CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATION

Telecommunication is the process of providing long distance telephonic or telegraphic information was also a myth about 106 years before. Hearing voices when there was no one around was looked upon as a manifestation of either mystical communication or insanity. But undaunted by the rebuffs of the people, the great scientists like graham bell and Morse sowed the seeds so deep that we have now a beautiful blossoming and ever increasing tree of

telecommunication. Though the scientific discoveries of electricity and magnetism, which resulted in the development of telegraph system, were equally valid for telephone, the first practical development (foe speaking) system was invented by ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL in 1876, about 40 years after the invention of telegraph system.

In 1928, there was invention of combined hand micro telephone properly known as FRENCH TELEPHONE . The ringing bell and other components got placed inside the instrument itself in 1923. This lead to the idea of telephone exchange, a centralized place with some equipment to make it possible for interconnection of telephone users. The first to come was MAGNETO SYSTEM. This used a local battery and the hand generator to call the exchange. The operator in the exchange then connects the calling subscriber to the called subscriber by sending a ringing current on the called subscribers line. This manual telephone exchange suffered from many disadvantages. To overcome these, an automatic telephone system was developed. This

eliminated the use of operator at the exchange. The telephone instrument at the subscriber premises was provided with a number and the exchange equipment was so designed that it responded to the dialed number and could connect the calling subscriber to the called subscriber. The first automatic dial telephone system patented in 1891 by ALMON.B.STROWGER, used
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selector principle for the exchange equipment. The manual and automatic changes were also used to cater for trunk traffic i.e. to make two persons located in two different places to speak to each other. The first trunk telephone service that came into use was as early as 1891 between London and Paris. This used a heavy copper conductor pair of wires between two stations. To provide both telephone and telegraph circuits between two stations, coaxial and microwave systems were evolved. We have now as many as 2700 speech circuits between two stations. These systems can also transmit television signals and provide 1200 speech and one T.V. channel between two stations. 1957 saw the dawn of man-made satellite. The U.S.S.R in October 1957 placed in orbit SPUTNIK 1, that was followed by EXPLORER 1 by U.S.A three months later. This inspired the telecom engineers to evolve

communication satellites. In 1962, Telestar relayed the live T.V. across the Atlantic for the first time.

In India, domestic satellite system became operational in June 1981 and made fast and high quality communication possible in far areas like Leh, Mizoram, Port Blair. Telecommunication engineers are trying to realize the dreams not only to hear the sweet voice of their beloved ones but also enjoy their visual gestures. Picture telephony is already operational in U.S.A. Yet another development in the field of telecommunication is mobile communication. In U.S.A, one can dial the wanted number within 50 kms while driving a car. To conclude we can say that the history of

telecommunication is no less interesting than the history of man. From its primitive stage it has become one of the most sophisticated branch of engineering. There seems to be no end on this field.

CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO OCB-283

The ALCATEL 1000 E10(ocb-283) exchange is also known by its short name as the E10 (OCB-283). CIT ALCATEL OF FRANCE has developed this system. It stands for Organ Controlled Version B (using second generation of 83 series of microprocessor). It is the digital switching system, which supports a variety of

communication, needs like basic telephony, ISDN, interface to mobile communication etc. The first OCB exchanges of R 11 version were commissioned in Brest( France) and Beijing (China) in 1981. The first OCB-283 exchange came in India in 1993. Subsequently the system has been upgraded and current versions R-21, R-22 are being supplied. The basic architecture remaining same, more facilities both to
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subscribers and administration are supposed by later versions. It has modular architecture, which means that new services can be added and processing capacity can be increased without interrupting operation of the exchange. The E10 (OCB-283) exchange is multipurpose exchange. Subscribers connected in OCB-283 exchange on digital subscriber center CSN equipments. The CSN equipment is especially developed to make the subscriber access system quite independent of the exchanges common equipments. OCB-283 switching system is capable to connect both analog and digital subscribers. Digital subscriber center (CSN) is therefore designed to serve both analog and digital subscribers.

2.1 SALIENT FEATURES OF OCB-283

It is digital switching system with single T stage switch. A maximum of 2048 PCMs can be connected. It supports both analog and digital subscribers. The system supports all the existing signaling systems like decades, MF, CAS and CCS#7 system. It provides telephony, ISDN, data communication, cellular radio and other value added services. The system has automatic recovery feature. It has a double remoting facility. Subscribers access unit CSDN can be placed at the remote place and connected to the main exchange through PCM links. The charge account of subscribers are automatically saved in the disc once in a day avoiding loss of revenue in case of power failure. The traffic handling capacity of the system is huge. It can handle 800000 BHCA and 25000 Erlangs of traffic.

 All the control units are implemented on the same type of hardware. This is called station. For all these control units, only one backup station is provided, enabling automatic recovery in case of fault. The OCB-283 is made of only 35 types of cards. This excludes the cards required for CSN. The system has modular structure. The expansion can be very easily carried out by adding necessary hardware and software. The SMMs are duplicated, with one active and other in standby. In case of faults, switch over takes place automatically.

The space requirement is very small. No separate room is required for OMC. There is no fixed and rigid rack and suite configuration in the system. It provides great flexibility and adjustment in the available space. The environment requirement of the system are very flexible. The system can work at temperature 5 to 45
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degree Celsius though the optimum temperature is 22 degree Celsius.

CHAPTER 3 ARCHITECTURE OF THE ALCATEL 1000 E10 (OCB-283)

The E10(OCB-283) is constructed according to the following principles:
It has modular architecture. System functions are distributed over its components modules. The principle of modularity is applied to both hardware and exchange software.

3.1

THE

SYSTEMS

MODULAR

ARCHITECTURE MEANS:
EASE OF MODULATION: The number of

different modules can be tailored to the function of exchange performs as well as the volume and characteristic of the traffic handled.
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 RELIABILITY: Newly developed modules are tested independently. DEPANDABILITY: The principle of redundancy is applied to each types of system components. Redundancy ensures continuity of service if a unit fails. EASY UPGRADE: It is easy to add new modules to accommodate for technological changes.

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Fig 3.1 :- General Architecture of OCB- 283 3.2 THE E 10 (OCB 283) CONSISTS MAINLY OF:
Control Stations Software Machines A communication local area network

3.2.1 Control Stations:

The SMs (control station) are the hardware modules of the E10 OCB-283. An SM is a set of boards in a sub rack. The boards supporting the processors and the memories are linked together via a bus. Each SM is connected to the communication local area network. FIVE TYPES OF SM : SMCs (main control station) supporting the switching functions (charging, translation etc.) SMTs (trunk control stations) supporting the auxiliary functions.

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 SMXs (matrix control stations) which comprises the switching matrix. SMM (maintenance station) for operating and maintaining the system.

3.2.2 Software Machines:

The MLs (software machines) are the software modules of the E 10 OCB-283. An ML is supported by a control station. Several MLs can coexist on the same SM. The ML SM (control station software machine) is present in every SM. It operates the station. The other MLs called functional MLs are for the exchanges main function (call handling, connection management etc.)

3.2.3 Local Area Network :

The local area network links the SMs together. It supports communication between the software machines supported by the SMs. One ML can communicate with another needing to know where it is in the network. The local area network consists of upto five multiplexes. MAIN CONTROL STATIONS(SMC) :
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The SMCs handle the following control functions: Call handling (setting up disconnecting call). Translation (managing routings and charging modes based on data bases). Charging. Circuit Observation. Connection Management. Signaling network management. Server Management The SMCs also have a particular role in the communication local area network. The SMCs are connected to the MIS(intra station multiplex) and to the MAS (main control station access multiplex). They can communicate with all the stations on the local area network and convey messages between SMs connected to different multiplexes. TRUNK CONTROL STATION (SMT): The SMT (trunk control station) are for connecting the PCM links and processing the channel associated signaling.
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The SMTs are the interfaces between the E 10 OCB-283 and the remote network elements (exchanges, subscriber connection units etc.) There are two SMT versions: The SMT1G capable of connecting 32 PCM links. The SMT2G capable of connecting 128 PCM links. SMT1G: An SMT1G comprises: A duplicated control logic that operates in worker standby mode. Interfaces with the PCM links. Interfaces for connetion to the two branches of the switching matrix system.
SMT2G:

An SMT2G comprises: Two individual stations, SMTA and SMTB, which control the SMT and operate in worker-standby mode. Each individual station has the basic control station
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equipment (CMP, PUP, common memory) and adapters linking with the ETs (exchange terminations). AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT CONTROL STATIONS (SMA): The SMAs (auxiliary equipment control stations) house the systems auxiliary(service circuit) equipments. The SMAs functions are: 1. Management of voice frequency signals: Receipt and generation of frequencies for setting up. Calls. Management of conference circuits. Tone Generation. 2. Time management. 3. Processing of No.7 common channel signaling. An SMA contains the basic SM equipment plus, depending on requirements, adapters dedicated to the functions listed above.
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SWITCHING MATRIX SYSTEM (SMX): The SMX (switching matrix system) sets up the connections between the different slots that come from the connection units (local SMT, SMA and CSN). It comprises of two identical branches each with a switching matrix. For each call, the connections are set up simultaneously in both branches. A control unit selects the branch that is active for that call. The SMXs two-branch structure provides connetions defence capability. SWITCHING MATRICES: The matrix of the SMX are square matrices(the same number of outgoing links and incoming links). They consist

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of basic elements called time switches, they can switch time slots from 64 LRS. The juxtaposition of the time switches increases the capacity of a switching matrix to 2048 LRE by 2048 LRS. To increase the capacity of the switching matrices, all that is required is to add the equipment that supports new time switches. So switching capacity can be increased progressively as required with lack of continuity. Each connection uses a single switch. The SMX therefore has only time stage T. This feature ensures that: There is no blocking. Call setup time are short. Cross-office time is the same for all connection. SYNCHRONISATION AND TIME BASE STATION (STS): The STS(synchronization and time base station) generates the timing signals needed to process digital data.

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The three oscillators used to generate the timing signals from the BT(time base). All these are powered independently. The timing signals delivered by the STS are transmitted to both branches of the SMX. In each branch, a majority logic selection mechanism chooses the timing signal which is distributed in the matrix and then to the SMAs, SMTs and CSNLs. The STS can operate in different modes: SYNCHRONISED: An external synchronization is used. STANDALONE: There is no external synchronization link. The

synchronization interface provides the BT with a reference frequency. FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR: There is no synchronization interface. CONTROL UNITS:

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These units provide control of calls on the basis of stored programs. They process the calls on reception of dialed digits from calling subscribers and take part in handling of call setup and release by processing, monitoring,

measuring, charging of calls and all the common control functions needed for the working of an automatic common control exchange. These control units can comprise of following functions. MULTI REGISTER (MR): The MR establishes and releases the calls. It takes real time decisions for processing of a call. MR consults TR to find out subscribers entitlement and stores digits dialed by the subscriber. It also orders for connections and disconnection of various tones and subscribers. In addition of call processing functions MR also carries out testing of circuits and observational functions. TRANSLATOR(TR): The TR stores the exchange database in its memory. On request, it will tell MR the characteristics and entitlements
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of subscriber and circuits. The TR also stores routing and analyzing data. It converts the received digits into equipment no. of the called subscriber.

MARKER(MQ): The market carries out connections and disconnections between subscribers or circuits. It also acts as gate for messages, which pass from one communication domain to another. The MQ also supervises semi permanent connections in the network. CHARGING UNIT (TX): As the name suggests, the TX carries out charging of each communication setup. It also keeps charge amount of all subscribers. The TX also prepares and sends detailed billing messages to SMM. In addition, it also carries out subscribers and circuit observation functions. MATRIX SYSTEM HANDLER (GX):

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The GX monitors the connections in the switching network and in case of fault, carries out appropriate defense function. COMMUNICATION LOCAL AREA NETWORK : The local area network supports communication between the SMs (control stations) of the E-10 OCB-283. The local area network comprises of up to five communication multiplexes: The MIS( intra station multiplex) supports the transfer of messages between the different SMCs and SMMs. The MAS(main control station access multiplex) support the transfer of messages between the SMCs and the SMAs, SMTs and SMXs. Depending upon the configuration upto four MASs are on the network. In a compact configuration, the local area network has only one communication multiplex(than MIS) to which all the SMs are connected. All the communication multiplex, MIS and MAS have the same characteristics. A multiplex consists of two
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transmission media in a ring and transfers using the token ring protocol. Both the multiplex rings operate in load sharing mode. However, each ring is capable of handling all the traffic on the multiplex. So duplication of ring safeguards the transfer of all the messages. MAINTENANCE STATION (SMM): Role of the maintenance station: The SMM (maintenance station) is for: System management (administration, configuration, initialization) Operating the exchange. Supervising the system and its environment (defense, alarms). Maintaining the equipment (tests,settings). Storing the data. The control and connection units can operate

independently, but it is the central defense function handled by the SMM that ensures continuity of service. BACKUPS:
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THE DISK DRIVES: Two hard disks are used to store all the systems software and data. They operate in mirror mode, which means that data is written in parallel on both disks irrespective of which subsystem is the worker. The disks are also used for temporary backup of itemized billing information. MAGNETIC TAPE UNIT: It is possible to copy the information stored on hard disk to tape, for example, to send the information to a processing center. The tape drives are fitted with formatting devices. The tape drives are optional. STREAMER: The streamer is used mainly for loading the system at the outset. It is also used for routine backup operation.

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Table 1 Below shows the number of units used in the system in a minimum configuration and a maximum configuration : EQUIPMEN T MINIMUM CONFIGURATIO N SMC SMA 2 2 MAXIMUM CONFIGURATIO N 12 64 including up to : 31 with ML ETA 14+1 with ML PUPE 16 pairs with ML AN

SMT2G (With 1 (with 48 PCM 2 basic stations per links)

16 (with 128 PCM links)

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SMT) SMX (for each of the 2 branches) SMM (with two processors subsystem) STS 1 1 1 MIS & MAS 1 1 1 (with 80 LR) 8 (with 256 LR)

Local network 1 MIS (MIS and MAS)

CHAPTER 4 SUBSCRIBER FACILITIES PROVIDED BY OCB-283

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OCB-283 provided a large number of subscriber facilities. Some facilities are available only to digital subscribers and as such they cannot be availed by analogue subscribers. To avail these facilities numbers are given special categories by man machine commands.

4.1

FACILITIES

TO

ANALOGUE

SUBSCRIBERS:
A line can be made outgoing only or incoming only. Immediate Hot Line Facility: The subscriber is connected to another predetermined subscriber on lifting the handset, without dialing any number. Delayed Hot Line Facility: When subscriber lifts the handset, the dial tone is provided and subscriber can dial any number. But if he does not dial any number within a predetermined time, he is connected to predetermined number. Abbreviated Dialing: The subscriber can record a short code and its corresponding full number in the

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memory. Later to dial this number, he has to dial only the short code. Call forwarding: When activated, incoming calls to the subscriber gets transferred to the number mentioned by the subscriber while activating the facility. Conference between Four Subscribers: The

subscribers A and B while in conversation can include two more subscribers by pressing flash button and dialing their numbers. Call Waiting Indication: When a subscriber is engaged in conversation and if he gets an incoming call, an indication is given in the form of tone. Hearing this subscriber has the option, either to hold the subscriber in conversation and attend the waiting call or to disconnect this subscriber and attend to the waiting call. In the former case, he can revert back to the earlier subscriber.

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 Automatic Call On Busy: If this facility is activated and if the called subscriber is found busy, the calling subscriber simply replaces the receiver. The system keeps watch on the called subscriber and when it becomes free, a ring is given to both the subscribers. On lifting they can talk to each other. Malicious Call Identification: When this category is given to a subscriber, the phone number of calling subscriber is printed on the called subscribers telephone terminal.

4.2 FACILITIES TO DIGITAL SUBSCRIBERS

Digital subscribers are provided with all the facilities available to analogue subscribers. In addition, they are provided with the following facilities, which are called ISDN services. An ISDN subscriber can use many electronic devices on its telephone line and can utilize them for two or more simultaneous calls of either VOICE DATA
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 VIDEO

The following is the list of some of the services to the digitals subscribers
A) 64 Kb/s digital connectivity between two

subscribers for data communication. B) Group 2, 3 or 4 Facsimile ( FAX) services. C) Videotext services. D) Display of calling subscriber number on called

subscribers telephone. E) Facility for restriction of display of calling subscriber number on called subscribers terminal. F) Facility of displaying the connected on the calling subscribers termainal. This is useful when called subscriber has activated call transfer facility. The calling subscriber can choose to speak on forwarded number or disconnect the call.

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G)

Charging Advice: The system is capable of

providing charging advice either in real time or at the end of the call. H) User to User Signaling: The system permits

transfer to mini messages between calling and called subscribers during call setup and ringing phase. I) Terminal Portability during the Call: A subscriber can unplug terminal, carry it to some other place or room and resume the call within 3 minutes. J) Listening Unanswered Calls: The numbers of calling subscribers, who call during the absence of the called subscribers, are recorded in called subscribers terminal. The called subscriber can then check up these numbers and call them back, if he wishes so.

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CHAPTER 5 CALL CONNECTION

The interchange of signaling information can be illustrated with the help of a typical call connection sequence. A) A request for originating a call is initiated when

the calling subscriber lifts the handset. B)The exchange sends dial tone to the calling subscriber to indicate to him to start dialing.
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C)The called number is transmitted to the exchange, when the calling subscriber dials the number. D) If the number is free, the exchange sends ringing

current to him. E) Feed back is provided to the calling subscriber by the exchange by sending: Ring back tone, if the called subscriber is free. Busy tone, if the called subscriber is busy. Recorded message, if the provision exits for noncompletion of call due to some other constraint. F) The called subscriber indicates acceptance of the incoming call by lifting the Handset. G) The exchange recognizing the acceptance

terminates the ringing current and the Ring back tone and establishes the connections between calling and called subscriber. H) The connection is released when either subscriber

replaces the handset. When the called subscriber is in the different exchange, the following interchange
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trunk signal functions are also involved, before the call can be set up.

The originating exchange seizes an idle exchange trunk, connected to a digit register at the terminating exchange. The originating exchange sends the digit. The steps D to H are then performed to set up the call.

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CHAPTER 6 TONES AND RECORDED ANNOUNCEMENTS

A tone is an audible indication comprising a number of discrete frequencies, but excluding speech. An audible indication is understood to be a sound composed of frequencies within the range 300-3400 Hz which is used to

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inform the user about the state of a telephone call or supplementary service. Announcement is, on the other hand, a recorded speech sample and is switched to the time slots destined to the user to whom the announcement is to be fed. The use of announcement is made in such circumstances, which necessitate communication of special information to the user in order to prevent repeated and anfractuous call attempts.

6.1

ADVANTAGES

OF

RECORDED

ANNOUNCEMENTS:
Some factors make recorded announcements attractive. They can reduce the level of call to operators, thus saving considerable expanse. From human factors point of view, the use of an excessive number of different tones can be confusing to the user. Recorded announcements give an opportunity to present a far greater spectrum of information and are also more human.
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 Recorded announcements can impart more detailed and specific information than tones. Recorded announcements may have less chance of being misunderstood than tones in situations

encountered frequently.

6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF TONES:

Basic Tones: These are tones related to the basic services and features. Service Tones: These are the tones relating ti the usage of supplementary, non-supplementary and other services.

Test Tones: These are the tones used by the administration services. for maintenance and diagnostic

6.3

CLASSIFICATION

OF

RECORDED

ANNOUNCEMENTS:

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 Called

subscriber

related:

These

recorded

announcements are fed to the calling subscriber and pertain to the called subscriber number an his line. Calling subscriber related: These recorded

announcements are also fed to the calling subscriber and related to his own number. Route Related : These recorded announcements are fed to the calling subscriber to provide information on the route (i.e. the first few digits) dialed. Exchange related: These recorded announcements are fed to the calling subscriber and pertain to his local exchange (i.e. status of the exchange).

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CONCLUSION
The OCB system is inherently provided with flexibility to meet the future telecommunication needs and challenges. It is hoped that its introduction will pave the world for the rapid digitalization if our network.

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