Một Số Phương Pháp Giải Phương Trình Vô Tỷ

I HC THI NGUYN
TRNG I HC KHOA HC
TRNH HNG UYN
MT S PHNG PHP
GII PHNG TRNH V T
LUN VN THC S TON HC
Chuyn ngnh: PHNG PHP TON S CP
M s: 60.46.40
Ngi hng dn khoa hc:
GS. TSKH. NGUYN VN MU
THI NGUYN - NM 2011
1S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
1
Mc lc
M u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chng 1. Phng php gii phng trnh v t . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1. Phng php hu t ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Phng php ng dng cc tnh cht ca hm s . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.3. Phng php a v h i xng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4. Phng trnh gii bng phng php so snh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Chng 2. Mt s phng php gii phng trnh v t cha
tham s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.1. S dng phng php bin i tng ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.2. S dng phng php t n ph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3. S dng nh l Lagrange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.4. S dng phng php iu kin cn v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.5. S dng phng php hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chng 3. Mt s cch xy dng phng trnh v t. . . . . 48
3.1. Xy dng phng trnh v t t cc phng trnh bit cch
gii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2. Xy dng phng trnh v t t h phng trnh. . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3. Dng hng ng thc xy dng cc phng trnh v t . . 53
3.4. Xy dng phng trnh v t da theo hm n iu. . . . . . . 55
3.5. Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo hm s lng gic v phng
trnh lng gic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.6. Xy dng phng trnh v t t php "t n ph khng ton
phn". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.7. Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo tnh cht vect. . . . . . . 60
3.8. Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo bt ng thc. . . . . . . . 61
3.9. Xy dng phng trnh v t bng phng php hnh hc . . 65
Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2
Ti liu tham kho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3
M u
Phng trnh v t l mt lp bi ton c v tr c bit quan trng
trong chng trnh ton hc bc ph thng. N xut hin nhiu trong cc
k thi hc sinh gii cng nh k thi tuyn sinh vo i hc. Hc sinh phi
i mt vi rt nhiu dng ton v phng trnh v t m phng php
gii chng li cha c lit k trong sch gio khoa. l cc dng ton
v phng trnh v t gii bng phng php a v h (i xng hoc
khng i xng), dng phng php t n ph khng ton phn, dng
n ph lng gic, . . . .
Vic tm phng php gii phng trnh v t cng nh vic xy dng
cc phng trnh v t mi l nim say m ca khng t ngi, c bit l
nhng ngi ang trc tip dy ton. Chnh v vy, p ng nhu cu
ging dy v hc tp, tc gi chn ti "Mt s phng php gii
phng trnh v t" lm ti nghin cu ca lun vn. ti nhm mt
phn no p ng mong mun ca bn thn v mt ti ph hp m
sau ny c th phc v thit thc cho vic ging dy ca mnh trong nh
trng ph thng. Lun vn c hon thnh di s hng dn trc tip
ca NGND. GS.TSKH. Nguyn Vn Mu. Tc gi xin c by t lng
bit n chn thnh v su sc i vi ngi thy ca mnh, ngi nhit
tnh hng dn, ch bo v mong mun c hc hi thy nhiu hn na.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n qu thy c trong Ban gim hiu, Phng
o to i hc v sau i hc Trng i hc Khoa hc, i hc Thi
Nguyn, cng qu thy c tham gia ging dy kha hc to mi iu
kin, gip tc gi trong sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu tc
gi hon thnh kha hc v hon thnh bn lun vn ny.
Lun vn gm phn m u, ba chng, phn kt lun v danh mc
ti liu tham kho.
4
Chng 1 trnh by h thng cc phng php gii c bn lp cc
phng trnh v t.
Chng 2 trnh by phng php gii v bin lun phng trnh v t
c cha tham s.
Chng 3 trnh by mt s cch xy dng phng trnh v t mi.
Mc d c gng rt nhiu v nghim tc trong qu trnh nghin cu,
nhng do thi gian v trnh cn hn ch nn kt qu t c trong
lun vn cn rt khim tn v khng trnh khi thiu xt. V vy tc gi
mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp, ch bo qu bu ca qu thy c,
cc anh ch ng nghip lun vn c hon thin hn.
Thi Nguyn 2011
Trnh Hng Uyn
5
Chng 1
Phng php gii phng trnh v
t
1.1. Phng php hu t ha
Nhn chung gii phng trnh v t ta thng quy v phng trnh
hu t gii. Ta thng dng cc phng php sau y a cc
phng trnh v t v phng trnh hu t m ta c th gi cc phng
php ny l "hu t ho".
1.1.1. S dng cc php bin i tng ng
Ni dung chnh ca phng php ny l lu tha hai v vi s m ph
hp.
Mt s php bin i tng ng thng gp.
[1].
2n
_
f(x) =
2n
_
g(x)
_
_
_
f(x) = g(x)
_
f(x) 0
g(x) 0
[2].
2n
_
f(x) = g(x) khi v ch khi
_
f(x) = g
2n
(x)
g(x) 0
[3].
2n+1
_
f(x) = g(x) f(x) = g
2n+1
(x).
V d 1.1. Gii phng trnh
2x + 1 = 3x + 1. (1.1)
6
Gii. Ta c
(1.1)
_
3x + 1 0
2x + 1 = (3x + 1)
2
_
x
1
3
9x
2
+ 4x = 0
_
x
1
3
x = 0, x =
4
9
x = 0, x =
4
9
(loi).
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x = 0.
Nhn xt 1.1. Phng trnh trn c dng tng qut
_
f(x) = g(x). Khi
gp dng phng trnh ny, ta s dng bin i sau.
_
f(x) = g(x)
_
g(x) 0
f(x) = g
2
(x)
1 +
2
3
_
x x
2
=
x +
1 x. (1.2)
Gii. iu kin
_
_
_
x x
2
0
x 0
1 x 0
0 x 1.
gii phng trnh ny, ta thng ngh n vic bnh phng hai v
khng m ca mt phng trnh c phng trnh tng ng.
(1.2) 2(x x
2
) 3
_
x x
2
= 0
_
x x
2
(2
_
x x
2
3) = 0
_
x x
2
= 0
2
x x
2
= 3
_
x x
2
= 0
4x
2
4x + 9 = 0 (v nghim)
Suy ra x = 1 hoc x = 0.
Kt hp vi iu kin bi ra, ta c x = 0; x = 1 l nghim phng
trnh.
7
Nhn xt 1.2. Dng tng qut ca phng trnh trn l
_
f(x) +
_
g(x) =
_
h(x). Khi gp dng phng trnh ny ta bin i
tng ng nh sau
_
f(x) +
_
g(x) =
_
h(x)
_
_
_
f(x) 0
g(x) 0
f(x) + g(x) + 2
_
f(x)g(x) = h(x)
V d 1.3 (Hoc sinh gii quc gia nm 2000). Gii phng trnh
_
4 3
10 3x = x 2. (1.3)
Gii. Ta c
(1.3)
_
x 2
4 3
10 3x = x
2
4x + 4
_
x 2
4x x
2
= 3
10 3x
_
2 x 4
x
4
8x
3
+ 16x
2
+ 27x 90 = 0
_
2 x 4
(x 3)(x
3
5x
2
+ x + 30) = 0
_
2 x 4
(x 3)(x + 2)(x
2
7x + 15) = 0
x = 3.
Vy x = 3 l nghim ca phng trnh.
1.1.2. Thc hin php nhn lin hp n gin vic tnh ton
Ta bit nu x = x
0
l nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = 0 th iu
c ngha l
_
x
0
D
f
f(x
0
) = 0
Nu x = a l nghim ca a thc P(x) th P(x) = (xa)P
1
(x), trong
P
1
(x) l a thc vi deg P
1
= deg P 1.
Nu x
0
l mt nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = 0 th ta c th a
phng trnh f(x) = 0 v dng (x x
0
)f
1
(x) = 0 v khi vic gii
phng trnh f(x) = 0 quy v phng trnh f
1
(x) = 0.
8
3(2 +
x 2) = 2x +
x + 6. (1.4)
Gii. iu kin
_
x 2 0
x + 6 0
x 2.
Ta thy x = 3 l mt nghim ca phng trnh cho. Nhn xt rng
khi x = 3 th x 2 v 4x + 6 l nhng s chnh phng. Do ta tm
cch a phng trnh cho v dng (x 3)f
1
(x) = 0.
Bin i phng trnh v dng sau 2(x3) +(
x + 63
x 2) = 0.
Vn cn li ca chng ta l phi phn tch
x + 6 3
x 2 = 0
c tha s (x3). Ta c (x+6) 9(x2) = 8(x3), iu ny gip
ta lin tng n hng ng thc a
2
b
2
= (a + b)(a b). Ta bin i
x + 6 3
x 2 =
(
x + 6 3
x 2)(
x + 6 + 3
x 2)
x + 6 + 3
x 2
=
8(x 3)
x + 6 + 3
x 3
Suy ra phng trnh cho tng ng vi phng trnh
(x 3)
_
2
8
x + 6 + 3
x 2
_
= 0.
n y ta ch cn gii phng trnh
2
8
x + 6 + 3
x 2
= 0
hay
x + 6 + 3
x 2 = 4.
Phng trnh ny c mt nghim x =
11 3
5
2
, x =
11 + 3
5
2
Vy phng trnh c nghim l x = 3 v x =
11 3
5
2
, x =
11 + 3
5
2

Nhn xt 1.3. Qua v d trn ta thy kh cn thc ta c th s dng
hng ng thc
a
n
b
n
= (a b)(a
n1
+ a
n2
b + + ab
n2
+ b
n1
).
9
Ta gi hai biu thc a b v a
n1
+ a
n2
b + + ab
n2
+ b
n1
l cc
biu thc lin hp ca nhau. Nn phng php trn thng c gi tt
l phng php nhn lin hp.
V d 1.5 ( thi ngh Olympic 30-4 THPT Thi Phin, Nng).
Gii phng trnh
1 + 3
x
4x +
2 + x
1 = 0. (1.5)
Gii. iu kin
_
_
_
x 0
2 + x 0
4x +
2 + x = 0
x 0.
Ta c
(1.5) 1 + 3
x 4x
2 + x = 0
3
2 + x = 4x 1
(3
2 + x)(3
x +
2 + x) = (4x 1)(3
x +
2 + x)
8x 2 = (4x 1)(3
x +
2 + x)
(4x 1)(3
x +
2 + x 2) = 0
_
4x 1 = 0
3
x +
2 + x = 2
_
x =
1
4
16x
2
28x + 1 = 0
Gii h tuyn hai phng trnh trn, ta c
x =
1
4
, x =
7 3
5
8
, x =
7 + 3
5
8
l nghim cn tm.
1.1.3. t n ph
Ni dung ca phng php ny l t mt biu thc cha cn thc
bng mt biu thc theo n mi m ta gi l n ph, ri chuyn phng
trnh cho v phng trnh vi n ph va t. Gii phng trnh theo
n ph tm nghim ri thay vo biu thc va t tm nghim theo
n ban u.
Vi phng php ny ta tin hnh theo cc bc sau.
10
Bc 1. Chn n ph v tm iu kin xc nh ca n ph.
y l bc quan trng nht, ta cn chn biu thc thch hp t
lm n ph. lm tt bc ny ta cn phi xc nh c mi quan h
ca cc biu thc c mt trong phng trnh. C th l, phi xc nh
c s biu din tng minh ca mt biu thc qua mt biu thc khc
trong phng trnh cho.
Bc 2. Chuyn phng trnh ban u v phng trnh theo n ph
va t v gii phng trnh ny.
Thng thng sau khi t n ph th nhng phng trnh thu c l
nhng phng trnh n gin hn m ta bit cch gii.
Bc 3. Gii phng trnh vi n ph bit xc nh nghim ca
phng trnh cho.
Nhn xt rng, c rt nhiu cch t n ph. Ta s m t mt s
cch t n ph qua v d sau y.
1 +
2
3
_
x x
2
=
x +
1 x. (1.6)
iu kin
_
x 0
1 x 0
0 x 1
Phn tch. Ta c th la chn cc cch chn n ph nh sau.
Cch 1. Ta nhn thy
x x
2
c th biu din qua
x +
1 x nh
vo ng thc
(
x +
1 x)
2
= 1 + 2
_
x x
2
. (1.7)
C th nu ta t
x +
1 x = t, t 0 th
x x
2
=
t
2
1
2

Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh phng trnh bc hai vi n t l
1 +
t
2
1
3
= t hay t
2
3t + 2 = 0 suy ra t = 1, t = 2.
Vi t = 1, ta c
x +
1 x = 1 hay 2
x x
2
= 0, suy ra x = 0 hoc
x = 1.
Vi t = 2, ta c
x +
1 x = 2 v nghim.
Vy x = 0, x = 1 l nghim phng trnh.
11
Ta nhn thy cch gii trn da theo mi lin h l ng thc (1.7).
Ngoi ra, ta c th ta c th to ra mi quan h khc gia cc i tng
tham gia phng trnh theo cch sau.
Cch 2. T phng trnh cho ta c th rt ra c mt cn thc theo
biu thc cha cn cn li l
x =
3
1 x 3
2
1 x 3
Do , nu ta t
1 x = t, t 0.
Khi ta c
x =
3t 3
2t 3
V t ng thc
(
x)
2
+ (
1 x)
2
= x + 1 x = 1 (1.8)
ta thu c phng trnh t(t 1)(2t
2
4t + 3) = 0 c nghim t = 0 v
t = 1, hay x = 1, x = 0 l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Cch 3. Nhn xt rng phng trnh cho ch cha tng v tch ca hai
biu thc cha cn v chng tho mn (1.8), do ta c th t
x = a,
1 x = b, a 0, b 0. T phng trnh cho kt hp vi (1.8) ta c

h phng trnh.
_
1 +
2
3
ab = a + b
a
2
+ b
2
= 1
y l h i xng loi I. Gii h ny ta thu c nghim ca phng
trnh l x = 0, x = 1.
Tip tc nhn xt, ta thy ng thc (1.8) gip ta lin tng n ng
thc lng gic sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1. iu ny dn n cch gii sau.
Cch 4. t x = sin
2
t, vi t
_
0;

2
_
(iu ny hon ton hp l v
x [0; 1] nn ng vi mi gi tr ca x xc nh duy nht mt gi tr ca
t).
Khi , ta c
(1.6) 1 +
2
3
sin t. cos t = sin t + cos t
3(1 sin t) +
_
(1 sin t)(1 + sin t)(2 sin t 3) = 0
1 sin x[3
1 sin x (3 sin 2x)
1 + sin x] = 0
Suy ra sin t = 1 hoc 3
1 sin t = (3 2 sin t)
1 + sin t
hay sin t(4 sin
2
8 sin t + 6) = 0 suy ra sin t = 0.
12
Vy x = 1; x = 0 l nghim.
Nhn xt 1.4. Qua v d trn ta thy c nhiu cch t n ph gii
phng trnh v t. Tuy nhin t nh th no cho ph hp v cho cch
gii hay l tu thuc vo kinh nghim pht hin ra mi quan h c th
gia cc i tng tham gia trong phng trnh. Sau y l mt s dng
ton v mt s cch t n ph thng dng.
Dng 1. Phng trnh dng F(
n
_
f(x)) = 0, vi dng ny ta t
n
_
f(x) = t (nu n chn th phi c iu kin t 0 ) v chuyn v
phng trnh F(t) = 0. Gii phng trnh ny ta tm c t, tip theo suy
ra x t phng trnh
n
_
f(x) = t.
Ta thng gp phng trnh c dng nh sau af(x)
2
+ bf(x) + c = 0.
V d 1.7 ( thi ngh Olympic 30-4 Trng THPT Chuyn Chu Vn
An, Ninh Thun). Gii phng trnh
2x
2
+ 5x 1 = 7
_
x
3
1.
Gii. iu kin x
3
1 0 x 1.
Khai trin phng trnh cho nh sau
(1.7) 3(x 1) + 2(x
2
+ x + 1) = 7
_
(x 1)(x
2
+ x + 1).
Ta nhn thy x = 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia c hai v
ca phng trnh trn cho x 1, ta c phng trnh
3 + 2
x
2
+ x + 1
x 1
7
x
2
+ x + 1
x 1
= 0.
t
x
2
+ x + 1
x 1
= t, t 0. Khi ta c phng trnh
2t
2
7t + 3 = 0 suy ra t = 3 hoc t =
1
2
Vi t = 3, ta c x
2
8x + 10 = 0 hay x = 4
6 (tha mn iu
kin).
Vi t =
1
2
, ta c 4x
2
+ 3x + 5 = 0 (v nghim).
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x = 4
6.
13
x
2
+
x
2
+ 11 = 31. (1.9)
Gii. t
x
2
+ 11 = t, t 0. Ta c
(1.9) t
2
+ t 42 = 0
_
t = 6
t = 7 (loi)
Vi t = 6 ta c
x
2
+ 11 = 6 suy ra x = 5 l nghim.
x 1 +
3
x 1 2 = 0
Gii. iu kin x 1 0 x 1.
t t =
6
x 1, t 0 phng trnh cho tr thnh

t
3
+ t
2
2 = 0 hay (t 1)(t
2
+ 2t + 2) = 0 suy ra t = 1.
Vi t = 1 ta c
6
x 1 = 1 suy ra x = 2 tha mn iu kin.

Nhn xt 1.5. Cc phng trnh c cha cc biu thc
n
1
_
f(x),
n
2
_
f(x),
n
3
_
f(x), . . . . . . . . .
n
n
_
f(x) th ta gii phng trnh
bng cch t t =
n
_
f(x) trong n l bi s chung nh nht ca cc s
n
1
, n
2
, . . . . . . . . . n
n
.
Dng 2. Trong phng trnh c cha
_
f(x)
_
g(x) v
_
f(x).g(x).
Khi gp phng trnh dng ny ta t
_
f(x)
_
g(x) = t sau bnh
phng hai v ta s biu din c nhng i lng cn li qua t v chuyn
phng trnh ban u v phng trnh bc hai i vi t.
3 + x +
6 x = 3 +
_
(3 + x)(6 x).
Gii. iu kin
_
3 + x 0
6 x 0
3 x 6.
14
t
3 + x +
6 x = t, t 0 suy ra
t
2
= 9 + 2
_
(3 + x)(6 x). (1.10)
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c 2
_
(3 + x)(6 x) 9 nn t
(1.10), suy ra 3 t 3
2.
Phng trnh cho tr thnh t = 3 +
t
2
9
2
hay t
2
2t 3 = 0
c nghim t = 3 (tha mn). Thay vo (1.10), ta c phng trnh
_
(3 + x)(6 x) = 0 c x = 3, x = 6 l nghim.
2x + 3 +
x + 1 = 3x + 2
2x
2
+ 5x + 3 16.
Gii. iu kin
_
2x + 3 0
x + 1 0
x 1.
t
2x + 3 +
x + 1 = t, t 0, suy ra
t
2
= 3x + 2
_
(2x + 3)(x + 1) + 4. (1.11)
Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh t = t
2
20 hay t
2
t 20 = 0 suy
ra t = 5 (do t 0).
Thay t = 5 vo (1.11), ta c
(1.11) 21 3x = 2
2x
2
+ 5x + 3
_
21 3x 0
441 126x + 9x
2
= 8x
2
+ 20x + 12
_
1 x 7
x
2
146x + 429 = 0
x = 3.
x
3
_
35 x
3
(x +
3
_
35 x
3
) = 30.
Gii. t x+
3
35 x
3
= t suy ra t
3
= 35 +3x
3
35 x
3
(x+
3
35 x
3
)
hay
x
3
_
35 x
3
=
t
3
35
3t
(1.12)
15
(v t=0 khng l nghim ca phng trnh).
Phng trnh cho tr thnh
t
3
35
3t
t = 30 suy ra t = 5.
Thay vo (1.12), ta c
(1.12) x
3
_
35 x
3
= 6
x
3
(35 x
3
) = 216
x
6
35x
3
+ 216 = 0
x = 2 hoc x = 3.
Dng 3. Phng trnh dng a
n
_
f(x) +b
2n
_
f(x)g(x) +c
n
_
g(x) = 0 (Vi
g(x) = 0).
gii phng trnh dng ny ta chia hai v phng trnh cho
n
_
g(x)
v t
2n
f(x)
g(x)
= t, t 0 ta c phng trnh bc hai i vi n t c
dng at
2
+ bt + c = 0.
10
x
3
+ 8 = 3(x
2
x + 6). (1.13)
Gii. iu kin x
3
+ 8 0 x 2.
Ta c
(1.13) 10
_
(x + 2)(x
2
2x + 4) = 3[(x + 2) + (x
2
2x + 4)].
Chia hai v cho x
2
2x + 4 (do x
2
2x + 4 0 vi mi x).
Ta c phng trnh
10
_
x + 2
x
2
2x + 4
= 3[
x + 2
x
2
2x + 4
+ 1]
t
_
x + 2
x
2
2x + 4
= u, u 0 phng trnh vi n u c dng
3u
2
10u + 3 = 0 hay u = 3 hoc u =
1
3
Vi u = 3, ta c
_
x + 2
x
2
2x + 4
= 3, hay 9x
2
19x+34 = 0 v nghim.
16
Vi u =
1
3
ta c
_
x + 2
x
2
2x + 4
=
1
3
hay x
2
11x 14 = 0. Suy ra x =
11
177
2
(tha mn).
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim x =
11
177
2

5
x
3
+ 1 = 2(x
2
+ 2). (1.14)
Gii. iu kin x
3
+ 1 0 x 1. Ta c
(1.14) 5
_
(x + 1)(x
2
x + 1) = 2(x
2
x + 1) + 2(x + 1)
2
x + 1
x
2
x + 1
5
_
x + 1
x
2
x + 1
+ 2 = 0 (do x
2
x + 1 > 0 vi mi x).
t
_
x + 1
x
2
x + 1
= t vi t 0 ta c phng trnh
2t
2
5t + 2 = 0 suy rat = 2 hoc t =
1
2
Vi t = 2 ta c
x + 1
x
2
x + 1
= 4 hay4x
2
5x + 3 = 0 phng trnh v nghim.
Vi t =
1
2
ta c
x + 1
x
2
x + 1
=
1
4
hay x
2
5x 3 = 0 x =
5
37
2

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x =
5
37
2
Dng 4. p(x)f(x) + g(x)
_
f(x) + h(x) = 0.
Vi dng phng trnh ny ta c th t
_
f(x) = t, t 0.
Khi ta c phng trnh theo n t l
p(x)t
2
+ g(x)t + h(x) = 0, ta gii phng trnh ny theo t, xem x l
tham s (ta tm c t theo x) nn ta gi dng ny l dng n ph khng
trit .
17
2(1 x)
_
x
2
+ 2x 1 = x
2
6x 1.
Gii. iu kin x
2
+ 2x 1 0.
t
x
2
+ 2x 1 = t, t 0 ta c phng trnh
t
2
2(1x)t4x = 0. y l phng trnh bc hai n t ta coi x l tham
s c
= (x+1)
2
, do phng trnh ny c hai nghim t = 2, t = 2x.
Vi t = 2 ta c
x
2
+ 2x 1 = 2 hay x
2
+ 2x 5 = 0 suy ra
x = 1
6.
Vi t = 2x ta c
x
2
+ 2x 1 = 2x hay
_
x 0
3x
2
2x + 1 = 0
h
ny v nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim tha mn l x = 1
6.
V d 1.16 ( thi ngh Olympic 30-4 THPT Bc Liu). Gii phng
trnh
x
2
+ (3
x
2
+ 2)x = 1 + 2
x
2
+ 2.
Gii.
t
x
2
+ 2 = t, t 0 ta c x
2
= t
2
2 nn phng trnh cho tr
thnh
t
2
(2 + x)t 3 + 3x = 0 hay t = 3 hoc t = x 1.
Vi t = 3 ta c
x
2
+ 2 = 3 suy ra x =
7.
Vi t = x 1 ta c
x
2
+ 2 = x 1
suy ra
_
x 1 0
x
2
+ 2 = x
2
2x + 1
(v nghim).
7.
1.1.4. Phng php a v h khng i xng
Phng trnh c dng sau
A(
n
_
f(x)+
m
_
g(x))+B
n
_
f(x)
m
_
g(x)+C = 0 vi (af(x)bg(x) = D)
trong A, B, C, D, a, b l cc hng s.
t
_
n
_
f(x) = u
m
_
g(x) = v
Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh h phng trnh "hu t".
_
A(u v) + Buv + C = 0
au
n
+ bv
m
= D
18
2(
x 1
3
x + 1) + 3
x 1.
3
x + 1 + 7 = 0.
Gii iu kin x 1.
t
_
x 1 = u, u 0
3
x + 1 = v
Khi ta c h
_
2(u v) + 3uv + 7 = 0
u v = 2
Rt u t phng trnh th hai ca h ta c u = v 2 thay vo
phng trnh u ta c
3v
2
6v + 3 = 0 suy ra v = 1 tha mn.
Vy x + 1 = 1 khng tha mn iu kin.
Phng trnh v nghim.
3
24 + x +
12 x = 6.
Gii. iu kin 12 x 0 x 12.
t
3
24 + x = u,
12 x = v suy ra u
3
36, v 0.
Ta c
_
u + v = 6
u
3
+ v
2
= 36

_
v = 6 u
u
3
+ (6 u)
2
= 36

_
v = 6 u
u(u
2
+ u 12) = 0
Suy ra u = 0; u = 4; u = 3 l nghim tho mn iu kin.
T y ta c x = 24; x = 88; x = 3.
Vy phng trnh c nghim x = 24; x = 88; x = 3.
3
x + 7
x = 1.
Gii iu kin x 0.
t
_
u
3
= x + 7
v
2
= x
suy ra
_
u
3
7
v 0
Ta c h
_
u v = 1
u
3
v
2
= 7
Rt v t phng trnh th nht ca h ta c
v = uv thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h ta c u
3
(u1)
2
= 7
hay u
3
u
2
+ 2u 8 = 0 suy ra (u 2)(u
2
+ u + 4) = 0. Phng trnh
ny c nghim u = 2 vy v = 1.
19
Tr v tm x ta gii
_
u
3
= 8
v
2
= 1
suy ra
_
x + 7 = 8
x = 1
suy ra x = 1 (tha mn).
Mt s v d khc
x +
1 x 2
_
x(1 x) 2
4
_
x(1 x) = 1.
Gii iu kin
_
x 0
1 x 0
t
_
4
x = u
4
1 x = v
vi u 0, v 0.
T iu kin v t phng trnh cho ta c h
_
u
4
+ v
4
= 1
u
2
+ v
2
2uv + 1 2u
2
v
2
= 0
hay
_
u
4
+ v
4
= 1
(u v)
2
+ (u
2
v
2
)
2
= 0
hoc
_
_
_
u v = 0
u
2
v
2
= 0
u
4
+ v
4
= 1
suy ra
_
u = v
u
4
= v
4
=
1
2
Tr v tm x ta c
_
_
x =
1
2
1 x =
1
2
suy ra x =
1
2
8x + 1 +
3x 5 =
7x + 4 +
2x 2
Gii iu kin x
5
3
.
t u =
8x + 1, v =
3x 5, z =
7x + 4, t =
2x 2 vi
u, v, z, t khng m.
T cch t v phng trnh cho ta thu c h
_
u + v = z + t
u
2
v
2
= z
2
t
2
T phng trnh th hai ca h ta thu c (u+v)(uv) = (z+t)(zt).
Li do u + v > 0 v u 0, v 0, u, v khng ng thi bng 0, ta thu
c u v = z t kt hp vi phng trnh u ca h suy ra u = z.
T ta c
8x + 1 =
7x + 4 suy ra x = 3. (tha mn).

20
1.1.5. Phng php lng gic ha
- Nu phng trnh cha
a
2
x
2
t x = |a| sin t vi
2
x

2
hoc x = |a| cos t vi 0 x .
- Nu phng trnh cha
x
2
a
2
t x =
|a|
sin t
vi t
_
2
; 0) hoc
t (0;

2
_
t x =
|a|
cos t
vi t
_
0;

2
_
hoc t
_
2
;
_
- Nu phng trnh cha
x
2
+ a
2
t x = |a| tan t vi t
_
2
;

2
_
- Nu phng trnh cha

_
a + x
a x
hoc
_
a x
a + x
t x = a cos 2t.
- Nu phng trnh cha
_
(a x)(b x) t x = a + (b a) sin
2
t.
_
1 +
_
1 x
2
= x(1 + 2
_
1 x
2
).
Gii. iu kin |x| 1.
t x = sin t vi
2
t

2
Khi
(1.22)
1 + cos t = sin t(1 + 2 cos t)
2 cos
t
2
= sin t + sin 2t = 2 sin
3t
2
cos
t
2
cos
t
2
(
2 sin
3t
2
1) = 0
_
cos
t
2
= 0
cos
3t
2
=
1
2
Suy ra t = (2k + 1) (k Z) hoc t =

6
+ k
4
3
hoc t =
5
6
+ k
4
3
kt hp iu kin ta c t =

6
Vy x = sin

6
=
1
2

x
3
3x =
x + 2. (1.15)
21
Gii. iu kin x 2.
Vi x < 2 phng trnh khng xc nh.
Vi x > 2 ta c x
3
3x = x + x(x
2
4) > x >
x + 2.
Vy gii phng trnh ta ch cn xt t [2; 2].
t x = 2 cos t vi t [0; ]. Khi
(1.15) cos 3t = cos
t
2
_
t =
k4
5
t =
k7
7
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c t =
4
5
, t =
4
7
, t = 0.
Vy x = 2, x = 2 cos
4
5
, x = 2 cos
4
7

x
2
+ 1 +
x
2
+ 1
2x
=
(x
2
+ 1)
2
2x(1 x
2
)
(1.16)
Gii. iu kin x = 0 v x = 1.
t x = tan t vi t
_
2
;

2
_
, t = 0 v t =
Ta c
(1.16)
1
cos t
+
1
sin 2t
=
2
sin 4t
1
cos t
(1 +
1
2 sin t
1
2 sin t. cos 2t
) = 0
2 sin t. cos 2t + cos 2t 1 = 0
2 sin t(1 2 sin
2
t) 2 sin
2
t = 0
sin t(1 sin t 2 sin
2
t) = 0
_
sin t = 0
sin t = 1
sin t =
1
2
_
_
t =
2
+ k2
t =

6
+ k2(k Z)
22
Kt hp vi i kin ca t ta c t =

6
Vy phng trnh c nghim x = tan

6
=
1
1.1.6. Phng php s dng nhiu hn mt n ph

4x
2
+ 5x + 1 2
_
x
2
x + 1 = 9x 3. (1.17)
Gii. iu kin
_
4x
2
+ 5x + 1 0
x
2
x + 1 0
t
_
4x
2
+ 5x + 1 = a
2
x
2
x + 1 = b
a 0, b 0.
Khi
(1.17) a
2
b
2
= 9x 3
(a b)(a + b 1) = 0
_
a b = 0
a + b 1 = 0
_
x =
1
3 _
a b = 9x 3
2a = 9x 2
_
x =
1
3
x = 0
x =
56
65
Vy nghim phng trnh l x =
1
3
; x = 0; x =
56
65

2(x
2
3x + 2) = 3
x
3
+ 8. (1.18)
Gii. iu kin x
3
+ 8 0 x 2
t u =
x
2
2x + 4; v =
x + 2, u 0, v 0.
Ta c u
2
v
2
= x
2
3x + 2.
23
Lc
(1.18) 2(u
2
v
2
) = 3uv
(2u + v)(u 2v) = 0
u = 2v (do 2u+v >0).
Tm x ta gii
x
2
2x + 4 = 2
x + 2 x
2
6x+4 = 0 x = 313(tha mn).
Vy phng trnh c nghim x = 3 +
13; x = 3
13.
x =
3 x
4 x +
5 x
4 x +
3 x
5 x.
Gii. iu kin 0 x 3.
t
3 x = a;
4 x = b,
5 x = c; a, b, c 0 ta c h phng
trnh.
_
_
_
ab + bc + ca = 3 a
2
ab + bc + ac = 4 b
2
ab + bc + ac = 5 c
2
hay
_
_
_
(a + c)(a + b) = 3
(b + c)(b + a) = 4
(c + a)(c + b) = 5
Suy ra (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 2
15.
Vy
_
_
a + b = 2
_
3
5
b + c = 2
_
5
3
c + a =
_
15
4
_
a =
23
4
15
b =
17
4
15
c =
7
4
15
suy ra x =
671
240
l nghim
ca phng trnh cho.
3
3x + 1 +
3
5 x +
3
2x 9
3
4x 3 = 0.
Gii. t
3
3x + 1 = a;
3
5 x = b;
3
2x 9 = c.
Suy ra a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 4x 3.
Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh
(a +b +c)
3
= a
3
+b
3
+c
3
hay (a +b)(b +c)(c +a) = 0 suy ra a = b
hoc a = c hoc b = c.
Gii ra ta c nghim phng trnh l x = 3; x = 4; x =
8
5

24
1.2. Phng php ng dng cc tnh cht ca hm
s
1. Nu hm s y = f(x) n iu thc s, lin tc trn tp D th
phng trnh f(x) = k vi k l hng s, nu c nghim x = x
0
th l
nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
2. Nu hm s y = f(x) n iu trn tp D v u(x), v(x) l cc hm
s nhn cc gi tr thuc D th f(u(x)) = f(v(x)) u(x) = v(x).
Mt s lu khi s dng phng php hm s.
Vn quan trng khi s dng phng php hm s l chng ta phi
nhn ra c hm s n iu v "nhm hoc tnh c nghim ca
phng trnh vic ny c th nh my tnh".
pht hin c tnh n iu ca hm s ta cn nm vng cc tnh
cht.
Nu hm s y = f(x) ng bin hoc nghch bin trn D th khi .
- Hm s y =
n
_
f(x) ng bin hoc nghch bin trn D.
- Hm s y =
1
f(x)
vi f(x) > 0 nghch bin hoc ng bin trn D.
- Hm s y = f(x) nghch bin hoc ng bin trn D.
- Tng ca cc hm ng bin hoc nghch bin trn D l hm s ng
bin hoc nghch bin trn D.
- Tch ca cc hm s dng ng bin hoc nghch bin trn D l mt
hm ng bin hoc nghch bin trn D.
V d 1.29. T tnh n iu ca cc hm s y = x + 3, y = 3 x v
y = 2 x nu nm c tnh cht trn ta pht hin ra ngay cc hm s
y =
3
x + 3 +
x + 3 + x l ng bin trn tp xc nh.

Hm s y =
_
6
3 x
+
_
8
2 x
ng bin trn tp xc nh ca n.
Hm s y =
1
x + 3
+
3 x nghch bin trn tp xc nh ca n.

_
5x
3
1 +
3
2x 1 + x = 4.
25
Nhn xt 1.6. Quan st v tri ca phng trnh, t tnh ng bin
nghch bin ca hm bc nht v tnh cht n iu ca hm s nu
trn, ta thy v tri ca phng trnh l hm ng bin trn tp xc nh.
V phi ca phng trnh l hm hng nn ta s dng tnh n iu ca
hm s gii bi ton.
Gii. iu kin 5x
3
1 0 x
1
3
5
Ta c f
(x) =
15x
2
2
5x
3
1
+
2
3
3
_
(2x 1)
2
+ 1 vi mi x
_
1
3
5
; +
_
nn hm s ng bin trn
_
1
3
5
; +
_
M f(1) = 4 tc x = 1 l mt nghim ca phng trnh.

Ta chng minh l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh tht vy.
- Nu x > 1 th f(x) > f(1) = 4 suy ra phng trnh v nghim.
- Nu
1
3
5
x < 1 th f(x) < f(1) = 4 suy ra phng trnh v nghim.
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 1.
V d 1.31 ( thi ngh Olympic 30-4 Trng Chuyn L Qu n
B Ra -Vng Tu). Gii phng trnh
3
6x + 1 = 8x
3
4x 1. (1.19)
Gii. Ta c
(1.19) 6x + 1 +
3
6x + 1 = (2x)
3
+ 2x
Xt hm s f(t) = t
3
+ t l s ng bin trn R.
Vy
3
6x + 1 = 2x suy ra 8x
3
6x = 1. Nhn xt nu |x| > 1 th
4x
3
3 > 1, suy ra |8x
3
6x| = 2|x|(4x
2
3) > 2.
Nn nghim nghim ca phng trnh cho phi thuc [1; 1].
t x = cos t, t [0; ] khi phng trnh cho tr thnh.
4 cos
3
t 3 cos t =
1
2
cos 3t =
1
2
t =
9
+ k
2
3
, k R.
Vy nghim phng trnh cho l x = cos

9
, x = cos
5
9
, x = cos
7
9
2x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 6x + 16
4 x = 2
3.
26
Gii.
iu kin
_
2x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 6x + 16 0
4 x 0
2 x 4.
Phng trnh cho c dng f(x) = 2
3.
Trong f(x) =
2x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 6x + 16
4 x.
f
(x) =
3(x
2
+ x + 1)
2x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 6x + 16
+
1
2
4 x
> 0 vi mi x (2; 4)
nn hm s ng bin trn [2; 4].
M f(1) = 2
3, t ta c x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng

trnh.
3
x + 2
3
2x
2
+ 1 =
3
2x
2
x + 1.
Gii. Bin i phng trnh cho v dng
3
x + 2 +
3
x + 1 =
3
2x
2
+
3
2x
2
+ 1.
Xt hm s f(t) =
3
t +
3
t + 1, ta c phng trnh f(x+1) = f(2x

2
).
V f(t) =
3
t +
3
t + 1 lin tc v ng bin trn tp xc nh nn

f(x + 1) = f(2x
2
) 2x
2
x 1 = 0 x = 1, x =
1
2
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim l x = 1, x =

1
2
1.3. Phng php a v h i xng

1.3.1. Phng trnh dng
n
_
a + f(x) +
n
_
b f(x) = c
t u =
n
_
a + f(x), v =
n
_
b f(x)
Nh vy ta c h
_
u + v = c
u
n
+ v
n
= a + b
l h i xng loi I.
4
57 x +
4
x + 40 = 5. (1.20)
Gii. iu kin 40 x 57.
27
t u =
4
57 x v v =
4
x + 40 u 0, v 0. Ta c
(1.20)
_
u + v = 5
u
4
+ v
4
= 97
_
u + v = 5
[(u + v)
2
2uv]
2
2u
2
v
2
= 97
_
u + v = 5
2(uv)
2
100uv + 528 = 0
_
_
_
u + v = 5
_
uv = 6
uv = 44.
_
_
u + v = 5
uv = 6
_
u + v = 5
uv = 44.
(v nghim)
_
_
u = 2
v = 3
_
u = 3
v = 2.
Vi u = 3 v v = 3 ta c
_
4
57 x = 2
4
x + 40 = 3
suy ra
_
57 x = 16
x + 40 = 81
suy ra x = 41
Vi u = 3 v v = 2 ta c h
_
57 x = 81
x + 40 = 81
suy ra x = 24.
Vy x = 41 hoc x = 24 l nghim phng trnh.
Nhn xt 1.7. Xt v mt no cch dng n ph di dng ny c
v ngc vi vic ta thng lm "Chuyn thnh bi ton nhiu n nhiu
phng trnh hn bi ton ban u". y do tnh cht phc tp ca bi
ton m ta nh chu "thit" v s lng tc lm tng s n v phng
trnh nhng li c ci c bn l chuyn c t bi ton kh v bi ton
d hn.
3
7 + tan x +
3
2 tan x = 3.
28
Gii.
iu kin x =

2
+ k.
t
_
u =
3
7 + tan x
v =
3
2 tan x
suy ra
_
u
3
= 7 + tan x
v
3
= 2 tan x
T phng trnh cho v t cng thc t n ph ta thu c h
_
u + v = 3
u
3
+ v
3
= 9
hay
_
u + v = 3
(u + v)[(u + v)
2
3uv] = 9
suy ra
u = 2, v = 3 hoc u = 1, v = 2.
Tr v tm x gii
H
_
7 + tan x = 8
2 tan x = 1
tan x = 1 x =

4
+ k.
H
_
7 + tan x = 1
2 tgx = 8
tan x = 6 = tan x = + l
(k, l Z).
n
ax + b = r(ux + v)
n
+ dx + e
a = 0, u = 0, r = 0 Vi cc h s tha mn
_
u = ar + d
v = br + e
Cch gii. t
n
ax + b = uy + v.
Sau a v h
_
_
(uy + v)
n
=
1
r
(ux + v)
d
r
x
e
r
(ux + v)
n
=
1
r
(uy + v)
d
r
x
e
r
y l h i
xng loi II c gii bng cch tr v vi v ca hai phng trnh trong
h c mt phng trnh tch.
V d 1.36 (Tp ch ton hc tui tr s 303). Gii phng trnh
2x + 15 = 32x
2
+ 32x 20. (1.21)
Gii. iu kin x
15
2

Bin i phng trnh cho tr thnh
2x + 15 = 2(4x + 2)
2
28.
t n ph
2x + 15 = 4y + 2 (4y + 2)
2
= 2x + 15 (4y + 2 0).
Khi
(1.21) (4x + 2)
2
= 2y + 15.
29
Vy ta c h phng trnh
_
(4x + 2)
2
= 2y + 15
(4y + 2)
2
= 2x + 15
y l h i xng loi hai.
Gii h trn bng cch tr v vi v ca hai phng trnh ta c
nghim l x =
1
2
, x =
9
221
16

3
3x 5 = 8x
3
36x
2
+ 53x 25. (1.22)
Gii.
(1.22)
3
3x 5 = (2x 3)
3
x + 2.
t
3
3x 5 = 2y 3 suy ra (2x 3)
3
= 3x 5, khi ta c h phng
trnh.
_
(2x 3)
3
= 2y 3 + x 2
(2y 3)
3
= 2x 3 + x 2
Gii h trn bng cch tr v vi v ca hai phng trnh trong h sau
th tr li phng trnh u ta c phng trnh
(x 2)(8x
2
20x + 11) = 0 suy ra
_
_
x = 2
x =
5
3
4
Vy nghim phng trnh cho l x = 2, x =
5
3
4

1.3.3. Phng trnh dng (f(x))
n
+ b = a
n
_
af(x) b
Cch gii. t
n
_
af(x) b = t ta c h
_
(f(x))
n
+ b = at
t
n
+ b = af(x)
y l
h i xng loi II.
x
2
4 =
x + 4.
Gii. iu kin x 4.
30
t
x + 4 = t th ta c h sau
_
x
2
= t + 4
t
2
= x + 4
Tr v vi v ca phng trnh th nht cho phng trnh th hai trong
h ta c x
2
t
2
= t x hay (x t)(x + t + 1) = 0 suy ra t = x hoc
t = 1 x(t 0).
Vi t = x ta c x
2
= x + 4 hay x
2
x 4 = 0 suy ra x =
1
17
2
so
snh iu kin x = t 0 ta c nghim phng trnh l x =
1 +
17
2

Vi t = 1 x khi phng trnh x
2
= 3 x hay x
2
+x 3 = 0 suy
ra x =
1
13
2
so snh iu kin ta c x =
1
13
2

1 +
17
2
; x =
1
13
2

V d 1.39 ( thi hc sinh gii tnh Thi Nguyn Lp 10 nm 2011).
Gii phng trnh sau
x
3
+ 1 = 2
3
2x 1.
Gii. t y =
3
2x 1 kt hp vi phng trnh cho ta c h

_
x
3
+ 1 = 2y
y
3
+ 1 = 2x
tr v vi v ca phng trnh th nht cho phng
trnh th hai ca h ta c (x y)(x
2
+y
2
+xy +2) = 0 hay x = y (do
x
2
+ y
2
+ xy + 2 > 0 vi mi x, y).
Thay li c x
3
2x + 1 = 0 suy ra x = 1, x =
1
5
2

1.3.4. Phng trnh dng x = a +
_
a +
x
Cch gii. t a +
x = t phng trnh cho tng ng vi

_
x = a +
t
t = a +
x
l h i xng loi II.
x = 2007 +
_
2007 +
x.
Gii. iu kin x 0. t 2007 +
x = t. Ta c h phng trnh
_
x = 2007 +
t
t = 2007 +
x
31
Ly phng trnh u tr i phng trnh th hai v vi v ta c
x t =
x hay (
x)(
t +
x + 1) = 0 suy ra x = t.
Khi ta c phng trnh x
x2007 = 0 suy ra x =
8030 + 2
8029
4
(do x 0).
n
ax + b = r(ux + v)
n
+ e.
Vi a = 0, u = 0, r = 0.
Vi cc h s tha mn
_
u = ar
v = br + e
Cch gii t
n
ax + b = uy+v. Sau a v h
_
_
(uy + v)
n
=
1
r
(ux + v)
e
r
(ux + v)
n
=
1
r
(uy + v)
e
r
h ny c gii nh h i xng loi II bng cch tr v vi v ca hai
phng trnh trong h c mt phng trnh tch.
_
4x + 9
28
= 7x
2
+ 7.
Gii. iu kin x
9
4
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

_
4x + 9
28
= 7(x +
1
2
)
2
7
4
Kim tra a =
1
7
, b =
9
28
, r = 7, e =
7
4
, u = 1, v =
1
2
(tha mn).
t y +
1
2
=
_
4x + 9
28
Ta c h
_
_
(x +
1
2
)
2
=
1
7
(y +
1
2
) +
1
4
(y +
1
2
)
2
=
1
7
(x +
1
2
) +
1
4
y l h i xng loi II tr v vi v sau rt y theo x th vo
phng trnh u gii ra ta c nghim phng trnh l
x =
6
50
14
, x =
49
3997
84

32
1.4. Phng trnh gii bng phng php so snh
1.4.1. p dng tnh cht n iu ca hm s gii phng
trnh v t
Ta p dng tnh nghch bin ca hm y = a
x
khi 0 < a < 1 v ng
bin khi a>1 gii phng trnh cha cn.
4
1 x +
4
x = 1.
Gii. iu kin 0 x 1.
T iu kin suy ra
4
x x,
4
1 x 1 x 1
4
x.
Vy
4
1 x +
4
x 1.
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0, x = 1.
p s x = 0, x = 1 l nghim ca phng trnh.
5
4
x +
8
1 5x = 1.
Gii. iu kin 0 x
1
5
T iu kin suy ra
5
4
x 5x,
8
1 5x 1 5x 1 5
4
x.
Vy 5
4
x +
8
1 5x 1.
Du bng xy ra khi x = 0.
p s x = 0.
1.4.2. S dng bt ng thc lu tha gii mt s phng
trnh v t
Mt s bt ng thc lu .
1- Vi A, B > 0 ta c
n
A +
n
B
2

n
_
A + B
2
(*).
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi A = B.
33
2- Vi A, B, C > 0 ta c
n
A +
n
B +
n
C
3

n
_
A + B + C
3
(**).
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi A = B = C.
Ta chng minh cc bt ng thc trn
Vi a, b > 0, n, m N
, ta c bt ng thc
a
m+n
+ b
m+n
1
2
(a
m
+ b
m
)(a
n
+ b
n
).
Tht vy bt ng thc trn tng ng vi
a
m+n
+ b
m+n
a
m
b
n
+ a
n
b
m
(a
m
b
m
)(a
n
b
n
) 0 (hin nhin
ng).
Ta c
a
n
+ b
n
2

1
2
2
(a + b)(a
n1
+ b
n1
)
1
2
n
(a + b)
n
.
t a
n
= A, b
n
= B ta c bt ng thc (*). Ta chng minh
a
n
+ b
n
+ c
n
3

_
a + b + c
3
_
n
, a, b, c > 0.
Xt P = a
n
+ b
n
+ c
n
+
_
a + b + c
3
_
n
hay P 2
_
a + b
2
_
n
+ 2
_
c +
a+b+c
3
2
_
n
4
_
a + b + c +
a+b+c
3
4
_
n
=
4
_
a + b + c
3
_
n
Vy
a
n
+ b
n
+ c
n
3

_
a + b + c
3
_
n
t a
n
= A, b
n
= B, c
n
= C.
Bin i bt ng thc cho
A + B + C
3

_
n
A +
n
B +
n
C
3
_
n
hay
n
A +
n
B +
n
C
3

n
_
A + B + C
3
Bt ng thc (**) c chng minh.
_
4x
2
+ x 4 +
_
6 4x
2
x = 2.
Gii. iu kin
_
4x
2
+ x 4 0
6 4x
2
x 0
p dng bt ng thc (*) ta c
4x
2
+ x 4 +
6 4x
2
x 2
_
2
2
= 2.
34
Du bng xy ra khi
4x
2
+ x 4 =
6 4x
2
x hay 4x
2
+ x 4 = 6 4x
2
x suy ra
x = 1, x =
5
4
Vy nghim phng trnh l x = 1, x =
5
4
2
x +
3 2x = 3.
Gii. iu kin 0 x
3
2
p dng bt ng thc (**) ta c
x +
x +
3 2x 3
_
x + x + 3 2x
3
= 3.
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
x =
3 2x suy ra x = 1.
1.4.3. S dng mt s bt ng thc quen thuc so snh cc
v ca phng trnh v t
1-Bt ng thc Cauchy.
Vi mi b s (x
i
, y
i
) ta lun c bt ng thc sau
(
n
i=1
x
i
y
i
)
2
(
n
i=1
x
2
i
)(
n
i=1
y
2
i
)
Du ng thc xy ra khi b s (x
i
) v (y
i
) t l nhau, tc l tn ti
cp s thc , khng ng thi bng 0, sao cho
x
i
+ y
i
= 0 vi mi i = 1, 2, 3, . . . n
p dng cho cc s a, b, c, d ta c
(ac + bd)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)(c
2
+ d
2
).
Du ng thc xy ra khi
a
c
=
b
d
2-Bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn

Cho n s dng x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
ta c
x
1
+ x
2
+ . . . + x
n
n

n
x
1
x
2
. . . x
n
Du ng thc xy ra khi x
1
= x
2
= = x
n
35
p dng cho hai s dng a, b ta c
a + b
2

ab. Du ng thc xy
ra khi a = b.
V d 1.46 ( thi ngh Olympic 30-4 THPT Chuyn Bn tre). Gii
phng trnh
2
x + 1
+
x =
x + 9.
Gii. iu kin
_
_
_
x + 1 > 0
x 0
x + 9 0
x 0.
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho hai cp s sau
a = 2
2, b =
x + 1, c =
1
x + 1
, d =
x + 1
, khi
_
2
x + 1
+
x
_
2
=
_
2
2
1
x + 1
+
x + 1
x + 1
_
2
(8 + x + 1)
_
1
x + 1
+
x
x + 1
_
Suy ra
2
x + 1
+
9 + x.
Du bng xy ra khi
2
x + 1
=
1
x + 1
x + 1
suy ra
x =
1
7
Vy x =
1
7
l nghim phng trnh.
V d 1.47 ( thi ngh Olympic 30-4 Trng Chuyn Thng Long
Lt Lm ng). Gii phng trnh
4x 1 +
4
8x 3 = 4x
4
3x
2
+ 5x.
Gii. iu kin 8x 3 0 x
3
8
Vi iu kin trn ta chia c hai v ca phng trnh trn cho x ta c
4x 1
x
+
4
8x 3
x
= 4x
3
3x + 5.
Theo bt ng thc trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn ta c
36
4x 1
x

4x 1 1
2x
= 2 v
4
8x 3
x

8x 3 + 1 + 1 + 1
4x
= 2
Do
4x 1
x
+
4
8x 3
x
4.
ng thc xy ra khi x =
1
2
Mt khc 4x
3
3x + 5 = 4x
3
3x + 1 + 4 = (2x 1)
2
(x + 1) + 4 4
vi x
3
8
ng thc xy ra khi x =
1
3
Vy phng trnh c nghim l x =

1
2

x +
_
2 x
2
= x
2
+
1
x
2
Gii. iu kin 2 x
2
0
2 x
2, x = 0.
Ta c x +
2 x
2
2, x
2
+
1
x
2
2
Hai v phng trnh bng nhau khi v ch khi x = 1.
p s x = 1.
2x 1 = x
3
2x
2
+ 2x.
Gii. iu kin 2x 1 0 x
1
2
Bin i phng trinh cho thnh
2x 1
x
= 1 + (x 1)
2
.
Ta c
2x 1
x
= 2
_
1(2x 1)
2x
2
1 + 2x 1
2.2x
= 1.
Cn 1 + (x 1)
2
1.
Hai v bng nhau khi v ch khi x = 1
p s x = 1.
_
2x
2
1 + x
2x 1 = 2x
2
.
37
Gii. iu kin
_
2x
2
1 0
2x 1 0
x
1
2
Bin i phng trnh cho thnh
2x
2
1
x
+
2x 1
x
= 2
Tng t v d trn ta c
2x 1
x
1 v
2x
2
1
x
2
1.
Vy
2x 1
x
+
2x
2
1
x
2
2.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1
p s x = 1.
V d 1.51 ( thi ngh Olympic 30-4 Trng Nguyn Bnh Khim
Qung Nam). Gii phng trnh
x
4
+ 2006x
3
+ 1006009x
2
+ x
2x + 2007 + 1004 = 0. (1.23)

Gii. iu kin 2x + 2007 0 x
2007
2
.
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi phng trnh
(1.23) x
2
(x
2
+ 2x.1003 + 1003
2
) +
1
2
(2x + 2007
2x + 2007 + 1) = 0
x
2
(x + 1003)
2
+
1
2
(
2x + 2007 1)
2
= 0
_
x(x + 1003) = 0
2x + 2007 1 = 0
x = 1003
V d 1.52 ( d b Olympic 30-4 Chuyn Hng Vng). Gii phng
trnh
4x =
_
30 +
1
4
30 +
1
4
_
30 +
1
4
x + 30.
Gii. iu kin x > 0.
t
1
4
_
30 +
1
4
30 + x = u, u 0 ta thu c h
_
_
4x =
_
30 +
1
4
30 + u
4u =
_
30 +
1
4
30 + x
Gi s x u suy ra 4u =
_
30 +
1
4
30 + x
_
30 +
1
4
30 + u = 4x.
38
Vy x = u v ta thu c phng trnh 4x =
_
30 +
1
4
30 + x
t v =
1
4
30 + x ta thu c h
_
4x =
30 + v
4v =
30 + x
Gi s x v suy ra 4v =
30 + x
30 + v = 4x.
Gi s x v suy ra 4v =
30 + x
30 + v = 4x.
Vy x = v ta thu c phng trnh
4x =
30 + x hay
_
x > 0
16x
2
x 30 = 0
suy ra x =
1 +
1921
32
1 +
1921
32
_
x
2
+ 3x 2 +
x + 3 = 2.
Gii.
iu kin
_
x
2
+ 3x 2 0
x + 3 0
1 x 2.
Suy ra
x + 3 2. Vy
x
2
+ 3x 2 +
x + 3 2.
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1.
x +
1 x +
1 x = 2.
Gii. iu kin 0 x 1.
Ta c
x x , du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0, x = 1.
1 x 1 x, du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0, x = 1.
1 + x 1, du bng xy ra khi x = 0.
Suy ra
x +
1 + x +
1 x 2.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0.
1.4.4. S dng tnh cht vc t
Tnh cht 1.1. |a +
b| |a| +|
b|.
Du bng xy ra khi hai vect a v
b cng hng, iu ny xy ra khi

a = k
b vi mi s thc dng k.
39
Dng phng trnh
_
f
2
(x) + A
2
+
_
g
2
(x) + B
2
=
_
h
2
(x) + C
2
.
Vi
_
f(x) + g(x) = h(x)
A + B = C
t
_
a = (f(x); A)
b = (g(x); B)
Suy ra a +
b = (f(x) +g(x); A+B) = (h(x); C) (A, B, C c th l cc

biu thc cha x).
Phng trnh cho tr thnh |a +
b| = |a| +|
b|.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi hai vect a,
b cng hng hay

a = k
b vi mi s thc dng k.
V d 1.55 (Tuyn tp olympic 2003). Gii phng trnh
_
x
2
8x + 816 +
x
2
+ 10x + 267 =
2003.
Gii. t
_
(4 x; 20
2) =a
(5 + x; 11
2) =
b
suy ra a +
b = (9; 31
2).
Ta c |a| =
x
2
8x + 816; |
b| =
x
2
+ 10x + 267; |a +
b| =
2003.
Phng trnh cho tr thnh |a +
b| = |a| +|
b|.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi hai vc t a,
b cng hng iu
ny tng ng vi
a = k
b vi mi s dng k. Khi 4 x =
20
11
(5 +x). Gii ra ta c
x =
56
31

56
31

40
Chng 2
Mt s phng php gii phng
trnh v t cha tham s
2.1. S dng phng php bin i tng ng
_
f(x, m) =
_
g(x, m)
Cch gii. Ta thng bin i phng trnh trn v h
_
g(x, m) c ngha v g(x, m) 0
f(x, m) = g
2
(x, m)
Nhn xt 2.1. Khng cn t iu kin f(x, m) 0
V d 2.1. Gii bin lun phng trnh
_
x
2
1 x = m.
Gii. Ta c
_
x + m 0
x
2
1 = (x + m)
2
hay
_
x m
2mx = m
2
1
Ta xt cc trng hp.
Vi m = 0 h v nghim do c mt phng trinh th hai trong h v
nghim.
Vi m = 0 h c nghim khi v ch khi phng trnh 2mx = m
2
1
c nghim tha mn x m iu ny xy ra khi
m
2
+ 1
2m
m hay
m
2
1
2m
0 suy ra m 1 hoc 1 m 0
Vy m 1 hoc 1 m 0 l gi tr cn tm.
41
2.1.2.Phng trnh dng
_
f(x, m) +
_
g(x, m) =
_
h(x, m)
Cch gii. Bin i phng trnh trn tng ng vi h
_
_
_
f(x, m) c ngha v f(x, m) 0
g(x, m) c ngha v g(x, m) 0
f(x, m) + g(x, m) + 2
_
f(x, m)g(x, m) = h(x, m)
V d 2.2. Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim
_
x
2
+ 3x 2 =
_
2m + x x
2
.
Gii. Ta c
_
x
2
+ 3x 2 0
x = m + 1
hay
_
1 x 2
x = m + 1
Do iu kin phng trnh c nghim l 1 m + 1 2 hay
0 m 1
2.2. S dng phng php t n ph
2.2.1. Mt s dng thng gp
Cch t n ph trong trng hp bi ton phng trnh v t cha
tham s ging nh cch t n ph trong trng hp phng trnh v t
khng cha tham s c trnh by chng trc. Sau y l mt s
v d minh ha.
V d 2.3. Vi gi tr no ca m phng trnh sau c nghim?
2(x
2
2x) +
_
x
2
2x 3 m = 0.
Gii. iu kin x
2
2x 3 0.
t
x
2
2x 3 = t vi t 0.
Khi phng trnh cho c dng
2(x
2
2x3)+
x
2
2x 3m+6 = 0 hay f(t) = 2t
2
+tm+6 = 0.
Phng trnh cho c nghim khi f(t) = 0 c t nht mt nghim
khng m. iu ny tng ng vi.
_
_
a.f(0) 0
_
_
0
a.f(0) 0
S
2
0
hay
_
_
6 m 0
_
_
8m47 0
6 m 0
1
2
0
42
Vy phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi m 6.
2.2.2. t n ph a v h phng trnh i xng
V d 2.4. Vi gi tr no ca a th phng trnh sau c nghim
3
1 x +
3
1 + x = a.
Gii. t
_
3
1 x = u
3
1 + x = v
suy ra u
3
+ v
3
= 2.
Khi phng trnh cho c chuyn v h.
_
u
3
+ v
3
= 2
u + v = a
hay
_
(u + v)(u
2
+ v
2
uv) = 2
u + v = a
suy ra
_
a(u
2
+ v
2
uv) = 2
u + v = a
a. Nu a = 0 th h v nghim.
b. Nu a = 0 th h c bin i nh sau
_
u
2
+ v
2
uv =
2
a
u + v = a
hay
_
(v + u)
2
3uv =
2
a
u + v = a
suy ra
_
u + v = a
uv =
1
3
(a
2
2
a
)
Phng trnh cho c nghim khi v ch khi
a
2
4
1
3
(a
2
2
a
) 0 hay
8 a
3
3a
0 suy ra 0 < a 2.
Vy phng trnh c nghim khi 0 < a 2.
2.3. S dng nh l Lagrange
nh l Lagrange Cho hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a; b] v tn ti o
hm trn (a; b) lun tn ti mt s c (a; b) sao cho
f
(c) =
f(b) f(a)
b a
T ta c th s dng nh l Lagrange thc hin yu cu t ra cho
phng trnh l.
Bi ton. Chng minh phng trnh c nghim
T nh l Lagrange nu f(a) = f(b) th tn ti c (a; b) sao cho
f
(c) =
f(b) f(a)
b a
= 0 hay phng trnh f
(x) = 0 c nghim thuc

(a; b).
Vy p dng c kt qu trn vo vic chng minh phng trnh
f(x) = 0 c nghim trong (a; b) iu quan trng nht l nhn ra c
nguyn hm F(x) ca hm f(x). C th l ta thc hin cc bc sau.
43
Bc 1. Xc nh hm s F(x) kh vi lin tc trn [a; b] v tha mn
F
(x) = f(x) v F(a) = F(b).

Bc 2. Khi tn ti mt s c (a; b) sao cho f
(c) =
f(b) f(a)
b a
.
Vy phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim x = c.
V d 2.5. Chng t rng vi a + 3b = 27, phng trnh
2(6x b)
x + 1 = a
lun c t nht mt nghim dng.
Gii. Bin i phng trnh v dng
6x b =
a
2
x + 1
hay
a
2
x + 1
6x + b = 0.
Xt hm s F(x) = a
x + 1 3x
2
+ bx kh vi lin tc trn (0; +)
c F
(x) =
a
2
x + 1
6x + b
v F(3) F(0) = (2a 27 + 3b) a = a + 3b 27 = 0.
Khi tn ti c (0; 3) sao cho
F
(x) =
F(3) F(0)
3 0
hay
a
2
c + 1
6c + b = 0 tc l phng trnh
cho lun c t nht mt nghim c (0; 3).
2.4. S dng phng php iu kin cn v
Phng php iu kin cn v thng t ra kh hiu qu cho cc
dng ton tm iu kin ca tham s .
Dng 1: Phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
Dng 2: Phng trnh c nghim vi mi gi tr ca tham s.
Dng 3: Phng trnh nghim ng vi mi x D. Khi ta cn thc
hin cc bc:
Bc 1: t iu kin cc biu thc trong phng trnh c ngha.
Bc 2: Tm iu kin cn cho h da trn vic nh gi hoc tnh i
xng ca h.
Bc 3: Kim tra iu kin trong bc ny cn c mt s k nng
c bn.
44
V d 2.6. Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht
_
1 x
2
+ 2
3
_
1 x
2
= m.
Gii. iu kin cn.
Nhn xt rng phng trnh c nghim x
0
th cng nhn x
0
lm
nghim.
Do phng trnh c nghim duy nht th iu kin l x
0
= x
0
thay vo phng trnh ta c m = 3.
iu kin .
Vi m = 3 khi phng trnh c dng
1 x
2
+ 2
3
1 x
2
= 3.
V
_
1 x
2
1
3
1 x
2
1
suy ra
1 x
2
+ 2
3
1 x
2
3.
Do phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi
_
1 x
2
= 1
3
1 x
2
= 1
hay
x = 0.
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi m = 3.
V d 2.7. Tm m phng trnh sau nghim ng vi mi x 0.
_
x
2
+ 2x m
2
+ 2m + 4 = x + m2.
Gii.
iu kin cn.
Gi s phng trnh cho c nghim vi mi x 0 th x = 0 cng
l mt nghim ca phng trnh khi thay x = 0 vo phng trnh ta
c
m
2
+ 2m + 4 = m 2 hay
_
m2 0
m
2
+ 2m + 4 = (m2)
2
suy ra
m = 3.
iu kin .
Vi m = 3 khi phng trnh cho c dng
x
2
+ 2x + 1 = x + 1 phng trnh ny lun ng vi mi x 0.
Vy m = 3 l gi tr cn tm.
2.5. S dng phng php hm s
Kin thc cn nh
45
Cho hm s y = f(x) lin tc trn D.
Phng trnh f(x) = g(m) vi m l tham s c nghim x D khi v
ch khi min
D
f(x) g(m) max
D
f(x).
Bt phng trnh f(x) g(m) c nghim x D khi v ch khi
min
D
f(x) g(m).
Bt phng trnh f(x) g(m) nghim ng vi mi x D khi v ch
khi max
D
f(x) g(m).
Bt phng trnh f(x) g(m) c nghim x D khi v ch khi
max
D
f(x) g(m).
Bt phng trnh f(x) g(m) c nghim ng vi mi x D khi v
ch khi min
D
f(x) g(m).
Nhn xt 2.2. Trong trng hp khng tn ti min
D
f(x), max
D
f(x) th
ta s lp bng bin thin ca hm s y = f(x) trn D. Sau cn c vo
bng bin thin kt lun cho bi ton.
Dng ton thng gp l bi ton tm gi tr ca tham s m sao cho
phng trnh cha tham s m c nghim ta lm nh sau.
1. Bin i phng v dng f(x) = g(m).
2. Tm max
D
f(x); min
D
f(x) (nu c). Nu f(x) khng t gi tr max
D
f(x)
hoc min
D
f(x) th ta phi tnh gii hn v lp bng bin thin ca hm s
y = f(x) trn D.
3. T bng bin thin suy ra gi tr m cn tm.
Ch 2.1. Trong trng hp phng trnh cha cc biu thc phc tp
ta c th t n ph.
- t t = (x) ((x) l hm s thch hp c mt trong f(x)).
- T iu kin rng buc ca x D ta tm iu kin t K.
- Ta a phng trnh v dng f(t) = h(m).
- Lp bng bin thin y = f(t) trn K.
- T bng bin thin suy ra kt lun ca bi ton.
V d 2.8 (Tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng khi A nm 2004). Tm m
phng trnh sau c nghim.
m(
1 + x
2
_
1 x
2
+ 2) = 2
_
1 x
4
+
1 + x
2
_
1 x
2
.
46
Gii. iu kin 1 x 1.
t
1 + x
2
1 x
2
= t vi x [1; 1].
Ta c t
=
x
1 + x
2
+
x
1 x
2
= x
_
1
1 + x
2
+
1
1 x
2
_
.
t
= 0 suy ra x = 0 vi x [1; 1] ta c bng bin thin.

x 1 0 1
t
0 +
t
2
0
2
Nh vy 0 t
2.
Phng trnh (2.11) tng ng vi phng trnh sau
m(t + 2) = 2 t
2
+ t, t [0;
2] hay m =
t
2
+ t + 2
t + 2
t m = g(t) = t +3
4
t + 2
, t [0;
2] khi g
(t) = 1+
4
(t + 2)
2
g
(t) = 0 suy ra t = 0 ta c bng bin thin

t 0
2
g
(t) 0
g(t) 1
2 1
Nh vy phng trnh c nghim khi m [
2 1; 1].
V d 2.9. "i hc cao ng khi A nm 2007". Tm m phng trnh
sau c nghim thc.
3
x 1 + m
x + 1 = 2
4
_
x
2
1.
Gii.
iu kin x 1.
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3(
4
_
x 1
x + 1
)
2
+ m = 2
4
_
x 1
x + 1
t t =
4
_
x 1
x + 1
vi x 1.
Ta c 0
x 1
x + 1
= 1
2
x 1
< 1 suy ra 0 t < 1.
47
Xt phng trnh theo n t vi t [0; 1) c dng
3t
2
+ m = 2t hay m = 3t
2
+ 2t, t [0; 1).
Xt hm s f(t) = 3t
2
+ 2t, t [0; 1)
Bng bin thin
t 0
1
3
1
f(t) 0
1
3
1
Nh vy phng trnh cho c nghim vi m (1;
1
3
]
48
Chng 3
Mt s cch xy dng phng trnh
v t
Phng trnh v t c nhiu dng v nhiu cch gii khc nhau. Ngi
gio vin ngoi vic nm c cc dng phng trnh v cc phng php
gii chng cn phi bit xy dng ln cc ton khc nhau lm ti liu
ging dy. Trong phn ny tc gi xin trnh by mt s cch xy dng ln
cc phng trnh v t, hy vng s em li nhng iu b ch.
3.1. Xy dng phng trnh v t t cc phng
trnh bit cch gii.
Con ng sng to ra nhng "phng trnh v t" l da trn c s
cc phng php gii c trnh by. Ta tm cch "che y" v bin
i i mt cht t du i bn cht, sao cho phng trnh thu c d
nhn v mt hnh thc v mi quan h gia cc i tng tham gia trong
phng trnh cng kh nhn ra th bi ton cng kh. Ta tm hiu mt s
cch xy dng sau
3.1.1. Xy dng phng trnh v t t phng trnh bc hai.
T phng trnh dng at
2
+ bt + c = 0 ta thay th t =
_
f(x) ta s
nhn c mt phng trnh v t t n ph a v phng trnh bc
hai gii.
V d 3.1. T phng trnh 2t
2
7t + 3 = 0 ta chn t =
x
2
+ x + 1
x 1
49
ta c phng trnh v t sau.
2
x
2
+ x + 1
x 1
7
x
2
+ x + 1
x 1
+ 3 = 0
hoc bin i bi ton tr nn kh hn bng cch nhn c hai v
ca phng trnh trn vi x 1 ta c phng trnh sau
3(x 1) + 2(x
2
+ x + 1) = 7
_
x
3
1
t phng trnh ny ta xy dng ln mt bi ton gii phng trnh v t
nh sau.
Bi ton 3.1. ( thi ngh Olympic 30/4/2007) Gii phng trnh
2x
2
+ 5x 1 = 7
_
x
3
1
Hng dn 3.1. Phng trnh ny c gii bng phng php a
v dng phng trnh bc hai nh phng trnh ban u xy dng.
Mt s dng phng trnh sau c gii bng phng php t n ph
a v dng phng trnh bc hai.
Dng 1. ax +b +
cx + d = 0 t
cx + d = t khi x =
t
2
d
c
ta
thu c mt phng trnh bc hai at
2
+ ct + bc ad = 0.
Dng 2. A(
a + x +
a x) + B
a
2
x
2
= C.
t t =
a + x +
a x suy ra t
2
= 2a + 2
a
2
x
2
.
Ta thu c phng trnh bc hai At + B
_
t
2
2a
2
_
= C.
Dng 3. A(x +
x + a) + B(x
2
+ x + 2x
x + a) + C = 0.
t t = x +
x + a suy ra t
2
= x
2
+ x + a + 2x
x + a.
Ta thu c phng trnh bc hai At + B(t
2
a) + C = 0.
Dng 4. A(x +
x
2
+ a) + B(x
2
+ x
x
2
+ a) + C = 0.
t t = x +
x
2
+ a khi t
2
= 2x
2
+ 2x
x
2
+ a + a hay
x
2
+ x
x
2
+ a =
t
2
a
2

Cui cng ta thu c phng trinh bc hai At + B
t
2
a
2
+ C = 0.
50
By gi mun to ra cc phng trnh v t mi ta c th thay th
A, B, C, a, b, c bng cc s "hoc cc biu thc" theo mun l ta s c
cc dng phng trnh v t c gii theo phng php t n ph a
v phng trnh bc hai.
V d 3.2. ( Cho dng 2.)
Chn A = 1, B = 2, C = 4, a = 1 ta c bi ton sau.
Bi ton 3.2. Gii phng trnh phng trnh
1 x +
1 + x + 2
_
1 x
2
= 4.
Hng dn 3.2. iu kin 1 x 1.
t
1 x +
1 + x = t, t 0 suy ra t
2
= 2 + 2
1 x
2
.
Ta thu c phng trnh t
2
+ t 6 = 0 suy ra t = 2.
Thay th tr li ta c
1 x +
1 + x = 2 suy ra x = 0.
3.1.2. Xy dng phng trnh v t t phng trnh tch.
Phng trnh dng au + bv = ab + uv. Ta c au + bv = ab + uv hay
(u b)(v a) = 0 suy ra u = b, v = a.
Chn u, v l bng cc biu thc cha cn a, b bng cc s thc cho
trc ta s xy dng c cc phng trnh v t.
V d 3.3. chn a = 1, b = 5, u =
x 1, v =
x
2
+ 1. Ta thu c
phng trnh
x 1 + 5
x
2
+ 1
_
x
3
x
2
+ x 1 = 5
v ta c bi ton sau.
Bi ton 3.3. Gii phng trnh
x 1 + 5
x
2
+ 1
_
x
3
x
2
+ x 1 = 5
Hng dn 3.3. Nghim ca phng trnh l nghim ca phng trnh
l nghim ca mt trong hai phng trnh
x
2
+ 1 = 1 hoc
x 1 = 5.
51
Thc ra ta ang xy dng phng trnh v t da trn phng trnh
c dng tch. Kh hn mt cht ta c th xy dng t phng trnh cha
nhiu tch (u a)(v b)(w c) = 0 gn cho u, v, w cc biu thc cha
cn. Gn cho a, b, c l cc s thc thm ch c th l cc biu thc cha
cn. Bin i i mt cht l ta s c c cc phng trnh v t "p"
hay "khng" ph thuc vo vic ta c kho chn hay khng.
3.1.3. Xy dng phng trnh v t t mt s dng phng
trnh v t c gii theo phng php bin i tng tng.
Xy dng phng trnh v t t phng trnh dng
A +
B =
C +
D
Gn cc biu thc cha x cho A, B, C, D ta s c cc phng trnh v
t c gii bng cch bnh phng hai v
V d 3.4. Gn A = x + 3, B = 3x + 1, C = 4x, C = 2x + 2 ta c bi
ton gii phng trnh v t sau.
x + 3 +
3x + 1 = 2
x +
2x + 1
Hng dn 3.4. gii phng trnh ny khng kh nhng hi phc
tp mt cht.
Phng trnh ny s n gin hn nu ta chuyn v phng trnh
3x + 1
2x + 2 =
4x
x + 3
Bnh phng hai v ta c phng trnh h qu
6x
2
+ 8x + 2 =
4x
2
+ 12x suy ra x = 1 th li thy x = 1 l
nghim phng trnh.
Tng t ta cng c mt s dng sau
Dng 1: Phng trnh
A =
B.
Dng 2:Phng trnh
A = B
_
B 0
A = B
2
Dng 3:
A +
B =
C
_
_
_
A 0
B 0
A + B + 2
AB = C
52
Dng 4:
3
A +
3
B =
3
C suy ra A + B + 3
3
AB(
3
A +
3
B) = C
i vi dng ny thng s dng php th:
3
A +
3
B =
3
C ta c
phng trnh A + B + 3
3
ABC = C
T cc dng ton ny gn cho A, B, C cc biu thc cha x ta s c
cc phng trnh v t tuy nhin mc kh hay d ph thuc vo vic
chn cc biu thc cho A, B, C sao cho sau khi lu tha hai v ln ta thu
c mt phng trnh c th gii c.
3.2. Xy dng phng trnh v t t h phng trnh.
3.2.1. Xy dng t h i xng loi II
Ta i xt mt phng trnh i xng loi II sau
_
(x + 1)
2
= y + 2
(y + 1)
2
= x + 2
vic gii h ny th n gin.
By gi ta s bin h trn thnh phng trnh bng cch t y = f(x)
sao cho phng trnh th hai trong h lun ng vy y =
x + 2 1, khi
thay vo phng trnh u ca h ta c phng trnh
(x + 1)
2
= (
x + 2 1) + 1 hay x
2
+ 2x =
x + 2
T c bi ton.
x
2
+ 2x =
x + 2
Hng dn 3.5. Ta li tin hnh t nh trn v a v gii h i xng
loai II.
Bng cch tng t xt h tng qut dng bc hai
_
(x + )
2
= ay + b
(y + )
2
= ax + b
ta s xy dng ln mt phng trnh dng sau.
T phng trnh th hai trong h ta c y + =
ax + b khi thay
vo phng trnh u tin ca h ta c phng trnh
(x + )
2
=
a
ax + b + b
a
()
Tng t cho bc cao hn (x + )
n
=
a
ax + b + b
a
(**)
53
gii phng trnh ny ta li t y + =
n
ax + b a v h
nh ban u xy dng.
Vy c mt phng trnh v t gii bng cch a v h i xng
loi II, ta ch vic chn , , a, b ph hp vi mc kh d ca bi ton.
Sau xy dng phng trnh dng khai trin, hc sinh mun gii c
phng trnh dng ny th phi bit vit phng trnh v dng phng
trnh (*) hoc (**) gii.
V d 3.5. Ta xy dng bi ton nh sau
Chn = 2, = 3, a = 4, b = 5
Ta c phng trnh
(2x 3)
2
= 2
4x + 5 + 11 hay 4x
2
12x 2 = 2
4x + 5 suy ra
2x
2
6x 1 =
4x + 5
Khi ta c mt bi ton mi.
Bi ton 3.6. Gii phng trnh v t
2x
2
6x 1 =
4x + 5
Hng dn 3.6. Hc sinh phi bit bin i dng khai trin ny v
phng trnh (2x 3)
2
= 2
4x + 5 + 11
Sau t 2y 3 =
4x + 5 c h phng trnh.
_
(2x 3)
2
= 4y + 5
(2y 3)
2
= 4x + 5
suy ra (x y)(x + y 1) = 0
Vi x = y khi 2x 3 =
4x + 5 suy ra x = 2 +
3
Vi x + y 1 = 0 khi y = 1 suy ra x = 1
2
3.3. Dng hng ng thc xy dng cc phng
trnh v t
3.3.1. T nhng nh gi bnh phng A
2
+ B
2
0.
Ta xy dng nhng phng trnh dng
A
2
+ B
2
= 0 suy ra
_
A = 0
B = 0
V d t phng trnh (
5x 12x)
2
+(
9 5x2)
2
+
x 1 = 0
khai trin ra ta c phng trnh
54
4x
2
+ 12 +
x 1 = 4x
5x 1 + 4
9 5x)
Khi ta c th xy dng bi ton.
4x
2
+ 12 +
x 1 = 4x
5x 1 + 4
9 5x)
Hng dn 3.7. Khi mun gii bi ton trn ta bin i a v phng
trnh trc khi khai trin v gii l tt nht. Sau p dng nh gi nh
trnh by.
3.3.2. T hng ng thc (A B)
2
= 0 suy ra A = B
V d chn A = 1, B =
_
4x
x + 3
ta c phng trnh
(1
_
4x
x + 3
)
2
= 0 khai trin ra ta c phng trnh
1 +
4x
x + 3
= 2
_
4x
x + 3
Nhn hai v phng trnh vi
x + 3 ta c phng trnh
x + 3 +
4x
x + 3
= 4x ta c bi ton.
x + 3 +
4x
x + 3
= 4x
3.3.3. Xy dng phng trnh v t t hng ng thc sau.
Ta c
(A + B + C)
3
= A
3
+ B
3
+ C
3
+ 3(A + B)(B + C)(C + A)
Khi
(A + B + C)
3
= A
3
+ B
3
+ C
3
khi (A + B)(B + C)(C + A) = 0
iu ny xy ra khi A = B hoc B = C hoc A = C
Ta c th xy dng bi ton nh sau.
Gn A =
3
7x + 2010, B =
3
x
2
+ 2011, C =
3
x
2
7x + 2012
55
Nh vy A
3
+B
3
+C
3
= 2011. T ta c bi ton gii phng trnh
nh sau.
3
7x + 2010
3
x
2
+ 2011 +
3
_
x
2
7x + 2012 =
3
2011
Hng dn 3.8. Bi ta tha mn (A + B + C)
3
= A
3
+ B
3
+ C
3
. Nn
nghim ca phng trnh l nghim ca h tuyn
_
A = B
B = C
A = C
Trong
A,B,C l cc biu thc nh chn.
Tng t ta c th xy dng nhiu bi ton theo cch ny!
3.4. Xy dng phng trnh v t da theo hm n
iu.
3.4.1. Xy dng phng trnh v t da theo tnh cht ca hm
n iu.
Da vo kt qu "nu hm y = f(x) n iu th
f(x) = f(t) x = t" ta c th xy dng c nhng phng trnh v
t.
V d 3.6. Xut pht t hm n iu y = f(x) = 2x
3
+ x
2
+ 1 mi
x 0 ta xy dng phng trnh.
f(x) = f(
3x 1) hay 2x
3
+x
2
+1 = 2(
3x 1)
3
+
_
(3x 1)
2
+1
Rt gn ta c phng trnh 2x
3
+x
2
3x + 1 = 2(3x 1)
3x 1.
Ta c bi ton sau
2x
3
+ x
2
3x + 1 = 2(3x 1)
3x 1
Hng dn 3.9. Bi ton c gii theo phng php hm s.
V d 3.7. T hm s ng bin trn R, f(t) = t
3
+ t v t phng
trnh f(
3
7x
2
+ 9x 4) = f(x + 1)
Ta xy dng c bi ton sau.
56
x
3
4x
2
5x + 6 =
3
_
7x
2
+ 9x 4
Hng dn 3.10. Bi ton c gii theo phng php s dng phng
php hm s. Gii phng trnh ta c nghim phng trnh l nghim ca
phng trnh.
(x + 1) =
3
7x
2
+ 9x 4 suy ra x = 5 hoc x =
1
5
2

3.4.2. Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo cc c lng ca
hm n iu.
d s dng v kt hp nhiu c lng ta xy dng mt s c lng
nh sau bng cch s dng tnh n iu ca hm s ta nhn c
[1] 1
1 x 1
Hm s f(x) =
1 x l hm n iu tng trn [0; 1]

Nn ta c 1 = f(0) f(x) f(1) = 1
[2] 1
4
x
4
1 x 1
Hm s f(x) =
4
x
4
1 x 1 l hm tng trn [0; 1]

Nn ta c 1 = f(0) f(x) f(1) = 1
[3] 1
4
1 x 1
Hm s f(x) =
4
1 x l hm tng trn [0; 1]

Nn ta c 1 = f(0) f(x) f(1) = 1
[4] 0
x + 3
2 +
1 x
1
Hm s f(x) =
x + 3
2 +
1 x
l hm tng trn [3; 1]
Nn ta c 0 = f(3) f(x) f(1) = 1
[4] 0
4
x + 15
2 +
4
1 x
1
Hm s f(x) =
4
x + 15
2 +
4
1 x
l hm tng trn [15; 1]
Nn ta c 0 = f(15) f(x) f(1) = 1
[6]
_
3 +
x
_
1 +
1 x 1
Hm s f(x) =
_
3 +
x
_
1 +
1 x l hm tng trn on [0; 1]

57
Suy ra f(x) f(1) = 1
[7]
x + 3
_
1 +
1 x 1
Hm s f(x) =
x + 3
_
1 +
1 x l hm tng trn [3; 1]

suy ra f(x) f(1) = 1
S dng tnh cht nghch bin ca hm s m y = a
x
vi c s 0 a 1
ta nhn c
[8]

x +
1 x 1
Ta c
x x hoc
1 x 1 x
suy ra
x +
1 x x + (1 x) = 1
Du ng thc t c khi x = 0 hoc x = 1
Cng hai hay nhiu cc c lng c bn chng ta thu c cc phng
trnh cha cn sau.
x +
4
x +
6
x = 3 +
1 x +
4
1 x +
6
1 x.
Hng dn 3.11. iu kin 0 x 1
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi.
(
1 x) + (
4
x
4
1 x) + (
6
x
6
1 x) = 3
S dng cc c lng c bn ta thu c v tri nh hn hoc bng
3, v du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1
p s x = 1
x +
4
x +
6
x + 3
4
1 x = 3.
Hng dn 3.12. iu kin 0 x 1
(
x +
4
1 x) + (
4
x +
4
1 x) + (
6
x +
4
1 x)
V tri ln hn hoc bng 3. Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1.
p s x = 1.
x + 3
2 +
1 x
+
3x + 1
2 +
4
1 x
58
Hng dn 3.13. iu kin
1
3
x 1
V tri nh hn hoc bng 2. Du bng xy ra khi x = 1.
p s x = 1.
Nhn cc c lng c bn dng ta thu c cc phng
trnh cha cn sau.
2x 1
4
4x 3
6
6x 5 = x
3
Hng dn 3.14. iu kin x
5
6
Chia hai v cho x

3
= 0 ta thu c
2x 1
x
4
4x 3
x
6
6x 5
x
= 1
V tri nh hn hoc bng 1. Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1.
p s x = 1.
3.5. Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo hm s
lng gic v phng trnh lng gic.
T cng thc lng gic n gin cos 3t = sin t, ta c th to ra c
nhng phng trnh v t.
T cos 3t = 4 cos
3
t 3 cos t ta c phng trnh v t 4x
3
3x =
x
2
x
2
1 (1)
Nu thay x trong phng trnh (1) bi
1
x
ta s c phng trnh v t
kh hn 4 3x
2
= x
2
x
2
1 (2).
Nu thay x trong phng trnh (1) bi x 1 ta s c phng trnh v
t kh 4x
3
12x
2
+ 9x 1 =
2x x
2
(3).
Tng t nh vy t cc cng thc sin 3x, sin 4x . . . ta cng c th xy
dng phng trnh v t theo kiu lng gic!
V d 3.8. T phng trnh lng gic
1
cos t
+
1
sin t
= 2
2 v t ng
thc lng gic sin
2
t +cos
2
t = 1 suy ra sin t =
1 cos
2
t thay th cos t
bi x, ta s c mt phng trnh v t nh sau
1
x
+
1
1 x
2
= 2
2.
59
Vy ta c bi ton gii phng trnh v t c gii theo phng php
t n ph lng gic nh sau.
1
x
+
1
x
2
+ 1
= 2
2
Hng dn 3.15. Khi phng trnh ny c gii theo phng php
t n ph lng gic.
V d 3.9. T phng trnh cos
3
t + sin
3
t =
2 cos t sin t thay th cos t

bi x ta c phng trnh v t x
3
+
_
(1 x
2
)
3
= x
_
2(1 x
2
).
V ta c bi ton gii phng trnh v t
x
3
+
_
(1 x
2
)
3
= x
_
2(1 x
2
)
Hng dn 3.16. Phng trnh ny c gii theo phng php t n
ph lng gic.
V d 3.10. T phng trnh 5 +3 sin t = 8(cos
6
t +sin
6
t) thay th cos t
bi x, ta c phng trnh v t. 5 + 3
1 x
2
= 8[x
6
+ (1 x
2
)
3
]. V
ta c bi ton.
Bi ton 3.18. Gii phng trnh 5 + 3
1 x
2
= 8[x
6
+ (1 x
2
)
3
]
Hng dn 3.17. T iu kin |x| 1 ta t x = cos t; t [0; ] v ta
thu c.
5 + 3 sin t = 8(sin
6
t + cos
6
t) 3 sin t = 8(1 3 sin
2
t cos
2
t)
3 sin t = 3 24 sin
2
t cos
2
t
sin t = 1 8 sin
2
t cos
2
t = 1 2 sin
2
2t = cos 4t
cos 4t = cos
_
2
t
_
.
T phng trnh ny ta s tm c t, sau suy ra c x.
60
3.6. Xy dng phng trnh v t t php "t n
ph khng ton phn".
Ta xt bi ton xy dng lp phng trnh dng At
2
+ Bt + C = 0,
trong t l biu thc cha cn ca x, cn A, B, C l cc biu thc hu t
cha x, sao cho = B
2
4AC lun lun l mt biu thc chnh phng.
Thng cho tin ta chn
B
A
= f(x) +g(x) cn
C
A
= f(x)g(x) khi
t = g(x) hoc t = f(x).
V d 3.11. Ta chn t =
x
2
+ 2, f(x) = 3, g(x) = x 1.
Ta c bi ton gii phng trnh v t nh sau.
x
2
+ (3
x
2
+ 2)x = 1 + 2
x
2
+ 2
Hng dn 3.18. gii bi ny hc sinh phi bit bin i v dng
(x
2
+2)(2+x)
x
2
+ 23+3x = 0 sau t t = x
2
+2 th phng
trnh cho tr thnh phng trnh n t l t
2
(2 +x)t 3 +3x = 0 ri
gii phng trnh ny.
C th nhm nghim hoc tnh , c nghim t = 3, t = x 1.
Vi t = 3 th
x
2
+ 2 = 3 suy ra x =
7.
Vi t = x 1(x 1) v nghim.
Nh vy vi cch xy dng nh trn ta c th c nhiu bi ton. Gii
phng trnh v t bng phng php n ph khng ton phn.
3.7. Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo tnh cht
vect.
Tnh cht |a +
b| |a| +|
b| du "=" xy ra khi a,
b cng hng.
Ta xy dng nh sau.
t
_
a = (f(x); A)
b = (g(x); B)
suy ra a +
b = (f(x) + g(x); A + B).

Khi ta c phng trnh
_
f
2
(x) + A
2
+
_
g
2
(x) + B
2
=
_
(f(x) + g(x))
2
+ (A + B)
2
61
V d 3.12. chn
_
a = (4 x; 20
2)
b = (5 + x; 10
2)
suy ra a +
b = (9; 31
2).
Vy |a| =
x
2
8x + 816, |
b| =
x
2
+ 10x + 267
v |a +
b| = 2003.
Ta xy dng c phng trnh nh sau
|a +
b| = |a| +|
b|
x
2
8x + 816 +
x
2
+ 10x + 267 = 2003
Bi ton 3.20 (Thi olympic 30-4 nm 2003). Gii phng trnh
_
x
2
8x + 816 +
x
2
+ 10x + 267 = 2003.
3.8. Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo bt ng
thc
3.8.1. Bt ng thc "tam thc bc (xem [2], trang 25).
Vi mi > 1 ta c x
+ 1 x vi mi x 0 .
Du ng thc xy ra khi x = 1.
Chn =2010 ta c phng trnh
x
2010
+ 2009 =
2010x v ta c
bi ton.
x
2010
+ 2009 =
2010x.
Hng dn 3.19. S dng bt ng thc "tam thc bc " ta s c
x = 1 l nghim.
V d 3.13. C th to ra cc bi ton kh hn bng cch thay x phng
trnh trn bng cc biu thc cha x.
V d thay x bng (x
2
1)
2
v = 3 ta s c phng trnh
_
(x
2
1)
3
+ 2 =
_
3(x
2
+ 1) hay
x
6
3x
4
+ 3x
2
+ 1 =
_
3(x
2
1).
Ta c bi ton sau.
x
6
3x
4
+ 3x
2
+ 1 =
_
3(x
2
1).
Hng dn 3.20. Gp bi ton ny hc sinh cn bit bin i a v
phng trnh ban u xy dng p dng bt ng thc th bi ton
62
tr nn d dng. p dng bt ng thc trn tm ra c nghim phng
trnh l khi du ng thc xy ra x
2
1 = 1 suy ra x =
2.
Nh vy c th thay x bng cc biu thc khc ca x ta s c cc
phng trnh kh hay d tu thuc vo ta chn biu thc thay th cho x.
3.8.2. Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo bt ng thc gia
trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn.
S dng bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn ta
nhn c
[1]
2x 1
x
1
V
2x 1
x

2x 1 + 1
2x
= 1
[2]
4
4x 3
x
1
V
4
4x 3
x

4x 3 + 1 + 1 + 1
4x
= 1 du ng thc xy ra khi x = 1
[3]
6
6x 5
x

6x 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
6x
= 1 du ng thc xy ra
khi x = 1
[4]

x +
2 x 2
V
x +
2 x 2
_
x + 2 x
2
[5]
4
_
x +
4
2 x 2
V
4
x +
4
2 x 2
4
_
x + 2 x
2
[6] x +
2 x
2
2 v
x +
2 x
2
|x| +
2 x
2
=
x
2
+
2 x
2
2
_
x
2
+ 2 x
2
2
= 2
du ng thc xy ra khi x = 1
[7] x +
4
2 x
4
2 v
x +
4
2 x
4
|x| +
4
2 x
4
=
x
2
+
4
2 x
4
=
4
x
4
+
4
2 x
4
2
4
_
x
4
+ 2 x
4
2
= 1
du ng thc xy ra khi x = 1
[8] x +
6
2 x
6
2 v
63
x +
6
2 x
6
|x| +
6
2 x
6
x
6
+
6
2 x
6
2
6
_
x
6
+ 2 x
6
2
= 1
du ng thc xy ra khi x = 1.
Ta gi y l cc c lng c bn. C th to ra c rt nhiu cc
c lng c bn theo cch ny.
Ta xy dng cc phng trnh v t nh sau
Cch 1. Cng hai hay nhiu cc c lng c bn
2x 1 +
4
4x 3 +
6
6x 5 = 3x
Hng dn 3.21. iu kin x
5
6
.
2x 1
x
+
4
4x 3
x
+
6
6x 5
x
= 3
V tri nh thua hoc bng 3. Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
x = 1.
Bi ton 3.24. Cng cc c lng c bn nh sau.
(
x +
4
1 x) + (
4
x
4
+
4
1 x) + (
6
x +
4
1 x) = 3
Vit li
x +
4
x +
6
x + 3
4
1 x = 3.
Khi ta c bi ton sau.
Bi ton 3.25.
_
x +
4
x +
6
x + 3
4
1 x = 3
Hng dn 3.22. V tri phng trnh ln hn hoc bng 3. Du ng
thc xy ra khi x = 1. Vy x = 1 l nghim phng trnh.
Cch 2. Nhn cc c lng c bn ta c cc phng trnh
cha cn.
V d nhn cc c lung c bn ta c bi ton gii phng trnh.
2x 1.
4
4x 3.
6
6x 5 = x
3
64
Hng dn 3.23. Vi iu kin x
5
6
Sau chia c hai v cho x ta
thu c.
2x 1
x
.
4
4x 3
x
.
6
6x 5
x
= 1
V tri nh thua hoc bng 1. Du ng thc xy ra khi x = 1. Nhn cc
c lng c bn ta c bi ton.
2x 1
x(
x +
1 x)
= 1
Hng dn 3.24. V
1
x +
1 x
1;
2x 1
x
1 suy ra v tri
nh hn hoc bng 1. Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1. p s
x = 1 l nghim phng trnh.
3.8.3. Xy dng phng trnh da theo bt ng thc Cauchy.
T bt ng thc (AB +CD)
2
(A
2
+C
2
)(B
2
+D
2
) du ng thc
xy ra khi "AD = BC"
V d 3.14. Ta chn cc cp s A = 2
2, B =
x + 1, C =
1
x + 1
,
D =
x
x + 1
Ta xy dng phng trnh
(2
2
1
x + 1
+
x + 1
x + 1
)
2
(8 + x + 1)
_
1
x + 1
+
x
x + 1
_
suy ra
2
x + 1
9 + x
T y ta i xy dng bi ton gii phng trnh v t sau.
x +
2
x + 1
=
9 + x
65
Hng dn 3.25. Nh vy hc sinh c th bin i phng trnh p
dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho hai cp s A, C v B, D nh trn rt
ra du bng xy ra khi
2
x + 1
=
1
x + 1
x + 1
suy ra x =
1
7
Vy x =
1
7
l nghim phng trnh.
V d 3.15. T cc cp s A = 3
2, B =
2x + 1, C =
2x + 1
,
D =
x + 1
2x + 1
Tng t nh trn ta c th xy dng bi ton gii phng trnh v t
sau.
3
2x
2x + 1
+
x + 1 =
19 + 2x
Hng dn 3.26. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cc cp s A,C v B,D
nh trn ta c du ng thc xy ra hay nghim phng trnh l nghim
ca phng trnh
3
2x + 1
=
x + 1
iu kin x 0. Bnh phng hai
v gii phng trnh ta c x =
17 +
433
4
l nghim.
3.9. Xy dng phng trnh v t bng phng php
hnh hc
Cho tam gic ABC c ng AD l ng phn gic trong ca gc A,
A = 2, m AD, t AM = x khi nu M BC th
MB
MC
=
AB
AC
V d 3.16. Xt tam gic vung ABC vung ti A c AB = 4, AC = 3.

Gi AD l phn gic trong ca

A. Trn AD ly im M, t AM = x.
Trong tam gic AMC c CM
2
= x
2
3
2x + 9.
Trong tam gic AMB c BM
2
= x
2
4
2x. Ta xy dng bi ton nh

sau.
66
Bi ton 3.29 (D b Olympic 30-4 THPT Chuyn Tin Giang nm
2007). Gii phng trnh
_
x
2
3x
2 + 9 +
_
x
2
4x
2 + 16 = 5.
Hng dn 3.27. Khi vi x < 0 th
_
_
x
2
3x
2 + 9 > 3
_
x
2
4
2x + 16 > 4
phng trnh v nghim.
Vi x > 0 ta c
CM + BM =
_
x
2
3x
2 + 9 +
_
x
2
4x
2 + 16 BC = 5.
Du bng xy ra khi M trng vi D hay M chia BC theo t s
k =
4
3
x = AD =
12
2
7

V d 3.17. Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 3, AC = 4,

A = 120
o
, AD l
ng phn gic trong gc A. Ly M AD, t AM = x
Khi ta c BM =
x
2
3x + 9, CM =
x
2
4x + 16,
BC =
_
9 + 16 2.3.4.
_
1
2
_
= 37.
Ta xy dng phng trnh
x
2
3x + 9 +
x
2
4x + 16 =
37. Ta
c bi ton.
_
x
2
3x + 9 +
_
x
2
4x + 16 =
37
Hng dn 3.28. Lp lun tng t nh hai bi ton trn ta c x < 0
phng trnh v nghim.
Vi x > 0 ta c
BM + CM =
x
2
3x + 9 +
x
2
4x + 16 BC =
37.
Du bng xy ra khi M trng vi D hay M chia BC theo t s
MB
MC
=
AB
AC
=
3
4

x
2
3x + 9
x
2
4x + 16
=
3
4
x =
12
7

V d 3.18. Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 5, AC = 4,

A = 60
o
, AD l
ng phn gic trong gc A. Ly M AD, t AM = x
Khi ta c BM =
_
x
2
5
3x + 25, CM =
_
x
2
4
3x + 16,
67
BC =
_
25 + 16 2.4.5.
1
2
=
21.
Ta xy dng phng trnh
_
x
2
5
3x + 25 +
_
x
2
4
3x + 16 =
21. Ta c bi ton.
_
x
2
5
3x + 25 +
_
x
2
4
3x + 16 =
21
Hng dn 3.29. Vi x < 0 ta c
_
_
x
2
5
3x + 25 > 5
_
x
2
4
3x + 16 > 4
phng
trnh v nghim.
Xt x > 0 khi du bng ca phng trnh xy ra khi
MB
MC
=
5
4
hay 4
_
x
2
5
3x + 25 = 5
_
x
2
4
3x + 16.
Bnh phng hai v gii ra ta c nghim phng trnh l x =
20
3
9

68
Kt lun
Lun vn Mt s phng php gii phng trnh v t gii quyt
c nhng vn sau:
- H thng cc phng php gii cc phng trnh v t.
- Trnh by cc phng php gii v bin lun phng trnh v t c
cha tham s.
- a ra cc phng php xy dng phng trnh v t mi.
Kt qu ca lun vn gp phn nng cao cht lng dy v hc Ton
trng ph thng trong giai on hin nay.
69
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, 1993, Phng php gii phng trnh v bt phng
trnh, NXB Gio Dc.
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2004, Bt ng thc, nh l v p dng, NXB
Gio Dc.
[3] Cc chuyn phng php gii phng trnh bt phng trnh trn
mng Internet.
[4] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2002, a thc i s v phn thc hu t, NXB
Gio Dc.
[5] Tp ch ton hc tui tr.
[6] Cc tuyn tp thi Olympic 30-4, NXB i Hc S Phm.
[7] Nguyn V Lng, 2008, H phng trnh phng trnh cha cn, NXB
i Hc Quc Gia H Ni.

Một Số Phương Pháp Giải Phương Trình Vô Tỷ

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Một Số Phương Pháp Giải Phương Trình Vô Tỷ

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I HC THI NGUYN

1 x = b, a 0, b 0. T phng trnh cho kt hp vi (1.8) ta c

1 sin x (3 sin 2x)

x 1, t 0 phng trnh cho tr thnh

x 1 = 1 suy ra x = 2 tha mn iu kin.

V d 1.21. Gii phng trnh

7x + 4 suy ra x = 3. (tha mn).

- Nu phng trnh cha

- Nu phng trnh cha

1 + cos t = sin t(1 + 2 cos t)

V d 1.23. Gii phng trnh

Vy phng trnh c nghim x = tan

1.1.6. Phng php s dng nhiu hn mt n ph

V d 1.26. Gii phng trnh

24S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn

x + 3 + x l ng bin trn tp xc nh.

3 x nghch bin trn tp xc nh ca n.

M f(1) = 4 tc x = 1 l mt nghim ca phng trnh.

3, t ta c x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng

t + 1, ta c phng trnh f(x+1) = f(2x

t + 1 lin tc v ng bin trn tp xc nh nn

Vy phng trnh c hai nghim l x = 1, x =

1.3. Phng php a v h i xng

2x 1 kt hp vi phng trnh cho ta c h

x = t phng trnh cho tng ng vi

Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

2-Bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn

Vi iu kin trn ta chia c hai v ca phng trnh trn cho x ta c

Vy phng trnh c nghim l x =

V d 1.48. Gii phng trnh

Bin i phng trinh cho thnh

Bin i phng trnh cho thnh

2x + 2007 + 1004 = 0. (1.23)

x x , du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0, x = 1.

1 x 1 x, du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0, x = 1.

b cng hng, iu ny xy ra khi

b = (f(x) +g(x); A+B) = (h(x); C) (A, B, C c th l cc

b cng hng hay

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x =

40S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn

(x) = 0 c nghim thuc

(x) = f(x) v F(a) = F(b).

= 0 suy ra x = 0 vi x [1; 1] ta c bng bin thin.

(t) = 0 suy ra t = 0 ta c bng bin thin

1 x l hm n iu tng trn [0; 1]

1 x 1 l hm tng trn [0; 1]

1 x l hm tng trn [0; 1]

1 x l hm tng trn on [0; 1]

1 x l hm tng trn [3; 1]

Chia hai v cho x

2 cos t sin t thay th cos t

b = (f(x) + g(x); A + B).

V d 3.16. Xt tam gic vung ABC vung ti A c AB = 4, AC = 3.

2x. Ta xy dng bi ton nh

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