20.

Potential adverse effects include extrapyramidal reactions (such as acute dystonias, akathisia, and Parkinsonian symptoms such as rigidity and tremor), tardive dyskinesia, tachycardia, hypotension, impotence, lethargy, seizures, intense dreams or nightmares, and hyperprolactinaemia. 21. Antianxiety medications act on neurons in the brain to reduce the symptoms of anxiety. 22. The most common side effects that are experienced are being really tired, depressed, dizzy or even forgetful. Some people have reported that they also feel really sick to their stomach. Many of these side effects will become more serious if you are taking a large dose of the medication. For most people these side effects will begin to decrease and they may even disappear altogether. 23. Antidepressant medicines act on nerve cells in the brain. In the brain there are numerous different chemical compounds called neurotransmitters. These act as chemical messengers between the nerve cells. Serotonin is one such neurotransmitter and has various functions that we know of. 24. According to one placebo-controlled study assessing the behavioral effects of two prototypical antidepressants, measurable clinical improvement of depressive symptomatology occurs within a few days of initiating treatment 25. The authors, psychology researchers Irving Kirsch and Guy Sapirstein of the University of Connecticut, sawas everyone else hadthat patients did improve, often substantially, on SSRIs, tricyclics, and even MAO inhibitors, a class of antidepressants that dates from the 1950s. 26. Lithium is the most widely used and studied medication for treating bipolar disorder. Lithium helps reduce the severity and frequency of mania. It may also help relieve bipolar depression. 27. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves sending electronic current briefly through a portion of the brain. ECT is used for people whose depression is severe or life threatening or who cannot take antidepressant medication. ECT often is effective in cases where antidepressant medications do not provide sufficient relief of symptoms. 28. rTMS targets specific areas of the brain that are believed to be affected by depression and other mood disorders. rTMS has the ability to selectively modulate or change activity in small areas of the brain. rTMS is used to elicit certain desired effects in the brain (i.e. excitatory or inhibitory effects) that have shown efficacy in treating various conditions or illnesses, not only depression. 29. Psychosurgery is the destruction of normal brain tissue for the purpose of treating psychiatric disorders or for the control of emotions and behavior. It does not include operations, such as those for Parkinson's disease or epilepsy, where an identifiable physical abnormality in the brain is causing a known physical disorder. 30. It consists of cutting or scraping away most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain.

31. Psychosurgery is the treatment of a psychiatric disorder using surgical techniques to destroy brain tissue and is now rarely used. 32. Alternative Psychotherapy" also means using alternative approaches in therapy that help us focus on strengths and resources we already have but may overlook in trying to regain control in our lives. Recognizing and beginning to employ these assets can mean the end of living in the face of overwhelming obstacles and the resumption of a life of purpose and achievement. 33. Depression has many possible causes, such as genetics, brain chemicals and your life situation. Chronic stressful life situations can increase the risk of developing depression if you aren't coping with the stress well. There's also increasing evidence of links among poor coping, stress and physical illness. 34. A general model or approach positing that biological, psychological (which entails thoughts, emotions, and behaviors), and social factors, all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness. Indeed, health is best understood in terms of a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors rather than purely in biological terms.[