1

Chuyen e: NIT PHOTPHO VA HP CHAT

I/. KIEN THC C BAN:
A/. NIT:
1/. ac iem cau tao nguyen t:
Nit va photpho thuoc phan nhom chnh nhom V (VA), nguyen t eu co 5e lp ngoai cung: ns
2
np
3

De gop chung 3e tao thanh 3 lien ket cong hoa tr (trong N
2
hay NH
3
).
Co the ket hp them 3e tao ion N
3-
(Mg
3
N
2
hay Li
3
N)
Ngoai 3 lien ket cong hoa tr, N co the tao 1 lien ket cho nhan (trong HNO
3
). Nguyen t N co cong hoa
tr cao nhat la 4.
Vi P co phan lp 3d trong, cac e co the di chuyen t phan lp s sang d tao toi a 5e oc than , nen P co
the tao 3 hoac 5 lien ket cong hoa tr. (PCl
3
hoac PCl
5
)
2/. Tnh oxi hoa va kh cua N
2:

nhiet o thng N
2
kem hoat ong, do lien ket ba trong phan t N
2
rat ben.
Tnh oxi hoa: N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
+ 22Kcal (AH = -92kJ), xuc tac: Fe 450
o
C, 200 300
o
C
e nang cao hieu suat, ngha la phan ng dch chuyen theo chieu thuan: ha nhiet o, tang ap suat, hoa
long kh NH
3
. Nhng ha nhiet o qua thap th phan ng se xay ra cham, nen phan ng c thc hien
nhiet o 450
o
C va dung xuc tac e tang van toc phan ng.
Tnh kh: N
2
+ O
2

o
3000 C ~
2NO
N
2
cung co the oxi hoa kim loai manh nhiet o cao: N
2
+ 3Mg
o
600 C
Mg
3
N
2

B/. AMONIAC: (NH
3
) Tnh baz yeu va tnh kh cua NH
3

Tnh baz: do tren N con 1 cap e cha tham
gia lien ket nen co the nhan H+
Tnh kh: M mang so oxi hoa thap nhat
(-3) nen co the b oxi hoa.
Lam giay quy tm am hoa xanh
HCl () + NH
3
() NH4Cl
H
2
SO
4
+ NH
3
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

CO
2
+ NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
HCO
3

CO
2
+ 2NH
3
+ H
2
O (NH
4
)
2
CO
3

4NH
3
+ O
2
2N
2
+ 6H
2
O
4NH
3
+ 5O
2

Pt
4NO + 6H
2
O
2NH
3
+ CuO N
2
+ Cu + 3H
2
O
2NH
3
+ 3SO
3
N
2
+ 3SO
2
+ 3H
2

2NH
3
+ 3Cl
2
N
2
+ 6HCl
Chu y: NH
3
co the tao ket tua hidroxit kim loai vi dung dch muoi kim loai (tr Cu
2+
, Ag
+
, Zn
2+
).
C/. AXIT NITRIC: HNO
3

HNO
3
la chat ien li manh trong nc va cung la chat oxi hoa manh, co the oxi hoa kim loai, phi kim va
mot so hp chat cua kim loai. Goc
3
NO

the hien tnh oxi hoa trong moi trng axit cung nh moi trng
baz.
1/. Tac dung vi kim loai hoac phi kim:
HNO
3
Tac dung vi San pham
loang
Kim loai tnh kh manh hn Fe
M(NO
3
)
n
+
2
2 4 3
NO, N O
N , NH NO

`
)
+ H
2
O
Fe va kim loai tnh kh yeu hn. M(NO
3
)
n
+ NO + H
2
O
Phi kim P, S, I
2
Oxiaxit (cao nhat) + NO + H
2
O
ac
Kim loai M(NO
3
)
n
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
Phi kim C, S, S, I
2
Oxiaxit (cao nhat) + NO
2
+ H
2
O
V du: 3P + 5HNO
3
+ 2H
2
O 3H
3
PO
4
+ 5NO
3I
2
+ 10HNO
3
6HIO
3
+ 10NO + 2H
2
O
C + 4HNO
3
4NO
2
+ CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Vi hp chat cha kim loai so oxi hoa thap:
2

FeS
2
+ 8HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 2H
2
SO
4
+ 5NO + 2H
2
O
3FeCO
3
+ 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3CO
2
+ NO + 5H
2
O
2/. ieu che:
Trong phong th nghiem: NaNO
3
(r) + H
2
SO
4
()
o
t
NaHSO
4
+ HNO
3

Trong cong nghiep: Phng phap amoniac gom 3 giai oan:
4NH
3
+ 5O
2

o
Pt/ t
4NO + 6H
2
O
2NO + O
2
2NO
2

4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HNO
3

D/. NHIET PHAN MUOI NITRAT KIM LOAI:
Muoi nitrat eu tan c trong nc. dang khan, de b nhiet phan, tuy thuoc vao kim loai tao muoi,
san pham nhiet phan khac nhau:
Kim loai (M) day hhh San pham V du
Trc Mg M(NO
2
)
n
(1) + O
2

2NaNO
3

o
t
2NaNO
2
+ O
2

Mg en Cu Oxit kim loai (2) + NO
2
+ O
2

2Cu(NO
3
)
2

o
t
2CuO + 4NO
2
+ O
2

Sau Cu Kim loai (3) + NO
2
+ O
2
(4)
2AgNO
3

o
t
2Ag + 2NO
2
+ O
2

Chu y: (1) cac muoi nitrit tan c trong nc.
(2) Oxit kim loai tng ng khong tan trong nc nhng tan trong HCl, H
2
SO
4
loang.
(3) Kim loai tng ng khong tan trong HCl, H
2
SO
4
loang, tan trong HNO
3
.
(4) Hon hp kh dan qua H
2
O thu c dung dch HNO
3
.
E/. NHIET PHAN MUOI AMONI:
Loai muoi San pham V du
Cua axit de bay hi
Axit va NH
3

NH
4
Cl
o
t
NH
3
+ HCl
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
2NH
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Cua axit oxi hoa manh
NH
3
b goc axit oxi
hoa tiep thanh N
2
O,
N
2

NH
4
NO
3

o
250 C
N
2
O + H
2
O
2NH
4
NO
3

o
400 C
2N
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O
3(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
N
2
+ 4NH
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
F/. AXIT PHOTPHORIC: H
3
PO
4

1/. Hoa tnh:
H
3
PO
4
la triaxit, co tnh axit trung bnh, trong dung dch nc ien li theo 3 nac:
+
3 4 2 4
+ 2
2 4 4
2 + 3
4 4
H PO H + H PO
H PO H + HPO
HPO H + PO

Khi tac dung vi dung dch baz, v du NaOH, tuy theo t le mol gia chung ma ta thu c muoi khac.
at
3 4
so mol NaOH
f =
so mol H PO

F 1 1 < f < 2 = 2 2< f < 3 3
Chat tan Na
2
HPO
4

(H
3
PO
4
)
NaH
2
PO
4

Na
2
HPO
4

Na
2
HPO
4
Na
2
HPO
4

Na
3
PO
4

Na
3
PO
4

(NaOH)
Tat ca cac muoi trung hoa va muoi axit cua kim loai kiem va amoni eu tan trong nc. Vi cac kim
loai khac ch co muoi ihidrophotphat la tan c, ngoai ra eu khong tan hoac t tan trong nc.
2/. ieu che:
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 3H
2
SO
4
2H
3
PO
4
+ 3CaSO
4

II/. KIEN THC BO SUNG:
1/. Tnh hieu suat phan ng ieu che NH
3
:
3

Ap dung cong thc:
sp (thc te) chat thgia (a phan ng)
sp (l thuyet) chat thgia (toi a)
n n
h =
n n
=
Chu y: khi dung chat tham gia phan ng e tnh hieu suat:
2
2
H
2 2
N
n
Neu 3 H d (so vi lng can thiet), hieu suat tnh theo N
n
>
2
2
H
2 2
N
n
Neu 3 N d (so vi lng can thiet), hieu suat tnh theo H
n
s
2/. Cac nh luat bao toan khi oxi hoa cac chat bang HNO
3
:
a/. Bao toan e:
Nhieu kim loai tac dung axit cho nhieu kh, thng co ap dung bao toan e:
hoa tr x so mol KL o giam so oxi hoa x so mol kh
mol e (KL cho) = mol e (axit nhan)
V du: cho hon hp Al (x mol) va Mg (y mol) hoa tan trong dung dch HNO
3
tao thanh 0,2 mol NO va
0,1 mol N
2
O, ta co: 3x + 2y = 0,6 + 0,8 = 1,4
b/. Bao toan khoi lng N:
Trc va sau phan ng, khoi lng N khong oi.
V du: hoa tan kim loai M trong dung dch cha t mol HNO
3
(va u) thu c a mol M(NO
3
)
n
va b mol
N
x
O
y
vi c mol NO, ta se co: t = na + xb + c
c/. Nhan biet
+
4 3
NH va NO
Nhan biet
4
NH
+
: cho kiem vao dung dch th
-
4 3 2
NH + OH NH + H O (kh thoat ra lam xanh giay quy am)
+
|
Nhan biet
3
NO

: cho vun Cu va vai giot H

2
SO
4
() vao dung dch th
+ 2+
3 2
2 2
3Cu + 2NO + 8H 3Cu + 2NO + 4H O
2NO + O 2NO (kh mau nau)