Chuyn luyn thi i Hc Cao ng

Chuyn : AXIT CACBOXYLIC

A. CC DNG BI TP V PHNG PHP GII Dng 1: Bi tp v phn ng trung ho: Phng php: - Vi axit a chc: t CTTQ R(COOH)x R(COOH)x + xNaOH R(COONa)x + xH2O a ax a ax 2R(COOH)x + xBa(OH)2 R2(COO)2xBax + 2xH2O a ax/2 a/2 ax - Vi axit n chc ( x=1): t CTTQ RCOOH RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O 2RCOOH + Ba(OH)2 (RCOO)2Ba + 2H2O Nu bi ton cho mt hay mt hn hp cc axit cacboxylic thuc cng mt dy ng ng tc dng vi NaOH theo t l mol 1:1 hoc tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 theo t l mol 2:1 th l cc axit n chc. Lu : + Nu l axit no, n chc, mch h ta c th t CTTQ l C nH2n+1COOH ( n0) hoc CmH2mO2 (m 1) + Axit fomic c phn ng trng bc do c nhm chc anehit trong phn t. + Khi lng cht rn sau phn ng: mRn = mmui + mNaOH(Ba(OH)2) V d 1: Hnn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic A, B n chc, hn km nhau mt nguyn t cacbon. Cho 12,9g X tc dng ht vi 300ml dung dch NaHCO3 1M, c cn dung dch thu c n khi lng khng i cn li 21,05g cht rn khan. a) Xc nh CTCT thu gn ca A, B. b) Cho 12,9g hn hp X trn tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3, kt thc phn ng thu c m gam kt ta Ag. Tnh gi tr ca m. V d 2: Mt hn hp gm 2 axit cacboxylic no, n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng ca axit axetic. Ly m gam hn hp ri thm vo 75ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M. Sau phi dng 25ml dung dch HCl 0,2M trung ho NaOH d. Sau khi trung ho em c cn dung dch n kh thu c 1,0425g hn hp mui khan. a) Vit CTCT ca 2 axit. Gi s cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. b) Tnh gi tr ca m. V d 3: Cho hn hp X gm 2 axit cacboxylic no, mch khng phn nhnh. t chy hon ton 0,3mol X, thu c 11,2lt kh CO2 (ktc). Nu trung ho 0,3mol X cn dng 500ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Hai axit l: A. HCOOH, HOOC-COOH B. HCOOH, HOOC-CH2-COOH C. HCOOH, C2H5COOH D. HCOOH, CH3COOH (KB_2009) Dng 2: Bi tp v phn ng t chy: - Vi axit cacboxylic ni chung: t CTTQ CnH2n+2-2k-2xO2x CnH2n+2-2k-2xO2x +
3n + 1 k 3 x O2 n CO2 + (n+1-k-x) H2O 2

nNaOH = ( mmui maxit)/ 22 x = nNaOH/ naxit nBa(OH)2 = (mmui maxit)/ 133 x= 2. nBa(OH)2/naxit

GV: Nguyn Xun Hong - T Ho - Trng THPT L Qung Ch

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Chuyn luyn thi i Hc Cao ng - Vi axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch h: t CTTQ CnH2nO2 CnH2nO2 +
3n O2 n CO2 + n H2O 2

nCO2 = nH2O Nu bi ton cho t chy hon ton mt hn hp cc axit cacboxylic thuc cng dy ng ng thu c nCO2 = nH2O th l axit no, n chc. V d 1: Mt hn hp A gm 2 axit hu c no ( mi axit khng cha qu 2 nhm COOH) c khi lng 16g tng ng vi 0,175 mol. t chy hon ton A ri cho sn phm qua nc vi trong d, thu c 47,5g kt ta. Mt khc nu cho hn hp A tc dng va vi dung dch Na 2CO3 thu c 22,6g mui. Tm CTCT v tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp A. V d 2: Hn hp X gm axit Y n chc v axit Z a chc ( Y, Z c cng s nguyn t cacbon). Chia X thnh hai phn bng nhau. Cho phn 1 tc dng vi Na, sinh ra 4,48lt kh H 2 (ktc). t chy hon ton phn 2, sinh ra 26,4g CO2. Cng thc cu to thu gn v phn trm khi lng ca Z trong hn hp X l: A. HOOC-CH2-COOH; 70,87% B. HOOC-CH2-COOH; 54,88% C. HOOC-COOH; 60% D. HOOC-COOH; 42,86% (KB_2009) Dng 3: Bi tp v phn ng este ho: H SO RCOOH + ROH RCOOR + H2O ; KC
2 4

KC =

[ RCOOR'][ H 2 O ] [ RCOOH ][ R' OH ]

B. BI TP: Cu 1: Dy cc cht c sp xp theo chiu tng dn nhit si t tri sang phi l: KA_2009 A. CH3COOH, C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3CHO B. CH3CHO, C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3COOH C. CH3COOH, HCOOH, C2H5OH, CH3CHO D. CH3COOH, HCOOH, CH3CHO, C2H5OH Cu 2: Hn hp X gm 2 axit hu c n chc, ng ng k tip. Ly m gam X em tc dng ht vi 12g Na th thu c 14,27g cht rn v 0,336 lt H2 (ktc). Cng m gam X tc dng va vi 600ml nc Br2 0,05M. Cng thc phn t ca hai axit l: A. C3H2O2 v C4H4O2. B. C3H4O2 v C4H6O2. C. C4H6O2 v C5H8O2 D. C3H6O2 v C4H8O2. Cu 3: (KA_2009). Cho a mol hp cht hu c X ( cha C, H, O) phn ng hon ton vi Na hoc NaHCO3 th u sinh ra a mol kh. Cht X l: A. Etylen glycol B. Axit aipic C. Ancol o-hiroxibenzylic D. Axit 3-hiroxipropanoic. Cu 4: Trn u ancol etylic, axit axetic vo nc c 4g dung dch X. em ton b dung dch X tc dng va vi Na c m gam cht rn v 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). Gi tr ca m l: A. 3,54 B. 10,8 C. 8,4 D. 4,14 Cu 5: Thu phn hon ton 511,5 g mt lipit thu c 46g glixerol v hai loi axit bo. Hai axit l: A. C15H31COOH v C17H35COOH B. C17H33COOH v C15H31COOH C. C17H31COOH v C17H33COOH D. C17H33COOH Cu 6: Cho glixerol phn ng vi hn hp axit beo gm C17H35COOH v C15H31COOH, s loi trieste c to ra ti a l: A. 6 B. 5 C. 3 D. 4 GV: Nguyn Xun Hong - T Ho - Trng THPT L Qung Ch Trang 2

Chuyn luyn thi i Hc Cao ng Cu 7: t chy hon ton 0,15 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc, cn va V lt O2 (ktc), thu c 0,45 mol CO2 v 0,2 mol H2O. Gi tr ca V l: A. 8,96 B. 11,2 C. 6,72 D.13,44 Cu 8: X l mt axit hu c n chc. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol X cn 6,72 lt O 2 (ktc). X c tn gi l: A. Axit propionic B. Axit axetic C. Axit acrylic D. Axit butiric Cu 9: Cht no sau y c tnh axit mnh nht? A. CH2Cl- CH2-COOH B. CH3-CHCl-COOH C. CH3-CH2-COOH D. CH2Br-CH2-COOH Cu 10: Cho hn hp T gm 1 axit cacboxylic n chc X, 1 ancol n chc Y, 1 este ca X vY. Khi cho 0,5 mol hn hp T tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, un nng th thu c 0,4 mol Y. Thnh phn % s mol ca X trong hn hp T l: A. 33,33% B. 80% C. 44,44% D. 20% Cu 11: Hn hp X gm 2 axit hu c no, n chc. Trung ho ht 6,7g X bng dung dch NaOH ri c cn dung dch thu c 8,9g mui khan. Cn khi cho 6,7g X tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 th thu c 10,8g Ag. Cng thc ca 2 axit l: A. HCOOH v CH3COOH B. HCOOH v C3H7COOH C. HCOOH v C2H5COOH D. HCOOCH3 v CH3COOH Cu 12: Cho 20g hn hp hai axit no, n chc tc dng va vi dung dch Na2CO3 th thu c V lt kh CO2 (ktc) v dung dch mui. C cn dung dch thu c 28,8g mui khan. Gi tr ca V l: A. 2,24 B. 5,6 C. 4,48 D. 1,12 Cu 13: Cho 2,64g hn hp gm HCOOH, CH3COOH, C6H5OH tc dng va vi 40ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Tng khi lng ca mui thu c sau phn ng l: A. 3,52g B. 6,45g C. 8,42g D. 4,24g Cu 14: Cho 2 cht hu c X, Y ng ng k tip vi % oxi trong X, Y ln lt l 53,33% v 43.24%. Bit rng X tc dng vi NaOH theo t l mol 1:1. CTCT thu gn ca X, Y ln lt l: A. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH B. CH3CH(OH)COOH v C2H5CH(OH)COOH C. C2H5COOH v C3H7COOH D. HCOOH v CH3COOH Cu 15: Trn 300ml dung dch axit axetic 1M v 50ml ancol etylic 460 (d=0,8g/ml) c thm mt t H2SO4 c vo mt bnh cu v un nng bnh cu mt thi gian, sau chng ct thu c 19,8g este. Hiu sut ca phn ng este ho l: A. 65% B. 75% C. 85% D. 90% Cu 16: iu ch 13,5g axit lactic t tinh bt qua con ng ln men lactic. Bit hiu sut thu phn tinh bt v ln men lactic tng ng l 85% v 80%. Khi lng tinh bt cn dng l: A. 22,33g B. 17,82g C. 17,867g D. 24,23g Cu 17: trung ho hon ton 4,8g hn hp X gm 2 axit hu c A, B cn a mol NaOH thu c 6,78g mui khan. Gi tr ca a l: A. 0,05 B. 0,07 C. 0,09 D. 1,1 Cu 18: Hn hp X gm 2 axit no A, B. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol X cn 2,24lt O2 (ktc). CTCT thu gn ca 2 axit A, B l: A. HCOOH v CH3COOH B. HCOOH v HOOC-COOH C. CH3COOH v HOOC-COOH D. CH3COOH v HOOC-CH2-COOH

GV: Nguyn Xun Hong - T Ho - Trng THPT L Qung Ch

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Chuyn luyn thi i Hc Cao ng Cu 19: t chy hon ton a mol hn hp X gm 2 mui natri ca 2 axit no, n chc l ng ng k tip nhau cn 9,52 lt O2 ( O0C, 2atm), phn cht rn cn li sau khi t cn nng 10,6g. CTCT thu gn ca hai mui l: A. HCOONa v CH3COONa B. CH3COONa v C2H5COONa C. C3H7COONa v C4H9COONa D. C2H5COONa v C3H7COONa Cu 20: Cho hn hp X gm ancol etylic v hn hp 2 axit no, n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng, tc dng ht vi Na gii phng ra 4,48 lt H2 (ktc). Mt khc nu un nng hn hp X (xt: H2SO4 c) th cc cht trong hn hp X phn ng va vi nhau to thnh 16,2g hn hp este. CTCT thu gn ca 2 axit l: A. HCOOH v CH3COOH B. C3H7COOH v C4H9COOH C. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH D. C6H13COOH v C7H15COOH

GV: Nguyn Xun Hong - T Ho - Trng THPT L Qung Ch

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