cc s liu d bo kh tng thy vn (d
bo nh l) hng nm cn tin hnh tnh ton xc nh dung tch phng l cn
thit (bi ton iu tit l). Yu cu ca bi ton l m bo an ton cho bn thn
cng trnh thy in v trnh c ngp lt pha h lu trong thi gian xut hin
nh l. Dung tch phng l c tnh t MNDCB xung n mt mc nc gi l
mc nc trc l (MNTL). Dung tch phng l thng ln hn dung tch d tr
nn MNTL c th nm di MNDBT v c phn th tch dng chung gia mc
ch iu tit l v iu chnh cng sut vn hnh. Khi , iu tit l c th nh
hng n sn lng in nng (gim thp). Dung tch d tr cng ln th iu tit
l cng t nh hng n sn xut in nng.
7. Dung tch cht
Dung tch cht l phn th tch h nm di MNC. Phn th tch ny khng tham
gia vo qu trnh iu tit nhng cng rt cn thit (dung tch ti thiu) m bo
mi sinh lng h v cc vn khc.
8. Dung tch bi lng
Dung tch bi lng l phn dung tch h ng vi cao trnh bi lng. y chnh l
phn dung tch h sn sng lm nhim v lu tr lng bn ct lng ng t dng
chy m bo cho h cha lm vic bnh thng. C th sau thi gian di phn ny
b dng cao ln chim phn trn. Khi cn c cc bin php k thut ci to
lng h (no vt, x lng trong ma l).
3.2. CC NG CONG AC TNH H
1. c tnh th tch
L ng cong quan h gia th tch nc c trong h vi mc nc thng lu.
Quan h ton hc thng biu din c tnh th tch dng V = f(Z), tuy nhin
ng cong c tnh thng c v vi trc thng ng biu din mc nc
thng lu Z (hnh 3.1,b). Thc t, ng cong c xy dng di dng bng s
(c th tim cn gii tch khi s dng) da vo cc phng php khc nhau: m
hnh ha, o c, tnh ton. M hnh ha lng h v cc cng trnh u mi giai
on u c th cho php xy dng ng cong c tnh th tch, dng ngay
vo nhiu tnh ton lun chng kinh t k thut. Da vo ng cong c tnh th
tch c th bit ngay lng nc ang c trong h khi bit mc nc thng lu.
Nhiu thng s quan trng khc ca h c th nhn c t ng cong c tnh
th tch : dung tch hu ch, dung tch d tr, dung tch phng l ...













Do mt h thc t khng hon ton nm ngang (ng chm chm trn hnh 3.1,a),
trong khi c tnh th tch c xc nh theo mc nc thng lu trc p nn
c tnh th tch c c trng ng: ph thuc lu lng nc Q vn hnh (hnh
3.2,a). Hn na theo thi gian c tnh th tch cng b bin dng: do bi lng lng
h, cng mc nc thng lu th tch nc trong h ngy cng t hn nu khng
c bin php k thut ci to li lng h.
2. c tnh din tch mt h
Cng vi ng cong c tnh th tch ngi ta cng xy dng ng cong c
tnh din tch mt h (hnh 3.2,b). l ng cong th hin quan h gia din
tch mt nc h vi mc nc thng lu F = (Z). D thy, cc ng cong c
tnh th tch v din tch c quan h mt thit vi nhau, bi v ton hc c th vit:

=
Z
dZ Z F Z V
0
) ( ) ( hay
Z
V
Z
V
Z F

= ) ( . (3.1)
Trng hp ring, F(Z) = const (b h thng ng) ta c V = F.Z .

Z
m
V

m
3
0
a)
chiu Q tng
Hnh 3.2
Z m
F

m
2
0
b)
F=(Z)
V
1-2
Z
2
Z
1
F
1
F
2

Trong cc tnh ton iu tit, rt thng hay xc nh lng nc (th tch) nm
gia hai mc nc Z
1
n Z
2
ca h. Khi , theo ng cong din tch, V
1-2

bng tr s din tch phn gch cho trn hnh 3.2,b, vi cc cng thc gn ng:

) )( (
3
1
) )( (
2
1
1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 1
Z Z F F F F V hay
Z Z F F V
+ +
+

(3.2)
Cch xy dng v c im ca ng cong c tnh din tch cng tng t nh
c tnh th tch (c c tnh ng theo lu lng nc Q).
C th ni c tnh th tch v din tch l cc c trng quan trng nht ca h
bi n cha hu ht cc thng tin cn thit.
3. c tnh mc nc h lu
Mc nc h lu c nh hng n chiu cao ct nc ca NMT. Ngoi ra phc
v cho nhiu mc ch tnh ton khc rt cn bit s thay i mc nc h lu. V
tr mt ct sng xc nh tnh ton mc nc h lu thng c chn ti ca
knh x ra ca NMT.












Hnh 3.3. c tnh mc nc h lu
Z
hl
m

Q m
3
/s

Ty theo cu to a hnh b tr NMT m lu lng nc x c hay khng c nh
hng n mc nc h lu. Nu NMT c b tr theo kiu sau p hay kiu
lng sng th lu lng tnh ton l tng lu lng nc s dng Q v lu lng x
Q
x
v lu lng nc x qua p trn cng tp trung ngay ti ca knh x ra ca
NMT. Khi c tnh c dng: Z
hl
= f(Q+Q
x
); Nu v tr knh x ra ca NMT
nm cch xa p (kiu knh dn) th quan h ch xt n lu lng nc Q vn
hnh qua tua bin NMT.
3.3. CT NC TNH TON CUA NH MY THUY IN
Nh xt trong chng 1, khi tnh ton s b cng sut ca NMT c th s
dng ct nc tnh ton gn ng cho nh my nh l chnh lch mc nc dng
chy trc v sau NMT: H
0
= Z
1
- Z
2
.


















Z
1

Z
2

H H
0
A
B
C
C A B
g
v
A
A
2
2

g
v
C
C
2
2

g
v
B
B
2
2

Z
A

Z
B
Z
C

p
A
/
p
B
/
p
C
/
Hnh 3.4
Thc cht khi l suy ra tr s cng sut ca NMT da vo chnh lch nng
lng ca khc sng t A n C. Mi mt mt nng lng sau khi bin t c nng
sang in nng c nhp vo hiu sut chung ca nh my. Hn na coi gn
ng b qua c phn chnh lch nng lng gy ra do thay i vn tc v p sut
dng chy. Khi thc hin cc tnh ton i hi chnh xc cao (c bit cc tnh
ton vn hnh) cn xc nh y hn cc yu t nh hng n ct nc. Trong
trng hp ny ct nc tnh ton ca NMT (cn gi l ct nc lm vic) c
xc nh l hiu s ct p ca dng chy pha trc v pha sau tuabin, tch ring
phn tn tht knh dn v ng ng dn nc trn cc cng trnh a nc vo
ta nh NMT (ni t cc t my). Theo s trn hnh 3.4 ct nc ton phn
(tnh t pha trc dn pha sau NMT) s l:

C A
C C C
C
A A A
A ful
E E
g
v p
Z
g
v p
Z H = + + + + = )
2
( )
2
(
2 2

.
Cn ct nc tnh ton hay ct nc lm vic c tnh l:

C B
C C C
C
B B B
B
E E
g
v p
Z
g
v p
Z H = + + + + = )
2
( )
2
(
2 2

.
Nh vy ct nc tnh ton ca NMT chnh bng chnh lch c nng tnh cho
1m
3
nc ca dng chy trc khi vo v sau khi ra khi tuabin. Ta cng c :
H = H
ful
- H
K

Trong , H
K
tn tht ct p trn on AB (ca knh v ng dn).
T hnh v ta c :

g
v
g
v
H
g
v
Z
g
v
Z E E H
C C A A C C A A
C A ful
2 2
)
2
( )
2
(
2 2
0
2
2
2
1

+ = + + = = .
Hay c th vit :
H H H H H H
d K
= =
0 0
. (3.3)
vi
g
v
g
v
H
A A C C
d
2 2
2 2

= l phn ng nng chnh lch ca dng chy pha trc
v pha sau NMT. Thng thng nc ra khi tua bin c tc ln hn tc
dng chy trc p (rt nh), do H
d
> 0 v th hin nh mt phn nng lng
b mt mt.
Tnh vi lu lng nc Q lm vic, chnh lch c nng ca dng chy trc v
sau khi i qua tua bin (trong 1 sec):
N = .Q.H [kgm/s] = 9,81.Q.H [kW].
Cng sut truyn cho phn quay ca tuabin (vi hiu sut
T
):
N
TB
= 9,81.
T
.Q.H [kW].
Sau khi bin i qua my pht in (hiu sut
F
) ta c cng sut in nhn u
cc my pht : N
T
= 9,81
F

T
QH = 9,81QH [kW].
D nhn thy rng, ct nc tnh ton ph thuc phc tp vo ch lm vic ca
nh my. Theo (3.3) ta c:
H(Q,Q
x
) = Z
1
(Q)-Z
2
(Q+Q
x
)- H(Q).
Hnh 3.5 minh ha s bin thin ct nc tnh ton theo Q (khi lu lng dng
sng Q
s
khng thay i, cn lu lng x Q
x
= 0).













Cc im gy trn c tnh th hin s thay i t bin ca tn tht ct p khi
thay i s t my lm vic. Vi cng lu lng nc vn hnh tng, khi a thm
Z m
Q m
3
/s
Z
1
Z
2
Hnh 3.5

H m
Q m
3
/s
H
0
=Z
1
-Z
2
H=H
0
-H

H

Q
1
Q
2
t my vo vn hnh, tc dng chy trn cc ng dn song song s gim i,
tn tht ng dn gim t ngt. S thay i phi tuyn ca c tnh ct nc lm
cho bi ton iu it tr nn phc tp. Khi mc nc h t thay i v coi tn tht
ct p l nh (thng ch chim t 2% n 2,5%) bi ton c gii vi ct nc
c nh s n gin hn nhiu.
3.4. PHONG TRNH CN BANG NC CUA H CHA
Khi tnh ton iu tit dng chy cn phi bit c trng thi lm vic ca h,
nh s thay i mc nc, th tch nc cn li trong h... D thy, th tch nc
trong h ph thuc vo tng quan gia cc lng nc chy vo v chy ra khi
h, ng thi c quan h mt thit vi mc nc thng lu (theo cc ng cong
c tnh). Phng trnh thit lp mi quan h gia cc i lng trn gi l phng
trnh cn bng nc ca h cha. Theo nguyn l cn bng nc (ng cho mt
dung tch cha nc bt k), tng cc lng nc chy vo h trong khong thi
gian t xc nh phi cn bng vi tng cc lng nc chy ra khi h cng vi
th tch nc gi li trong h (cng trong t). Vi h cha, trong trng hp
chung (xt n mi lng nc c th), ta c th vit nh sau:
W
s
= W

+ W
x
+ W
r
+ W
tl
+ V

. (3.4)
Trong phng trnh trn:
W
s
- th tch nc t dng sng chy vo h;
W

- th tch nc s dng (chy ra khi h qua tua bin ca NMT);
W
x
- th tch nc x (trn qua p);
W
r
- th tch nc mt mt do r r qua cc cng trnh p v lng h, k c
lng nc bc hi;
W
tl
- th tch nc dng cho mc ch thy li (ti, tiu, cung cp nc ngt);
V - th tch nc gi li trong h.
Tt c cc lng nc trn u c xt chy trong khong thi gian t; Khi xt
khong t ngn (lu lng nc coi nh khng i ta c dng vit khc gn
ng ca (3.4):
V = Q
s
t - (Q

+ Q
x
+ Q
r
+ Q
tl
) t . (3.5)
C th hiu cc lu lng nc trong (3.5) c tnh vi tr s trung bnh trong t.
Nu chia c hai v ca phng trnh (3.4) cho t v ly gii hn khi t 0 ta c
phng trnh cn bng cc tr s lu lng nc nh sau:

dt
dV
Q Q Q Q Q
tl r x s
+ + + + = ; (3.6)
S hng cui nhn c do p dng nh ngha o hm i vi hm V(t). Phng
trnh ng vi mi thi im t tnh lu lng nc v th tch nc trong h.
Mt khc, xt V l hm hp ca t qua Z(t) ta c:

dt
dZ
Z F
dt
dZ
Z
V
dt
dV
) ( =

= .
Thay vo (3.6) ta c:

tl r x s
Q Q Q Q Q
dt
dZ
Z F = ) ( (3.7)
Phng trnh (3.7) l dng ca phng trnh cn bng nc ca h trong trng
hp chung nht. Tuy nhin, thc t ngi ta hay s dng cc dng gn ng, n
gin hn. Trc ht c th tnh tng ng lu lng nc Q
r
v Q
tl
vo Q
s
. l
v cc lu lng nc ny cng thng c c lng (d bo) v cho di dng
chui s liu nh biu Q
s
ca dng sng. Khi c th tnh trc:
Q'
s
= Q
s
- Q
r
- Q
tl
,
thay vo (3.7) ta c:

x s
Q Q Q
dt
dZ
Z F =
'
) ( . (3.8)
Cc tnh ton theo lu lng nc trung bnh, thng p dng (3.5), vi cch tnh
gn ng th tch V theo mc nc thi im u v cui khong t nh cc
biu thc (3.2).
Phng trnh cn bng nc ca h l mt trong nhng m t ton hc c bn
trong bi ton iu tit dng chy.
3.5. XC INH TH TCH NC TRONG H THEO NG CONG LY TCH
Nu v trn cng mt th ng cong ly nc chy vo h v ng cong ly
tch nc chy ra khi h th c th xc nh c ngay th tch nc c trong h
(ti mi thi im ): chnh bng khong cch gia 2 ng cong. D hiu c
iu ny bi tnh t gc thi gian n mt thi im bt k th tng khi nc ca
dng chy (chy vo hoc ra khi h) bng khong cch khong cch t ng
cong l tch n trc honh xin gc. Trong khi , chnh lch khi nc gi li
trong h :
V = W
V
- W
R
,
chnh l chnh lch gia 2 khong cch, nn phi bng khong cch gia 2 ng
cong (hnh 3.6).
Khi V < V
hi
th khong cch gia 2 ng cong cng l th tch nc ang c
trong h (cha y). Nu V > V
hi
th khong cch bng V
hi
+ Q
x
(h y nc v
c x trn).












Ngi ta cng t bi ton xc nh dung tch h cha sao cho c kh nng san
bng hon ton dng chy, ngha l mt th tch h ln ti thiu m c th s dng
nc u n quanh nm (lun bng lu lng nc trung bnh). Hy xt ng
cong ly tch nc chy vo h ca mt dng sng no . Do tnh cht chu k ca
dng chy, ta c th chn im u v cui ca mt nm tnh ton l ty , gi s
chn l thi im c lu lng nc trung bnh. Vi cch chn cho nm c th ny
tip tuyn ti im u v cui vi ng cong s trng vi trc nm ngang. Nh
Hnh 3.6
W m
3

W
V

W
R

V
V
H
V'
H
V"
H

a
b
t
a

0
T
t
vy nu vn hnh vi lu lng nc khng i (bng Q
tb
) th trc nm ngang
cng trng vi ng cong ly tch nc chy ra khi h. Th tch nc trong h
khi chnh bng khong cch gia ng cong ly tch vi trc nm ngang. Th
tch nc gi li trong h s ln nht vo thi im t
a
xc nh c bng cch v
tip tuyn nm ngang tip xc pha trn vi ng cong ly tch nc chy vo h.
Khong cch ab xc nh th tch h cha ln cho php san bng hon ton
dng chy. D thy, t 0 n t
a
tch nc vo h, t t
a
n T s dng nc t h.
Mi nm c lu lng nc trung bnh v ng cong ly tch khc nhau, cn tnh
cho nhiu nm chn ra th tch ln nht cn thit cho iu tit san bng hon
ton dng chy (xem hnh v).
Th tch ln ca h m bo san bng hon ton dng chy, xc nh nh trn
thng c tr s kh ln (chim t 25% - 40% lng nc trung bnh nm ca
dng chy). Thc t cc h thng c tr s nh hn nhiu, do ch c kh nng
iu tit hn ch.






Chng 4
iu tit dng chy
4.1. ngha v phn loi iu tit
1. iu tit dng chy theo nhu cu iu chnh cng sut NMT
Ch thay i ca dng chy t nhin thng khng ph hp vi nhu cu cung
cp in. Chng hn, xt trong chu k mt nm th lu lng nc trn sng thay
i rt mnh, tng ng vi biu thy vn (hnh 4.1,a), trong khi in nng
tiu th hnh thng ca ph ti h thng li rt t thay i. Nh vy vo ma l
lng nc v qu nhiu, khng th s dng ht theo cng sut vn hnh cc t
my, cn ma cn lu lng nc ca dng chy qu t khng p ng cho nhu
cu pht in. Xt trong phm vi ngn hn, v d mt ngy m, th lu lng
nc hu nh cha thay i, trong khi biu cng sut ph ti tng h thng
li thay i rt ln theo ca kp lm vic ca cc nh my x nghip v nhu cu in
sinh hot (hnh 2.2,b).













Vn t ra l c th tn dng ti a kh nng tch nc ca h iu tit li dng
chy nhm p ng tt nht cho nhu cu pht in (cha ni n cc loi iu tit
khc). H cng ln th hiu qu iu tit cng cao.
Hnh 4.1
Q
S
P
t
a) b)
Q
S
P
t
ngy
t
gi
t
24
365
P,Q
P,Q
Mc tiu chung ca bi ton iu tit dng chy l nhm em li hiu qu kinh t
cao nht, xt trong phm vi ton h thng. Tuy nhin, ty theo iu kin ngi ta
thc hin cc bi ton khc nhau, mc tiu c th ca mi trng hp c th khng
ging nhau, do ch khai thc c mt phng din nht nh ca hiu qu kinh t.
V d iu tit sn lng in nng c nm ca NMT t c cao nht. Khi
hiu qu kinh t ca vic iu tit l tn dng c ti a ngun nng lng r
tin t dng sng. Trng hp iu tit, vn hnh NMT lm cho biu pht
cng sut ca cc NMN hp l, hiu sut t cao, th hiu qu kinh t li l gim
chi ph nhin liu cho cc NMN. Mc tiu ca cc loi iu tit phc v li ch
tng hp (iu tit l, ti tiu, cp nc sinh hot ...) cn hon ton khc na.
2. Phn loi iu tit
a. Theo thi gian, ngi ta chia ra cc loi iu tit sau:
- iu tit ngy;
- iu tit tun;
- iu tit ma;
- iu tit nm;
- iu tit nhiu nm;
Vic phn loi theo thi gian l nhm xc nh khong thi gian thc hin tnh
ton iu tit. Vi nhng khong thi gian khc nhau, m t ton hc v hm mc
tiu ca bi ton c th hon ton khc nhau. l v kh nng thc hin iu tit
v hiu qu em li khng ging nhau.
Trong phm vi mt ngy m, lu lng ca dng chy hu nh khng thay i
trong khi ph ti h thng li thay i nhiu, ch c th t bi ton iu chnh
cng sut NMT (cng c ngha l thay i lu lng dng chy) sao cho h
thng c li nht. Khng c kh nng lm tng thm sn lng in nng cho
NMT bi lng nc khng i. Hn na, bi ton cng ch c th thc hin khi
h vi, cn kh nng iu chnh mc nc trong h (ngoi ma l). Thc ra bi
ton iu tit nc cho NMT trong trng hp ny nm trong bi ton chung ca
h thng: phn b ti u cng sut cho cc NM vi HT hn hp thy nhit
in. Tuy nhin, xt ring cc NMT ngi ta cng thng p dng cc phng
php ring n gin hn (chng 5). Kt qu ca bi ton iu tit ngy (d thc
hin theo phng php no) cng u c dng chung l iu chnh cng sut
NMT theo phn nh ca biu ph ti tng h thng (hnh 4.2). Khi cc
NMN c kh nng lm vic vi biu pht bng phng hn.






















iu tit tun cng c ngha tng t nh iu tit ngy. Lu lng nc trn
sng trong phm vi mt tun cng vn c coi nh khng i. Cc ngy lm vic
(t th 2 n th su) in nng tiu th nhiu hn ngy th su v th by. iu
tit tun thc cht l thay i tr s lu lng nc trung bnh cc ngy trong tun
N
T
t

24 h

t
1
t
2
Q

t

24 h

t
1
t
2
Z

t

24 h

t
1
t
2
N
tb
N

Q
tb
Z
tb
Q

Z

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 4.2

N
T
t

Q

t

7 ngy

Z

t

7 ngy

N
tb
N

Q
tb
Z
tb
Q

Z

b)

c)

Hnh 4.3

a)

7 ngy

p ng s tng in nng s dng cc ngy lm vic (u tun) v gim in
nng trong cc ngy ngh cui tun. Trn hnh 4.3,a,b,c minh ha s thay i tr s
trung bnh ngy v cng sut, lu lng v mc nc trong h. ng mc nc
v bng nt t trn hnh 4.3,c biu th s thay i mc nc c trong phm vi
ngy, Mc tiu ca iu tit tun cng l gim chi ph vn hnh tng trong h
thng.
So vi iu tit ngy v iu tit tun, iu tit nm c nhng c trng hon ton
khc, khng th coi lu lng nc trn sng l t thay i. Hn na, y cn l
nguyn nhn hn ch hiu qu khai thc thy nng ca NMT. V vy nhim v
ca iu tit nm l lm cho dng chy ng u hn nhm khai thc ti a nng
lng ca dng chy.














Hnh 4.4 th hin hiu qu ca bi tan iu tit nm bng h cha (trng hp h
ln v trng hp c th tch hn ch). Nu khng iu tit th v mc l
NMT ch c th vn hnh vi lu lng ti a Q
TD
max
, x ton b lu lng nc
tha, trong khi ma cn ch c th vn hnh vi lu lng rt nh theo dng chy
t nhin ca dng sng. Nu h ln c th vn hnh quanh nm vi lu lng
Q
S
a)
t
365 ngy
Q
max
TD
Q Q
TD
(t)
tch nc cp nc cp nc
Q
S
b)
t
365 ngy
Q
max
TD
Q
Q
TD
(t)
tch nc cp nc cp nc x
Hnh 4.4. iu tit nm
nc cc i (bng lu lng nc trung bnh ca dng sng), ton b lu lng
nc tha tch trong ma l c dng va ht trong ma cn. Khi h c dung tch
hn ch, c mt phn nc tha trong ma l b x trn. Tuy nhin, lng nc
tch ly c y h nng lu lng nc vn hnh trong ma cn ln thm ng
k, cng vi ct nc cng c dng cao. Hiu qu "tn dng nc dng chy" v
hiu qu "dng cao ct nc" ca iu tit nm lm sn lng in nng NMT l
tng ln ng k.
Ngi ta cung thng chia bi ton iu tit nm thnh 2 ma ring bit gii
(ma nc ln v ma nc xung) v chng c nhng c trng c lp tng i.














iu tit nhiu nm, c xt n khi h c dung tch ln (vt trn th tch san
bng hon ton dng chy theo chu k mt nm), trong khi dng chy bin ng
nhiu vi chu k di hn (nhiu nm). Nhiu dng sng c chu k di hn kh r
rt, v d c 6 nm li c mt nm nc cc i, mt nm nc cc tiu (hnh 4.5).
Nu h c dung tch ln, c th tch y h vo cui nhng nm nc to ri dng
dn vo na chu k nc cn. Khi h ln cng c th san bng hon ton dng
chy theo chu k nhiu nm. Hnh 4.5 v ng cong ly tch nhiu nm ca dng
nm
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
W m
3

-Q
0
t
ng Q
tb nm

V
hi
san bng dng chy nhiu nm
ng Q
tb
nhiu nm
Q
S

Hnh 4.5
V
hi
san bng dng chy nm
chy c chu k 6 nm. Tng t nh chu k mt nm, c th xc nh c dung
tch h cha ln san bng hon ton dng chy nhiu nm theo ng cong ly
tch.
b. Theo tnh cht iu tit, ngi ta chia ra 2 loi : iu tit ngn hn v iu tit
di hn. Trong iu tit ngy v iu tit tun tng ng vi iu tit ngn hn,
iu tit ma, iu nm v iu tit nhiu nm tng ng vi iu tit di hn.
Cch phn loi nh trn khng n thun chia li khong thi gian m ch yu l
do c s khc nhau v tnh cht gia iu tit ngn hn v iu tit di hn.
Vi iu tit di, thc cht v cch thc iu tit l iu chnh li dng chy vn
thay i nhiu tr nn t thay i hn cho ph hp vi nhu cu cung cp in (u
n). V mc tiu iu tit th iu tit di hn nhm tn dng ti a nng lng
dng nc, lm tng sn lng in nng ca nh my thy in ln mc cc i.
Cn vi iu tit ngn hn, ngc li, thc hin iu chnh dng chy vn t thay
i tr thnh thay i nhiu hn, ph hp vi bin ng ca biu cng sut ti.
Mc tiu iu tit l lm gim chi ph vn hnh tng ca h hng xung n mc
cc tiu.
Do c s khc nhau c bn v iu tit di hn v ngn hn nn phng php tnh
ton iu tit cng khc nhau. Trong chng ny ch yu xt phng php iu
tit di hn vi chu k 1 nm.
4.2. tnh ton iu tit di hn dng chy theo phng php
th
I. Bi ton
Xt bi ton iu tit di hn trong chu k mt nm. C th m t nh sau:
- Cho trc biu thy vn ca dng sng. Thc cht l cho chui gi tr lu
lng nc ca nm tnh ton. Ty theo mc y ca s liu, gi tr c
cho ca lu lng nc c th l tr s trung bnh ngy, trung bnh tun, 1/2 thng,
thm ch trung bnh thng.
- Cho trc dung tch hu ch ca h, ct nc cc i H
max
, cc c tnh h
(ng cong c tnh th tch, c tnh mc nc thng lu, h lu ...).
- Cho tr s lu lng nc ln nht c th lm vic ca cc tua bin Q
Tmax
.
Yu cu: xc nh tr s lu lng nc vn hnh ca NMT cc khong thi
gian trong nm, sao cho sn lng in nng tng ca NMT t tr s cc i.
Yu cu trn chnh l hm mc tiu ca iu tit di hn (trong trng hp xt c
lp hiu qu iu tit ca NMT). Cc yu cu khc c th coi l gii hn vn
hnh : cng sut vn hnh ti thiu ca t my (hoc lu lng m bo t nht)
theo nhu cu h thng, gii hn mc nc cao nht, thp nht trong h, lng nc
li trong h cui chu k iu tit ...).
Cng cn ni thm v hm mc tiu trong bi ton iu tit di hn dng chy.
tm cc tr hm mc tiu l sn lng in nng, ni chung, i hi phi m t
hm v s dng nhng phng php ton hc phc tp. l v bi ton cha
nhiu quan h v gii hn phi tuyn. Tng ng vi cc iu kin c th (v cc
iu kin rng buc, phng php gii) ngi ta s dng nhng hm mc tiu gn
ng tng ng khc nhau. Khi p dng phng php th, bi ton thng
c m t hm mc tiu l lm gim lng nc x xung mc thp nht, trong
khi m bo lu lng nc vn hnh ng u nht c th c. L thuyt v cc
tnh ton c th cho thy kt qu in nng nhn c rt gn vi gi tr cc i.
Ngoi ra, nh my cn m bo c rng buc v yu cu ca h thng: pht
cng sut u n gia cc ma.
II. Phng php gii
Ta xt phng php th vi vic s dng cc ng cong ly tch. Bi ton c
thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Da vo s liu thy vn cho v ng cong ly tch nc chy vo h
(t dng sng). Ni chung cc s liu c cho di dng bng s, nn ng
cong ly tch c v gn ng theo ng gp khc v lm trn trn hnh (xem
chng 2).
Bc 2: Da vo tr s dung tch hu ch h cha, v mt ng cong nm di v
cch u ng cong ly tch nc chy vo h, mt on bng V
hi
. ng cong
va v c gi l ng cong kim tra. D thy rng ng cong ly tch nc
iu tit qua tua bin ca NMT (ang cn v) ch c th nm gia hai ng cong
ni trn. l v tnh t gc thi gian n mt thi im bt k th tng lng
nc chy ra khi h ch c th bng hoc nh hn tng lng nc chy vo. Hn
na, khong cch gia 2 ng cong ly tch chnh bng lng nc chnh lch.
Nh vy, khi lng nc chnh lch nh hn hoc bng V
hi
th chnh l lng
nc gi li trong h. Lc , ng cong ly tch lu lng nc chy ra khi h
(cng chnh l lu lng nc vn hnh) nm bn trn ng cong kim tra. Nu
th tch nc chnh lch ln hn V
hi
c ngha l h phi x trn, khi ng
cong ly tch nc chy ra khi h (bao gm lu lng nc vn hnh v lu lng
nc x) s ct v i xung di ng cong kim tra. Khong cch nm di biu
th th tch nc x.
Bc 3: v ng cong ly tch lu lng nc iu tit ti u t u n cui chu
k iu tit (hnh 4.6).


















W
Q
S
Q
P
Q'
P
Q''
P
V
hi
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t'
5
t
5
t"
5
t'
1
t'
2
t'
3
t'
4
t
1
t
2
t
4
t
5
t'
1
t
3
t'
2
t'
3
t'
4
V
V
hi
Hnh 4.6
0
0
0
Q
0
Q
P
Q
T
Q=0
T
T
ng cong kim tra

thun li cho vic tnh ton, chu k iu tit c chn sao cho thi im u
(t = 0) v thi im cui (t = T) trng vi giai on cui ca ma nc cn (hoc
cui ma l). Trn hnh v chn cc thi im ny tng ng vi thi im
cui ca ma cn. Cch chn ny cho php ta v ngay c phn u ca ng
cong ly tch. l v vo giai on cui ca ma ma nc cn, phng n vn
hnh ti u ca nh my l s dng ht nc ca h, nhm c th tch h ln nht
tch nc ma l sp ti. Lc ny mc nc trong h l thp nht (bng mc nc
cht), th tch nc gi li bng 0, ng cong ly tch lu lng nc vn hnh
(chy ra) phi v trng vi ng cong ly tch nc chy vo h (khong cch
bng 0). Nh vy giai on ny lu lng nc vn hnh cng gi va ng bng
lu lng nc ca dng chy. Qu trnh vn hnh nh trn cng ch c th ko
di n thi im t
1
, l thi im m lu lng nc trn sng kh ln, ng
bng Q
Tmax
(l lu lng nc tng ln nht c th vn hnh qua cc tua bin). Sau
thi im ny lu lng nc trn sng tip tc tng ln, cc tua bin cn vn hnh
vi tr s ti a khng i l Q
Tmax
. ng cong ly tch tng ng vi giai on
ny c th v c trng vi ng thng tip tuyn, tip xc vi ng cong ly
tch nc chy vo h ti t
1
. nghing ca tip tuyn c th xc nh nh biu
t l xch hnh tia, tng ng vi tr s Q
Tmax
bit (xem hnh x). T sau t
1
lu
lng nc trn sng ln hn lu lng nc vn hnh nn c mt lng nc tha
c tch tr li trong h. Th tch nc gi li chnh bng khong cch gia hai
ng cong luy tch. T hnh v c th thy c n thi im t
2
th h y nc
(ng cong ly tch nc chy ra khi h chm n ng cong kim tra).
Sau thi im t
2
lu lng nc trn sng tip tc ln hn lu lng nc vn hnh
(vn ang vn hnh ti a bng Q
Tmax
), h y nc nn phi x mt lng nc
tha qua p. Th tch nc x tng ng vi din tch nm di ng cong kim
tra (c vch en trn hnh v). Qu trnh x cng ch cn ko di n thi im
t
3
. l thi im m lu lng nc ca sng gim i, tr li bng Q
Tmax
(c
th vn hnh ht c). Phng n vn hnh sau t
3
l vn hnh vi ton b lu
lng nc chy vo (bng Q
S
) nhm tip tc gi cho h y nc mt thi gian
sau ma l. Hn na lu lng lc ny vn kh ln. ng cong ly tch cn v
giai on ny trng vi ng cong kim tra (v h lun y nc). Vic s dng
nc h c bt u t thi im t
4
ko di n t
5
. y l ma nc cn, phng
n iu tit c chn l vn hnh vi tr s lu lng nc khng i, xc nh
theo nghing ca ng thng tip tuyn, tip xc pha trn vi ng cong
kim tra ti t
4
v tip xuc pha di vi ng cong ly tch nc chy vo h ti
t
5
. Trn hnh v ca biu t l xch hnh tia ta xc nh c tr s ny l Q
P
. Sau
thi im t
5
h ht nc (ng cong iu tit chm n ng cong kim tra),
ng thi cng l giai on cui ca ma nc cn (ging nh trng thi tai t = 0)
nn phng n iu tit c thc hin lp li nh giai on u.
ng cong ly tch iu tit va v chnh l phng n vn hnh ti u ca
NMT (theo ngha nu). Mi phng n vn hnh khc u hoc l lm cho
lng nc x tng ln, hoc lm cho cng sut pht khng cn ng u. Hy xt
thm v khong thi gian t t
4
n t
5
. Nu cho vn hnh vi lu lng nc Q'
P
>
Q
P
(ng cong ly tch iu tit s phi nm cao hn) th t hnh v thy rng n
thi im t'
5
h ht nc. Thi im t'
5
mi ang gia ma l, do nh my
s phi vn hnh vi cng sut rt nh, tng ng vi lu lng nc ca ma cn.
Ngc li nu cho nh my vn hnh vi Q"
P
< Q
P
(ng iu tit s nm thp
hn) th cng t hnh v thy rng, h khng lc no ht nc sut trong ma cn.
Hn na n thi im t"
5
t h li y nc mat t"5 mi ch l cui ma cn nn
nh my s phi x mt lng nc rt ln vo ma l tip sau. R rng vn hnh
vi lu lng nc Q
P
xc inhl hp l. Cng c th xt tng t cho cc
khong thi gian khc.
Sau khi c ng cong l tch iu tit ti u, ta c th xc nh c mi thng s
vn hnh khc ca nh my mi khong thi gian trong nm : tr s lu lng
nc vn hnh, th tch nc trong h, mc nc thng lu, mc nc h lu, ct
nc ca nh my t tnh c cng sut vn hnh ca NMT v sn lng
in nng c nm. Hnh 4.7. minh ha kt qu tnh ton mt s i lng nu.




























C th thc hin theo th t sau.
- Theo ng cong iu tit xc nh tr s lu lng nc vn hnh qua tua bin
NMT tng khong thi gian. Kt qu tng ng vi bng sau:

t
1
t
2
t
4
t
5
t'
1
t
3
t'
2
t'
3
t'
4
Q

T
Q
Tmax
Q
T
(t)
Q
S

t

t
1
t
2
t
4
t
5
t'
1
t
3
t'
2
t'
3
t'
4
Z
hl
T
t

Z
hl
(t)
t
1
t
2
t
4
t
5
t'
1
t
3
t'
2
t'
3
t'
4
Z
dbt
T
Z
ch
Z

t

t
1
t
2
t
4
t
5
t'
1
t
3
t'
2
t'
3
t'
4
V
V
hi
T t

t
1
t
2
t
4
t
5
t'
1
t
3
t'
2
t'
3
t'
4
P
T
T
t

Hnh 4.7

Thi gian 0 - t
1
t
1
- t
2
t
2
-t
3
t
3
-t
4
t
4
-t
5
t
5
-T
Q
T
(t) Q
S
Q
Tmax
Q
Tmax
Q
S
Q
P
Q
S

Q
x
(t) 0 0 Q
s
- Q
Tmax
0 0 0

- Xc nh bin thin th tch nc trong h (da vo khong cch gia ng
cong ly tch nc chy vo h v ng cong lu lng nc iu tit).
- Bit th tch nc trong h c th tnh c mc nc thng lu theo ng
cong c tnh th tch h.
- Bit tr s lu lng nc vn hnh Q
T
v lu lng nc x Q
x
xc nh mc
nc h lu theo ng cong c tnh mc nc h lu.
- Tnh ct nc ca NMT:
) ( ) ( ) (
T x T hl
Q H Q Q Z Q Z H + =
- Xc nh cng sut ca NMT:
P
T
= 9,81HQ
T
.
- Tnh sn lng in nng c nm ca NMT:

i i
t
TD TD
t t P E
i
=

) (
III. Cc trng hp ring
1. Trng hp h c dung tch ln
Trng hp h c dung tch tng i ln, khi tnh ton iu tit ti u lu lng
nc x c th bng 0. Trong trng hp ny vic tnh ton iu tit cn c th
thc hin theo cch n gin hn. Sau khi v ng cong ly tch nc chy vo
h v ng cong kim tra c th xy dng ng cong ly tch iu tit bng
cch v lin tip cc on thng tip tuyn, tip xc pha trn vi ng cong kim
tra v tip xc pha di vi ng cong ly tch nc chy vo h. Phn cn li
ca ng cong c v men theo cc ng cong ni trn. Phng php ny cn
c gi l phng php "si ch cng".
Thng thng vi mi trng hp, ngi ta p dng th u tin phng php si
ch cng. Sau kim tra ring cho ma l bng cch v tia tip tuyn vi ng
cong ly tch nc chy vo h. Nu tip tuyn dc hn ng si ch cng th
phng php si ch cng tho mn, ly lm kt qu tnh ton. Trong trng hp
ngc li, s dng tia tip tuyn thay cho si ch cng v hiu chnh li ng
cong ly tch iu tit (theo trng hp c x).















2. Trng hp c nhiu nh my thy in xy dng ni tip trn cng mt
dng sng
Khi c nhiu NMT xy dng ni tip trn cng mt dng sng th thc hin iu
tit mt nh my c th c nh hng n cc nh my in cn li. Thng
thng ch vic iu tit cc NMT pha trn c nh hng n cc NMT pha
di. nh hng ngc li khi cc NMT rt gn nhau, mc nc h lu ca
NMT pha trn b nh hng bi mc nc iu tit pha di.
Tnh ton iu tit trong trng hp ny cn c thc hin teo th t: NMT pha
trn trc, pha di sau. Lu lng nc chy vo h tnh ton cho NMT pha
di c ly bng lu lng dng chy t nhin (khi cha c s iu tit no) tr
i tng th tch cc lng nc b gi li cc h pha trn, tnh trong mt n v
W
t
Hnh 4.7. Phng php si ch cng
Q
S
Q
Tmax

Q
T

V
hi

ng cong kim tra
0
thi gian v ti cng mt thi im. Trong thc hnh, vic tr ny d dng thc
hin c theo cc ng cong ly tch.


























S tt
Q Q =
1
1 2
V Q Q
S tt
=
2 1 3
V V Q Q
S tt
=
T1
T2
Hnh 4.8
W
ng cong kim tra
Q
tt1
=Q
s

Q
tt2
=Q
s
-V1
V1
V1
V2
ng cong kim tra
t
t
Q
T1

Q
T2

Q
S
W
Hnh 4.8 minh ha kt qu thc hin tnh ton iu tit cho 2 nh my thy in
kiu p xy dng ni tip trn mt dng sng. iu tit NMT th 2 (pha
di) c gi thit tha mn phng php si ch cng.
C th nhn thy rng, khi thc hin iu tit ng thi cc NMT xy dng ni
tip trn mt dng sng, hiu qu lun lun c tng thm so vi khi ch c mt
nh my. Nh my cng nm pha di th hiu qu "cng thm" cng cao. l
v sau mi iu chnh NMT pha trn dng chy li ng u hn. Lng nc
x NMT pha di gim c, ct nc cng dng cao v ng u nn in
nng thu c ln.
IV. Tnh ton iu tit nhiu nm
Khi dung tch h ln c th tn dng iu tit nhiu nm. Phng php th
gii bi ton iu tit nhiu nm hon ton tng t nh iu tit nm. V h ln
ngi ta thng p dng ban u theo phng php si ch cng. Nu trong ma l
no , theo phng php si ch cng nhn c gi tr Q
T
> Q
Tmax
th cng phi
hiu chnh li v c x trn. Trn hnh 4.9 minh ha ng cong iu tit iu tit
nhiu nm khi h c dung tch hn ch, tng ng vi s liu ca hnh 4.5.














nm
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
W m
3

V
hi
san bng dng chy nhiu nm
ng Q
tb
nhiu nm
Q
S

Hnh 4.5
ng cong kim tra
V
hi

Q
T

x
Ngoi cc tnh ton theo c trng thi gian (s dng chui s liu lu lng nc
thng k theo lch thi gian), vi iu tit nhiu nm ngi ta cn thc hin tnh
ton theo c trng xc sut. Mt trong cc bi ton thuc loi ny l xy dng
quan h gia xc sut m bo nc p cho lng nc s dng W
p
vi dung tch
hu ch ca h V
hi
. Cc i lng thng c tnh trong h n v tng i:

0 0
;
W
W
W
W
hi
p
= =
Trong : W
0
- l lng nc trung bnh nhiu nm, c ly lm lng c bn
tnh ton th tch nc.
Quan h gia cc i lng trn c xy dng cho dng sng c th, bit trc
cc c trng dng chy nh ng cong tn sut m bo nc (cng tnh trong
h n v tng i), n nh dng C
v
, khng i xng C
s
. Khi , nu cho
trc 2 trong 3 i lng (, , p) s xc nh c ngay i lng th 3. V d
cho trc th tch hu ch ca h , xc xut m bo nc p, t ng cong quan
h: ) , ( p f =
c th xc nh c lng nc m bo (tn sut p) l , vi tr s : W
p
= W
0
.
Ngi ta cng xy dng quan h tng hp hn, xt n c s thay i ca h s C
v

( v coi C
s
= 2C
v
) xy dng ng cong quan h dng:
) , , ( p C f
v
= .
H s thng c chn xy dng t 0,2 n 0,9 cn p trong pham vi t 75%
n 97%. ng cong sau khi xy dng c c th dng vo nhiu mc ch tnh
ton khc nhau xt n cc c trng xc sut ca dng chy.
4.3. Biu iu phi h cha
Nh bit (trong chng 2), cc c trng thy vn a ra v s dng cho cc
tnh ton iu tit dng chy u da vo chui cc s liu thng k qu kh. Cc
c trng ny ni chung ch c ngha trung bnh xc xut, bi dng chy c c
tnh ngu nhin. Trong vn hnh NMT thng khng c c cc d bo di hn
tin cy nn c th dn n nhng sai khc ng k, nh hng n hiu qu khai
thc thy nng v tin cy cung cp in cho h thng. x l cc tnh hung
sai lch ngi ta nghin cu cc quy tc vn hnh h cha theo trng thi hin thc
ca h. Mt trong nhng quy tc vn hnh nh vy c th hin di dng biu
gi l biu iu phi nc ca h cha. Biu gip cho ngi vn hnh
ch ng trong mi tnh hung, x l ng, khc phc c nhng bin ng bt
thng ca dng chy cng nh nhng yu cu t xut v nhu cu nc v nhu
cu nng lng.
Trc honh ca biu iu phi biu th thi gian trong nm (theo lch), trc
tung biu th th tch nc hoc mc nc trong h.
















Vi cc ng cong gii hn xy dng c, biu iu phi chia ra thnh cc
vng sau (hnh 4.6):
I- Vng chng x tha (vn hnh vi cng sut ti a);
II- Vng vn hnh bnh thng (pht cng sut nng cao trn mc m bo theo
iu tit ti u);
III- Vng pht theo cng sut m bo;
1
2
3
4
5
Z m
t
Hnh 4.6. Biu iu phi
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
thng
I
II
III
IV
I
IV- Vng cung cp in hn ch (gim thp xung di cng sut m bo).
phn chia cc vng trn, cn xy dng cc ng ng mc s dng lu lng
nc (hay cng cng sut pht trung bnh ngay m) ca NMT.
ng gii hn quan trng nht l ng ng mc pht cng sut m bo
(ng 2 trn hnh 4.6). Mc nc di ng ny khng cho php NMT pht
ln trn cng sut m bo tnh ton, nhm duy tr pht cng sut c n nh lu
di (khng b thiu nc). Cng sut m bo tnh ton l cng sut pht thp
nhng c tin cy cao (vi tn xut m bo nc 90%) c xt n kh nng
iu tit ti u dng chy (ca nm nc in hnh tnh ton). Cng sut ny, gi
thit tnh c v tng ng vi lu lng nc m bo Q
p
. xy dng
ng gii hn ni trn cn da vo s liu dng chy ca cc nm c lng nc
gn vi lng nc ca nm tnh ton (k hiu l W
p
). S liu dng chy ca nm
th i, c quy chun bng cch nhn vi t s W
p
/W
i
(W
i
l lng nc ca nm
th i la chn). Na ng cong pha ma cn c xy dng bng cch gii
bi ton iu tit ngc (t cui ma cn) vi gi thit cui ma cn h ht nc
( mc nc cht) v lu lng nc s dng gi khng thay i bng Q
p
. Na
ng cong tng ng vi ma l cng c thc hin tng t nhng xut pht t
cui ma l, vi mc nc dng bnh thng (ng 1 trn hnh v). Kt qu s
nhn c cc ng cong khc nhau (cho mi nm). V ng bao pha trn cc
ng cong ny, ta c ng cong gii hn 2 cn v.
Gp nhng nm c bit t nc (tng ng vi tn sut trn 90%) cn vn hnh
vi lu lng nc hn ch khng phi gim t bin kh nng cung cp in
ca NMT. Thng tnh vi kh nng vn hnh bng 0,8Q
p
. xy dng ng
cong gii hn trong trng hp ny cn chn ra cc nm t nc c bit trong
chui thng k. Quy i lu lng nc mi nm v nm tnh ton v thc hin
tnh ton iu tit ngc t cui ma cn, gi lu lng nc khng i bng
0,8Q
p
. Kt qu nhn c ng cong 3 nh trn hnh v (l ng bao pha trn
ca cc ng cong tnh ton). i khi ngi ta cn xy dng thm ng gii
hn ng vi lu lng bng 0,6Q
p
p dng cho nhng nm qu t nc. Cch
xy dng cng tng t. Mc nc h xung di ng cong ny cn gim cng
sut ch cn 60% so vi cng sut m bo (ng 4).
ng cong phn chia ra vng vn hnh chng x tha nm bn trn vng pht
cng sut nng cao. Khi mc nc nm trn ng gii hn ny (trong vng chng
x tha) cn cho nh my vn hnh vi lu lng nc ti a Q
Tmax
. y l vng,
theo tnh ton, nu khng vn hnh ti a chc chn phi x tha. ng cong
c xy dng da vo s liu cc nm nc to (tn sut di 10%). S liu c
quy i v nm c tn sut (1-p), ngha l nhn vi t s W
(1-p)
/W
i
. ng gii hn
trong trng hp ny tng ng vi ng bao pha di ca cc ng cong tnh
ton. ng cong xy dng c thng ch tn ti trong ma cn v u ma l
(ng 4 trn hnh 4.6), bi trong ma l cng sut thng phi pht nng cao n
ti a mi m bo ti u ( lng nc x t nht). Vng pht nng cao v vng
chng x tha trong ma l trng nhau. Hn na, cui ma l cn c th c c
khong thi gian phi x tha bt buc, khng th vn hnh chng x tha.
Biu xy dng c nh trn mi ch l c s cho biu iu phi. Trong thc
t p dng thnh quy trnh vn hnh ngi ta cn xem xt thm li gii ti u
ca bi ton iu tit cc nm (qu kh) hiu chnh cc ng cong, cng nh
hiu chnh theo kinh nghim vn hnh lu nm cho biu iu phi. L do c th
hiu chnh cc ng cong gii hn l v c nhng phn ranh gii khng chc chn
(gia ng bao pha trn v pha di cc ng cong). Ngoi ra xut pht t c
im h thng cng sut yu cu m bo c th khc nhau. Mc ch cui cng
ca vic hiu chnh l gi cho cng sut vn hnh n nh (t b ph v xung di
cng xut yu cu) v sn lng in nng thu c ti a.
D nhn thy rng, nu tun th biu iu phi th ch tn ti vng tng i
hp gia ng 2 v ng 5 (vng pht nng cao) cn xc nh cng sut pht c
th theo tnh ton ti u cng nh cc yu cu khc ca h thng.
4.4. Tnh ton iu tit di hn theo cc phng php s
I. Bi ton
tnh ton iu tit di hn dng chy theo cc phng php s ngi ta thng
m t bi ton di dng m hnh iu khin ti u.
1. Hm mc tiu (cc i ha sn lng in nng trong chu k tnh ton):

=
T
TD
Max dt t P E
0
) ( (1)
Biu thc ca P
T
trong hm mc tiu c dng:
P
T
= 9,81..H.Q = 9,81..(Z - Z
hl
- H).Q
Ty theo mc chnh xc, hiu sut , mc nc h lu Z
hl
v tn tht ct nc
H cn c m t theo cc hm quan h vi lu lng nc (trong rng buc).
2. Cc rng buc
a- Phng trnh cn bng nc ca h (theo 3.7):

tl r x s
Q Q Q Q Q
dt
dZ
Z F = ) ( (2)
b- Cc ng cong quan h:
+ c tnh din tch mt h: F = (Z) ;
+ c tnh mc nc h lu: Z
hl
= (Q+Q
x
) ;
+ c tnh tn tht ct nc: H = (Q)
+ c tnh hiu sut : = (Q,H)
c- Cc gii hn vn hnh:
+ Mc nc thng lu: Z
min
(t) Z(t) Z
max
(t) ; (3)
Mc nc cc i ph thuc nhiu vo yu cu iu tit l, cn mc nc cc tiu
thng ph thuc cc nhu cu v li ch tng hp ngun nc. Trng hp ring
Z
min
(t) = Z
ch
, Z
max
(t) = Z
dbt
;
+ Lu lng vn hnh: Q
min
Q(t) Q
Tmax
.
Gii hn ti thiu Q
min
thng ph thuc yu cu m bo mc nc h lu, Q
Tmax

tng ng vi ch pht cc i cng sut ca cc t my.
+ Gii hn cng sut pht: P
Tmin
(t) P
T
(t) P
Tmax
(t) .
Gii hn ti thiu ca cng sut pht thng c t ra theo yu cu h thng,
cn gii hn ti a theo cng sut kh pht ca cc t my. Vi cc tua bin kiu
Francis v Kaplan ngi ta thng s dng quan h gn ng cho gii hn cng
sut kh pht:

< < +

=
TK
TK TK
TD
H H H khi b aH
H H khi P
t P
min
max
max
) (
Trong : P
max TK
l cng sut nh mc pht theo ct nc thit k H
TK
.
a , b - l nhng h s tnh theo ng cong gii hn vn hnh tua bin.
+ Gii hn in nng cung cp :
E
min ti
E
ti
E
max ti
(4)
y, cc lng in nng cung cp c tnh cho nhng khong thi gian xc
nh (ngy, tun hoc thng). y l gii hn rt quan trng ph thuc vo yu cu
huy ng cng sut ca h thng, c bit l tr s E
min
trong cc thng ma kh.
Tr s E
min
khng th yu cu ln hn in nng m bo ca NMT, nhng c
th chp nhn tr s nh hn nu h thng c d phng ln. Khi hiu qu kinh
t iu tit s cao hn.
Khi iu tit phi hp cc NMT trn cc bc thang dng sng (xy dng ni
tip) hoc c nhiu NMT trong h thng, m hnh vn c dng tng t. S khc
nhau ch yu l m t hm mc tiu (theo in nng tng) v cc quan h lu
lng ca cc NMT xy dng ni tip (nh trong phng php th).
Cng cn ni thm l, cch m t bi ton nh trn nhm th hin trng hp
chung nht. Thc t, ph thuc vo c im ca phng php gii, ngi ta c th
thay i m hnh bi ton. Ph bin nht l cch chia khong thi gian tnh ton
(coi cc thng s vn hnh khng i trong tng khong thi gian). Khi hm
mc tiu (1) c a v dng:
Max t t P E
N
i
i i TD
=

=1
) ( (5)
Trong , t
i
c th chn l cc thng trong nm (hoc ngn hn). Thi im cui
mi khong chia thng c nh s th t trng vi s th t ca khong.
Trong trng hp ny rng buc cn bng nc c s dng trn c s (3.6) v
a v dng:

i tli ri xi i si i
t Q Q Q Q Q V = ) (
(6)
Cc tr s lu lng nc trong phng trnh c hiu l tr s trung bnh trong
khong t
i
. Th tch nc V
i
tch li trong h bng hiu th tch nc h ti thi
im t
i
(cui khong t
i
) v thi im t
i-1
:

1
=
i i i
V V V (7)
Vi phng trnh cn bng nc dng (6) v (7) th s dng c tnh th tch h s
thun li hn c tnh din tch. C th tnh c th tch nc h ti thi im u
v cui khong xt theo cc mc nc thng lu:

) (
) (
1 1
=
=
i i
i i
Z f V
Z f V
(8)
II. Cc phng php gi
1. Phng php quy hoch ng ri rc
Bi ton c m t theo (5), (6), (7) v (8). Cc rng buc khc ging nh trong
trng hp chung.
thy r ngha ca phng php ta minh ha thut ton theo s hnh hc.
Gi thit chu k tnh ton T c chia ra lm N khong (ti cc im chia t
0
=0, t
1
,
t
2
, ..., T
N
=T). S th t khong c ly trng vi im chia cui khong. Mc
nc h c ri rc ha thnh M mc ti cc gi tr Z
1
= Z
ch
, Z
2
, Z
3
, ..., Z
M
= Z
dbt
.













Hnh 4.7. Minh ha phng php QH
A
B
C
D E
F
G
Z
R
Z
S
Z
1
Z
2
Z
M
0
T
t

t
1
t
2
t
N-2
t
N-1
t
i-1
t
i
Z

n gin ta gi thit ch xt rng buc gii hn (3). Theo l thuyt iu khin
ti u, ta ch cn xc nh qu o cho mt bin c lp no (gi l bin iu
khin). Sau khi c qu o ti u cho bin iu khin c th tm c mi bin
khc (ti u) da trn cc quan h v rng buc.
Nu chn bin iu khin l mc nc thng lu trong h th bi ton c th m
t thnh vic tm mt qu o mc nc trn mt phng (Z,t) sao cho nu NMT
vn hnh theo mc nc ny th sn lng in nng c nm t cc i (qu o
ti u). Vi cc gi tr c ri rc ha nh trn (ca thi gian v mc nc) s tn
ti mt s lng hu hn nhng rt ln cc qu o c th vn hnh (i qua cc
im nt ca s li) t u n cui qu trnh. Nu nu lit k la chn mi
phng n s i hi mt khi lng tnh ton qu ln. Thut ton quy hoch ng
(QH) ri rc cho php gim bt ng k s phng n cn xt trong cc phng
n k trn.
Trc ht ta cng chp nhn gi thit thi im u v cui qu trnh tnh ton l
cui ca ma nc cn, vi mc nc trong h c gi thp nht. Khi im
u v cui ca qu o ti u hon ton xc nh (im O v T trn trc
honh).








Theo thut ton QH ca Belman qu o ti u cn c xc nh ngc t cui
qu trnh v pha u. l v theo nguyn l ti u "phn cui ca mt qu o
ti u cng l mt qu o ti u". Nu tm c phn cui ca qu o ti u th
l phn ti u chc chn.
I II t
ti u trong I
khng ti u
ti u trong II
ti u c qu trnh
Tr li bi ton, ta xt t thi im t
N-2
n cui qu trnh. Gi s qu o ti u
ton cc i t im O v n t
N-2
ri vo im A. Khi tm nt phn cn li
ca qu o ti u ta ch cn xt M phng n qu o. l cc qu o xut
pht t A i v T qua M mc nc (nh v trn hnh). Vi mi qu o ngn ny
(ch gm 2 on nh t
N-1
v t
N
) c th tnh c lng in nng sn xut ra ca
nh my nu vn hnh theo mi phng n. So snh M tr s in nng ta xc nh
c qu o ti u (tng ng vi lng in nng ln nht). Chng hn l
ng nt lin xut pht t A n T nh trn hnh v.
Qu o ti u i t u qu trnh n thi im t
N-2
c th khng ri vo im A
(cc tnh ton trn ch l mt gi thit). C tt c M kh nng khc nhau v v tr
ca qu o ti u (tnh theo mc nc) ti thi im t
N-2
. Cn thc hin tnh ton
tng t cho cc trng hp cn li. Kt qu vi mi mc nc ta nhn c mt
qu o ti u xut pht t t
N-2
n T (cc ng nt lin trn hnh v).
Tip theo, xt ti thi im t
N-3
. Gi thit qu o ti u i t u qu trnh n
thi im ny ri vo im B. D thy, tm qu o ti u xut pht t B n
cui qu trnh cng ch cn so snh M phng n qu o. l cc qu o xut
pht t B, ni vi cc ng nt lin xc nh c (i t t
N-2
n T) nh trn
hnh v. Cn rt nhiu qu o khc khng cn xt n bi chc chn khng phi
l qu o ti u. Ta c th chng minh c iu ny da vo nguyn l ti u.
Tht vy, gi thit tn ti qu o ti u i t B n T nm ngoi M qu o va
nu, chng hn qu o i theo ng BCDT. Khi , sn lng in nng ca qu
o BCDT l ln nht. Ta vit c tng quan sau:
E(BCDT) > E(BEFT) > E(BCGT)
Hn na theo nguyn l ti u ca Belman, phn cui ca qu o ny (xut pht
t C) cng phi c in nng ln nht so vi tt c cc qu o cng xut pht t C
n T. Trong khi ,
E(BCDT) = E(BC) + E(CDT) ;
E(BCGT) = E(BC) + E(CGT) ;
Suy ra: E(CDT) > E(CGT).
Tng quan cui cng nhn c li khng ng vi kt qu tnh ton, bi in
nng ca tt cc cc qu o xut pht t C c so snh y v chn ra qu
o CGT c tr s in nng ln nht (v v thnh nt lin).
Mu thun ny tn ti i vi mi qu o gi thit l ti u nhng khng nm
trong s M qu o chn ban u (chng minh tng t), ngha l qu o ti
u ch c th l BEFT.
Do v tr B ca qu o ti u i t u qu trnh n thi im t
N-3
cng ch l gi
thit. Ta phi tnh thm tng t cho M-1 mc nc khc cn li v chn ra M
phng n ti u v nh du bng ng nt lin (trn hnh khng v).
Cch thc hin tng t c th tip tc cho n tn thi im t
1
v nhn c M
ng nt lin ko di t T. Cui cng, t t
0
v cc tia ni im O duy nht vi cc
ng nt lin ta c M qu o. So snh in nng ca M qu o ny ta nhn
c qu o ti u ton cc (c qu trnh).
D nhn thy rng mi bc li v pha u qu trnh u ch cn so snh M
2

phng n qu o. C qu trnh cn so snh N.M
2
phng n, t hn nhiu so vi
M
N
phng n tng cng. Thut ton vn cho php nhn c li gii ti u ton
cc. chnh l u im ca thut ton QH.
Khi thc hin tnh ton bng my, sau mi bc thc hin cn ghi li M qu o
ti u vi cc lng in nng tng ng. so snh M qu o bc tip theo
ta ch cn cng thm in nng ca on qu o ko di.
Ngi ta cng thit lp cc biu thc chung tnh in nng cho mi on nh
qu o nh sau. Gi thit on nh xut pht t thi im t
i-1
vi mc nc Z
R

n mc nc Z
S
thi im t
i
.
- Da vo c tnh th tch ca h ta tnh c th tch nc trong h tng ng ti
t
i-1
v t
i
l V
i-1
v V
i
. T ta tnh c V
i
= V
i
-V
i-1
.
- Th tch nc x c xc nh theo lng nc tha trong t
i
:
W
th
= (Q
Si
-Q
Tmax
). t
i
- V
i
.
W
X
= W
th
khi W
th
> 0 . (9)
Trong trng hp ny cc t my c xc nh l vn hnh ti a vi lu lng
nc bng Q
Tmax
.
- Khi lng nc x bng 0 (W
th
c gi tr m), lu lng nc vn hnh (trung
bnh) trong t
i
c tnh theo phng trnh cn bng nc (3.6) :

i
i
tli ri si i
t
V
Q Q Q Q

= ) ( (10)
- Tnh mc nc thng lu trung bnh trong khong thi gian
i
t :

2
1
+
=
i i
Z Z
Z .
Ngi ta cn hay tnh mc nc thng lu trung bnh theo c tnh th tch (c
coi l c xp x tt hn). Trc ht tnh:
2
1
+
=
i i
tb
V V
V , sau t c tnh th tch
xc nh mc nc thng lu Z (cng mang ngha trung bnh).
- Xc nh mc nc h lu trung bnh theo c tnh mc nc h lu: Z
hl
=
(Q+Q
x
) ;
- Xc nh tn tht ct nc: H = (Q
i
) .
Tnh cng sut pht (trung bnh) ca NMT trong
i
t :
P
Ti
= 9,81..(Z - Z
hl
- H).Q
i
. (11)
- Lng in nng sn xut ra trong
i
t :
E
i
= P
Ti
. t
i
.
Th tc trn ng cho mi on qu o nh nn rt thun li trong cc tnh ton
bng chng trnh.
Cng cn ni thm l, thut ton trnh by trn ch yu c ngha minh ha
phng php, trong c nhng gi thit n gin ha. Khi p dng thc t, ty
theo c im ca nh my v h thng cn b sung hoc thay i m hnh bi
ton cho thch hp. V d, cn xt n y cc gii hn vn hnh m trong m
hnh va nu mi ch xt duy nht mc nc trong h dng n gin nht (cha
k n yu cu ca iu tit l). Cui ma cn khng nht thit phi iu tit h
xung mc nc cht (mc nc cui tr thnh bin t do c th la chn), k c
lng nc x cng khng nht thit phi tnh vi lc vn hnh cc i cc t my.
Khi thut ton xc nh gi tr E
i
v s la chn qu o s phc tp hn,
tuy vn da trn nguyn l ti u ca Belman.
2. Phng php quy hoch phi tuyn (QHPT)
gii bi ton iu tit di hn dng chy theo phng php QHPT cn thit phi
ri rc ha bin thi gian. Cc bin cn li c xc nh ti cc im chia tnh
ton (c th nhn mi gi tr trong phm vi c th). Nh vy vn s dng m hnh
hm mc tiu (5), phng trnh cn bng nc dng (6) v (7), nhng mc nc c
th bin thin lin tc.
Hy xt k hn v cc bin c lp ca bi ton. Gi thit khong thi gian cng
c chia ra lm N khong ti cc im chia t
0
= 0, t
1
, t
2
, ..., t
N
=T. Nh vy mc
nc thng lu trong h ti N thi im c th coi l cc bin c lp. Mc nc
h ban u Z
0
c th coi l bit nu tnh ton iu tit ni theo chui lu lng
nc tng nm, nu tnh theo chu k thy vn in hnh c th coi Z
0
= Z
N
. Ngha
l lun c N mc nc cn tm. Cng nh trong phng php QH, lu lng
nc x c th coi l ph thuc (tnh vi Q
Tmax
) hay c lp. Trong trng hp coi
l bin c lp s bin ca bi ton tng ln ng k (thm N bin), trong khi li
gii ti u nhn c khng khc nhiu so vi trng hp tnh ph thuc vo
Q
Tmax
.
Nh vy trong trng hp chung, hm mc tiu (5) cha 2N bin c lp:
E
T
(Z
1
, Z
2
, ..., Z
N
, Q
1
, Q
2
, ..., Q
N
) max .
Khi chp nhn rng buc (9) hm ch cn N bin mc nc. Chp nhn thm mc
nc cui ma cn: Z
0
= Z
N
= Z
ch
ta c N-1 bin c lp. Cc bin trung gian
c a vo hm mc tiu v cc rng buc nhm lm n gin biu thc hm .
a. Hm mc tiu:
S dng (11) ta c biu thc c th hn ca hm mc tiu:

=
=
N
i
i i i hl i tb i TD
Q H Z Z t E
1
max ). .( . . 81 , 9 (12)
Cc i lng trong hm mc tiu u l tr s trung bnh trong khong .
b. Cc rng buc:
- Phng trnh cn bng nc cho mi khong:

i tli ri xi i si i i
t Q Q Q Q Q V V =

) (
1
(13)
- Cc quan h hm tnh ton cho cc i lng trong mi khong i :
+ Mc nc thng lu trung bnh: Z
tb i
= 0,5.(Z
i
+Z
i-1
) ;
+ c tnh th tch: V
i
= f(Z
i
) ;
+ c tnh mc nc h lu: Z
hl

i
= (Q
i
+Q
xi
) ; (14)
+ c tnh tn tht ct nc: H
i
= (Q
i
) ;
+ c tnh hiu sut :
i
= (Q
i
,H
i
) ;
- Cc gii hn :
+ Mc nc thng lu: Z
min
(t
i
) Z
i
Z
max
(t
i
) ;
+ Lu lng vn hnh ti thiu: Q
min i
Q
i
Q
max i
. (15)
+ Gii hn in nng cung cp : E
min ti
E
ti
E
max ti

E
ti
= 9,81.. t
i
.(Z
tb i
- Z
hl
- H
i
).Q
i
.
Cc rng buc (13) - (15) tng ng vi i = 1, 2, ..., N.
p dng cc phng php gii QHPT (v d thut ton gradien) ngi ta thng
xp x cc hm thc nghim f, , , bng biu thc gii tch (hiu sut cn
c coi l hng s).
u im ca phng php QHPT l c m t ton hc n gin. Nhc im
chung l c kh nng khng hi t n li gii hoc ch nhn c li gii ti u
cc b. Tuy nhin vi bi ton iu tit di hn dng chy, cc quan h hm khng
phc tp lm nn nhc im trn t gy kh khn trong cc tnh ton ng dng.



Chng 5
ch lm vic ngy ca nh my thy in
trong h thng in (iu tit ngn hn)
5.1. Khi nim chung
1. Khi thc hin iu tit di hn dng chy kt qu nhn c ch l tr s lu
lng nc vn hnh ti u trong nhng khong thi gian tng i di (thng
t mt tun tr ln). l v tin cy ca cc s liu u vo cng nh chnh
xc ca li gii khng cho php tnh ton chi tit hn. Hn na, iu tit di hn v
ngn hn khc nhau hn v mc tiu, khng th nhp chung trong mt m hnh bi
ton gii. Tuy nhin, hai bi ton c thc hin trn cng thi gian (xt vi
nhng khong thi gian ngn), nn phi c nhng quan h nht nh. D thy l,
nu bi ton iu tit ngn hn c thc hin sau th phi m bo gi nguyn tr
s lu lng nc trung bnh ti u xc nh c ca bi ton iu tit di hn
v khng lm pht sinh thm lu lng nc x. iu kin ny c th d dng m
bo c trong ma cn, bi h cn vi, c th dng nc ln cao thm (do gim
cng sut vo gi thp im) ri li h xung ngay trong ngy (s dng nc h
pht tng cng trong gi cao im). i vi cc NMT c h nh, khng c kh
nng iu tit nm th iu kin t ra l s dng ht (hoc ti a) lng nc n
trong ngy, trong khi tn dng th tch h iu tit ngn hn.
2. Bi ton iu tit ngn hn c p dng ph bin nht l iu tit ngy. Khi
thc cht ca bi ton l xc nh biu pht cng sut ngy ti u ca NMT
ang lm vic trong h thng. Thc ra y l bi ton c t ra di dng
chung: phn b ti u cng sut cho cc NM trong HT hn hp thy nhit in
(xt vi chu k ngn hn - mt ngy m). Tuy nhin vi mi NMT bi ton vn
c quan tm xt ring bi cc l do sau:
- Biu pht cng sut ti u ca NMT c nhng c trng ring v h cha
(rt kh a vo bi ton chung) cn c xt n khi vn hnh. V d, cn xt n
iu kin gii hn v dung tch h, nh hng bin ng ca mc nc thng lu,
h lu n ct nc...
- Trong nhiu trng hp, do c th h thng v phng php gii, bi ton
chung ngi ta ch xy dng biu pht cng sut ti u cho tng NMN. Cc
NMT c nhn mt phn biu chung v t phn chia ni b.
3. Theo cch nhn tng qut, bi ton phn b ti u cng sut cho cc NM c
th c hiu nh bi ton phn chia biu ph ti tng h thng (c k n tn
tht) cho tng NM. Yu cu v cn bng cng sut v in nng trong h thng
c th hin nh l s trng kht ca tng biu cng sut pht vi biu ph
ti h thng. Tnh ti u c th hin bi hnh dng v v tr ca biu ca mi
NM. Cng theo mt cch nhn s b (nhng rt c ngha) th biu pht cng
sut ca cc NMN cng bng phng cng tt, nht l nhng nh my t c kh
nng iu chnh v hiu sut gim nhiu ra ngoi vng lm vic kinh t. Vi cc
NMT th biu cn la chn ty thuc theo ma. Ma cn h vi, c t nc
s dng, biu c th thay i ty nn u tin lm vic thay i ging nh
phn ngn ca biu . Ma nc, cc NMT cn vn hnh thng xuyn vi
cng sut ln (thm ch, y ti 24/24 gi) nhm gim ti a lng nc x. Nh
vy phn c nh ca n ch c th chn y ca biu ph ti tng. Ni khc
i v ma l NMT cn nhn biu v tr thp. Tuy nhin do kh nng iu tit
tt ca NMT (t nh hng hiu sut) biu ca mi nh my lun lun c
coi l nm v tr cng cao cng tt trong biu ph ti tng h thng.
Khi thc hin tnh ton iu tit ring cho cc NMT (iu tit ngy) theo cc
phng php n gin ngi ta cn coi cc iu kin trn chnh l tiu chun
xy dng biu cng sut pht ti u vo h thng.
5.2. ng cong nng lng
Phc v mc ch xy dng biu cng sut vn hnh cho NMT ngi ta
thng xy dng mt ng cong bn cnh biu cng sut ph ti tng h
thng, gi l ng cong nng lng. ng cong c xy dng nh sau.
- Xut pht t nh ca biu cng sut v mt ng thng nm ngang. ng
thng ny s c dng lm trc ta tnh lng in nng (MWh).
- S dng cc ng thng nm ngang chia biu thnh nhng di hp. Cc
ng thng c t cch nhau nhng bc cng sut nh (so vi cng sut ln
nht ca biu ), k hiu l P
1
, P
2
, P
3
, ..., P
n
.
- Tnh din tch ca tng di hp biu (trong n v MWh). cng chnh l
nhng phn in nng tng ng ca cc di hp, k hiu l E
1
, E
2
, E
3
, ...,
E
n
.
















Da vo cc cp s (P
1
,E
1
), (P
2
,E
2
), (P
3
,E
3
), ..., (P
n
,E
n
) v c ta
ca cc im tng ng trn ng cong nng lng. Ni chng li ta c ton
b ng cong (hnh 5.1).
Vi ng cong nng lng ta d dng xc nh c lng in nng E ca mt
phn bt k biu nm gii hn gia 2 on thng nm ngang, ngc li c th
ct phn biu tng ng vi lng in nng cho trc (xem hnh v). cng
chnh l nhng thao tc xc nh biu cng sut vn hnh ngy ca NMT theo
phng php th.
Hnh 5.1
P MW
E
MWh
t
h
24 0
E
E
E
1
E
2
E
3
P
1
P
2
P
3
E
1
E
2
E
3
E
T
5.3. phng php th xy dng biu cng sut vn hnh
ngy ca nh my thy in lm vic trong h thng
I. Bi ton
Cc s liu cn c cho trc gm:
- Biu ph ti tng ca h thng (c d bo trong phm vi mt ngy m);
- Lu lng nc trung bnh (Q
tb
) v ct nc trung bnh (H
tb
) ti u, xc nh
c t li gii ca bi ton iu tit di hn;
- Cng sut ln nht c th vn hnh ca NMT (N
kd
);
- Dung tch iu tit ngy ca h (V
ng
).
Cn phi xy dng biu cng sut vn hnh ngy (P
T
(t)) ca NMT sao cho
gim c chi ph vn hnh ca h thng xung mc thp nht.
Nh ni trn, tiu chun ti u y c hiu theo ngha tm v tr cao nht
cho biu NMT trong biu ph ti tng h thng. Nh my phi m bo s
dng ht lng nc trong ngy, tnh theo li gii ca bi ton iu tit di hn.
II. Phng php gii
Bi ton c gii theo phng php th, s dng ng cong nng lng. Cn
chia ra cc trng hp khc nhau ty thuc vo tng quan lng nc vi dung
tch h v cng sut t (hay cng sut kh dng) ca NMT.
1. Trng hp NMT khng b gii hn v dung tch h v cng sut nh my
l trng hp tnh ton cho ma cn, khi lng nc dng chy rt t, h vi,
c th m bo tha mn ch iu tit ti u khng hn ch. Cc bc thc hin
nh sau:
- u tin, vi biu ph ti tng h thng cho, xy dng ng cong nng
lng (theo phng php trong mc 5.2).
- Tip theo, tnh lng in nng c th sn xut ra trong mt ngy m ca
NMT. Vi gi thit tn tht do iu chnh l b c th b qua (xem phn sau), ta
c th tnh lng in nng ny theo cc gi tr trung bnh (nh khng iu chnh):
E
T
= 24. P
tb
= 24. 9,81.. H
tb
.Q
tb

= 9,81.. H
tb
.W
ng

y, cng k hiu W
ng
= 24.Q
tb
l lng nc c php s dng trong ngy.
Nh vy, lng in nng tnh c theo cng thc trn cng chnh l lng in
nng cn phi pht trong ngy i vi nh my, theo yu cu ca iu tit di hn.
- Biu vn hnh ca NMT c xy dng bng cch xc nh phn ngn ca
biu ph ti tng h thng tng ng vi din tch bng E
T
.













Khi c ng cong nng lng th vic xc nh phn biu nh vy rt n
gin: ch cn t on c chiu di bng E
T
trn trc nng lng (tnh t im gc
0), dng xung ng cong nng lng, ri dng ngang sang biu (hnh 5,2,a).
D nhn thy, trong trng hp ny, vic la chn biu cng sut vn hnh cho
NMT (hnh 5.2,b) theo cch nu trn l hp l. Trc ht biu m bo s
dng va ng lng nc cho (xc nh theo li gii bi ton iu tit di
hn). C th khng nh iu ny v lng in nng sn xut ra trong ngy ng
bng E
T
( c tnh theo lng nc). Biu chim v tr cao nht trn phn
ngn ca biu ph ti tng h thng, nn phn biu cn li bng phng, m
bo cho cc NMN lm vic vi hiu sut cao, gim c chi ph nhin liu
(tng ng vi mc tiu ca iu tit ngn hn). Ngoi ra, cch la chn biu
nh trn cn cho php NMT tham gia ti a vo cn bng cng sut h thng gi
cao im (cn gi l ph nh biu ph ti).
Hnh 5.2
P MW
E
MWh
t
h
24 0
E
T
E
T
a)
0
E
t
N
kd
b)
P MW
t
24 h 0
t
1
t
2
E
t
P
tb
P
max
N
kd
Tuy nhin biu xy dng nh trn cng ch c th vn hnh c nu khng vi
phm cc gii hn v cng sut pht v dung tch iu tit ca h (nh gi
thit). Cn kim tra li cc iu kin sau:
P
max
N
kd
;
W
t
V
ng
.
Trong , P
max
- l tr s cng sut pht ln nht theo biu ;
W
t
- l th tch nc ln nht cn tch vo hoc ly ra t h cha trong
phm vi mt ngy m.
W
ng
- Dung tit ngy ca NMT ti thi gian tnh ton (xc nh theo
mc nc trung bnh trong h v c tnh th tch).
Tr s P
max
c th xc nh trc tip t biu (sau so snh vi N
kd
kim tra
iu kin). Tr s W
t
cn phi xc nh qua cc cng thc tnh ton.
Gi thit ng cng sut trung bnh ct biu ti cc thi im t
1
v t
2
. Cng
sut ny tng ng vi lu lng nc vn hnh khng i bng Q
tb
. Nh vy, theo
biu vn hnh, trong cc khong thi gian t 0 n t
1
v t t
2
n 24 gi nc
c tch vo h (lu lng nc vn hnh nh hn Q
tb
), cn t t
1
n t
2
nc c
ly ra pht nng cao cng sut. Lng nc tch vo v ly ra bng nhau (bng
W
t
), ta tnh c:

.
. . 81 , 9
1
) (
. . 81 , 9
1
) (
2
1
2
1
dt
tb
t
t
tb TD
tb
t
t
tb dt
E
H
dt P P
H
dt Q Q W

=

=

Trong , k hiu E
t
l lng in nng tng ng vi phn ngn biu (phn
nm bn trn tr s cng sut trung bnh). Lng in nng ny c th tnh trc
tip theo din tch phn ngn biu hoc tnh theo ng cong nng lng (hnh
5.2,a), thay vo biu thc trn ta tnh c W
t
. So snh W
t
vi V
hi
kim tra
iu kin gii hn v dung tch h. Nu c iu kin no khng tha mn, cn
phi xc nh li biu tnh n iu kin ny.
2. Trng hp NMT b gii hn v cng sut pht, dung tch h cha ln
y c th l trng hp tnh ton cho ma nc trung bnh. H c dung tch ln,
c th tp trung ton b lng nc ph nh biu ph ti nh trng hp
trn. Tuy nhin, vi lng nc nhiu hn, nh nhn ca biu ph ti c th
lm cho nh my khng p ng gii hn v cng sut pht.
trnh xy ra kh nng ny cn phi gii hn chiu cao phn ngn ca biu .
l phn cng sut pht ln trn tr s cng sut trung bnh, tham gia ph nh
biu ph ti. Phn cn li ca biu (gi l phn gc) c la chn sao cho
s dng ht lng nc cn li.













Gi thit cng sut ti a c th pht ca nh my l N
kd
(cn gi l cng sut kh
dng), tr s c th bng cng sut t N

hoc nh hn (b gim do iu kin k

thut hoc do yu cu h thng). Cng sut trung bnh tnh c theo lng nc:
P
tb
= 9,81.. H
tb
.Q
tb
.
Khi cng sut nh (do iu tit) : P

= N
kd
- P
tb
. Cng sut ny xc nh phn
ngn biu cng sut NMT trn nh ca biu ph ti tng h thng. Phn
ngn c lng in nng tng ng (k kiu l E
t
) c th tnh c nh ng
cong nng lng (hnh 5.3,a).
Hnh 5.3
b)
P MW
t
24 h 0
P
tb
P
max
P
t E
t
N

P MW
E
MW
h
t
h
24 0
E
t
E
T
-E
t
a)
0
P
tb
E
T
-E
t
E
t
P

Phn gc ca biu c xy dng bng cch s dng mt tam gic vung c
cnh gc vung nm ngang chiu di bng E
T
-E
t
, cnh gc vung thng ng
bng P
tb
. Dch chuyn tam gic vung dc theo ng cong nng lng (gi
nguyn phng ca cc cnh) sao cho c mt nh ca cnh huyn trt theo
ng cong. V tr m c hai nh thuc cnh huyn cng nm trn ng cong
nng lng s xc nh phn gc biu (dng 2 nh cnh huyn sang biu
c cc gii hn trn v di - hnh 5.3,a).
Biu va xy dng c (hnh 5.3,b) tha mn iu kin s dng ng lng
nc cho, bi lng in sn sut ra (tng ng vi din tch biu ) bng E
T
.
Biu cng nm cc v tr cao nht c th c trong biu ph ti tng h
thng.
Vi cch xy dng nh trn, iu kin gii hn v cng sut s lun lun tha
mn, bi P
max
= P

+(N

-P

) = N
kd
. Ch cn cn kim tra iu kin gii hn v dung
tch h. Tng t nh trng hp trc, iu kin cn kim tra l:
W
t
V
ng
.
Trong W
t
- l th tch nc ln nht cn tch vo hoc ly ra t h, tr s c th
tnh theo cng thc:

dt
tb
dt
E
H
w
. . 81 , 9
1

= ,
vi E
t
- l in nng phn ngn ca biu xc nh c. So snh W
t
vi V
ng

kim tra gii hn v dung tch h. Nu iu kin khng tha mn, cn phi xy
dng li biu c xt n iu kin ny.
Trong trng hp ang xt, ngi ta cn hay xy dng biu theo cch khc
(hnh 5.4). khng ch chiu cao biu , ngi ta s dng mt tam gic vung
c cnh gc vung thng ng bng N

cn cnh gc vung nm ngang bng E

T
.
Dch chuyn tam gic vung dc theo ng cong nng lng (gi nguyn phng
ca cc cnh) sao cho c mt nh ca cnh huyn trt theo ng cong. V tr
m c hai nh thuc cnh huyn cng nm trn ng cong nng lng s xc
nh biu cng sut vn hnh ca NMT (hnh 5.4,a). Trng hp ny kim
tra iu kin gii hn v dung tch h, cn tnh W
t
theo tr s E
t
t biu xy
dng c (hnh 5.4,b).
Biu nhn c c dng n gin hn (v phng din s dng vn hnh),
li tn dng c dung tch iu tit ca h. Tuy nhin, theo ngha "san bng"
phn cn li ca biu ph ti h thng th hiu qu iu tit c th km hn so
vi cch xy dng trc. Sai s c coi l cho php i vi phng php th.
Thc ra, xt theo gi tr cc tiu hm mc tiu ca bi ton iu tit ngn hn,
dng biu vn hnh ca NMT c th khc nhau nhiu, trong khi gi tr hm
mc tiu khng khc nhau ng k (nht l khi c nhiu NMT cng pht cng
sut trong mt khu vc). Lc yu t vn hnh thun tin (t phi iu chnh), d
xy dng biu ... li c coi l tiu chun quyt nh cho vic la chn (cc
biu tng ng nhau v mt hiu qu).












T cch xy dng biu , cng nhn thy rng vi cng mt NMT vi dung tch
h cha xc nh, lng nc dng chy cng t th biu nm v tr cng cao
trong biu ph ti h thng (v ngc li). Ngi ta cng nhn xt thnh quy
tc chung l v ma cn NMT lm vic ch ph nh cn ma l NMT
lm vic ch chy y. Vic dch biu xung v tr thp (trong ma nc)
lm cho din tch biu tng ln (tng ng vi lng nc s dng nhiu hn)
Hnh 5.4
P MW
E
MW
h
t
h
24 0
E
T
E
T
a)
0
N
kd
b)
P MW
t
24 h 0
t
1
t
2
E
t
P
tb
P
max
N
kd
nhm trnh lng nc x tha. Tn dng in nng thy in trong ma nc (chi
ph vn hnh rt thp) lun lun l phng n c li hn cho x tha v pht tng
cng sut nhit in (k c vi hiu sut cao).
3. Trng hp NMT c hn ch v dung tch h, cng sut pht cha n gii
hn
y cng l trng hp tnh ton cho ma nc trung bnh, nhng nh my c
dung tch h nh. Cng tng t nh khi b gii hn bi cng sut pht ti a,
trng hp ny, biu cng c coi gm hai phn: phn ngn v phn gc.
Phn ngn l phn biu nm bn trn tr s cng sut trung bnh, s dng lng
nc bng W
t
ca h pht tng cng sut, ph nh cho biu ph ti. Phn
gc - nm di tr s cng sut trung bnh, s dng lng nc cn li (sau khi
tch vo h lng nc bng W
t
). Do th tch h nh nn tn dng ti a kh
nng iu tit ca h, phn ngn c xy dng sao cho W
t
= V
ng
.
Mt khc ta c quan h:
dt
tb
dt
E
H
w
. . 81 , 9
1

= . Suy ra: E
t
= 9,82..H
tb
.V
hi
. Ngha l,
c th xc nh c in nng ca phn ngn.
Da vo E
t
, phn ngn c xy dng bng cch xc nh phn nh cao nht ca
biu , tng ng vi din tch bng E
t
.












Hnh 5.5
b)
P MW
t
24 h 0
P
tb
P
max
E
t
P MW
E
MW
h
t
h
24 0
E
t
E
T
-E
t
a)
0
P
tb
E
T
-E
t
E
t

Phn gc ca biu c xy dng bng cch s dng mt tam gic vung c
cnh gc vung nm ngang chiu di bng E
T
- E
t
. cnh gc vung thng ng
bng P
tb
. Dch chuyn tam gic theo ng cong nng lng, v tr m c hai nh
thuc cnh huyn cng nm trn ng cong s xc nh phn gc ca biu
(hnh 5.5,a). Biu cng sut vn hnh ca NMT nhn c bng cch cng
(tng ng theo thi gian) hai phn ni trn (hnh 5.5,b).
Cng nh cc trng hp trc, vn hnh theo biu th lng in nng nhn
c trong mt ngy m bng E = E
t
+(E
T
-E
t
) = E
T
(tng ng vi lng nc
cho php s dng). Phn biu ph ti h thng cn li cng tng ng vi kh
nng c san bng ti a - m bo tnh ti u theo mc tiu iu tit ngn hn.
Trong trng hp ny iu kin gii hn v dung tch h lun lun tha mn, bi
theo cch xy dng ta lun c W
t
= V
ng
. Ch cn cn kim tra iu kin gii hn
v cng sut pht P
max
N
kd
. iu kin ny d dng kim tra c khi xy dng
xong biu , xc nh c tr s P
max
. Nu iu kin khng tha mn cng cn
xy dng li biu .
4. Trng hp NMT b gii hn c v dung tch hv cng sut pht
Ma nc to v trung bnh, c th phi xt n ng thi cc gii hn v th tch
h cha v cng sut pht. Cc trng hp 2 v 3 va xt trn, nu gii hn kim
tra khng tha mn th s c a v trng hp ny. Cng cn ni thm l, trong
gia ma l, ni chung NMT cn c lm vic lin tc ch gii hn ti a
c v cng sut pht v mc nc trong h (theo mc tiu iu tit di hn). Khi
bi ton iu tit ngy khng c t ra (biu nm trong phn y thp
nht ca biu ph ti tng h thng). Tuy nhin ngay khi lng nc yu cu s
dng khng phi l ti a v h cn vi (V
ng
0), c th tn dng h ng thi
iu tit ngn hn. iu kin iu tit vn l tham gia ti a vo cng sut nh
trong khi m bo s dng ht lng nc tnh ton trong ngy.
T cch tnh ton xy dng biu cho trng hp ch c mt gii hn (hoc v
cng sut hoc v dung tch h) nu trn, c th suy ra cch xy dng tng t cho
trng hp c c 2 gii hn. tha mn c hai iu kin th in nng phn ngn
phi c gii hn nh hn hoc bng tr s E
t
tnh ton.
Khi b gii hn v cng sut, in nng E
t
c tnh theo tr s cng sut nh:
P

= N
kd
- P
tb
, cn theo gii hn v dung tch h cn xc nh:
E
t
= 9,82..H
tb
.V
ng
.
Gi tr nh hn ca E
t
tnh c theo 2 iu kin trn c ly xc nh phn
ngn biu . Phn gc c xc nh theo lng in nng cn li hon ton
tng t nh 2 trng hp trn.
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny ngi ta thng xy dng biu pht cng sut
cho NMT theo cch khc, nhm tn dng ti kh nng iu tit ca h: phn
ngn c xy dng theo iu kin: W
t
= V
ng
.













Tng t trng hp trn ta tnh c lng in nng phn ngn:
E
t
= 9,82..H
tb
.V
ng
.
Da vo tr s E
t
, phn ngn c xy dng bng cch s dng mt tam gic
vung c cnh gc vung nm ngang bng E
t
, cnh gc vung thng ng bng
N
kd
- P
tb
. Phn gc c xy dng bng cch s dng mt tam gic vung khc c
cnh gc vung nm ngang chiu di bng E
T
- E
t
, cnh gc vung thng ng
Hnh 5.6
P MW
E
MW
h
t
h
24 0
E
t
E
T
-E
t
a)
0
P
tb
E
T
-E
t
E
t
N

-P
tb
b)
P MW
t
24 h 0
P
tb
P
max
E
t
bng P
tb
. Dch chuyn cc tam gic vung ni trn dc theo ng cong nng
lng, c th tm c v tr phn ngn v phn gc ca biu (hnh 5.6,a). Biu
tng hp cng sut vn hnh ca NMT nhn c bng cch cng hai phn
ni trn (hnh 5.6,b).
Trong trng hp ny nu biu xy dng c th cc iu kin gii hn
lun tha mn. Ta c P
max
= N
kd
v W
t
= V
ng
.
Biu c th khng xy dng c khi chn sai trng hp tnh ton. Chng hn,
khi dch chuyn cc tam gic biu nhn c c phn chung. Khi cn chn
li trng hp xy dng biu .
III. Mt s trng hp khc
1. Trng hp c thm gii hn cng sut theo cc iu kin k thut
Mt s NMT c yu cu khng c gim cng sut pht xung di mt tr s
P
min
no (tng ng vi lng in nng ti thiu E
min
), chng hn, yu cu m
bo mc nc h lu (cho giao thng, nui trng thy sn ...), yu cu gi s t
my cn thit m bo n nh tnh h thng.















Hnh 5.7
P MW
E
MW
h
t
h
24 0
E
T
-E
min

a)
0
N
kd
-P
min
E
T
-E
min

E
min

P
min

b)
P MW
t
24 h 0
P
min
P
max
N
kd
Trong trng hp ny phng php xy dng biu vn tng t nh trng hp
trn. m bo gii hn di v cng sut (phn y), trc khi thc hin xy
dng biu cn tr tr s P
min
(v lng in nng E
min
) vo biu ph ti tng
h thng, v mt s i lng tnh ton. Sau khi xy dng biu , li cng cc tr
s ni trn vo phn biu nhn c. Hnh 5.7 minh ha cch thc hin xy
dng biu cho trng hp h c dung tch ln, nhng cng sut b gii hn
c P
kd
(gii hn trn) v P
min
(gii hn di).
2. Trng hp c nhiu NMT cng vn hnh trong HT
Phng php xy dng biu cng sut cho mi NMT trong trng hp ny
vn tng t nh khi ch c mt NMT. Ch cn ch n th t thc hin biu
: t NMT c lng nc t trc, c lng nc nhiu hn sau.
so snh tng quan lng nc cn da vo thi gian lm vic cc i ca cc
nh my:

n T
N
E
T =
max
, [h] .
Trong E
T nm
- l sn lng in nng trung bnh c nm ca NMT. Nh my
c T
max
ln hn c coi l c lng nc nhiu hn.
Vic thc hin theo th t trn mc nhin m bo cho tnh ti u cc biu
NMT. l v nh my c lng nc t s chim v tr cao hn so vi NMT
c lng nc nhiu hn (chn sau trong biu ph ti h thng cn li), tng
ng vi quy tc chung la chn v tr ti u cho biu cng sut NMT.
5.4. Tn tht do iu tit ngy
Khi thc hin iu tit ngy, ct nc vn hnh b thay i, c th cao hn hoc
thp hn tr s trung bnh (ng vi trng thi khng iu tit ngy). Nguyn nhn
gy ra do s thay i mc nc thng lu v h lu theo lu lng nc vn
hnh. Vo nhng gi cao im ph ti, nh my pht ph nh vi lu lng nc
s dng ln, mc nc thng lu h xung. Nhng gi thp im, nc c tch
vo h, mc nc thng lu dng cao, ln n mc cao nht cui thi k tch
nc. Trong khi , mc nc h lu ln xung gn nh gn nh ng pha vi
biu lu lng nc. Kt qu l, ct nc vn hnh ca NMT thay i theo
hng: gim vo thi k lu lng nc s dng tng v dng cao vo thi k lu
lng nc s dng t (hnh 5.8). Nu lu lng nc vn hnh khng i v ct
nc tng gim i xng xung quanh tr s trung bnh thi c th coi in nng
thay i c th b tr nhau cn bng. Tuy nhin, i vi iu tit ngy, ct nc
li tng khi lu lng nc vn
hnh thp v gim khi lu lng
nc vn hnh cao. Nh th in
nng tng thm do ct nc cao
t hn in nng b gim do ct
nc thp. l nguyn nhn
gy ra tn tht ca iu tit
ngy. Mt khc, do mt h loang
rng khi mc nc dng cao,
nn cng lng nc tch vo v
ly ra l W
t
, mc nc thng
lu dng cao ln bn trn tr s
trung bnh s t hn khi b gim
thp so vi tr s ny. Nh vy
ct nc s b gim nhiu hn l
c tng thm. Mt nguyn nhn khc c th cng gp phn vo tn tht iu tit
ngy l s gim thp hiu sut t my khi phi vn hnh vi cng sut thay i.
Tuy nhin tn tht iu tit ngy c th c coi l nh. Thng khng vt qu
(3-5)%. Tn tht chim t l cao khi NMT c ct nc thp v lu lng nc
vn hnh ln. Trong trng hp ny thng phi xt n nh hng tn tht khi
tnh ton iu tit ngy (c th phi hn ch iu chnh hoc thay i dng biu
).
5.5. dao ng mc nc thng lu v h lu
Khi thc hin iu tit ngy, lu lng nc vn hnh qua tua bin NMT thay i
tng i nhanh dn n hin tng thay i cc b v mc nc v xut hin hin
Q m
3
/s
t
0 24
Q
tb
Q(t)
Z m
t
0 24
Z
tl
Z
hl
H
tb
Hnh 5.8
tng dao ng sng c thng lu v h lu NMT. Khi tng lu lng qua tua
bin s gy ra hin tng:
- Gim mc nc thng lu trc p, sau lan truyn qu trnh gim thp mc
nc v pha ngc dng (to thnh sng bin m v mc nc). Qu trnh sng
c th phn hi khi ln n v tr cao, hay gp a hnh phc tp.
- Tng mc nc h lu pha sau NMT v lan truyn qu trnh dng cao mc
nc theo hng xui dng (di dng sng dng v mc nc).
Khi gim lu lng nc qua tua bin, qu trnh sng din ra ngc li.
Vi yu cu iu chnh lin tc lu lng nc theo biu cng sut vn hnh
ngy ca NMT, qu trnh sng din ra kh phc tp. Hiu ng chung ca hin
tng l lm tng thm bin thin ct nc, lm tng tn tht. Ngoi ra, dao ng
mc nc cn c th nh hng (lm gim) dung tch iu tit ngy ca h. Tuy
nhin, khi h ln (h iu tit nm tr ln) th dao ng mc nc thng lu
thng khng ng k (c th ch vi cm). Dao ng mc nc h lu c th t
ti 2-5 m, bi dng chy pha h lu thng hp.
5.6. Xy dng biu cng sut vn hnh ngy ca NMT theo
phng php s
Nh trn ni, iu tit ngn hn NMT thuc v bi ton vn hnh ti u h
thng in trong trng c hp hn thy in, nhit in. gii bi ton theo cc
phng php s (tnh ton bng my tnh) cn m t ton hc y cho hm mc
tiu, cc rng buc v la chn phng php gii ph hp. Cc ni dung ny
c trnh by k trong gio trnh ring (xem gio trnh "Ti u ha ch ca h
thng in" v cc ti liu lin quan). Trong phn ny ch xem xt bi ton di
gc nhng vn lin quan khi c s tham gia ca NMT trong h thng.
1. Trng hp b qua nh hng ca s thay i ct ncv nh hng ca cc
gii hn
Khi ct nc c th coi l khng i th quan h gia lng nc tiu hao Q v
cng sut pht P ca NMT c dng quan h hm Q(P) hon ton xc nh. Trong
trng hp chung c tnh tiu hao nc c dng Q(P,H). n gin, xt HT c
mt NMN ng tr nhng c m nh my thy in. c tnh tiu hao nhin liu
B(P
N
) ca NMN v c tnh tiu hao nc Q
k
(P
k
) ca mi NMT bit. Lng
nc c s dng trong ngy ca cc NMT c cho, hoc tnh c theo
lu lng nc trung bnh:
W
ng k
= 24.3600.Q
tb k
. k=1,2,...,m.
Cng gi thit cho trc biu ph ti tng h thng P(t) c d bo chi tit cho
tng gi trong ngy.
a. Hm mc tiu:
Xt hm mc tiu ca bi ton l cc tiu chi ph nhin liu tng trong ngy ca
NMN. C th m t nh sau:

=
n
t
t N
t P B B
1
min ) ( ; (5.1)
Trong , P
N t
- l cng sut pht trong khong thi gian t ca NMN;
t - thi gian ca khong t trong ngy. Thng chn n=24, t =1h.
b. Cc rng buc (vit vi n=24, t =1h):
- Cn bng cng sut trong HT:
. 24 ,..., 2 , 1 ; 0 ...
2 1
= = + + + + = t P P P P P P f
t t t m t t t N t
(5.2)
- Cn bng nc trong ngy ca mi NMT:
. ,..., 2 , 1 ; 0 ) (
24
1
m k W P Q
t
k t k k k
= = =

=
(5.3)
Trong cc phng trnh rng buc, k hiu P
1t
, P
2t
, ...,P
mt
- l cng sut ca cc
NMT gi t, P
t
v P
t
l cng sut ph ti v tn tht cng sut trong li ca
HT trong gi t. W
k
- l lng nc c s dng trong ngy ca NMT k.
Do khng xt n nh hng ca cc gii hn, bi ton c th gii bng phng
php Lagrange. Ta thit lp hm Lagrange:
. min ) (
24
1
24
1 1

= = =
+ + =
t t
m
k
k k t t N t N
f P B (5.4)
Trong k hiu
Nt
v
k
- l cc nhn t Lagrange (nh cc bin cn xc nh).
o hm hm Lagrange theo tt c cc bin v cc nhn t ta c h phng trnh
xc nh li gii ti u. Ta c:

. 24 ..., , 2 , 1
. 0 1
=
=

t
P
P
P
B
P
t N
t N
t N t N

(5.5)

. ..., , 2 , 1 ; 24 ..., , 2 , 1
. 0 1
m k t
P
Q
P
P
P
t k
k
k
t N
t N
t k
= =
=

(5.6)

24 ,..., 2 , 1
; 0 ...
2 1
=
= + + + + = =

t
P P P P P P f
t t t m t t t N t
t N

(5.7)

. ,..., 2 , 1
; 0 ) (
24
1
m k
W P Q
t
k t k k k
k
=
= = =

(5.8)
Nh vy ta c s phng trnh tm c 24x(1+m) bin cng sut pht tng
gi cho NMN v m NMT, 24 nhn t
Nt
v m nhn t
k
;
Khng dng li phng php gii h trn, ta xt n mi quan h ca cc i
lng ti u. Trc ht, t thm cc k hiu:
N
P
B
b

= - l sut tng tng i tiu hao nhin liu ca NMN;

k
k
k
P
Q
q

= - l sut tng tng i tiu hao nhin liu ca NMN th k;

N
N
P
P

= - l sut tng tng i tn tht cng sut li theo cng sut NMN;
k
k
P
P

= -l sut tng tng i tn tht cng sut li theo cng sut NMT k.
T (5.5) ta c:
. 24 ,..., 2 , 1 ;
1
=

= t
b
t N
t
t N

(5.9)
. ,..., 2 , 1 ; 24 ,..., 2 , 1 ;
1
m k t
q
t k
t k t k
t k
= =

(5.10)
T (5.9) v (5.10) c th vit iu kin ti u (cho mi thi im bt k):
;
1
...
1 1 1
2
2 2
1
1 1
m
m m
N
q q q b

= =

(5.11)
Nh vy trong sut thi gian vn hnh, m bo ti u, mi nh my thy in
phi gi c quan h vi NMN theo biu thc sau:
;
1 1
1
1
1
1

q b
N

;
1 1
1
2
2
2

q b
N

...
;
1 1
1

=
m
m
N
m
q b


ng thi m bo cc iu kin rng buc (5.2) v (5.3).
Da vo cc quan h v iu kin nu trn ngi ta xy dng thut ton phn b
ti u cng sut cho cc NM trong HT thy nhit in hn hp, khng cn gii
theo h (5.5)-(5.8).
Trc ht ta xt ngha ca cc nhn t
k
v cc yu t quyt nh tr s ca n.
n gin ta xt h thng ch c 1 NMN v 1 NMT, b qua tn hao cng
sut. iu kin phn b ti u cng sut gia 2 nh my s l: b = q.
Mt khc ta c:
. ;
T N
P
Q
q
P
B
b

= Khi :
1

=
T N
P
Q
P
B
.
Xt cc s gia nh nhau v cng sut gia NMT v NMN: P
N
= P
T
, ta c:
Q
B

= .
Nh vy, l s o hiu qu s dng nc ca NMT lm vic trong h thng
thy nhit in hn hp. Quan h Q B = cho bit lng nhin liu tit kim
c khi s dng lng nc l Q NMT. Tr s cng ln th hiu qu s
dng nc cng cao.
Mt khc, khi NMT c h cha nc ln, cng sut pht khng b hn ch th
lng nc c th s dng vo bt c lc no trong ngy. Khi ch vn hnh
ti u s phi tng ng vi ch m bo cho hiu qu s dng nc l ng
u trong sut thi k tnh ton. (V nu
cn chnh lch th vic iu chnh li s
cho phng n c li hn).
H s gn lin vi cc thng s ca
NMT, l ct nc v lng nc.
Trc ht xt quan h ca h s ny theo
lng nc tiu hao Q trong khi ct
nc khng i. Gi ph ti tng h
thng l P = P
N1
+ P
T1
.
Vi trng thi phn b ny (im a trn
hnh 5.9) nhin liu tiu hao l B
1
, sut
tng tng i tiu hao nhin liu l: b
1
= tg
1
cn hiu qu s dng nc l
1
1
q
b
= .
By gi gi thit cho NMT lm vic vi cng sut nh hn, P
T2
. Khi theo
iu kin cn bng cng sut, NMN s c cng sut P
N2
ln hn, sao cho P =
P
N2
+P
T2
. trng thi phn b mi ny NMT vn hnh vi Q
2
< Q
1
, cn NMN
vn hnh vi nhin liu tiu hao B
2
>B
1
, tng ng vi sut tng tng i b
2
=
tg
2
, h s hiu qu s dng nc:
2
2
q
b
= . T dng ca c tnh tiu hao nhin
liu v tiu hao nc d thy rng b
2
> b
1
, q
2
< q
1
, khi
2
>
1
. Ngha l hiu
qu s dng nc t l nghch vi cng sut pht ca NMT. V ngha, c th

2
B
1
B
2
P
N2
P
N1
P
N
B

Hnh 5.9

b

a

gii thch iu ny, khi thy in gim cng sut, NMN phi lm vic trong min
km kinh t ca c tnh tiu hao m bo cn bng cng sut. Mi mt khi
nc vn hnh tng thm khi s tit kim c nhiu nhin liu hn do gim ti
c cc trang thit b ang phi vn hnh km kinh t.
H s t l thun vi ct nc bi v vi cng sut nh nhau ct nc cng ln th
lng nc tiu hao cng t (hnh 5.11).











Hnh (5.12) v s khi ca chng trnh tnh phn b ti u cng sut trong
HT hn hp thy nhit in, xy dng da vo cc iu kin ti u va nu,
khng cn gii trc tip h phng trnh Lagrange. S khi m t cho trng
hp ch c mt NMN v mt NMT. Tuy nhin c th m rng cho trng hp
chung hn.
Cc khi chnh bao gm:
Khi 1,2 - Nhp cc d liu u, bao gm cng sut ph ti tng h thng (tng
gi), c tnh tiu hao B(P
N
) v Q(P
T
), c tnh tn tht P(P
N
), P(P
T
), lng
nc c s dng ca NMT W
ng
. C th tnh v cho cc c tnh dng sut
tng tng i b(P
N
) v q(P
T
), c tnh tn tht
N
(P
N
), (P
T
).
Cho cng sut ban u ca NMT (gi tr trung bnh) P
T
.
Khi 3,4 - Gn cng sut tng gi ca NMT theo tr s P
T
.

W
Hnh 5.10

Hnh 5.11

H


P
T 1
P
T 2
P
T 3
P
T 1
<P
T 2
< P
T 3

Khi 5 - Hiu chnh cng sut tng gi ca NMT theo cc iu kin khc nhau,
bng cch tng hoc gim cng sut theo bc P.
Khi 6 - Kim tra gii hn cng sut NMT. Nu khng tha mn, quay tr v 5
hiu chnh (cng sut qu cao thc hin du tr trong (5), qu thp - thc hin
du cng).
Khi 7 v 8 - Tnh v kim tra gii hn cng sut ca NMN. Nu khng tha
mn, quay tr v 5 hiu chnh (cng sut qu cao thc hin du cng trong (5),
qu thp thc hin du tr).






















Vo d liu P(t),
B(P
N
),Q(P
T
),W
ng
, ...

P
T t
= P
T t
P

P
T min
P
T t
P
T max
P
N t
= P
t
- P
T t

P
N min
P
N t
P
N max
b*
t
= b
t
/(1-
N t
)
q*
t
= q
t
/(1-
t
)
9
5
1
2
3
14
8
4
5
9
10
8

t
= b*
t
/q*
t

tb
=(
1
+
2
+...+
24
)/24

t
=
t
-
tb

t
= 0


W = W
T
-W
ng
= 0
W
T
= Q
t
t
Kt thc
3
5
P
T t
= P
T
P
T
= P
T
P
T
t = 1, 2, ..., 24
Cho gi tr u P
T

6
7
8
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17 ng
ng ng
ng
sai
sai
sai
sai
Hnh 5.12

Khi 9,10,11 - Tnh tr s ca h s (theo tng gi). V phn b cha ti u nn
cc tr s khng bng nhau.
Khi 12, 13 - Tnh chnh lch h s so vi tr s trung bnh.
Khi 14 - Kim tra tr s v du ca . Nu tr s chnh lch cn ln, tr v khi
5, hiu chnh cng sut NMT. Ly du m trong 5 nu dng v ngc li.
Khi 15,16,17 - Tnh v kim tra lng nc s dng. Nu khng tha mn tr v
4, hiu chnh cng sut NMT theo du ca W.
Bi ton kt thc khi lch W c tr s nh.
2. Trng hp xt n bin thin ct nc v cc gii hn
Hm mc tiu (5.1) v cc rng buc (5.2) v (5.3) vn nh trng hp trn. Tuy
nhin, quan h gia lu lng nc vn hnh vi cng sut NMT khng cn xc
nh c dng c tnh tiu hao Q(P) m ph thuc nhiu i lng cng thay
i. Vi mi NMT th k ta c:
Cng sut: P
k t
= 9,81..H
k t
.Q
k t
;
Ct nc: H
k t
= (Z
k t
- Z
hl k t
- H
k t
). (5.12)
Lu lng: Q
k t
= Q
tb k
+ Q
k t
;
c tnh mc nc h lu: Z
hl k
= (Q+Q
x
).
Trong : Q
tb
v Q tng ng l lu lng nc trung bnh ( bit) v lu lng
nc iu tit. Tr s Q
k t
< 0 tng ng vi lc h c tch nc, Q
k t
> 0 lc
h cp thm nc cho s dng.
Cc iu kin gii hn c a thm vo:
- Gii hn mc nc thng lu v h lu:
Z
k min
Z
k t
Z
k max

Z
hl k min
Z
hl k t
Z
hl k max
(5.13)
- Gii hn cng sut pht:
P
k min
P
k t
P
k max

P
N min
P
N t
P
N max
(5.14)
Chiu tng hiu sut
H
max
H
min
H
tt
H m

P
T


MW
N
0

Hnh 5.13

c cc tr s gii hn (cc i, cc tiu) a vo tnh ton, cn phi cn c vo
cc iu kin c th ca nh my v cc yu cu vn hnh. V d, gii hn trn ca
mc nc thng lu c th l mc nc dng bnh thng, cng c th phi thp
hn theo yu cu phng l. Mc nc h lu xc nh bi yu t ngp lt v yu
cu giao thng... i vi cng sut pht ca NMT, gii hn trn cn c xc
nh theo quan h vi ct nc vn hnh v gii hn hiu sut tua bin (hnh 5.13).
Vi cc tua bin kiu Fransis v Kaplan c th vit:

< +

=
tt
tt
H H khi b aH
H H khi N
P
max
(5.15)
Trong a v b l cc h s xc
nh theo c tnh lm vic ca
tua bin (hnh 5.13).
Mc nc thng lu v h lu,
cng nh tn tht ct p H c
quan h phc tp vi lu lng
nc vn hnh v lng nc x.
V th tnh ton vi iu kin gii
hn (5.13) rt kh khn. Ngi ta
thng thay iu kin gii hn
mc nc thng lu bng iu
kin gii hn dung tch iu tit
ngy ca h:

ng
Q Q
t k k tb
Q
t k
V t Q Q t Q
k tb t k t k

< <
= ) (
0
. (5.16)
Thc ra, xc nh th tch iu tit V
ng
cng cn xt n c tnh h v c tnh
mc nc thng lu v hin trng ca h. Tuy nhin, vic tnh V
ng
n gin hn
v c th ly cc gi tr gn ng.
Gii hn mc nc h lu thng xut pht t cc nhu cu tng hp phi iu tit
nc (giao thng, cp nc, chng l ...), c th thay bng iu kin gii hn theo
lu lng nc ti thiu vn hnh:
Q
kmin
Q
k t
Q
k max
. (5.17)
Xt thm cc quan h v cc rng buc gii hn nh nu, bi ton phn b ti
u cng sut trong HT ni chung v xy dng biu vn hnh ngn hn cho
NMT ni ring i hi phi s dng cc phng php ton hc phc tp (nh
QHTT nguyn thc hn hp, QHPT, QH...).
Cng cn ni thm l nh hng ca ct nc n li gii ca bi ton xy dng
biu vn hnh ti u cho NMT khng ging nhau. Cc NMT c h cha
nc ln (c kh nng iu tit nm) thng c mc nc thng lu thay i
khng nhiu khi thc hin iu tit ngy, ch cn xt n khi c tnh mc nc h
lu thay i mnh. Cc NMT c ct nc cao th mc nh hng thay i ct
nc cng rt t, c th b qua khi tnh ton.



Chng 6
tnh ton kinh t - k thut nh my thy in
6.1. Cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut ch yu
1. Cng sut t v sn lng in nng
Cng sut t N

l tng cng sut (tc dng) nh mc ca tt c cc t my lp

t trong NMT (cn c gi l cng sut lp my). Cng sut t dng (k c
khi t ring t my pht t dng) u c tnh vo cho cng sut t.
Cng sut t l tr s quan trng nht ca NMT, c trng cho quy m ca nh
my. Tr s hp l ca cng sut t cn c la chn xut pht t cc c trng
t nhin ca dng sng, v tr xy dng NMT, iu lin a cht, lng h... cng
hng lot cc yu t an ton khc.
Bn cnh khi nim v cng sut t cn
c cc khi nim khc v cng sut ca
NMT nh cng sut cc i, cng sut
kh dng, cng sut khai thc ti a ...
c th ging nhau v tr s trong nhng
iu kin c th.
Vi NMT xy dng, sn lng in
nng hng nm nhn c rt khc
nhau ph thuc lng nc chy v ca
dng sng mi nm. Ngi ta thng
quan tm n sn lng in nng trung
bnh v sn lng in nng m bo.
Sn lng in nng trung bnh c tnh vi nm nc trung bnh, cn sn lng
in nng m bo - vi nm t nc tnh ton (tn sut 90%).
Vi sn lng in nng trung bnh v cng sut t bit, ngi ta xc nh thi
gian lm vic cc i cho NMT:
. ] [
max
h
N
E
T

n T
=
E

MWh
N

MW
N

MW
T
max
h
Hnh 6.1

Thng thng tr s T
max
= (1500-4500)h, nh hn so vi cc NMN.
Tr s trung bnh ca E
Tnm
v T
max
c quan h vi cng sut t la chn. Cc
quan h ny c dng nh trn hnh 6.1. Cng sut t tng nhng lng nc trn
sng hu hn nn sn lng in nng tng chm dn.
2. Sut vn u t
a- Vn u t cho NMT.
xc nh sut vn u t cn phi tnh c vn u t tng cho NMT. Ngi
ta thng thc hin tnh ton vn u t theo th t sau:
- Vn u t tng hp V

.
l tng gi tr ti chnh cho tt c cc chi ph lin quan n vic xy dng cng
trnh thy in, bao gm: 1) xy dng cc cng trnh k thut thy nng (p,
knh dn, ng dn, ta nh NMT vi cc t my, bin p, thit b phn phi
in... 2) hnh thnh h cha nc, xy dng u thuyn, knh thot, n b di dn
khi lng h, thit lp vng kinh t mi, xy dng ng giao thng phc v cng
trng...3) xy dng cc xng c kh phc v sa cha, sn xut ph tng thay
th, my mc, vt liu thi cng... 4) to dng nh cng nhn, cu lc b, nh vn
ha 5) u t xy dng cc cng trnh li ch tng hp ngun nc (h thng thy
nng, cp nc, nui trng thy sn, kinh doanh du lch...).
Vic tnh ton ny cn phc v mc ch nh gi tnh kh thi ca cng trnh.
- Vn u t c nh ca cng trnh thy in V
CT
:
l phn ti chnh nhn c sau khi tr vo V

cc gi tr cng trnh c th
hon tr v chuyn giao:
V
CT
= V

- V
CG

Phn vn chuyn giao VCG bao gm cc thnh phn trang thit b cng trnh, sau
khi NMT xy dng xong vn s dng tip c nhng di s qun l ca b
phn khc: cc my mc xy dng cn tt, cc xng sa cha c kh, nh my b
tng c sn, ng giao thng, thng tin lin lc, nh , cu lc b...
- Vn u t tng cho mc ch in nng V
E
:
C th chnh l VCT nu cng trnh thy in khng c cc u t cho mc ch
khc vi mc ch pht in. Trong trng hp chung cn tnh ring thnh phn
cho mc ch pht in theo cch nhn h s:
V
E
= V
CT
.
H s c xc nh thng qua cch phn tch, nh gi chi ph v hiu qu ca
cc cng trnh.
Chnh V
E
l thnh phn vn u t ca
NMT c dng trong cc tnh ton lun
chng kinh t - k thut. Quan h gia tr
s vn u t V
E
ca NMT vi cng sut
t c dng nh trn hnh 6.2. Thnh phn
vn u t ban u khng thay i theo
cng sut cc t my chim t l kh ln
(50-70)%, bi vi v tr chn cc cng
trnh thy nng ti thiu xy dng NMT cn lng vn u t ng k (xy
dng p, knh dn, h cha...).
b- Sut vn u t:
C cc khi nim khc nhau v sut vn u t.
- Sut vn u t trung bnh tnh cho 1 n v cng sut t:
. ] / [ kW
N
V
A

E
p
=
- Sut vn u t tnh cho 1 n v cng sut t thm:
. ] / [ kW
N
V
a

E
p

=
- Sut vn u t trung bnh tnh cho 1 n v sn lng in nng:
. ] / [ kWh
E
V
A
n T
E
E
=
- Sut vn u t tnh cho 1 n v sn lng in nng t thm:
. ] / [ kWh
E
V
a
n T
E
E

=
V
E
V
0
N

MW

0

Hnh 6.2
A
E
a
E
/kWh

N

kW

a
E
A
E
Hnh 6.3

A
P
a
P
A
P
a
P
/kWh

N

kW
a)

b)

Cn ch mt s im sau.
- Do thnh phn vn u t khng i chim t l ln nn sut vn u t cho 1
n v cng sut s kh cao nu cng sut t ca NMT khng th to ra ln
so vi quy m cng trnh. Vi mt phng n xy dng NMT, sut vn u t
trung bnh thng gim nhanh theo cng sut t. Trong khi , sut vn u t
tnh cho 1 n v cng sut t thm thng rt t thay i do ph ch yu vo chi
ph t my (hnh 6.3,a).










- Sut vn u t tnh cho 1 n v sn lng in nng thng c gi tr nh nht
trong phm vi cng sut t no ca NMT (hnh 6.3,b). Khi cng sut t
chn qu nh, lng nc ca dng sng khng c tn dng pht in sn
lng in nng thp, sut vn u t trung bnh tnh cho 1 n v sn lng i
nng s ln. Ngc li, tng qu cao cng sut t, vn u t tng nhiu trong khi
sn lng in nng b hn ch do thiu nc cho cc t my t thm cui cng.
Tuy nhin khng phi sut vn u t tp nht tng ng vi phng n ti u ca
cng sut t la chn. l v khi lm vic trong h thng tnh ti u cn c
xc nh theo hiu qu chung.
3. Gi thnh in nng ni b
Gi thnh in nng ni b s l ch tiu quan trng nht ca NM ni chung v
NMT ni ring. Tr s ca gi thnh in nng ni b ca NMT c tnh bng
t s gia ch ph vn hnh hng nm C

sn sut in nng v sn lng in

nng tnh thanh ci cung cp ca NMT (tr in t dng):
] / [ kWh
E
C
s
n T

= .
Chi ph vn hnh hng nm ca NMT bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
1) Ph tn vn hnh: lng cng nhn, chi ph sa cha bo dng thng xuyn,
cc chi ph ph (bo v mi trng, cng tc ph...).
2) Chi ph cho s cha ln, c tnh theo h s khu hao hao mn trang thit b.
Cc chi ph trn hu nh khng ph thuc vo sn lng in nng (cng nh
lng nc) v th gi thnh in nng ni b s gim khi lng nc v trong
nm ca NMT ln v ngc li. Khi tnh ton kinh t k thut ngi ta hay s
dng gi thnh in nng trung bnh. Khi c th tnh gn ng sn lng in
nng theo thi gian s dng cng sut ln nht T
max T
:
] / [
.
max max
kWh
T
c
T N
C
s
T
p
T
= =

.
Tr s : ] / [ kW
N
C
c

p

= c gi l sut chi ph vn hnh hng nm ca NMT
tnh cho 1 n v cng sut t. Thc ra, i vi NMT gi thnh in nng ni b
cn chnh l sut chi ph vn hnh hng nm tnh cho mt n v sn lng in
nng.
So snh vi NMN, ta cng c tt c cc khi nim trn nhng ni dung tnh ton
c thay i.
- Trong chi ph vn hnh hng nm C

ngoi thnh phn khng i tnh nh vi

NMT cn c thnh phn thay i t l vi sn lng in nng. chnh l chi
ph nhin liu. C th tnh ngay cho 1 kWh dng:
s
N1
= cb [/kWh].
Trong : b - sut nhin liu tiu hao tnh cho 1 n v in nng, [kg/kWh].
c - gi nhin liu tnh ton [/kg].
Khi , i vi NMN:
] / [
max
1 1
kWh
T
c
s
E
C
s s
N
N
N
n N
N
N
+ = + =

.
- Xy dng NMN gn lin vi u t khai thc v vn chuyn nhin liu (bn
cng, ng st, kho cha...). V th trong vn u t tng, ngoi thnh phn tnh
cho cc cng trnh thuc nh my cn c thm thnh phn vn u t cho c s
khai thc v vn chuyn nhin liu V
nhl
. Lng nhin liu tiu hao t l vi in
nng sn sut ca NMN, v th sut vn u t cho c s sn sut v vn chuyn
nhin liu cn tnh cho 1 n v in nng sn xut ca NMN:
] / [
1
kWh
E
V
a
n N
nhl
N
= .
Cn ch l vi NMN vn u t tng t l vi cng sut t v sn lng in
nng, nn sut vn u t trung bnh v sut vn u t khi t thm cng sut l
nh nhau.
6.2. Tnh ton la chn cc thng s ch yu ca NMT
Khi xy dng d n, thit k NMT cn thit phi xc nh c cc thng s ch
yu nh: mc nc dng bnh thng, dung tch hu ch ca h v cng sut t
ca nh my. Cc thng s ny quyt nh hiu qu kinh t, cc c tnh k thut
vn hnh ca nh my. Ngoi c trng dng chy v iu kin a hnh, vic la
chn cc thng s c bn ca NMT cn ph thuc nhiu vo nhu cu s dng
in. Hn na vic la chn cc thng s cng ph thuc ln nhau: cng sut t
ch tnh c khi cho trc chiu cao mc nc v dung tch hu ch ca h.
Ngc li tnh ton cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut cho la chn mc nc li cn
thng qua tr s cng sut t, trong khi thng s ny cn ph thuc vo iu kin
h thng in.
thc hin c ngi ta thng gi thit trc cc phng n khc nhau v mc
nc, tnh ton la chn trong s cc phng n ny. Vi mi phng n tin hnh
xc nh cng sut t hp l (ti u) trong iu kin h thng cho.
Trong cc tnh ton thc t, ngi ta thng a ra khng t hn 3 mc nc dng
bnh thng ( mt v tr xy dng). Vi mi mc nc dng bnh thng li c
xt (3-4) mc nc cht (cng quyt nh dung tch hu ch).
I. Tnh ton la chn cng sut t
1. Nguyn tc chung
Do NMT c thi gian hot ng lu di nn cc d n thy in cn phi c
tnh t nht vi thi hn (15-20) nm. Cng sut t ca NMT cng cn c
xem xt trong quan h lm vic vi h thng, tng lai t nht trong khong thi
gian ny. C cc quan im khc nhau khi chn phng php thc hin d n:
- Phng php so snh phng n thng qua cc ch tiu kinh t ti chnh (NPV,
IRR, B/C).
- Phng php la chn phng n theo tiu chun ti u (chi ph tnh ton Z).
- Phng php so snh vi i tng nhit in thay th.
Mi phng php c u nhc im ring nn thng c phi hp p dng.
giai on u lun chng tin kh thi v kh thi, phng php da vo cc chi
tiu phn tch kinh t - ti chnh t ra thch hp. Tnh kh thi ca tt c cc phng
n mc nc (t hp MNDBT v MNC) vi cng sut m bo (tnh theo lng
nc dng chy, cha xt iu kin h thng) c th kim tra c theo cc ch
tiu NPV, IRR, B/C. Thc cht giai on ny c th coi cc d n c lp vi
vn u t hn ch hoc khng hn ch nn cc phng n c NPV>0 u c
coi l kh thi, a vo so snh tip.
Trong bc tnh ton tip theo, cng sut t c xem xt n iu kin h thng
v chn ra cng sut t cui cng (tm gi l ti u) cho mi phng n mc
nc. Tnh hp l (hay ti u v cng sut t) cho mi phng n mc nc rt
ph thuc vo iu kin hot ng v ch lm vic ca n.
Cc NMT khng c h cha nc rt mong mun pht in theo ch ca
dng chy t nhin: pht bng phng theo biu ngn hn v thay i sn lng
in nng cung cp theo ma. Trong khi ph thuc vo hp ng mua bn in
hay nhu cu h thng biu pht c th b gii hn, hoc theo dng nh sn.
Cc NMT c h cha nc c th tham gia iu tit (t iu tit ngy tr ln)
ch yu b gii hn bi kh nng cung cp in nng theo ma. Pha h thng gii
hn phn cng sut tham gia ph nh ca nh my, ty thuc vo biu ph ti
tng v nhu cu cng sut d phng sa cha.
Cc yu t trn nh hng n quyt nh la chn tr s cng sut t cui cng.
Trong gii hn quy nh, cc NMT c th la chn cng sut t thm (vt ln
trn tr s cng sut m bo) sao cho c li nht v u t kinh t. Ni chung, tr
s cng sut m bo l tr s cng sut ti thiu cho cng sut t bi cc t my
lun lun nc (tr khi b gii hn bi cc iu kin phi kinh t). C nn t
thm cc t my lm vic theo ma hay khng ph thuc gii hn cho php (t
pha h thng hay hp ng) v lng nc cn d theo ma.
Do cng c nhiu t my t thm th thi gian cn d nc theo ma cng ngn
(tng ng vi ng cong thi gian m bo nc), hiu qu t thm cng sut
cng gim, nn nguyn tc chung ca vic la chn cng sut t l tng dn tng
bc tr s cng sut cho n khi hiu qu kinh t khng cn nh mong mun. Khi
nhn c tr s cng sut t cui cng.
C th p dng cc phng php khc nhau khi nh gi hiu qu ca lng cng
sut t thm ty thuc cc iu kin tnh ton.
Vi cc d n thy in nh thng ch c cc hp ng mua bn in (quy nh
gi in v cc gii hn biu ). i khi cn b gii hn bi kh nng truyn ti
ca li. Trong trng hp ny c th tnh ton kh n gian theo thi gian thu hi
vn u t ca cc t my t thm. Gi bn in v c trng lng nc ca
dng chy l nhng yu t quyt nh.
Vi d n xy dng cc NMT ln, vic la chn cng sut t thng phi xut
pht t cc c trng h thng. Phng php ph bin nht l so snh hiu qu vi
mt i tng nhit in thay th v mi phng din: tham gia cn bng cng
sut cho ph ti, phc v d phng sa cha, gim gi thnh in nng...
i tng nhit in thay th l mt d n xy dng NMN c tnh kh thi cao,
hiu qu nht trong cng thi gian lun chng xy dng NMT. Ngi ta thng
hay chn NMN kiu ngng hi lm i tng thay th. Hiu qu kinh t khi t
thm mt n v cng sut i tng nhit in thay th thng t thay i,
trong khi vi NMT - vt tri lc u, sau gim nhanh theo chiu tng cng sut.
Cng sut t cui cng ca NMT c la chn trc khi tnh vt tri v kinh
t khng cn na.
Tnh hp l ca phng php trn c th gii thch nh sau.
- D n xy dng NMT c lp nn xut pht t nhu cu pht trin cng sut h
thng. Nu khng xy dng NMT, chc chn phi c mt d n khc tng thm
ngun pht.
- Chn hiu qu tng ng pht trin cng sut thy in v nhit in lm cho
t l cng sut pht trong h thng ngy cng hp l hn.
2. Ch tiu vt tri v hiu qu kinh tca NMT so vi i tng thay th
Gi thit tng thm cng sut t NMT mt lng cng sut l N

lng in
nng pht ca n tng c l E
T
. Tuy nhin c thm lng cng sut ny
NMT cn tng thm lng vn u t l V
T
, chi ph vn hng nm tng thm
mt tr s l C
T
. Theo cc k hiu dng ta c:
V
T
= a
p
. N

.
C
T
= c
p
. N

.
Gi thit vic tng cng sut t NMT tr s N

cho php gim c cng sut

i tng nhit in thay th l N
th
, ng thi gim c lng in nng l
E
N
. Khi , tng ng vn u t v chi ph vn hnh i tng nhit in thay
th cng gim c:
V
th
= a
N
. N
N
+ a
N1
. E
N
.
C
th
= c
N
. N
N
+ s
N1
. E
N
.
Sut vn u t a
N
k hiu y ch tnh cho phn vn u t cc cng trnh thuc
phm vi nh my.
Tiu chun vt tri v hiu qu cng sut t thm ca NMT tng ng vi iu
kin sau:

tc
T th
th T
T
C C
V V
T


= .
Vi cc d n NMT thng ly thi gian thu hi vn u t tiu chun T
m
= 10
nm.. S dng h s hiu qu u t nh mc: r = 1/T
m
c th vit li thnh:

th th T T
C V r C V r + + . . .
Thay cc biu thc tnh c th ca V
T
, C
T
, V
th
, C
th
vo bt ng thc
trn, sau chia c 2 v cho N

ta c:
c
p
+ r.a
p
(c
N
+ r.a
N
) + (s
N1
+r.a
N1
).T
max T
,
vi cc h s mi c t :

N
N
N

= - h s thay th cng sut ;

T
N
E
E

= - h s thay th in nng.
Ta cng t thm cc k hiu:
p p
p
T
a r c z . + = - sut chi ph tnh ton tnh cho mt n v cng sut t thm
ca NMT;

N N
p
th
a r c z . + = - sut chi ph tnh ton tnh cho mt n v cng sut t thm
ca i tng nhit in thay th;
1 1
.
N N
E
th
a r s z + = - sut chi ph tnh ton cho tiu hao nhin liu i tng nhit
in thay th khi sn xut mt n v in nng;
Khi c th vit gn tiu chun vt tri dng:

T
E
th
p
th
p
T
T z z z
max
. . . + . (6.1)
Cn ch l, trong khi bin i cc biu thc ta t: E
T
= N

.T
max T ,
v th
cn hiu T
max T
l thi gian lm vic cc i ca lng cng sut t thm N

,
cng bng thi gian nc t
m
cho lng cng sut N

(hnh 6.4,b).
Tiu chun (6.1) s c dng kim tra tnh vt tri ca NMT mi bc
tng cng sut t cn la chn.
3. ngha ca cc h s thay th v
Ta gi thit rng cc lng cng sut N

, N
N
v in nng E
T
, E
th
thay
th c tng ng cho nhau trong h thng (mc d tr s ca chng khc nhau
theo cc h s v ).
a. H s thay th cng sut
a)

b)

a

b

Theo nh ngha ta c:

N
N
N

= suy ra N
N
= .N

. Biu thc cho thy h s

c trng cho hiu qu cng sut ca NMT thay th cho cng sut ca i tng
nhit in tay th. H s cng ln th hiu qu cng sut ca NMT i vi h
thng cng cao.
> 1 - cng sut ca NMT thay th c cho mt lng cng sut ln hn ca
nhit in thay th, < 1 hiu qu thay th km hn, cn = 1 cng sut c hiu
qu tng ng.
Hy xt k hn cc yu t nh hng n gi tr ca h s . Vi cng mt lng
cng sut t thm nh nhau ti NMT v NMN thay th, nu nc th kh
nng p ng cng sut cho nhu cu ph ti h thng ca NMT s cao hn. l
v cng sut t dng NMT nh hn ng k. Tn tht truyn cng sut trn li
t NMT n ph ti c th ln hn i cht so vi NMN nhng v tng th vn
cho gi tr > 1. Xt theo ng cong tn sut m bo nc, d thy gii hn
c h s cng sut 1 nm trn, gn vi lu lng nc m bo (hnh 6.4,a).










Thc ra, khi lng cng sut t thm nm trn gi tr cng sut m bo n
khng cn hiu qu thay th cho bt c lng cng sut ph ti no trong h thng.
V th ch c th khng nh > 1 trong vng cng sut ca NMT nh hn cng
sut m bo.
N

100

Q

0 < < 1

p

%
N
b
> 1

= 0

90

0

N
8760
Q
0 < < 1

t
h
> 1

= 0

0

t
m
N

Hnh 6.4
Lng cng sut t thm ln trn tr s cng sut m bo ca NMT ch c th
lm vic theo ma nn khng coi l cn bng c cho ph ti. Nu thiu cng
sut cho ph ti vn phi t thm t NMN thay th. Tuy nhin, khng phi lc
y lun lun c = 0 , bi nu thiu cng sut d phng sa cha n vn thay th
c cho cng sut NMN. c im ca cng sut d phng sa cha l c th
s dng theo ma (khng lin tc), Vo ma nc cng sut t thm NMT c
th hot ng pht b cho cc t my ngh sa cha. Nh vy nu h thng ang
cn nhu cu d phng sa cha th 0 < < 1. Gi thit gii hn cng sut d
phng cn n khi cng sut t ca NMT tng n ng gii hn b (hnh
6.4,a). cng l ng gii hn = 0 .
Khi cng sut t ln trn ng b, = 0 v khng cn thay th c cho bt c
lng cng sut no.
b. H s thay th in nng
Theo nh ngha ta c
T
N
E
E

= , suy ra E
N
= .E
T
. Nh vy h s c
trng cho hiu qu thay th in nng ca NMT. > 1 - in nng pht ra t
NMT thay th c cho mt lng in nng nhiu hn t nhit in thay th,
< 1 hiu qu thay th km hn, cn = 1 in nng c hiu qu tng ng. D
thy in nng pht c t NMT th khng cn ph thuc lng nc. Hiu
qu cung cp cho nhu cu tiu th ch cn ph thuc vo lng hao ht do t dng
v mt mt truyn ti. NMT c in nng t dng nh nhng thng xa ph ti
nn tn tht truyn ti nhiu hn. Tng th, b tr lm cho h s c tr s gn vi
1. Chnh xc nm trong phm vi = (1,0 - 1,06). Khi tnh gn ng ly = 1. Ly
ln hn khi tn tht truyn ti nh nhau.
4. Tnh ton la chn cng sut t theo cc trng hp khc nhau
a. Trng hp > 1 (cng sut m bo).
y l trng hp tnh ton cho nhng bc ban u ca qu trnh tng cng
sut, tiu chun vt tri c nh gi theo (6.1). Do ch tnh vi lng cng sut
t thm, nn sut chi ph tnh ton tnh cho NMT
p
T
z thng nh hn so
p
T
z
ca NMN (do a
p
<a
N
, c
p
<c
N
). Khi , theo (6.1) vi > 1 chc chn bt ng
thc tha mn. iu ny c ngha l vic la chn cng sut t thm thng ch
cn bt u t trng hp 0 < < 1, vi cng sut t chn ln hn N
b
.
b. Trng hp 0 < < 1.
Ch thc hin tnh ton theo trng hp ny khi bit r trong h thng cn nhu cu
phi t thm cng sut d phng sa cha. Nu khng tng cng sut t
NMT th phi tng thm cng sut NMN thay th. Nhu cu d phng sa
cha thng c tnh theo in nng, l v c th lp k hoch sa cha hp l
nu c cng sut nhn ri bt c thi gian no. in nng sa cha cho mt t
my c th tnh c bng tch ca thi gian sa cha vi cng sut t my c th
vn hnh (nu lm vic). Nh vy, d phng sa cha c coi l tng ng nu
nu in nng tnh theo cc cng sut d phng l nh nhau. Ngi ta cn gi l
quy tc cn bng in nng sa cha (khng cn bng theo cng sut sa cha).
Vi cc lng cng sut t thm cho d phng sa cha N
N
v N

ta c in
nng sa cha tng ng l:
) .( ; .
sc N
sc
th m
sc
T
t T N E t N E = = .
Trong t
m
- thi gian c nc cho N

(hnh 6.4,b).
t
sc
- thi gian sa cha cho chnh cc t my t thm NMN thay th.
T - thi gian c nm.
Theo quy tc cn bng in nng sa cha ta c:
) .( .
sc N
sc
th m
t T N E t N = =
T suy ra:


sc
m
N
N N
t T
t
N =

= .
Thng c th ly gn ng trong tnh ton:

T
t
t T
t
m
sc
m

= . (6.2)
S dng gi tr tnh c theo biu thc trn mi bc tnh ton cng vi tiu
chun (6.1), c th thc hin qu trnh tng cng sut t la chn tr s hp l.
C th gp mt trong hai tnh hung sau:
- Tiu chun vt tri (6.1) khng cn tha mn trc khi n tr s gii hn nhu
cu d phng sa cha. Qu trnh tnh ton kt thc, nhn c tr s cng sut t
cui cng trc khi bt ng thc (6.1) i du.
- Tiu chun vt tri (6.1) lun lun tha mn cho n khi cng sut t n tr
s gii hn, ht nhu cu cng sut d phng. Qu trnh tnh ton c tip tc vi
tr s = 0.
c. Trng hp = 0.
Qu trnh tnh ton c th chuyn sang trng hp ny khi khng c (hoc rt t)
nhu cu t thm cng sut d phng sa cha. Cc h thng c t l thy in cao
thng c sn cng sut d phng sa cha (khng th chuyn thnh cng sut
cn bng cho ph ti) nn nhu cu t thm cng sut d phng sa cha cng t.
Cch tnh ton trong trng hp ny ch c mt thay i n gin trong tiu chun
(6.1) l ly tr s = 0 . Ta c th vit li (thay T
max T
= t
m
):

m
E
th
p
T
t z z . . (6.3)
D thy kh nng tha mn tiu chun vt tri lc ny ch yu ph thuc vo tr
s t
m
. Hn na, tnh vt tri v kinh t cho lng cng sut t thm NMT
trong trng hp ny ch trng ch vo sn lng in nng r tin c thm c
vo ma nc. Cng sut t cng ln th thi gian nc cho nhng t my t
thm cui cng cng nh - hiu qu kinh t s cng km. ngha ny phn nh
qua s gim dn tr s v phi ca (6.3).
n gii hn, bt ng thc (6.3) khng cn tha mn, nhn c tr s cng sut
t cui cng cho NMT.
II. Tnh ton la chn mc nc dng bnh thng
Mc nc dng bnh thng (MNDBT) l thng s ch yu nht ca cng trnh
thy in. MNDBT quyt nh quy m v kch thc ca cng trnh, vng ngp
nc, dung tch hu ch ca h, cng sut t v sn lng in nng ca nh my.
N cng l thng s quan trng nh hng n nhim v tng hp ca d n thy
li, thy in. Chnh v th MNDBT bao gi cng c phn tch lun chng trc,
xt n mi yu t c th nh hng. Trn c s la chn mc nc cht
(MNC), cng sut t ca my v cc thng s cn li khc.
Nh trn ni, bi ton la chn MNDBT, thun li hn c l thc hin theo
cch so snh phng n. Thit lp mt lot cc phng n thit k NMT vi cc
MNDBT khc nhau. Cc phng n khc nhau v chiu cao mc nc theo tr s
H chn, ng thi phi tha mn cc iu kin khng ch.
Cc iu kin khng ch mc nc cao nht thng c k n gm:
- iu kin mc bin gii quc gia. Trong mi trng hp khai thc vn hnh
NMT mc nc h khng c nh hng n vng t ca nc lng ging.
Nh vy chiu cao p v MNDBT phi chn thp hn mc nc sng bin gii
mt tr s khi vn hnh vi mc nc gia cng th iu kin khng xm
phm bin gii vn c m bo.
- iu kin a cht, c bit l s mt nc lng h. Khi h nm trong khu vc
ni vi th cao cc hang ng (cn gi l hin tng karst) chnh l gii hn
ca chiu cao MNDBT. l v hin tng a cht bin i khi ngp nc cc
khu vc din ra rt phc tp khng c kh nng x l (lp nht) gi nc h.
- iu kin a hnh t nhin. l nhng du hiu a hnh m ngi thit k bit
ngay khng nn chn MNDBT ln cao hn, v d khi phi xy rt nhiu p
ph, hay p ph qu ln (di).
Chnh lch mc nc H thng c ly (1-2)m, khi p cao c th ly ti 10m.
la chn MNDBT hp l nht trong s cc phng n vch ra cn phi da
vo cc ch tiu kinh t (chi ph, li nhun). Ngi ta cng hay thc hin theo th
t tng dn chiu cao mc nc. mi bc, cn tnh c s thay i (s gia) v
vn u t, chi ph vn hnh v thu nhp hng nm (in nng). Da trn s thay
i ny c th xc nh c phng n ti u (da vo NPV hay thi gian thu hi
vn u t chnh lch).
Khi MNDBT thay i cn phi xc nh c tng i chnh xc v y cc
lng thay i v vn u t, chi ph vn hnh v li ch. l yu cu quan trng
c t ra cho giai on lp d n thit k NMT. Cn xem xt cc ni dung sau
khi nng cao mc nc mt lng H :
- Tng thm vn u t v chi ph vn hnh do thay i quy m cc cng trnh u
mi (p cao hn, n b di dn nhiu hn ...).
- Tng thm vn u t v chi ph vn hnh cho trang thit b (t my, thit b phn
phi, my bin p, ng dy ti in ...).
- S thay i (tng, gim) vn u t v chi ph vn hnh i vi cc cng trnh
thy in bc thang hoc ln cn (do nh hng iu tit cng nh nh hng thay
i mc nc thng lu, h lu).
- S thay i vn u t v chi ph vn hnh ca cc cng trnh phc v li ch
tng hp ngun nc.
- Gim vn u t v chi ph vn hnh cho i tng thay th.
2) S thay i li ch (hng nm)
- Tng thm sn lng in nng hng nm thu c do tng c cng sut t
cng nh ct nc.
- Thay i (tng, gim) sn lng in nng cc NMT bc thang hoc ln cn.
Vic tnh sn lng in nng khi thay i MNDBT rt phc tp. Trc ht cn xt
n s thay i cng sut t, bng cch la chn li theo phng php nu trong
mc trn. Sau thc hin bi ton iu tit nm vi cc gi thit v MNC.
Sau khi so snh hiu qu kinh t cn phi xt n hng lot cc yu t an ton khc
nh: hiu qu chng l, an ton v p, nh hng mi trng, an ninh quan s ...
mi c th chn c MNDBT.
III. Tnh ton la chn mc nc cht (MNC)
Cng nh MNDBT chn MNC, trc ht cn xt n cc rng buc k thut.
C cc rng buc ch yu sau:
- Rng buc v b tr cng tnh: MNC phi cao b tr thun tin ca nhn
nc v cp nc.
Theo iu kin ny mo di ca ca nhn nc phi cao hn cao trnh bi lng
mot khong khng cho bn ct y ko vo. Cn mp trn ca ca nhn
nc phi thp hn MNC mt khong khng sinh phu xay cun khng kh
nn vo tua bin. Nh vy tnh theo cao:
MNC MNBL + a
1
+ H
CNN
+ a
2

Trong : MNBL - l cao trnh bi ln bn ct;
a
1
- khong d tr an ton chng bn ct y ko vo ca nhn nc;
H
CNN
- chiu cao ca ca nhn nc;
a
2
- khong d tr an ton chng pht sinh phu xoy kh.
Mc nc bi lng MNBL ph thuc chiu cao y h v lng ct bi lng tnh
ton (trong chu k tui th), cn H
CNN
, a
1
, a
2
c tnh ton theo nhng tiu chun
thit k (c cc ti liu hng dn ring).
- Rng buc v iu kin lm vic ca tua bin.
Ct nc lm vic ca tua bin c gii hn ti a, ti thiu, ph thuc vo c tnh
lm vic ca n (hnh 5.13). Gii hn ny ch yu nhm m bo cho tua bin c
lm vic trong vng c hiu sut cao. giai on thit k ngi ta phi cn c vo
ct nc nh mc ca NMT chn tua bin. Thng thng tua bin ch m bo
c hiu sut cao trong phm vi dao ng ct nc H = (0,3-0,4)H
m
(tnh t
MNDBT), vi:
H
m
= MNDBT - Z
hl(Q0)
;
Trong : Z
hl(Q0)
- l mc nc h lu tnh vi lu lng nc trung bnh nhiu
nm Q
0
.
y cng chnh l chiu su lm vic gii hn ca h (cn gi l chiu su khai
thc). Nh vy theo iu kin lm vic ca tua bin:
MNC MNDBT - H
LV gh

H
LV gh
c xc nh cn c vo tr s H v cc iu kin gii hn k thut khc
ca tua bin.
- Rng buc v iu kin mi sinh lng h:
MNC Z
min

Trong Z
min
- l mc nc h ti thiu m bo cc iu kin mi trng cho
nui trng thy sn, v sinh lng h v n nh mc nc ngm cho khu vc xunh
quanh.
Cc mc nc tha mn iu kin rng buc u c th c a vo so snh theo
cc ch tiu kinh t-k thut. Cn phn bit cc trng hp khc nhau theo kh
nng iu tit ca h.
a. H cha iu tit nm.
Nhim v chnh ca h iu tit nm l tng sn lng in nng cho NMT v
tng cng sut pht trong thi k t nc (nng cao cng sut m bo). V th nu
xem nh MNDBT bit th bi ton la chn MNC cng chnh l bi ton la
chn chiu su lm vic ca h sao cho sn lng in nng c nm ca NMT l
ln nht.
Vi mt gi thit v chiu su lm vic ca h (hay MNC) ta hon ton c th xc
nh c sn lng in nng cc i sn xut ra trong mt nm ca NMT. Sn
lng in nng y l cc i theo cch tnh ton iu tit ti u h cha vi
biu thy vn cho.
Tnh vi cc phng n MNC khc nhau ta c th xy dng c ng cong quan
h gia sn lng in nng (cc i) hng nm vi chiu su lm vic ca h.
Quan h ny c mt tr s cc i, tng ng vi chiu su lm vic ti u.
C th gii thch s tn ti gi tr cc i ca ng cong quan h nh sau. Khi
tng chiu su lm vic ca h mt lng H
LV
tng ng vi vic h MNC xung
thp v lm tng thm dung tch h cha mt lng l V. C 2 nguyn nhn dn
n cc lng in nng thay i: lng in nng tng (k hiu l E
1
) do s
dng thm lng nc V tch ly trong h t, lng in nng gim ( k hiu l
E
2
) do vn hnh lng nc dng chy vi ct nc thp hn. Khi gim lin tip
cc tr s H
LV
bng nhau tng su lm vic th E
1
tng chm dn (do lng
h hp li V b i, ct nc cng thp dn). Trong khi E
2
vn gim u do
cng sut t l vi ct nc.
Trn hnh 6.5 th hin cc ng cong quan h ni trn, tnh vi cc nm c lng
nc khc nhau (nm nhiu nc, nm nc trung bnh v nm t nc). Khi lng
nc gim thp, cc tr dch chuyn v pha tng thm chiu su lm vic (ngha l
gim MNC xung thp, nng cao dung tch hu ch ca h).
Chiu su lm vic c u tin chn cho nm t nc nhm nng cao cng sut
m bo cho nh my. Thc ra, khi tnh sn lng in nng theo phng n iu
tit di hn ti u (san bng dng chy) th kt qu cng tng ng nng cao cng
sut m bo.












Cn ch l, khi c cc NMT bc thang, cng c xy dng trn mt dng
sng, th cc s gia in nng do tng thm chiu su lm vic mi NMT cn
phi c tnh n tt c cc NMT khc. Bi ton iu tit phi c thc hin
phi hp nh trnh by trong chng 4. Ni chung hiu qu tng hp lun lun
cao hn khi ch c mt nh my. Hn na chiu su lm vic cc h c xu hng
tng thm (hnh 6.6).
V nguyn tc, vic la chn cc thng s cho NMT ni chung v MNC ni
ring phi tun theo cc ch tiu kinh t-k thut. V th cc tnh ton nu trn ch
c coi l bc la chn s b cho MNC, hn na mi ch tng ng vi mt
MNDBT cho. Mc nc cht la chn cui cng cho NMT ch c c sau
cc tnh ton la chn phi hp MNDBT v cng sut dt ca nh my.

H
LV3
H
LV2
H
LV1
E
nm
H
LV
hay V
hi
Nm nhiu nc.
Nm nc trung bnh.
Nm t nc.
Hnh 6.5

H
LV3
H
LV1
E
nm
H
LV
hay V
hi
Nm nhiu nc.
Nm t nc.
Hnh 6.6

H'
LV1
H'
LV3

b. H cha iu tit nhiu nm.
Mc ch ca iu tit nhiu nm khng phi l lm tng sn lng in nng
hng nm m lm tng cng sut m bo v in nng m bo. Khi tng chiu
su lm vic th dung tch hu ch ca h cha tng, tuy nhin lng nc s dng
hng nm hu nh khng thay i. l v, vi h iu tit nhiu nm, khi c
iu tit ti u ni chung khng phi x nc tha. Trong khi h thp MNC s
lm h thp mc nc ni chung, dn n sn lng in nng trung bnh gim
xung. Cng sut m bo v in nng m bo tng c l do c s phn b
lng nc t nm nhiu nc sang nm t nc. Li ch ca vic tng thm cng
sut v in nng m bo l lm cho lng cng sut v in nng ca NMT
tham gia cn bng c cho ph ti h thng nhiu hn. Chnh lch gia chi ph
(k c lng in nng trung bnh b gim) v li ch s l c s la chn MNC
ti u. Nh vy vi h iu tit nhiu nm MNC cn c gi thit v la chn
ng thi vi qu trnh tnh ton la chn MNDBT v cng sut t.
c. H iu tit ngn hn (ngy v tun)
Khi h nh khng t ra cho NMT nhim v tham gia iu tit di hn. V d khi
ton b lng nc ca h ch s dng trong mt s t ngy (1 tun tr xung).
Trong trng hp ny, khi tnh ton s b (chn MNDBT v N

), nu khng vi
phm cc gii hn th c th chn MNC sao cho diu tit ngy hon ton.
Dung tch iu tit ngy hon ton c th tnh theo phn nh ca biu ph ti
tng h thng. Bit Q
tb
v H
tb
trong ma t nc c th tnh c P
tb
v E
T
. Cho
cng sut ca NMT ph nh biu ph ti tng h thng vi gi thit h cha
c dung tch ln (xem chng 5) sau xc nh W
t
. Khi da vo iu kin
W
t
= V
hi
suy ra MNC.
Sau khi chn xong MNDBT v N

cho NMT, MNC c th c xc nh li theo

cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut.