12.03.

2013

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Energy System

Humanity's Top Ten Problems for the Next 50 Years 1. 2. 3. 4. ENERGY WATER FOOD ENVRONMENTAL POLLUTION 5. POVERTY 6. TERRORISM&WAR 7. DISEASE 8. EDUCATION 9. DEMOCRACY 10. POPULATION
Source
2

Week1

2003 2050

6.3 billion human being 10 billion human being

Energy profile in the world today

Hidroelectricity Nuclear Renewable

Natural gas

Petroleum

Coal Source
3 4

CO2 emissions for different applications

The world s energy demand

Today

69.3 barrels of oil equivalent /year 6.3 billion 11 barrels/population

Future

150 barrels of oil equivalent /year 10 billion 15 barrels/population

Ballard, February 2003

12.03.2013

Energy types

Usages of different energy sources

Mechanical energy
Flowing rivers, wind

Mechanical energy
To operate the devices (heat pumps, machines etc.) To move the devices To produce electricity

Electrical energy
Electromagnetic field, batteries

Chemical energy
Released as a result of chemical reaction (Heat, electrochemical/batteries)

Chemical energy
To produce new chemicals For heat production To produce electricity (batteries, fuel cells)

Thermal energy
Heat (Released as a result of chemical reaction, nuclear reactions, geothermal sources, etc.)

Application areas of different energy sources

Ease of use and obtain

Thermal energy
Heating For material proceses Hot water Electricity production

Electrical energy
The most flexible form of energy Can be converted to other energies easily

The most useful is electric energy. Can be converted to all other energies. The most commonly available energy is thermal energy. Can be produced by the combustion of fuels in everwhere. Chemical energy is the easiest stored energy. Can be converted to electrical and thermal energies easily.

Energy conversions

Energy conversions

Mechanical-mechanical
Water and wind mills

Mechanical-electrical
Generators (motors)

Chemical-electrical
Batteries, fuel cells

Thermal-mechanical
Heat engines, refrigerators

12.03.2013

Basic energy sources Fossil fuels

LIMITED NOT ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY

SOLUTION

ALTERNATIVE FUELS
13 14

Non-renewable energy sources Petroleum Natural gas Coal Nuclear Renewable energy sources Solar Wind Geothermal Wave Biomass

Nuclear energy?

15

16

Nuclear energy? Advantages: The amount of fuel needed in nuclear power plants is very low compared to other systems

Hydroelectricity?

Disadvantages: Radiation from nuclear explosions affects the human health Nuclear waste generation Much investment is required for security

17

18

12.03.2013

Hydroelectricity? Advantages: Renewable Clean Constant power generation can be achieved Disadvantages: Dams may adversely affect the surrounding area Dam can destroy the near area Turbines can kill the fishes

Solar energy?
Solar energy kWh/m2 year World: annual incident sun: 15.000 x Annual requirement of mankind

19

20

Solar energy? Advantages: Free energy source Quiet operation Free of environmental pollution Fast and easy establishment Operate independently Life of system 30-40 years Maintanence cost is very low Disadvantages: High solar panel cost High initial investment cost Not operating at nights High area requirements for efficiency
21

Wind energy?

22

Wind energy? Advantages: Free energy source To meet the energy requirements of the areas where the network fails

Wave energy?

Disadvantages: Cost Electricity production based on the intensity of the wind Operate loudly Fine structures can be damaged due to storm

23

24

12.03.2013

Wave energy?

Wave energy? Advantages: Free energy source No waste Maintanence and operation is not expensive Disadvantages: Dependence to the waves Wave intense area requirements May adversely affect marine life May withstand very adverse weather conditions

25

26

Geothermal?

Geothermal? Advantages: No waste No fuel requirement Soil is affected in minimum because the cooling water is given back to the soil Disadvantages: The difficulty of finding appropriate area Not movable easily Harmful gases and minerals along with steam Only drilling to the appropriate rock structures

27

28

Biomass?

Biomass? Advantages: Agricultural waste can be used for production Industrial, agricultural etc wastes can be reduced Empty agricultural areas can be used to grow the energy crops Disadvantages: The area used to grow energy crops can be necessary for other aims Expensive Animal waste based biomass is limited Harmful emission released if combusted wrongly Cause to air pollution

29

30

12.03.2013

Hydrogen???
Biomass Water Wind Sun Geothermal Most abundant element in the nature

HYDROGEN?

Nuclear

Not available free

Petroleum Coal Natural gas

ENERGY
31

Environmental friendly and renewable

1 kg Hydrogen = 2.1 kg Natural gas= 2.8 kg Petroleum

32

HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEM

FUEL CELLS?

34

Fuel cell: Multidisciplinary!

Chemistry Chemical engineering Mechanical engineering

FUEL CELL Electrical-electronics engineering Material science Control engineering

35

36

12.03.2013

Fuel Cells - The First 120 Years

Recent history

In 1800, British scientists William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle had described the process of using electricity to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen British judge and scientist, Sir William Robert Grove in his experiments in 1839 on electrolysis - the use of electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen - led to the first mention of a device that would later be termed the fuel cell Grove reasoned that it should be possible to reverse the electrolysis process and generate electricity from the reaction of oxygen with hydrogen

1839 1952
Invention 1960 Tractor 1980 Train 1990 Submarines and aircraft Today Land vehicles Power plants Electronic devices

1932

NASA Space studies

Development studies

37

Groves Test
He enclosed two platinum strips in separate sealed bottles, one containing hydrogen and one oxygen. When these containers were immersed in dilute sulphuric acid a current began to flow between the two electrodes and water was formed in the gas bottles. In order to increase the voltage produced, Grove linked several of these devices in series and produced what he referred to as a gas battery.

40

Fuel Cells - The Next 40 Years

The recent history of the fuel cell can be thought of as beginning in the early 1960s. A new US government agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), was looking for a way to power a series of upcoming manned space flights. NASA had already ruled out using
batteries as they were too heavy solar energy as it was too expensive nuclear power as it was too risky

Cont..
An oil embargo in 1973 kick-started renewed interest in fuel cell power for terrestrial applications as governments looked to reduce their dependence on petroleum imports. A number of companies and government organisations began to undertake serious research into overcoming the obstacles to widespread commercialisation of the fuel cell. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s a huge research effort was dedicated to developing the materials needed, identifying the optimum fuel source and drastically reducing the cost of this exotic technology. Finally, in the 1990s, over 150 years after Grove's experiments, the promise of inexpensive, clean, renewable energy began to look as if it might become reality as the first viable fuel cells were unveiled. In the last few years we have seen fuel cells installed in hospitals and schools and many of the major automotive companies have unveiled prototype fuel cell powered cars.

This search led to the development of the first Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM).

12.03.2013

Fuel cell: Key notes.

Fuel cells started with Sir William Grove in 1839 The term 'fuel cell' was coined by the chemists Ludwig Mond and Charles Langer in 1889 as they attempted to build the first practical device using air and industrial coal gas It was not too successful initially because not enough was known about electricity The first success was by Francis Bacon in 1932 (Alkaline fuel cell system with porous electrodes) In 1950s, fuel cells were used in the Apollo space programme Reason for space use: Nuclear too dangerous, solar too bulky, batteries too heavy Fuel cells used in Apollo, Gemini and space shuttles
MK900 MK800 (1997) (50 kW) MK700 (1995) (25 kW) MK500 (1993) (10 kW) MK300 (1991) (5 kW)
44

BALLARD

For fuel cell vehicles, General Motors developed a six-passenger Electrovan in 1967, but only for use on company property due to safety reasons

(2000) (80 kW)

Advantages: 1) Fuel cells have high efficiency. It is nearly 70% while other sources have efficiency 15-20%
(gasoline engine) and 30-35%(diesel engine). 2) The efficiency of the fuel cell does not depend on the size of the power plant. 3) Maintenance cost is very low. 4) Fuel cells are more efficient in producing the mechanical power to drive the vehicles and require less energy consumption.

Conventional electricity generation with a fuel Chemical Energy (Combustion) Heat (PV work) Mechanical Energy (Electromagnetic induction) Electrical Energy

Electricity generation with Fuel Cell Chemical Energy

Disadvantages: 1) Initial cost of fuel cell is high. 2) Life time of fuel cell is not known accurately. 3)There is a problem of durability and storage of large amount of hydrogen

(Redox reactions)

Electrical Energy

Energy conversion for electrical energy

Fuel cell Chemical Battery Chemical Chemical Heat engines Chemical Heat Mechanical Electricity Electricity Heat Mechanical Electrical Electricity

Heat engines

Energy conversion for mechanical energy

Fuel cell Chemical Battery Chemical Heat engines Chemical Heat Mechanical
47

Electricity

Mechanical

Electricity

Mechanical

In a combustion process which is largely irreversible, chemical bond energy of fuel converted to the internal energy of the combustion products and this energy is used after conversion to the mechanical work in a heat engine.

48

12.03.2013

Heat Engines

Heat Engines

Heat engines
Steam is formed with heat and the pressure rise Pressurized steam makes work by running the piston or shaft Exhaust steam took away the waste heat Cycle is completed
49 50

Basic heat engine cycle

Heat engines What happens when gas (steam) expands doing work? PV/RT=constant
Volume increases and temperature of the steam either increases or stays the same.

B Pressure
A B Heat inlet

C A D Volume

B C work is done by expanding the fluid at high temperature C D Heat outlet D A work needed for the compression of fluid

Psteam

After the stroke doing work how do we return to the starting condition?

Qin

51

52

Thermodynamics

Carnot efficiency
The max efficiency that can be reached with a heat engine is limited with Carnot cycle efficiency, due to mechanical and thermal stresses of the materials, in reality the max efficiency stands at 40 %.

Cold

Hot

Energy is always conserved Energy is always transferred to down

Heat is transferred from high temperature to low temperature

Cold

Hot

53

54

12.03.2013

Diesel machine

Diesel cycle Isobaric combustion Fuel is injected to the hot air after compression provides higher compression ratios
5 4.5 4 Pressure (bar) 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 20 40 60 80 Volume (cm3) 100 120
Compression Heating Expansion Heat Rejection Exhaust Intake

BATTERIES
Primary Batteries
Lithium cell, Leclanche cell

Secondary Batteries
Lead-acid Batteries, Nicad Batteries, Lithium-ion Batteries

55

55

Battery :Definition : A battery is a storage device used for the storage of chemical energy and for the transformation of chemical energy into electrical energy Battery consists of group of two or more electric cells connected together electrically in series. Battery acts as a portable source of electrical energy. Energy produced by an electrochemical cell is not suitable for commercial purposes since they use salt bridge which produce internal resistance which results in drop in the voltage. The drop in voltage is negligible only for a small interval of time during which it is being used. Batteries are of 2 types. Namely

I. Primary Batteries (or) Primary Cells :Primary cells are those cells in which the chemical reaction occurs only once and the cell becomes dead after sometime and it cannot be used again. These batteries are used as source of dc power. Eg. Dry cell (Leclanche Cell) and Mercury cell, lithium cell.

Requirements of Primary cell: It should satisfy these requirements 1) It must be convenient to use. 2) Cost of discharge should be low. 3) Stand-by power is desirable.

Primary Batteries (or) Primary Cells Secondary Batteries (or) Secondary Cells

Batteries
Dry battery Composed of two electrodes made up of different metals contacted with a conducting electrolyte. Current flows from positive electrode to negative electrode until the chemical change stops.

Anode: Cathode:

Zn (s) 2NH4+ (aq) + 2MnO2 (s) + 2e-

Zn2+ (aq) + 2eMn2O3 (s) + 2NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)

Zn (s) + 2NH4 (aq) + 2MnO2 (s)

B. Leclanche Cell (or) Dry Cell :

Zn2+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) + Mn2O3 (s)

10

12.03.2013

Advantages: 1) These cells have voltage ranging from 1.25v to 1.50v. 2) Primary cells are used in the torches,radios,transistors,hearing aids,pacemakers,watches etc. 3) Price is low.

II. Secondary Cells (or) Accumulator batteries :These cells can be recharged by passing an electric current through them and can be used again and again. Eg: A. Lead storage battery B. Nickel-Cadmium battery

Disadvantages: These cells does not have a long life, because the acidic NH4Cl corrodes the container even when the cell is not in use.

C. Lithium-ion cell battery Secondary cells are widely used in cars,trains,motors,electric clocks, power stations, laboratories, emergency lights, telephone exchange, digital cameras, laptops etc. These are reversible cells, they behave as galvanic cell while discharging and as electrolytic cell while charging.

Batteries

Lead storage battery

Anode: Cathode: Pb (s) + PbO2 (s) +

Lead storage battery

Pb (s) + SO42- (aq) PbO2 (s) + 4H+ 4H+

22-

PbSO4 (s) + 2ePbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l)

(aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2e-

(aq) + 2SO4 (aq)

2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l)

Batteries

Distinction between Primary, Secondary & Fuel cells

Primary 1) It only acts as galvanic or voltaic cell. i.e., produces electricity Secondary 1) It acts as galvanic or voltaic cell while discharging (produces electricity) and acts as electrolytic cell (consumes electricity) 2) Cell reaction is reversible. 3) Can be recharged 4) Can be used again and again by recharging.
eg: Lead storage battery, NiCd battery, Lithium ion cell Uses: In electronic equipments, automobile equipments, digital cameras, laptops, flash light.

Fuel cells 1) It is a simple galvanic or voltaic cell. i.e., produces electricity

Mercury battery
2) Cell reaction is not reversible. 3) Cant be recharged. 4) Can be used as long as the active materials are present
eg: Leclanche cell or Dry cell, Lithium cell. Uses: In Pace makers watches, Transistors, radios ect.

2) Cell reaction is reversible. 3) Energy can be withdrawn continuously 4) Reactants should be replenished continuously. it does not store energy.
eg: H2&O2 Fuel cell CH3OH &O2 Fuel cell Uses: Great use in space vehicles due to its light weight (product of is source of fresh water for astronauts )

Anode: Cathode:

Zn(Hg) +

2OH-

(aq)

ZnO (s) + H2O (l) +

2e-

HgO (s) + H2O (l) + 2eZn(Hg) + HgO (s)

Hg (l) + 2OH- (aq) ZnO (s) + Hg (l)

11

12.03.2013

67

68

Batteries-internal combustion engines Batteries Clean Silent operation Applicable to close systems Limited operation time Maintanence Long recharged Internal conbustion systems Unlimited operation time Low cost Easy fuel refilling Create pollution Operate with voice External use

69

Ballard, February 2003

70

Fuel cells-Batteries

Battery; energy storage device

Reactants are in the battery It is thrown away if the chemicals finished (if not rechargable)

Fuel cell; energy conversion device

Operates as long as the reactants supplied Reactants supplied continuosly and the products continuosly taken

Ballard, February 2003

71

12

12.03.2013

Fuel cell applications

Fuel cell applications

Space studies Military applications Residential applications Stationary power systems Portable power source Waste/ waste water applications Transportation applications
73

Ford TH!NK FCV

DaimlerChrysler Necar DaimlerChrysler 4 Jeep Commander

Honda FCX V3

Mazda Premacy FC-EV

Nissan Xterra FCV

74

Fuel cell applications

Fuel cell applications

Ballard 250 kW natural gas supplied fuel cell Has 9 trial courts in northern America, Europe and Japan

The first fuel cell car along America From San Francisco

1999 - Crane, India

to Washington D.C. 20 May 4 June 2002 With MeOH fuel

2000 - Berlin, Germany

2000 Tokio, Japan

DaimlerChrysler Necar 5
75 76

Automotive Industry

Considered to be the first gasoline powered fuel cell vehicle is the H20 by GM:

Fords Adavanced Focus FCV (2002) fuel cell battery hybrid 85 kW PEM ~50 mpg (equivalent) 4 kg of compressed H2 @ 5000 psi

GMC S-10 (2001) fuel cell battery hybrid low sulfur gasoline fuel 25 kW PEM 40 mpg 112 km/h top speed

13

12.03.2013

Daimler-Chrysler NECAR 5 (introduced in 2000)

Mitsubishi Grandis FCV minivan

85 kW PEM fuel cell methanol fuel reformer required 150 km/h top speed

fuel cell / battery hybrid 68 kW PEM compressed hydrogen fuel 140 km/h top speed

Stationary Power Supply Units

Residential Power Units There are few residential fuel cell power units on the market but many designs are undergoing testing and should be available within the next few years. The major technical difficulty in producing residential fuel cells is that they must be safe to install in a home, and be easily maintained by the average homeowner.

More than 2500 stationary fuel cell systems have been installed all over the world - in hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, office buildings, schools, utility power plants, and an airport terminal, providing primary power or backup. In large-scale building systems, fuel cells can reduce facility energy service costs by 20% to 40% over conventional energy service.

Residential fuel cells are typically the size of a large deep freezer or furnace, such as the Plug Power 7000 unit shown here, and cost $5000 - $10 000.

A fuel cell installed at McDonalds restaurant, Long Island Power Authority to install 45 more fuel cells across Long Island, including homes. Feb 26, 2003

If a power company was to install a residential fuel cell power unit in a home, it would have to charge the homeowner at least 40 /kWh to be economically profitable. They will have to remain a backup power supply for the near future.

Residential PEM fuel cell cogeneration system

83

84

14

12.03.2013

References
http://www.clarkson.edu/highschool/k12/project/documents/energysystems/LP_3fuelcell.pdf Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (2008), EPA http://scienceblogs.com/seed/nuclear_power_plant.gif http://tajikwater.net/img/hydropower_2.jpg http://s1.hubimg.com/u/484084_f496.jpg http://www.iaacblog.com/2008-2009/term02/rs2/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/biomass-energy-co2-cycle-thumb425x373.jpg http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/alternative_energy/biomass/BIOMASSTYPES1.gif http://cset.sp.utoledo.edu/~energy/Fuel%20Cell/HIMALAY/Fuel%20Cell%20History.ppt http://policy.rutgers.edu/ceeep/hydrogen/education/IntroFuelCells.pdf http://www.sakshieducation.com/(S(l5pr1kebnwnwn1qz0kvggg55))/Engg/EnggAcademia/CommonSubjects/EnggChemistry Unit-I.ppt

85

87

15