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Deformation of a thin plate highlighting the displacement, the mid-surface (red) and the normal to the mid-surface (blue)
The vectors form a Cartesian basis with origin on the mid-surface of the plate, and are the Cartesian coordinates on the mid-surface of the undeformed plate, and is the coordinate for the thickness direction. Let the displacement of a point in the plate be . Then
This displacement can be decomposed into a vector sum of the mid-surface displacement and an out-of-plane displacement in the direction. We can write the in-plane displacement of the mid-surface as
If
are the angles of rotation of the normal to the mid-surface, then in the Kirchhoff-Love theory
Strain-displacement relations
For the situation where the strains in the plate are infinitesimal and the rotations of the mid-surface normals are less than 10 the strain-displacement relations are Wikipedia:Please clarify
Equilibrium equations
The equilibrium equations for the plate can be derived from the principle of virtual work. For a thin plate under a quasistatic transverse load these equations are
. In index notation,
where
Derivation of equilibrium equations for small rotations For the situation where the strains and rotations of the plate are small the virtual internal energy is given by
and the stress resultants and stress moment resultants are defined as
. Hence,
For the case where there are no prescribed external forces, the principle of virtual work implies that equilibrium equations for the plate are then given by
. The
Boundary conditions
The boundary conditions that are needed to solve the equilibrium equations of plate theory can be obtained from the boundary terms in the principle of virtual work. In the absence of external forces on the boundary, the boundary conditions are
Constitutive relations
The stress-strain relations for a linear elastic Kirchhoff plate are given by
Since and do not appear in the equilibrium equations it is implicitly assumed that these quantities do not have any effect on the momentum balance and are neglected. The remaining stress-strain relations, in matrix form, can be written as
Then,
and
The bending stiffnesses (also called flexural rigidity) are the quantities
The Kirchhoff-Love constitutive assumptions lead to zero shear forces. As a result, the equilibrium equations for the plate have to be used to determine the shear forces in thin Kirchhoff-Love plates. For isotropic plates, these equations lead to
where
Then the kinematic assumptions of Kirchhoff-Love theory lead to the classical plate theory with von Krmn strains
This theory is nonlinear because of the quadratic terms in the strain-displacement relations. If the strain-displacement relations take the von Karman form, the equilibrium equations can be expressed as
In expanded form,
where
. Using the
stress-strain relations for the plates, we can show that the stresses and moments are related by
Pure bending
For an isotropic and homogeneous plate under pure bending, the governing equations reduce to
Here we have assumed that the in-plane displacements do not vary with
and
. In index notation,
Derivation of equilibrium equations for pure bending For an isotropic, homogeneous plate under pure bending the governing equations are
Then,
and
Differentiation gives
and
Since
the
order
of
differentiation . Hence
is
irrelevant
we
have
and
are constant.
Solutions of this equation for various geometries and boundary conditions can be found in the article on bending of plates.
Derivation of equilibrium equations for transverse loading For a transversely loaded plate without axial deformations, the governing equation has the form
where gives
is a distributed transverse load (per unit area). Substitution of the expressions for the derivatives of
In cylindrical coordinates
, and we have
Cylindrical bending
Under certain loading conditions a flat plate can be bent into the shape of the surface of a cylinder. This type of bending is called cylindrical bending and represents the special situation where . In that case
and
Governing equations
The governing equations for the dynamics of a Kirchhoff-Love plate are
and
Derivation of equations governing the dynamics of Kirchhoff-Love plates The total kinetic energy of the plate is given by
Then
Hence,
Then
Integrating by parts,
10
and
are zero at
and
Again, since the variations are zero at the beginning and the end of the time interval under consideration, we have
For the dynamic case, the variation in the internal energy is given by
Integration by parts and invoking zero variation at the boundary of the mid-surface gives
acting normal to the surface of the plate, the virtual external work
Solutions of these equations for some special cases can be found in the article on vibrations of plates. The figures below show some vibrational modes of a circular plate.
mode k = 0, p = 1
mode k = 0, p = 2
mode k = 1, p = 2
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Isotropic plates
The governing equations simplify considerably for isotropic and homogeneous plates for which the in-plane deformations can be neglected. In that case we are left with one equation of the following form (in rectangular Cartesian coordinates):
where
In direct notation
Derivation of dynamic governing equations for isotropic Kirchhoff-Love plates For an isotropic and homogeneous plate, the stress-strain relations are
where
are the in-plane strains. The strain-displacement relations for Kirchhoff-Love plates are
The governing equation for an isotropic and homogeneous plate of uniform thickness displacements is
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. Hence
we have
For small deformations, we often neglect the spatial derivatives of the transverse acceleration of the plate and we are left with
References
[1] A. E. H. Love, On the small free vibrations and deformations of elastic shells, Philosophical trans. of the Royal Society (London), 1888, Vol. srie A, N 17 p. 491549. [2] Reddy, J. N., 2007, Theory and analysis of elastic plates and shells, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis. [3] Timoshenko, S. and Woinowsky-Krieger, S., (1959), Theory of plates and shells, McGraw-Hill New York.
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License
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